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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

Or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________.

Commission File Number 001-37979

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 81-3563824
(State of Incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1150 North Alma School Road Mesa, Arizona |  | 85201
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(480) 443-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

(Title of Each Class) |  | (Trading Symbol) |  | (Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered)
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share |  | VRRM |  | Nasdaq Capital Market
Warrants to purchase Class A Common Stock |  | VRRMW |  | OTC Pink Marketplace

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non‑voting common equity held by non‑affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2021, computed by reference to the closing price reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on such date was $2,103,974,431 (136,888,382 shares at a closing price per share of $15.37).

As of April 20, 2022, the registrant had 156,225,265 sh ares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement to be filed in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders to be held May 24, 2022 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

FORM 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021

INDEX

PART I | 4
Item 1. Business | 4
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 13
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 38
Item 2. Properties | 38
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 39
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 39
PART II | 40
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 40
Item 6. Selected Financial Data | 42
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 43
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 61
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 62
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 109
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 109
Item 9B. Other Information | 111
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 111
PART III | 112
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 112
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 112
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 112
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 112
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 112
PART IV | 113
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules | 113
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 119
SIGNATURES | 120
POWER OF ATTORNEY | 121
Appendix A, Schedule II | 122

2

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. All statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, products, services, and technology offerings, future impacts or disruption to our business as a result of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), market conditions, growth and trends, expected cost reductions, synergies related to our recent or future acquisitions, expansion plans and opportunities and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, as used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “Verra Mobility,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries taken as a whole.

3

PART I

Item 1. B usiness

Overview

We are a leading provider of smart mobility technology solutions and services throughout the United States, Australia, Europe and Canada. We provide integrated technology solutions and services which include toll and violations management, title and registration, automated safety solutions, parking enforcement and citation and other data driven solutions to our customers, which include rental car companies (“RACs”), fleet management companies (“FMCs”), other large fleet owners, municipalities, school districts, universities, parking operators, healthcare facilities, transportation hubs and other violation-issuing authorities. Our solutions simplify the smart mobility ecosystem by utilizing what we believe are industry-leading capabilities, information and technology expertise, and integrated hardware and software to efficiently facilitate the automated processing of tolls and violations, automated safety, and parking solutions for hundreds of agencies and millions of end users annually, while also making cities and roadways safer for everyone.

Based in Mesa, Arizona, we operate through three primary segments – Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions. Through our Commercial Services segment, we believe we are the market-leading provider of automated toll and violations management and title and registration solutions to RACs, FMCs and other large fleet owners in the United States and Canada. In Europe, we provide violations processing through Euro Parking Collection plc (“EPC”) and consumer tolling services through Pagatelia S.L (“Pagatelia”). Through our Government Solutions segment, we believe we are the market-leading provider of automated safety solutions to municipalities, counties, school districts and law enforcement agencies (which are collectively referred to herein as “local government agencies”), including services and technology that enable photo enforcement via road safety camera programs related to red-light, speed, school bus, and city bus lanes. Through our Parking Solutions segment, we provide end-to-end parking management solutions to universities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and municipalities in North America.

Segments

Commercial Services

Our Commercial Services segment generated approximately $260.9 million in revenue for 2021, or approximately 47.4% of our total revenue. The Commercial Services segment is the market-leading provider of automated toll and violations management and title and registration solutions to RACs, FMCs and other large fleet owners in North America and Europe. Through our established relationships with more than 50 individual tolling authorities throughout the United States, we provide an automated and outsourced administrative solution for our customers while also providing a value-added convenience for vehicle drivers and benefits to the tolling and issuing authorities. Without our toll and violations management solutions, our customers would bear the expense and administrative burden of matching tolls or violations to the responsible vehicle and driver, and then either transferring liability or paying the fee or fine directly (for which it may then need to bill the driver) – in either case within specified time periods to avoid the potential imposition of penalties. We mitigate these risks by ensuring timely payment for tolls and violations incurred by our customers’ vehicles or by performing timely transfers of liability on our customers’ behalf, and then billing and collecting from the driver as applicable. We also manage regional toll transponder installation and vehicle association, an especially critical and highly complex component for RAC and FMC customers, to ensure that the transponder (and corresponding toll transactions) are associated with the correct vehicle.

We have long-standing relationships with the three largest RACs in the United States, Avis Budget Group, Enterprise Holdings, Inc. and The Hertz Corporation, among others. We also have relationships with key European RACs and the six largest FMCs in the United States, which are Element, ARI, Enterprise Fleet Management, Wheels, LeasePlan and Donlen. We provide coverage for more than 95% of all toll roads in the United States, one toll road in Canada, and multiple toll roads in France, Ireland and Spain, processing more than 224 million toll transactions and 1.4 million traffic violations in 2021. In Europe, our customer base includes violation-issuing authorities and we offer services including identification, notification, and collection of unpaid traffic, parking, and public transportation-related violations incurred by drivers not originating in the country where the violation occurred.

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Government Solutions

Our Government Solutions segment generated approximately $283.2 million in revenue for 2021, or approximately 51.4% of our total revenue. This segment works with local government agencies to help make cities and roadways safer for everyone through automated safety solutions. In the United States, we provide local government agencies with road safety cameras to detect and process traffic violations for red-light, speed, school bus, and city bus lanes. Our proprietary hardware and software technologies provide local government agencies the information, data, and automated end-to-end administrative capabilities to enforce traffic violations through photo enforcement. On behalf of our customers, we install, maintain, and manage automated safety solution hardware and software that processes event data, applies customer specific rules and connects a traffic violation to the responsible driver or vehicle owner. Additionally, upon law enforcement’s determination that a violation has occurred, we manage the citation mailing, billing, and other administrative tasks on behalf of many of our customers. For customers outside of the United States, we design, engineer, and maintain roadside photo enforcement technology, which is sold to local municipalities and maintained with maintenance contracts to support the technology.

We are a critical partner to local government agencies around the world, helping to facilitate and increase public safety, improve public transportation, enhance law enforcement officer safety and act as a police force multiplier by allowing law enforcement to focus on serious crimes rather than routine traffic violations. In North America, we currently have more than 9,000 red-light, speed, school bus and city bus lane road safety cameras installed across approximately 265 jurisdictions and school districts in 23 states, the District of Columbia and four provinces. On an annual basis, we process approximately 13.8 million violations on behalf of our municipality and school district customers, including New York City, Nassau County (New York), Chicago, Baltimore, New Orleans, Orange County (Florida) and Seattle. Outside of the United States, we have partnered with 15 agencies, including state governments and police departments, to provide photo enforcement programs. Our current combined international client base includes over 1,300 systems, with products including red light, fixed speed, mobile speed, point-to-point speed, railroad crossing, bus lane enforcement and weigh-in-motion solutions. In June 2021, we completed our acquisition of Redflex Holdings Limited (“Redflex”), which expanded our presence in North America, Europe and Australia.

Parking Solutions

We formed our Parking Solutions business unit after our acquisition of T2 Systems Parent Corporation (“T2 Systems”) in the fourth quarter of 2021. Our Parking Solutions segment generated $6.5 million in revenue for the post-acquisition period of December 7 to December 31, 2021. Our Parking Solutions segment is a North American leader of end-to-end commercial parking management solutions in the markets we serve. This segment serves over 2,000 customers in the university, municipal, healthcare and commercial operator markets. Our proprietary software and hardware technologies provides our customers with solutions needed to manage and monetize parking and enforcement operations. In 2021, we processed over 115,000 transactions using our various parking solutions systems. Each need requires technology solutions for parking access and revenue control, single- and multi-space pay stations, integrated physical and mobile payments, back-office parking rate management, permit issuance and management, online citation payment, event parking, occupancy, and back-office management of violations, amongst other requirements.

The Parking Solutions segment has over 2,000 customers throughout the United States and Canada. Customers include top-tier university customers, such as Arizona State University and Texas A&M University, as well as major municipalities and commercial parking operators, such as City of Houston, EasyPark Vancouver, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Reef Technologies, SP+ and Diamond Parking. In December 2021, we completed an acquisition of NuPark (“NuPark”) which expanded our presence in the United States.

The Industries in Which We Operate

Tolling

Tolling is an important feature of the United States transportation landscape, with United States tolling authorities collecting over $20 billion in toll revenues in 2020. As a result, tolling is one of the most effective and equitable ways to pay for highway infrastructure. In addition to the overall growth in tolling reflected in the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration’s tracking of total toll bridge, tunnel and road mileage, there is also a growing movement towards cashless and all-electronic tolling, which allows for more

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convenient, accurate and reliable processing and collection of toll incurrence fees and mitigates congestion on toll roads. The tolling industry is highly fragmented and complex as it is comprised of more than 50 individual tolling authorities, each operating as independent organizations with specific coverage regions and disparate technology platforms.

Commercial Fleet

Our Commercial Services customers consist of RACs, FMCs and other large fleet owners. RAC industry revenue in the United States are estimated to have grown 21% in 2021 compared to 2020, due to a partial recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The approximately $28 billion United States RAC industry is highly consolidated, with three companies accounting for a significant majority of United States RAC revenues in 2021. In addition to the larger nationwide RACs, smaller independent companies operate regionally throughout the United States. While the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected RAC industry trends in fiscal 2020, the length of rentals returned to previous seasonality patterns beginning in the second half of 2020 and the RAC industry was positively impacted by increases in the average number of days vehicles were rented in 2021. The industry is also being impacted by the growth in usage cases for rental cars in urban areas and partnerships with rideshare providers to rent vehicles to their independent drivers, leading to additional rental transactions. The fleet industry in North America is primarily centered on vocational vehicles utilized for transporting people along with the tools, parts and equipment required to perform their jobs, largely insulating the industry from disruptions caused by today’s rideshare and carshare services. Management believes the European RAC market, while more fragmented than the U.S. market, is large in size.

