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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Stock-based compensation expense was allocated in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202320222021
Cost of revenues$10,169 $8,684 $6,760 
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing9,774 7,590 6,248 
Research and development7,200 5,634 4,384 
General and administrative18,365 11,491 10,182 
$45,508 $33,399 $27,574 
Stock-based compensation expense by grant type or plan was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202320222021
Stock options$1,947 $1,903 $2,057 
PSUs11,886 7,509 6,417 
RSUs & DSUs
26,185 19,282 15,388 
RSAs
472 437 434 
ESPP2,488 2,144 1,391 
401(k) stock match2,530 2,124 1,887 
$45,508 $33,399 $27,574 
Stock Option Activity
Our stock option activity was as follows:
Options (#)Weighted Average
Exercise Price
($/share)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020944,88636.71 
Granted53,223105.53 
Exercised(311,378)30.10 
Forfeited(8,081)68.62 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021678,65044.76 
Granted56,430122.59 
Exercised(164,393)29.86 
Forfeited(7,990)92.48 
Outstanding at December 31, 2022562,69756.24 
Granted42,215152.68 
Exercised(254,353)38.75 
Forfeited(3,737)129.43 
Outstanding at December 31, 2023346,82280.02 
Summary of Additional Information Related to Stock Options
The table below presents additional information related to our stock options:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)202320222021
Fair value of options vested$1,966 $1,996 $2,509 
Intrinsic value of options exercised31,227 16,705 27,713 
Intrinsic value of options outstanding39,474 40,692 66,235 
Weighted-average fair value per share of options granted56.47 41.34 31.31 
Weighted Average Fair Value Per Share of Options Granted, Assumptions
The fair values of the options granted were estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Life (in years)4.24.34.4
Volatility39 %38 %35 %
Dividend yield— — — 
Risk-free interest rate4.00 %2.50 %0.59 %
PSU, RSU, RSA, and DSU
Activity for our PSUs, RSUs, RSAs, and DSUs in aggregate was as follows:
#Weighted Average Grant
Date Fair Value
($/share)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020738,42252.37 
Granted314,290101.85 
Vested and common stock issued(331,669)44.14 
Forfeited(18,883)66.35 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021702,16078.03 
Granted312,880126.44 
Vested and common stock issued(276,872)64.12 
Forfeited(26,010)99.37 
Outstanding at December 31, 2022712,158103.93 
Granted416,377163.55 
Vested and common stock issued(344,087)77.52 
Forfeited(11,034)122.97 
Outstanding at December 31, 2023773,414147.50 
Summary of ESPP Activity
Our ESPP activity was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share data)202320222021
Amounts for shares purchased$8,114 $6,676 $4,737 
Shares purchased63,641 70,107 55,726 
Fair Value Estimation of Common Stock, Assumptions
The fair value was estimated based on the market price of our common stock at the beginning of the offering period using the following assumptions:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Life (in years)0.50.50.5
Volatility36 %42 %32 %
Dividend yield
Risk-free interest rate4.92 %1.27 %0.07 %