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INCOME TAXES
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
INCOME TAXES  
INCOME TAXES

14.   INCOME TAXES

The Company reported income tax expense (benefit) of $1,520 and $613 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $(5,260) and $(1,722) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The effective income tax rate was 27.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 7.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and (58.7)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to (12.9)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

In determining interim provisions for income taxes, the Company uses the annual estimated effective tax rate applied to the actual year-to-date income (loss) adjusted for discrete items arising year-to-date. The Company’s effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state taxes, foreign taxes, tax benefits on the exercises and vesting of stock awards, tax credits, limitations on deductions of certain employees’ compensation under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m), fluctuations in valuation allowances on net deferred tax assets established for U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, and fluctuations in nondeductible contingent consideration liabilities.

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The income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily attributable to taxes in profitable jurisdictions and fluctuations in valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets established for U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. This income tax expense was partially offset by fluctuations in tax credits and nondeductible contingent consideration liabilities. The income tax benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily attributable to tax benefits from stock-based awards exercised or vested, tax credits, and fluctuations in nondeductible contingent consideration liabilities. These were partially offset by limitations on deductions of certain employees’ compensation, fluctuations in valuation allowances on net deferred tax assets established for U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, and taxes in profitable jurisdictions. The income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to income tax expense from profitable jurisdictions and on income allocated to state jurisdictions. This income tax expense was partially offset by tax benefits from stock-based awards exercised or vested during the quarter, net of the impact from limitations on deductions of certain employees’ compensation, and benefits from tax credits. The income tax benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to tax benefits from stock-based awards exercised or vested, as well as tax credits. This income tax benefit was partially offset by limitations on deductions of certain employees’ compensation, which were greater than the income tax expense recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as well as taxes in profitable jurisdictions.

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On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”) was enacted into law in the U.S. Among other things, the OBBBA amends U.S. tax law, including provisions related to research and development, bonus depreciation, interest expense limitation, charitable contributions, and foreign derived intangible income. The Company has accounted for the impact of the OBBBA on its condensed consolidated financial statements in the three months ended September 30, 2025. The OBBBA did not have a material impact on the Company’s U.S. income taxes.