Automated Safety

As the number of vehicle miles traveled continues to increase and cities and municipalities wrestle with the evolving challenges of managing traffic congestion, road safety and accessible transportation networks, automated enforcement solutions continue to serve as an effective tool for comprehensive safety and mobility initiatives. According to United States Department of Transportation statistics, almost 95% of people who die using U.S. transportation networks are killed on our streets, roads and highways, resulting in more than 350,000 deaths between 2011 and 2020. In 2020, the Congressional Research Service found cameras to be an effective tool for law enforcement and other agencies to reduce the number of traffic-related violations, collisions, injuries and fatalities, and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials has called on states to support greater use of automated speed enforcement. New York City’s Automated Speed Enforcement Program 2014-2020 Report, noted a 72% average reduction in dangerous speeding at its fixed camera locations. Additionally, programs like Vision Zero, a collaborative campaign helping communities reach their goals of eliminating all traffic fatalities and severe injuries, across most major U.S. cities and around the world, are driving capital investment to make meaningful strides in traffic safety.

Parking

The parking industry consists of a highly fragmented mix of end customers, including universities, municipalities, private operators, healthcare providers and airports, among other industries. These customers each have different parking needs such as off-street parking, on-street parking, permits, enforcement and consumer engagement. T2 Systems has customer relationships with more than 21% of higher education institutions in its target tiers, and about 5% of municipal customers in its target tiers according to internal analysis. The broader parking market in which T2 System’s operates – North American municipalities, universities and healthcare providers – represents up to a $4 billion market according to a 2020 market estimate.

Growth Strategies

Benefit from Strong Industry Tailwinds

We believe there is significant opportunity in Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions as states, counties, municipalities, universities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and transportation hubs seek creative solutions to address safety initiatives, reduced tax revenues and budgets for roads and other transportation infrastructure.

In Commercial Services, we believe that as state and local governments fund a growing list of infrastructure, maintenance and construction projects, there will be an increase in the number of toll roads, including new express

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and high occupancy lanes in urban areas. We expect this trend will also increase utilization of dynamic tolling, which allows toll rates to fluctuate based on traffic trends and real-time congestion. In addition, over 60% of the toll roads in the United States have transitioned to cashless or all-electronic payment. These trends create significant opportunities for us to expand our market presence while developing relationships with both new and existing RACs, FMCs, consumers and tolling authorities.

In Government Solutions, public attention given to traffic safety issues for drivers, pedestrians, children, bicyclists and law enforcement is intensifying and state and local governments are facing shortfalls in transportation revenue. In this context, smart technology solutions have emerged as an effective and revenue-positive method to address traffic safety issues. We believe that as public focus intensifies, the demand for our Government Solutions offerings will grow as well, and that we are positioned to take advantage of these opportunities.

In Parking Solutions, all market segments are focused on strategies to offset costs in reaction to downturns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and market participants are struggling to attract and retain labor. At the same time, consumers are increasingly willing to adopt mobile solutions to simplify their transportation needs, creating market opportunities to advance self-service options. We believe that technology solutions that provide mobile-first, self-service offerings, improve operational efficiency, reduce reliance on parking-related labor, and commercial models that reduce up-front costs provide solutions for market needs and establish a long-term operating model.

Expand Platform with New Products and New and Growing End Markets

We are an industry leader in the deployment of products and services that meet the increasingly complex and continuously evolving requirements of both existing and new customers. We are continuously looking toward the future, ensuring the development of relevant solutions today that will work tomorrow. We seek to understand developing customer, consumer, and government trends that will shape tomorrow’s smart mobility experiences both in the United States and internationally, all in an effort to ensure more people around the world reach their destination safely and efficiently.

We believe leveraging our differentiated capabilities into new and growing end markets, such as ridesharing, carsharing and autonomous vehicles, provides attractive growth opportunities. The ridesharing and carsharing market, which includes vehicles leased to individual drivers, gives us a low-risk opportunity to grow Commercial Services revenues while at the same time insulating us from any market shift between ridesharing, carsharing and RACs. Further, this growth prospect comes at little additional investment as we are able to leverage the same technologies and solutions we have already developed for our RAC and FMC customers. As an already established leader, we believe we are well-positioned to be a first mover and to become a provider of choice in these new end markets.

Urban enforcement, curb management and citation processing solutions in the smart city movement also present significant opportunities for us. Our existing technologies and solutions could be adapted to take advantage of this market, providing an additional avenue for growth.

As state and local governments seek solutions to increase mobility and safety solutions in a challenging revenue environment, our Government Solutions business unit represents an opportunity to leverage our long-standing relationships with state and local governments in order to provide other smart mobility technology solutions, such as automatic license plate recognition, parking payment and enforcement, and new developing urban mobility technologies.

Expand Global Footprint

We believe there is significant opportunity to expand into attractive markets across Europe and beyond, and to that end, we have established our European headquarters in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from which we have launched our RAC and FMC tolling solution business in Europe. Our European tolling business has established relationships with tolling authorities throughout Spain, Portugal, France, Italy and Ireland, through which we offer interoperable electronic tolling directly to consumers, through white-label partnerships and to RAC customers, depending on location. We also gained certification as a European Electronic Toll Service (“EETS”) provider in Spain in June 2021. EETS regulation applies to all European Union member states with current or future toll infrastructure development plans. Additionally, our European violations business can provide services in more than 20 languages and more than 10 currencies and to leverage existing connections with approximately 30 vehicle licensing authorities and over 600 toll and ticket-issuing authorities for whom we bill violators in more than 135

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countries. Furthermore, in June 2021, we closed an agreement to acquire Redflex, which expanded our Government Solutions business into Australia and Europe, and enhances our existing presence in the United States and Canada.

Pursue Accretive Acquisitions

In addition to organic growth initiatives, we have significant opportunities to increase our competitive positioning and strengthen our portfolio of products and solutions through strategic acquisitions. We have demonstrated the ability to identify and execute strategic acquisitions, as we did with Redflex and T2 Systems in 2021. We constantly monitor the market for potential acquisition targets, which are evaluated based on their potential strategic impact, including growth potential, synergies, end-market development, customer relationships, technology, and cash flow. Our management team has a strong record of pursing accretive acquisitions, and, where applicable, integrating acquisitions and driving synergies, and has identified a strong pipeline for future acquisitions.

Products

Commercial Services

Toll management solutions

We provide fully outsourced toll management solutions for our RAC and FMC customers while also providing a value-added convenience for vehicle drivers via our established relationships and integrations with more than 50 individual tolling authorities throughout the United States. This comprehensive network allows RAC and FMC drivers the convenience of using cashless and all-electronic tolls. Additionally, this service helps prevent the liability and business disruption of costly toll violations incurred by vehicles owned by RAC and FMC customers and eliminates their need to manage a nationwide program internally. Our proprietary software technology and hardware allow us to effectively match a toll to the specific RAC or FMC vehicle and driver so that the toll can accurately and reliably be billed and collected on behalf of, or directly from, the RAC or FMC. Toll management solutions accounted for approximately 40% of our 2021 revenues.

Violations management solutions

Our violations management solutions process violations incurred by the drivers of RAC and FMC vehicles by working with more than 8,000 domestic violation-issuing authorities (more than 400 of which we are directly integrated with) to either pay the fine on behalf of the vehicle owner (for which we are able to bill the driver) or to transfer liability directly to the vehicle driver. Vehicle-issued violations include parking and photo enforcement violations. In Europe, we specialize in the identification, notification, and collection of unpaid traffic, parking and public transport related fees, charges, and penalties issued to foreign registered vehicles or persons on behalf of issuing authorities in more than 17 European countries. Violation management solutions accounted for approximately 5% of our 2021 revenues.

Title and registration solutions

Our title and registration solutions provide RAC and FMC customers with an integrated, end-to-end solution for managing vehicle titles and registrations and annual renewals. We provide automated title and registration solutions by leveraging connections with individual departments of motor vehicles for electronic title and registration processing in 20 states. Title and registration solutions accounted for approximately 2% of our 2021 revenues.

Government Solutions

We serve as a value-add partner to local government agencies by providing photo enforcement solutions that promote traffic safety and reduce traffic violations. We work with our customers to identify problematic traffic areas and install, maintain, and manage the technology platform needed to capture images or videos of drivers committing traffic violations. Red-light cameras are placed at intersections to capture vehicles running red lights. Similarly, speed safety cameras are used to capture vehicles exceeding speed limits, either on a fixed basis or in a mobile platform, and often in school zones. School bus cameras are fixed to the side of buses to capture vehicles passing school buses with extended stop arms. Finally, bus lane cameras are designed to capture vehicles illegally driving in restricted bus lanes.

Applying rules specified by each customer, we automatically send the captured event to the designated enforcement agency of the customer, where an authorized individual determines if a violation occurred. Direct

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service revenue from red-light cameras, speed cameras, school bus cameras, and city bus lane cameras accounted for approximately 38% of our 2021 revenues. Other segment service revenue consists primarily of ancillary revenue streams, which comprised 3% of total revenue. Product sales to customers are not recurring and are dependent on our customers’ needs, and account for 10% of total revenue.

Parking Solutions

Parking Access and Revenue Control

Our Parking Access and Revenue Control (“PARCS”) technology solutions include both software and hardware offerings which work in concert to help our customers manage their gated, gateless and license plate recognition-based parking lot and parking garage needs. We have installed over 2,000 PARCS lanes to date. Our related software is the industry’s original hosted parking management software, which allows management of our customers’ PARCS solutions from a computer or mobile device.

Pay Stations

Our pay stations hardware technology has interoperability with over 50 third-party systems, as well as our PARCS and parking enforcement solutions. They are powered by a highly configurable and data driven software technology which supports the enforcement, mobile payments, and back-office and accounting needs of our customers. Our fleet of Pay Stations hardware exceeded 16,000 units at December 31, 2021.

Permits & Enforcement

Our Permits & Enforcement (“PE”) software technology solutions allow our customers to control who is parking in their facilities and when and where drivers can park using physical or virtual permits, allowing customers to control traffic and maximize their parking-related revenues. This technology also provides enforcement officers with real-time information and custom notifications on their enforcement devices. Citations management features also help to organize fine escalations and notification letters to parking violators.

Customers

We have a diverse customer base across the United States, Europe, Australia and Canada. We are a top provider of toll management solutions, violations management solutions, and title and registration solutions for nearly every major RAC and FMC provider nationwide, including the Hertz Corporation, Avis Budget Group, Enterprise Holdings, Inc., Fox Rent a Car, Sixt Rent A Car, Element, ARI, Donlen and Wheels. In addition, we provide automated safety solutions to local government agencies including New York City, Nassau County (New York), Chicago, Baltimore, New Orleans, Orange County (Florida), Seattle, Highways England, New South Wales (Australia) and the Department of Justice and Community Safety in Victoria (Australia). We also provide end-to-end parking management solutions to universities, municipalities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and transportation hubs in North America. For many of our customers, we provide more than one product or service offering, addressing the diverse and varied needs of our clients.

Competition

There is no single competitor that provides a similarly broad suite of solutions. However, in our Government Solutions segment, we face competition in certain automated safety solutions from other vendors in the areas of red-light, school bus and speed photo enforcement. In our Commercial Services segment, we face competition from both our own customers, as they may choose to invest in their own internal solutions, and vendors offering or seeking to offer new technologies or financial models, and we must continue to innovate for our offerings to remain competitive. In Parking Solutions, we face competition from a variety of segment-specific competitors in our markets in the United States and Canada.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and confidentiality agreements to protect our intellectual property. We take steps to protect new intellectual property to safeguard our ongoing technological innovations and strengthen our brand, and believe we take appropriate action against infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights by others. We review third-party intellectual property rights to help avoid infringement, and to identify strategic opportunities.

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Our general policy is to seek patent protection for our inventions likely to be incorporated into our products and services or where obtaining such proprietary rights will improve our competitive position. We own approximately 92 U.S.- and foreign-issued patents and pending patent applications, including patents and rights to patent applications acquired through strategic transactions, which relate to various aspects of our products and technology. Our patent portfolio evolves as new patents are awarded to us and as older patents expire. Patents expire at various dates, generally 20 years from their original filing dates. While we believe that our portfolio of patents and applications has value, in general no single patent is essential to our business or any individual segment. In addition, any of our proprietary rights could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or may not provide significant competitive advantages.

Our business relies on both internally developed and externally licensed software, as well as internally, externally and co-developed hardware, to operate and provide our systems and deliver our services. We claim copyright on all internally developed software. We generally rely on common law protection for our copyrighted works. In addition, we rely on maintaining source code confidentiality to assure our market competitiveness. With respect to externally sourced software and hardware, we rely on contracts to retain our continued access for our business usage. From time to time, these agreements may expire or be subject to renegotiation.

We have approximately 195 registrations and pending applications in the United States and foreign jurisdictions for trademarks and service marks, reflecting our many products and services. These registrations and applications include our historic and acquired brands, as well as Verra Mobility. These marks may have a perpetual life, subject to periodic renewal and may be subject to cancellation or invalidation based on certain use requirements and third-party challenges, or on other grounds. We vigorously enforce and protect our marks.

Government Regulation

We are subject to various local, state and federal laws, regulations and administrative practices regulating matters such as data privacy, photo enforcement, consumer protection, procurement, licensing requirements, anti-kickback, equal employment, minimum wages and the environment, among others. Our operations are subject to regulation by various U.S. federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Transportation, (“USDOT”), the Federal Trade Commission, (“FTC”), the Federal Communications Commission, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as comparable state and local agencies, including the departments of transportation, departments of motor vehicles, and offices of inspectors general, and laws related to financial and banking regulations. Following the acquisition of EPC and Pagatelia, and in connection with our European expansion efforts, we are subject to laws, regulations and administrative practices addressing many of these same matters in Europe, including those specifically relating to accessing and use of information obtained from vehicle licensing authorities, as well as European regulations to traffic enforcement and collections and other financial and banking regulations.

As part of our business, we collect, receive, process, use, transmit, disclose, and retain information relating to identifiable individuals (“personal information”) and, therefore, are subject to various laws protecting privacy and security of personal information, including the U.S. Driver Privacy Protection Act, the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) in the European Union (the “E.U.”), the Data Protection Act of 2018 in the United Kingdom (the “UK Data Protection Act”), the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”) and other state privacy laws in the United States. We are also subject to similar restrictions and audit requirements pursuant to our contracts with the organizations from which we gain access to personal information, such as departments of motor vehicles and the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System. Privacy laws and regulations are constantly evolving and changing, are subject to differing interpretations and may be inconsistent among countries and state and local jurisdictions, or conflict with other rules. As we expand our operations in foreign countries, or as U.S. federal or state law changes, our liability exposure and the complexity and cost of compliance with data and privacy requirements, including the GDPR, the UK Data Protection Act, the CCPA and other US state privacy laws, will increase. Laws and practices regarding handling and use of personal and other information by companies have also come under increased public scrutiny, and governmental authorities, consumer agencies and consumer advocacy groups have called for increased regulation and changes in industry practices. Our foreign photo enforcement programs are also subject to regulation in the various countries in which we operate.

Automated photo enforcement camera programs in the United States are typically regulated at the state and local level, not the federal level. Since 2010, there have been over 1,500 pieces of legislation introduced nationwide related to the photo enforcement industry. In general, photo enforcement is administrated by local government agencies, under either state enabling legislation or under home rule authority established under the relevant state

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constitution. Where enabling legislation is not required, local ordinances impose further restrictions within a given jurisdiction. Whether in a state requiring enabling legislation or in home-rule states where municipalities pass ordinances permitting photo enforcement, if the legislation or ordinance is subsequently repealed, not renewed if required, or if the authority for a local ordinance is revoked, photo enforcement activities would stop. At times, state Attorneys General have issued opinions interpreting photo enforcement laws and the permissibility of certain practices or other requirements of practice that further restrict private activities. For example, the Attorneys General of Arizona, Tennessee and Virginia have each issued opinions in recent years that impacted photo enforcement activities.

State and local regulation affects our Commercial Services segment as well, particularly with respect to tolling. Over the past few years, bills have been introduced in multiple states to limit whether and how much RACs can charge their customers for the use of a toll transponder, limit the administrative penalties and fees that can be assessed for processing tolls, and/or impose increased disclosure requirements on RACs with respect to tolling or violation processing fees. In addition, there has been an increase in interest and greater focus on RAC tolling programs from state Attorneys General related to tolling issues from a consumer protection perspective.

Our Government Solutions customers are typically local government agencies, and our operations within this segment are therefore subject to various procurement laws pertaining to gifts and entertainment, payments of commissions and contingency fees, conflicts of interest, licensing and permitting requirements and other matters. These laws are overseen by different government agencies, depending on the jurisdiction, including departments of procurements services, contracting offices and offices of inspector general. In large municipalities, many of which have their own offices of the inspector general, these laws and regulations tend to be much more detailed and impose greater restrictions.

To successfully navigate this regulatory landscape, we have a dedicated government relations team that works with state and local policymakers, often with the help of lobbyists and consultants, to track and help support favorable camera-enforcement safety and toll-related legislation. Through this network, we have a presence in most states in which our Government Solutions and Commercial Services segments do business. These lobbying activities are subject to state and local lobbying regulations and registration requirements.

In connection with the installation of photo enforcement systems, we or our customers routinely obtain permits from various state and local permitting authorities, and we monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations of the USDOT and state departments of transportation relating to matters such as training, policies and procedures. As a government contractor providing photo enforcement services directly or through subcontractors (including design, engineering, construction, installation, and maintenance) in various locations throughout the United States and internationally, we are at times required to obtain licenses regarding general contracting, performance of engineering services, performance of electrical work, performance of private investigative work and processing license plate and related personal information, and periodically receive notices from regulatory authorities regarding these matters and inquiring as to our compliance with the applicable state, local and foreign laws and regulations.

We believe we are in substantial compliance with the laws and regulations that regulate our business. There are, however, significant uncertainties involving the application of various legal requirements, the violation of which could result in, among other things, fines, penalties, revocation of permits or licenses, cessation of operations in a given jurisdiction and other adverse consequences. See “Risk Factors” for a discussion of our regulatory risks.

Human Capital Management

Our employees are critical to our success as a leading provider of smart mobility solutions. To continue producing and delivering high-quality solutions and services to our customers, and to compete and succeed in our highly competitive and rapidly evolving market, it is critical that we continue to attract, retain and develop a diverse group of talented individuals at all levels of our organization.

As of December 31, 2021, we had 1,433 employees, comprised of 1,306 full-time employees and 127 part-time employees. Of our full-time employees, 933 were located in the United States and 373 were located internationally. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining

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agreement, except for our 29 employees in Staten Island, New York. We believe our relations with our employees are good, and we have not experienced a strike or other significant work stoppage.

Talent Acquisition and Development

Our success depends upon attracting, retaining and developing a diverse group of talented individuals who possess the skills necessary to support our business objectives, assist in the achievement of our strategic goals, contribute their own unique perspective and skill set and create long-term value for our stockholders. We have implemented purposeful hiring strategies that include opportunities for internal mobility and promotion and an employee referral program, both of which we believe will further strengthen our growing employee base and promote retention at our Company. Of the 311 positions filled in fiscal 2021, 57 were internal candidates or referred by current Verra Mobility employees. We have a multifaceted talent development framework that includes functional training, management training and targeted development problems, such as our Six Sigma training that aims to further enhance operational skills in our Government Solutions business unit. We also develop our employees through an annual performance review and assessment process that incorporates a dual-performance rating system and provides each employee with concrete, actionable feedback that will enable them to succeed at our Company.

Compensation and Benefits

Our compensation programs are designed to align the compensation of our employees with the Company’s and individual performance, and to provide a compensation package that will attract, retain, motivate and reward employees to achieve superior results. The structure of our compensation programs balances incentives for both short-term and long-term performance. In addition to cash compensation, we offer employees benefits such as health (medical, dental and vision) insurance, health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, life insurance, accident insurance, paid time off, paid parental leave and a company-sponsored 401(k) plan, and related benefits for non-U.S. employees. For key leadership positions, we also provide compensation packages that include annual incentive bonuses and long-term equity awards.

Employee Engagement

We seek employees who collaborate and value differences, think and act globally, foster an engaging climate, and recognize and develop others. We engage and survey our employee population to gather insight, feedback, and data about employees’ engagement, workplace experiences, and manager effectiveness. Survey results inform and support corporate, business unit, department, and team action plans, with the goal of enhancing workplace satisfaction and overall employee well-being and effectiveness.

Corporate Information

We were originally incorporated in Delaware on August 15, 2016, under the name “Gores Holdings II, Inc.” (“Gores”) as a special purpose acquisition company, formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On January 19, 2017, Gores consummated its initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which its shares began trading on Nasdaq. On June 21, 2018, Gores entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) with Greenlight Holding II Corporation, PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC (the “Platinum Stockholder”), AM Merger Sub I, Inc., a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Gores, and AM Merger Sub II, LLC, a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Gores. On October 17, 2018, the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (the “Business Combination”) were consummated. In conjunction with the Business Combination we changed our name to “Verra Mobility Corporation” and became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries.

Our principal executive office is located at 1150 North Alma School Road, Mesa, AZ 85201. Our telephone number is (480) 443-7000. Our website address is www.verramobility.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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The trade names, trademarks, and service marks appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include registered marks and marks in which we claim common law rights, such as Verra Mobility and the Verra Mobility logo, all of which are our intellectual property. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains additional trade names, trademarks, and service marks of other companies that are the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks, or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us, by these companies. We have omitted the ® and ™ designations, as applicable, for the trademarks used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, and we file or furnish reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports and other information we file with the SEC are available free of charge at http://ir.verramobility.com/financial-information/sec-filings when such reports become available on the SEC’s website. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. We periodically provide other information for investors on our corporate website, www.verramobility.com, and our investor relations website, ir.verramobility.com. This includes press releases and other information about financial performance, information on corporate governance and details related to our annual meeting of stockholders. The information contained on the websites referenced in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this filing. Further, our references to website URLs are intended to be inactive textual references only.

Item 1A. Ri sk Factors

Risk Factor Summary

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Our business, operating results, financial condition, financial performance or prospects could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks and uncertainties, as well as by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of these risks occurs, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment. Our business, operating results, financial performance, or prospects could also be harmed. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by COVID-19, including emerging variant strains.

Risks Related to Our Customers, Industry and Competition

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Our Commercial Services and Government Solutions segments have customer concentration that could have a material adverse effect on our business.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected our revenues from key customers in both our Commercial Services segment and our Government Solutions segment and may adversely affected our revenues in our Parking Solutions segment.
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Our government contracts are subject to unique risks and uncertainties, including termination rights, delays in payment, audits and investigations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
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Any decreases in the prevalence or political acceptance of, or an increase in governmental restrictions regarding, automated and other similar methods of photo enforcement or the use of third-party tolling service providers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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We face intense competition and any failure to keep up with technological developments and changing customer preferences could have a material adverse effect on our business.
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Our new products and services and changes to existing products and services may not succeed.

Risks Related to Our Acquisitions

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Our inability to successfully implement our acquisition strategy could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Data Privacy and Cybersecurity

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A failure in or breach of our networks or systems, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
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We are subject to laws of the United States and foreign jurisdictions relating to privacy, data security, data retention and individually identifiable information, and failure to comply with these laws, whether or not inadvertent, and changes to these laws, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Human Capital Management

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We depend on the services of key executives and any inability to attract and retain key management personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to our International Operations

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Our international operations expose us to additional risks, and failure to manage those risks could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

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Failure to acquire necessary intellectual property or adequately protect our intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

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Our substantial level of indebtedness could cause our business to suffer and incurring additional debt could intensify debt-related risks.

Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock, Warrants, Related Party Transactions and Organizational Documents

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Any failure to be current in our filings with the SEC could pose significant risks to our business.

Risks Related to Our Vendors

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Our reliance on third-party providers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

General Risk Factors

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If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results.
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Litigation and other disputes and regulatory investigations could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Due to the risk factors discussed below, as well as other factors affecting our business, operating results, financial condition, financial performance or prospects, our past financial performance should not be considered to be a reliable indicator of our future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.

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Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and related government actions taken to reduce the spread of the virus have caused severe disruption to the global economy. In order to comply with certain government restrictions and safeguard our employees, we have shifted most of our workforce to remote operations and have implemented changes in our physical locations to ensure social distancing. The Omicron variant of COVID-19, which is presently thought to be the most transmissible and contagious variant of COVID-19, has caused a surge in COVID-19 cases globally. The impact of the Omicron variant, or other variants that may emerge in the future, cannot be predicted at this time, and could depend on numerous factors, including the availability of vaccines in different parts of the world, vaccination rates, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against future variants, and the response by governmental bodies to reinstate mandated business closures, orders to “shelter in place” and travel and transportation restrictions. Additionally, we may experience labor constraints resulting from COVID-19-related quarantine measures or employee turnover due to resistance to vaccine mandates imposed by local, state or federal governments or our customers. Any labor constraints or staffing shortages suffered by us or our key suppliers could disrupt our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

COVID-19 may also cause us to temporarily suspend or ultimately forego strategic acquisitions, business initiatives or expansions into new markets. Also, our existing customers may seek to terminate or renegotiate their contracts with us or seek pricing concessions as a result of changes in their business needs or financial condition. The measures implemented to contain COVID-19 have had, and may continue to have, a significant negative effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity position.

Historical data regarding our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity may not reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures and therefore does not purport to be representative of our future performance.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other reports filed with the SEC include information regarding our business, properties, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity as of dates and for periods before the impact of COVID-19 and related containment measures (including quarantines, governmental orders requiring the closure of certain businesses, limiting travel, requiring that individuals stay at home or shelter in place and closing borders, and vaccines). This historical information therefore may not reflect the adverse impacts of COVID-19 and the related containment measures. Accordingly, investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on historical information regarding our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity, as that data does not reflect the adverse impact of COVID-19 and therefore does not purport to be representative of the future results of operations, financial condition, liquidity or other financial or operating results.

Risks Related to Our Customers, Industry and Competition

Our Commercial Services and Government Solutions segments have customer concentration that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our business experiences customer concentration from time to time. For example, our Commercial Services segment is dependent on certain key customers, including those in the RAC industry, such as Avis Budget Group, Inc., Enterprise Holdings, Inc. and The Hertz Corporation. The health of the RAC industry is impacted by a variety of factors, including seasonality, increases in energy prices, general international, national and local economic conditions and cycles, as well as other factors affecting travel levels, such as military conflicts, terrorist incidents, natural disasters and epidemic diseases. For example, as described elsewhere in these risk factors, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to adversely affect our key customers in the RAC industry and, correspondingly, revenues in our Commercial Services segment.

We also experience customer concentration in our Government Solutions segment. The New York City Department of Transportation (“NYCDOT”) represented approximately 26.6% of our total revenues during fiscal 2021, and our contract with NYCDOT, like many other contracts, is subject to unique risks and uncertainties, including termination rights, delays in payment and audits and investigations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In the future, a small number of customers in our Government Solutions segment may continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenues in any given period. The loss of any of our top Government Solutions customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected our revenues from key customers in both our Commercial Services segment and our Government Solutions segment and may adversely affect our revenues in our Parking Solutions segment.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have an impact on both the RAC and FMC businesses. Travel has declined compared to pre-pandemic levels, while supply chain disruptions have impacted RACs’ and FMCs’ ability to access vehicles for their fleets. Although these headwinds continue, our customers have improved utilization of their existing fleets and have shown improvements in their business performance. The full extent and duration of COVID-19’s impact on the RAC industry and the financial health of our key RAC customers cannot be predicted at this time. If our RAC customers continue to experience adversity in their businesses or file for bankruptcy, they may delay or default on their payment commitments to us or request to modify or renegotiate pre-existing contractual commitments on terms that are less favorable to us, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Revenue from our customers in our Government Solutions segment also continues to be impacted by COVID 19. The switch to remote operations for large amounts of the population, and other containment measures have additionally resulted in reductions in vehicle traffic, which in turn resulted in some of our Government Solutions customers temporarily taking enforcement camera systems offline. Additionally, school closures resulting from COVID-19 have resulted in limited operations of our school bus stop arm solutions. Continued or additional measures or changes in laws or regulations, whether in the United States or abroad, that further impair the ability or desire of individuals to gather or travel due to the risk of the spreading of COVID-19, including laws or regulations banning travel or requiring the closure of schools, could have a material adverse effect on our Government Solutions segment, as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, current trends toward remote work and learning environments, reduced activity in urban environments, the tendency for customers to shop and enjoy entertainment from home and a reduction in travel, may collectively reduce vehicle traffic at parking garages and parking lots and negatively impact our Parking Solutions segment. Continued or additional trends toward remote work, learning and leisure may have an adverse effect on our Parking Solutions segment, as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our government contracts are subject to unique risks and uncertainties, including termination rights, delays in payment, audits and investigations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We enter into government contracts from time to time with customers in our Government Solutions and Parking Solutions segments that are subject to various uncertainties, restrictions and regulations, which could result in withholding or delay of payments to us. For example, as of December 31, 2021, NYCDOT had an open receivable balance of $63.2 million, which represented 39% of our accounts receivable, net, of which $26.0 million had aged beyond NYCDOT’s 45-day payment terms.

Government entities typically finance projects through appropriated funds. While these projects are often planned and executed as multi-year projects, government entities usually reserve the right to change the scope of or terminate these projects for lack of approved funding or at their convenience. Changes in government or political developments, including administrative hurdles, budget deficits, shortfalls or uncertainties, government spending reductions or other debt or funding constraints, could result in our government contracts being reduced in price or scope or terminated altogether, as well as limit our ability to win new government work in the future.

Moreover, if a government customer does not follow the requisite procurement or ordinance-specific administrative procedures, the contract may be subject to protest or voidable regardless of whether we bear any responsibility for the error. Our government contracts are subject to underlying laws and regulations related to government contractors, and often include other one-sided, customer-friendly provisions and certifications, including broad indemnification provisions and uncapped exposure or liquidated damages for certain liabilities, which can impose obligations, requirements and liabilities on us that are beyond those associated with a typical commercial arrangement.

In addition, government contracts are generally subject to audits and investigations by government agencies or higher-tier government contractors. If improper or illegal activities or contractual non-compliance are identified, including improper billing or vendor non-compliance, we may be subject to various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, which may include termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, the imposition of fines, penalties and sanctions, and suspensions or debarment from doing business for or on behalf of the government in the future. If penalties or other restrictions are imposed in one jurisdiction, they could also implicate similar provisions of contracts with other government customers in other jurisdictions. Further, the negative publicity related to these penalties, sanctions or findings in government audits or investigations could harm

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our reputation and hinder our ability to compete for new contracts with government customers and in the private sector. Any of the foregoing or any other reduction in revenue from government customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any decreases in the prevalence or political acceptance of, or an increase in governmental restrictions regarding, automated and other similar methods of photo enforcement or the use of third-party tolling service providers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We provide automated safety solutions to national, state and local government agencies, generating revenues through automated photo enforcement of red-light, school bus, speed limit and bus lane laws. In 2021, revenues from this segment represented approximately 51.4% of our total revenues. Therefore, we depend on national, state and local governments authorizing the use of automated photo enforcement and not otherwise materially restricting its use. In states that have enabling legislation, if that legislation is not renewed or is otherwise repealed, use of automated enforcement technology can be suspended until new legislation is passed. For example, in June 2019, the state of Texas passed a law prohibiting red-light photo enforcement programs across the state, with certain carve-outs for some existing programs. The passage of this law resulted in a loss of revenue in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and a related impairment of assets in the year ended December 31, 2019.

Ballot initiatives, referendums, opinions of attorneys general and legal challenges can also be used to restrict the use of automated enforcement or to impose additional licensing requirements on its use. For example, the Attorneys General in the states of Arizona, Tennessee and Virginia have issued opinions that had the effect of limiting the use of these enforcement technologies or impacting the manner in which photo enforcement programs operate. Usage may also be affected if there is an unfavorable shift in political support for, or public sentiment towards, automated enforcement, or as a result of one or more scandals related to its use.

Similarly, our Commercial Services business may be materially impacted if there is an unfavorable shift in political support for or public sentiment towards tolling or its use is materially restricted or limited, including through the imposition of limits on the fees RAC companies can charge their customers for tolling or violation processing services. Any material restriction or limitation on the use of automated enforcement or material reduction in its use in the markets we serve, or any similar changes with respect to tolling, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face intense competition and any failure to keep up with technological developments and changing customer preferences could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The markets for our solutions are increasingly competitive, rapidly evolving and fragmented, and are subject to changing technology and shifting customer needs. A number of vendors develop and market products and services that compete to varying extents with our offerings, and we expect this competition to continue to intensify. The rapid rate of technological change in our industry could increase the chances that we will face competition from new products or services designed by companies that we do not currently compete with. Moreover, we face competition from our own customers as they may choose to invest in developing their own internal solutions.

Competition in our markets is primarily based on (a) the quality, reliability and efficacy of the solution; (b) customer awareness of offerings; (c) pricing; (d) functionality and features, including ease of use and broad application; (e) the customer or end-user experience; (f) the breadth and depth of products and services offered; (g) reputation and track record; (h) technical expertise; and (i) security.

Currently, we compete with several other companies, ranging from small, regional or specialized firms to large, diversified companies. Some of our existing competitors and potential new competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, less debt, more established customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, research and development, marketing and other resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements. In some cases, our competitors may be better positioned to initiate or withstand substantial price competition, and we may have to reduce our pricing to retain existing business or obtain new business. If we are not able to maintain favorable pricing for our solutions, our profit margin and profitability could suffer. In addition, if a prospective customer is currently using a competing solution, the customer may be unwilling to switch to our solution without setup support services or other incentives. Certain existing and new competitors may be better positioned to acquire competitive solutions, effectively negotiate third-party licenses and other strategic relationships, and take advantage of acquisition or other similar expansion opportunities. Industry consolidation could further increase competition, and competitors may also establish relationships or form alliances. Any failure to achieve our target pricing levels, maintain existing customer relationships, generate additional customer wins or otherwise successfully compete would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our new products and services and changes to existing products and services may not succeed.

Our ability to retain, increase and engage our customer base and to increase our revenue depends, in large part, on our ability to continue to evolve existing solutions and to create successful new solutions. We may introduce significant changes to our existing solutions or acquire or introduce new and unproven products and services, including using technologies or entering markets or industries in which we have little or no experience. For example, in September 2018, we launched Peasy, our cloud-based, pay-as-you-go tolling solution targeting consumers, a market segment that we had not previously targeted directly. Consumer adoption of Peasy was slower than anticipated, and the product did not generate meaningful revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020, and we therefore ceased actively marketing and new investment in Peasy in 2021. We have only indirect exposure to the consumer segment through our business with the RAC industry and parking operators, but in those instances, our customer controls the pricing, marketing, consumer disclosures and other aspects of the consumer relationship. As such, the consumers’ view of us and their willingness to try our solutions may be impacted by their experience with our tolling services delivered by our RAC customers and parking solutions offered by our parking customers. Additionally, our rollout of European RAC tolling has been slower than anticipated. The failure of any new or enhanced solution to achieve customer adoption or our failure to otherwise successfully monetize our development efforts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We regularly pursue contracts and contract renewals, particularly in our Government Solutions and Parking Solutions segments, that require competitive bidding, which can involve substantial costs and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Many of the government contracts and renewals for which we bid, particularly those for certain larger government customers, are extremely complex and require the investment of significant resources in order to prepare accurate bids and proposals. Further, a significant percentage of new customer growth opportunities in our Government Solutions, Parking Solutions and EPC businesses are only accessible through competitive bidding. Competitive bidding imposes substantial costs and presents several risks, including significant time and effort and the commitment of resources, regardless of whether the job is ultimately won. We may also be unable to meet the requirements of a solicitation or may have to incur substantial costs to be able to do so. These and other unanticipated costs related to the competitive bidding process, including advancing or defending bid protests, and any failure to win renewals or new customer accounts through the competitive bidding process, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our inability to recover capital and other investments in connection with our contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We sometimes make significant capital, and other investments, to attract and retain certain contracts, such as the cost of purchasing information technology equipment, constructing and installing photo enforcement systems and developing and implementing software and labor resources. The net book value of certain assets recorded, including a portion of our intangible assets, could be impaired in the event of the early termination of some or all of a contract or a reduction in volume and services under the contract for any number of reasons, including the failure or deterioration of the customer’s business, a customer’s exercise of contract termination or program cancellation rights or a change in law or interpretation thereof that suspends or terminates photo enforcement activities. Any failure to recover our investments’ underlying customer agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in June 2019, the state of Texas passed a law prohibiting red-light photo enforcement programs across the state, with certain carve-outs for some existing programs. The passage of this law resulted in a loss of revenue in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and a related impairment of assets for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Risks Related to Our Acquisitions

Our inability to successfully implement our acquisition strategy could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have grown in large part as a result of our acquisitions, and we anticipate continuing to grow in this manner. Although we expect to regularly consider additional strategic transactions in the future, we may not identify suitable opportunities or, if we do identify prospects, it may not be possible to consummate a transaction on acceptable terms. Antitrust or other competition laws may also limit our ability to acquire or work collaboratively with certain businesses or to fully realize the benefits of a prospective or completed acquisition. Furthermore, a significant change in our business or the economy, an unexpected decrease in our cash flows or any restrictions imposed by our indebtedness may limit our ability to obtain the necessary capital or otherwise impede our ability to

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complete a transaction. Regularly considering strategic transactions can also divert management’s attention and lead to significant due diligence and other expenses regardless of whether we pursue or consummate any transaction. Failure to identify suitable transaction partners and to consummate transactions on acceptable terms, as well as the commitment of time and resources in connection with such transactions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The inability to successfully integrate our recent or future acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have integrated, and may in the future integrate, certain acquired businesses into our existing operations, which requires significant time and exposes us to significant risks and additional costs, and integrating such acquired businesses may strain our resources. Further, we may have difficulty integrating the operations, systems, controls, procedures or products of such acquired businesses and may not be able to do so in a timely, efficient and cost-effective manner.

These difficulties could include:

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combining management teams, strategies and philosophies;
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merging or linking different accounting and financial reporting systems and systems of internal controls;
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assimilating personnel, human resources and other administrative departments and potentially contrasting corporate cultures;
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merging computer, technology and other information networks and systems;
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disrupting our relationship with or losing key customers, suppliers or personnel; and
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interference with, or loss of momentum in, our ongoing business or that of the acquired business.

Any integration-related issues could cause significant disruption to our business, divert the attention of management and lead to substantial additional costs and delays. Our inability to successfully integrate acquired businesses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The agreements governing our acquisition of businesses may not contain indemnification provisions that fully protect us and as a result we may face unexpected liabilities.

Certain of the agreements by which we have acquired companies require the former owners to indemnify us against certain liabilities related to the operation of the acquired business before we acquired it. In most of these agreements, however, the liability of the former owners is limited and certain former owners may be unable to meet their indemnification responsibilities. We have further obtained representation and warranty insurance related to some acquisitions in lieu of, or in addition to, the indemnification by the previous owners. These indemnification provisions or insurance policies may not protect us fully or at all, and as a result we may face unexpected liabilities that adversely affect our business and financial statements.

Any failure to realize the anticipated benefits of an acquisition, including unanticipated expenses and liabilities related to acquisitions, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We pursue each acquisition with the expectation that the transaction will result in various benefits, including growth opportunities and synergies from increased efficiencies. However, we may not realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions within our anticipated timeframes or at all. Furthermore, we may experience increased competition that limits our ability to expand our business, we may not be able to capitalize on expected business opportunities, and general industry and business conditions may deteriorate. Acquisitions also expose us to significant risks and costs, and business and operational overlaps may lead to hidden costs. These costs can include unforeseen pre-acquisition liabilities, the impairment of customer relationships or acquired assets such as goodwill, or exposure to oversight, operational and business control risks associated with a newly acquired business. We may also incur costs and inefficiencies to the extent an acquisition expands the industries, markets or geographies in which we operate due to our limited exposure to and experience in a given industry, market or region. Significant acquisitions may also require us to incur additional debt to finance the transactions, which could limit our flexibility in using our cash flow from operations for other purposes. For example, we financed our December 2021 acquisition

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of T2 Systems by accessing additional debt financing under our credit agreement. Acquisitions often involve post-transaction disputes with the counterparty regarding a number of matters, including disagreements over the amount of a purchase price or other working capital adjustment or disputes regarding whether certain liabilities are covered by the indemnification provisions of the transaction agreement. We may underestimate the level of certain costs or the exposure we may face as a result of acquired liabilities. If any of these or other factors limit our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of a transaction, or we encounter other unexpected transaction-related costs and liabilities, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Data Privacy and Cybersecurity

A failure in or breach of our networks or systems, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We act as a trusted business partner in both front office and back office platforms, interacting with our customers and other third parties. Our customers include large, multinational corporations and government agencies who depend upon our operational efficiency, non-interruption of service, and accuracy and security of information. We receive, process, transmit and store substantial volumes of information relating to identifiable individuals, both in our role as a back-end or direct-to-consumer service provider and as an employer, and receive, process and implement financial transactions, and disburse funds, which requires us to receive debit and credit card information. We also use third-party providers such as subcontractors, software vendors, utility providers and network providers, upon whom we rely to offer our products, services and solutions. As a result of these and other aspects of our business, the integrity, security and accuracy of our systems and information technology, and that of the third parties with which we interact, including our customers and other government agencies with which we work, are extremely important.

Our cybersecurity and processing systems, as well as those of the third parties with which we interact, may be damaged, disrupted or otherwise breached for a number of reasons, including power outages, computer and telecommunication failures, computer viruses, malware or other destructive software, internal design, manual or usage errors, cyber-attacks, terrorism, workplace violence or wrongdoing, catastrophic events, natural disasters and severe weather conditions. Our visibility and role as a processor of transactions containing personally identifiable information may also put us at a greater risk of being targeted by hackers. In the normal course of our business, we have been the target of malicious cyber-attack attempts. Additionally, trends toward remote work as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic has made companies’ information technology systems more vulnerable through increased cyber-attack attempts.

In addition, numerous and evolving cybersecurity threats, including advanced and persistent cyber-attacks, phishing and social engineering schemes could compromise the confidentiality, availability and integrity of data in our systems as well as those of the third parties with which we interact. The security measures and procedures we and the third parties with which we interact have in place to protect sensitive consumer data and other information may not be successful or sufficient to counter all data breaches, cyber-attacks, or system failures. Further, employee error or malfeasance, faulty password management or other irregularities may result in a defeat of security measures or a system breach. Although we devote significant resources to our cybersecurity programs and have implemented security measures to protect our systems and data, and to prevent, detect and respond to data security incidents, in each case that we believe are reasonable and appropriate, these efforts, and the efforts of third parties with which we interact, may not prevent these or other threats.

Moreover, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to disable or degrade systems change frequently, have become increasingly more complex and sophisticated, and may be difficult to detect for periods of time, we and the third parties with which we interact may not anticipate these acts or respond adequately or timely. As these threats continue to evolve and increase, we may be required to devote significant additional resources in order to modify and enhance our security controls and to identify and remediate any security vulnerabilities or diligencing those of third parties.

If we are sued in connection with any data security breach or system failure, we could be involved in protracted litigation. In addition, a breach could lead to unfavorable publicity and significant damage to our brand, the loss of existing and potential customers, allegations by customers that we have not performed or breached our contractual obligations, or decreased use and acceptance of our solutions. A breach or failure may also subject us to additional regulations or governmental or regulatory scrutiny, which could result in significant compliance costs, fines or enforcement actions, or potential restrictions imposed by regulators on our ability to operate our business. A security breach would also likely require us to devote significant management and other resources to address the

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problems created by the security breach. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to laws and regulations of the United States and foreign jurisdictions relating to personal information, privacy and data security, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations, whether or not inadvertent, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Personal information is used both as part of our business and in our role as an employer. In addition, as part of our Government Solutions, Commercial Services and Parking Solutions programs, we process other data which may be considered personal information or sensitive personal information in certain jurisdictions, such as photographs and video recordings. As a result, we are subject to various laws and regulations regarding personal information, privacy and data security, including those promulgated by the United States federal government and its agencies, and state, local and foreign governments, agencies, and public authorities. Our personal information handling also is subject to contractual obligations and industry standards.

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Laws, regulations and industry standards relating to privacy are rapidly evolving, can be subject to significant change and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. These laws and regulations may also be subject to new or different interpretations. For example, in June 2018, California enacted the CCPA, which took effect in January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates several new obligations for companies which process personal information. It also gives California residents expanded rights to access, delete and obtain a copy of their personal information; opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal data is processed. The law provides for civil penalties against companies that fail to comply. The California Attorney General’s regulations governing compliance with the CCPA went into effect in August 2020, with additional amendments effective as of March 2021. A violation of these regulations constitutes a violation of the CCPA. A new California privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), creates obligations relating to personal information beginning on January 1, 2022, with implementing regulations expected on or before July 1, 2022, and enforcement beginning July 1, 2023. It substantially amends and amplifies the requirements of the CCPA, as well as creates a new agency responsible for enforcing California’s privacy laws. Unlike the CCPA, the CPRA applies to employee personal information in addition to consumer personal information. In 2021, Virginia and Colorado also enacted comprehensive state privacy laws, which become operative on January 1, 2023, and July 1, 2023, respectively. Additionally, dozens of other state legislatures have introduced privacy bills, and Congress is considering several privacy bills at the federal level.

Foreign laws concerning personal information, privacy and data security may be more restrictive and burdensome than those of the United States. Given that data is highly mobile and transferable, many data protection and privacy laws of foreign nations seek to have wide extraterritorial jurisdiction over conduct occurring outside geographical boundaries of the relevant jurisdiction. For example, on May 25, 2018, the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation GDPR replaced the 1995 Data Protection Directive. The GDPR extends the scope of E.U. data protection law to non-E.U. companies processing data of E.U. residents when certain conditions are satisfied. The GDPR contains numerous, more stringent requirements and changes from prior E.U. law, including more robust privacy and compliance obligations for both companies and their service providers, greater rights for individuals, heavier documentation requirements for data protection compliance programs and restrictions on transfers of personal data to non-E.U. countries. The GDPR provides for fines of the greater of up to €20 million or 4% of the noncompliant company’s annual global revenue. Further, our customers, through contractual requirements, could require us to comply with certain of these stringent requirements regardless of whether our business is actually subject to the GDPR.

From a security perspective, federal, state and foreign laws and regulations create requirements to take reasonable technical, physical and organizational measures to protect the security of personal information. Laws and regulations also include obligations to notify individuals and government regulators of an actual or perceived data security breach involving particular personal information, whether that breach was experienced by us or our third-party service providers. Penalties for failure to adequately protect personal information, or provide timely notice of such failure, vary by jurisdiction. In the United States, most state data breach notification laws consider violations to be unfair or deceptive trade practices and give the relevant state attorneys general (“AGs”) the authority to levy fines or bring enforcement actions. Such AG investigations, which are often time consuming, expensive and burdensome, may lead to civil penalties. Some laws, such as the CCPA and CPRA, also grant affected individuals a private right of action for certain data breaches under which they may sue for money damages. In the United States, lawyers specialized in pursuing cases on behalf of individuals who are affected by a data breach regularly bring suit against companies that have suffered data breaches. In the E.U., failure to comply with the GDPR’s security or notification requirements could result in significant monetary fines. Additionally, our failure to maintain adequate levels of data security and privacy may negatively impact our ability to secure customer contracts.

The costs of compliance with these privacy-related laws, regulations and industry standards are high and may limit the use or adoption of our smart mobility technology solutions and services, reduce overall demand for our solutions and services, or slow the pace at which we generate revenue. Moreover, if our policies, procedures or measures relating to these issues fail to comply, or regulators assert we have failed to comply, with applicable laws, regulations or industry standards, we may be subject to governmental enforcement actions, litigation, regulatory investigations, fines, penalties and negative publicity, and our application providers, customers and partners may lose trust in or stop doing business with us entirely. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning personal information, privacy and data retention in the United States, the E.U. and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and industry standards may have on our business. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We are subject to domestic and foreign laws relating to processing certain financial transactions, including debit or credit card transactions, and failure to comply with those laws, even if inadvertent, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We process, support and execute financial transactions as part of our business and disburse funds on behalf of certain of our customers. This activity includes receiving debit and credit card information, processing payments for and due to our customers and disbursing funds on payment or debit cards to payees of our customers. As a result, we may be subject to numerous U.S. federal and state and foreign jurisdiction laws and regulations, including the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (commonly known as the Bank Secrecy Act) and the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”).

We are also subject to or voluntarily comply with a number of other laws and regulations relating to privacy and information security, electronic fund transfers, payment services and convenience fees. If we were found to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to additional liability, including governmental fines or other sanctions, and we could be forced to otherwise change our business practices in certain jurisdictions, or be required to obtain additional licenses or regulatory approvals.

We have implemented policies and procedures to preserve and protect credit card and other payment data against loss, corruption, misappropriation caused by systems failures, unauthorized access or misuse. Notwithstanding these policies and procedures, we could be subject to liability claims by individuals and customers whose data resides in our databases for the misuse of that information. If we fail to meet appropriate compliance levels, this could negatively impact our ability to utilize credit cards as a method of payment, or collect and store credit card information, which could disrupt our business. Failure to comply with these laws may subject us to, among other things, additional costs or changes to our business practices, liability for monetary damages, fines or criminal prosecution, unfavorable publicity, restrictions on our ability to process and support financial transactions and allegations by customers that we have not performed our contractual obligations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Human Capital Management

We depend on the services of key executives and any inability to attract and retain key management personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our future success depends upon the continued services of our executive officers, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, who have critical experience and relationships that we rely on to implement our business plan and growth strategy. Additionally, as our business grows, we may need to attract and hire additional management personnel. We have employment agreements with some members of senior management that include non-competition provisions; however, we cannot prevent our executives from terminating their employment and may not be able to fully enforce non-competition provisions limiting former executives or key personnel from competing with us following any departure. Moreover, we do not carry “key-man” life insurance on the lives of our executive officers, employees or advisors. Our ability to retain our key management personnel or to identify and attract additional management personnel or suitable replacements should any members of the management team leave or be terminated is dependent on a number of factors, including the competitive nature of the employment market and our industry. Any failure to retain key management personnel or to attract additional or suitable replacement personnel could cause uncertainty among investors, employees, customers and others concerning our future direction and performance and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A failure to attract and retain necessary skilled personnel and qualified subcontractors could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our business depends on highly skilled technical, managerial, engineering, sales, marketing and customer support personnel and qualified and competent subcontractors. Competition for these personnel is intense, especially during times of low unemployment or economic recovery or growth. Any failure to attract, hire, assimilate in a timely manner and retain and motivate key qualified personnel, particularly software development, product development, analytics and other technical personnel, or inability to contract with qualified, competent subcontractors, could impair our success. Additionally, certain portions of our Government Solutions operations are dependent on employees and subcontractors who are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. When the collective bargaining agreement becomes subject to renegotiation or if we face union organizing drives, any

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disagreement between us and the union on important issues may lead to a strike, work slowdown or other job actions in one or more locations we serve. A strike, work slowdown or other job action could disrupt our services, resulting in reduced revenues or contract cancellations. State or local law in some jurisdictions requires that subcontractors for our Government Solutions segment are certified by the jurisdiction, and the failure on the part of our subcontractors to obtain and maintain such certification could impact their ability to perform services for us. Further, our acquisition activity could increase the challenge of retaining our key employees and subcontractors and those of the acquired businesses. The loss of any key technical employee or the termination of a key subcontractor relationship, and any inability to identify suitable replacements or offer reasonable terms to these candidates, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to our International Operations

Our operations in international markets expose us to additional risks, and failure to manage those risks could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have subsidiaries in various international markets around the world, including in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), the Netherlands, France, Ireland, Spain, Australia, Canada and Hungary. The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to successfully manage these foreign operations. Our international operations subject us to risks that could increase expenses, restrict our ability to operate, result in lost revenues or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, including:

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political, social, and economic instability, including the on-going impact of the U.K.’s exit from the E.U. and European sovereign debt issues and tightening of government budgets;
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wars, civil unrest, acts of terrorism and other conflicts;
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increased complexity and costs of managing or overseeing foreign operations, including adapting and localizing our services to specific regions and countries and relying on different third-party service providers;
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local business and cultural factors and customs that may differ from our normal standards and practices;
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complying with tariffs, trade restrictions, and trade agreements and any changes thereto;
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foreign exchange and other restrictions and limitations on the transfer or repatriation of funds;
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adverse tax consequences;
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fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
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complying with varying legal and regulatory environments in multiple foreign jurisdictions, including with respect to data and consumer privacy and payment processing, labor matters and VAT, and unexpected changes in these laws, regulatory requirements, and the enforcement thereof; and
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limited protection of our intellectual property and other assets as compared to the laws of the United States.

On January 31, 2020, the U.K. withdrew from the E.U., commonly referred to as “Brexit.” The U.K. and the E.U. agreed to a trade and cooperation agreement, which came into force on May 1, 2021 (the “Trade and Cooperation Agreement”). The Trade and Cooperation Agreement provides for, among other things, zero-rate tariffs and zero quotas on the movement of goods between the U.K. and the E.U. In terms of trade in services and business travel between the U.K. and E.U., however, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement introduces rules that are more restrictive than those in place when the U.K. was a member of the E.U. The impact of these more restrictive rules, including additional inspections and documentation checks, on U.K.-E.U. cross-border services may have an impact on our U.K. subsidiaries. Their effects have yet to become fully clear, particularly because COVID-19 restrictions have also interrupted cross-border services between the U.K. and E.U. Also, the inability for the U.K. and E.U. vehicle licensing authorities to transfer certain data using current methods may have an impact on EPC’s ability to obtain information that is necessary to its operations in certain parts of the E.U. These restrictions may have an impact on EPC’s ability to obtain information that is necessary to its operations in certain parts of the E.U.

Brexit has created and may continue to create legal, political and economic risks and uncertainties for our U.K. operations. The main source of uncertainty arises from the difference of opinion between the U.K. and E.U. on how to implement the Brexit settlement in Northern Ireland. Both sides are in the process of negotiating

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amendments to the Northern Ireland Protocol, but agreement remains elusive. If the impasse continues, there is a risk that either side could resort to retaliatory measures under the terms of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Retaliatory measures include the possibility of tariffs being applied to imports from the E.U. to the U.K. and from the U.K. to the E.U., and new barriers to cross-border services being erected.

Additionally, Brexit may cause fluctuations in the value of the U.K. pound sterling and E.U. euro. Fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies may adversely affect our expenses, earnings, cash flows, results of operations and revenues.

We have limited or no control over these and other factors related to international operations and our strategies to address these risks may not correctly anticipate any problems that arise or be successful in expanding our solutions from the United States into new European markets. Any failure to successfully manage these and other similar risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our growth strategy is, in part, dependent on successfully implementing our international expansion strategy.

Our growth strategy includes expanding our global footprint, which may involve moving into regions and countries beyond those in which we currently operate. In order to achieve widespread acceptance in new markets we may enter, we may need to develop new products and services or tailor our existing products and services to that market’s unique customs, cultures and standards. Management of these and any future international subsidiaries may divert our resources and require significant attention from management. In addition to the risks inherent in conducting international business, expanding internationally with new and existing customers poses additional risks, including:

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lack of acceptance of our products and services;
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tax issues, including administration of value-added tax, restrictions on repatriating earnings, and with respect to our corporate operating structure and intercompany arrangements;
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our ability to adapt our marketing and selling efforts to different cultures and customers;
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a different competitive environment, including a number of smaller competitors and a more fragmented business model, as well as competition from other market participants; and
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an unfamiliar regulatory environment, including different local, provincial and national regulations.

If we are unable to effectively manage these risks, our relationships with our existing and prospective customers, strategic partners and employees and our operations outside the United States may be adversely affected.

In many cases, we will have limited or no experience in a particular region or country where we intend to launch operations. Moreover, learning the customs and cultures, particularly with respect to consumer preferences, differing technology standards and language barriers, is a difficult task. Our failure to do so effectively could slow our growth in those regions or countries. In many of these markets, long-standing relationships between potential customers and their local partners and protective regulations, including local content requirements and approvals, and disparate networks and systems used by each country, will create barriers to entry. Difficulties in foreign financial markets and economies and of foreign financial institutions, particularly in emerging markets, could also adversely affect demand in the affected areas. For this strategy to be successful, we must generate sufficient revenues and margins from the new markets to offset the expense of the expansion. Moreover, as the scale of our international operations increases, we will be more susceptible to the general risks related to our existing international operations discussed above. If we are unable to further expand internationally or if we are unable to effectively and efficiently manage the complexity of our expanded operations and compete in these new regions and countries, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Failure to comply with anticorruption and anti-money laundering laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our activities outside of the United States, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our operations subject us to anticorruption and other similar laws and regulations of multiple jurisdictions, both within the United States and internationally, which are often evolving, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the Patriot Act, and comparable foreign anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010. Our Government Solutions business is subject to a number of international, federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding similar matters. These laws and regulations prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly,

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improper payments or other benefits to government officials, political parties and private-sector recipients for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, directing business to any person or securing any advantage.

We use various third parties to conduct our business, both domestically and abroad, and we can be held liable for the corrupt or illegal activities of our employees, representatives, contractors or subcontractors, partners, and agents, those of the third parties with which we do business or those of any businesses we acquire, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities or if they occurred prior to our acquisition of the relevant business. Safeguards we implement to discourage these practices may prove to be ineffective and any internal investigations may not uncover any such practices that may exist. Violations of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption, and anti-money laundering laws by us or any of these third parties can result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, or other liabilities or proceedings against us, including class action lawsuits, whistleblower complaints, enforcement actions by the SEC, Department of Justice, and U.S. state and local and foreign regulators, adverse media coverage, non-responsibility determinations by procuring agencies, and suspension or debarment from government contracts, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Failure to acquire necessary intellectual property or adequately protect our intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect and defend our intellectual property against infringement, misappropriation and dilution. To protect our intellectual property rights, we rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret and unfair competition laws of the United States and other countries, as well as contract provisions. We have registered certain patents and trademarks and have applications pending in the United States and foreign jurisdictions for some inventions and trademarks, including the Verra Mobility word mark and logo, for which some registrations have been granted and some applications are pending. However, not all of the trademarks and inventions we currently use have been registered in all of the countries in which we do business, and they may never be registered in all of those countries, and the applications we submit for these protections may not be granted. While we make efforts to acquire rights to intellectual property necessary for our operations, these measures may not adequately protect our rights in any given case, particularly in those countries where the laws do not protect proprietary rights as fully as in the United States.

If we fail to acquire necessary intellectual property rights or adequately protect or assert our intellectual property rights, competitors may manufacture and market similar products and services, or dilute our brands, which could adversely affect our market share. It may be possible for third parties to reverse engineer, otherwise obtain, copy, and use software or information that we regard as proprietary. In addition, our competitors may avoid application of our existing or future intellectual property rights. Further, patent rights, copyrights and contractual provisions may not prevent our competitors from developing, using or selling products or services that are similar to or address the same market as, our products and services. Failure to obtain registrations for the Verra Mobility word mark or logo may have a significant adverse impact on our brand. Moreover, some of our trademarks and services are descriptive or include descriptive elements, which may make it difficult to enforce our rights or prevent others from adopting and using similar marks. Competitive products and services could reduce the market value of our brands, products and services, inhibit attracting new customers or maintaining existing customers, lower our profits, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our measures to monitor and protect our intellectual property may not be adequate to maintain or enforce our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.

Despite our efforts to monitor and protect our intellectual property, we may not be able to maintain or enforce our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights. Unauthorized third parties may use our trademarks and service marks, or marks that are similar thereto, to impinge on our goodwill, cause consumer confusion or dilute our rights in the marks. We are aware of products, software and marks similar to our intellectual property being used by other persons. Although we believe that such uses will not adversely affect us, further or currently unknown unauthorized uses or other infringement of our trademarks or service marks could diminish the value of our intellectual property and may adversely affect our business. Even where we have effectively secured protection for our intellectual property, our competitors may challenge, infringe, misappropriate or dilute our intellectual property and our employees, consultants, contractors, customers and suppliers may breach their contractual obligations not to reveal or use our confidential information, including trade secrets. Additionally, defending or enforcing our intellectual property rights and agreements, and seeking an injunction or compensation for infringements or misappropriations, could result in expending significant resources and diverting management attention, which in turn may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We have been and may become subject to third-party infringement claims or challenges to the validity of our intellectual property that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have faced, and may in the future face, claims for infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights from intellectual property owners in areas where we operate or intend to operate, including in foreign jurisdictions. Such claims may or may not be unfounded. Regardless of whether such claims have merit, our image, brands, competitive position and ability to expand our operations into other jurisdictions may be harmed and we may incur significant costs related to defense or settlement. If such claims were decided against us or a third party we indemnify pursuant to license terms, we could be required to pay damages, develop or adopt non-infringing products or services, or acquire a license to the intellectual property that is the subject of the asserted claim, which license may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

Defending or settling claims would require the expenditure of additional capital, and negative publicity could arise, even if the matter was ultimately decided in our favor. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Growth into new territories and technologies may be hindered or blocked by pre-existing third-party rights.

We act to obtain and protect intellectual property rights to operate successfully in those territories where we operate and intend to expand. Certain intellectual property rights including rights in trademarks and patents are national in character, and are obtained on a country-by-country basis by the first person to obtain protection through use or registration in that country in connection with specified products and services. As our business grows, we continuously evaluate the potential for expansion into new territories and new products and services. There is a risk with each expansion, including for pending applications, that growth will be limited or unavailable due to pre-existing third-party intellectual property rights.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our substantial level of indebtedness could cause our business to suffer and incurring additional debt could intensify debt-related risks.

We have a substantial amount of debt, including approximately $895 million outstanding under our first lien term loan facility as of December 31, 2021, which includes the additional $250 million available under our incremental term loan facility, borrowed in December 2021 in connection with the acquisition of T2 Systems. Additionally, pursuant to an indenture, VM Consolidated, Inc. issued an aggregate principal amount of $350 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”) due 2029. We may also incur substantial additional debt in the future to, among other things, finance our acquisition strategy. We have the option to increase commitments under our revolving credit agreement by up to $50.0 million, all of which will be secured. We also have the ability to draw an unlimited amount from our first lien term loan facility, subject to the satisfaction of a maximum total net leverage ratio or minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, on a pro forma basis, all of which will be secured. Our substantial debt could have important consequences, any of which could be intensified if new debt is added to our current debt levels. For example, it could:

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increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;
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limit our ability to obtain additional financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions and other general corporate requirements;
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expose us to interest rate fluctuations because the interest rate on certain of our debt is variable;
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require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow for operations and other purposes;
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make it more difficult for us to satisfy our general business obligations, including our obligations to our lenders, resulting in possible defaults on and acceleration of such indebtedness;
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limit our ability to refinance indebtedness or increase the associated costs;
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require us to sell assets to reduce debt or influence our decision about whether to do so;
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limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate or prevent us from carrying out capital spending that is necessary or important to our growth strategy and efforts to improve operating margins; and

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place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to any competitors that have less debt or comparable debt at more favorable interest rates and that, as a result, may be better positioned to withstand economic downturns.

Our failure to comply with covenants under our debt instruments could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The agreements governing our indebtedness contain restrictive covenants that will limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to engage in activities that may be in our and their long-term best interests and informational covenants, requiring the delivery of, including other items, our quarterly and annual financial statements within a specified time following the end of the respective quarter or fiscal year. The creditors who hold our debt could accelerate amounts due in the event that we default on these covenants, which could potentially trigger a default or acceleration of the maturity of our other debt. If we are unable to comply with any covenant, such as our ability to timely prepare and furnish our financial statements, we may need to obtain waivers from the required creditors under our indebtedness instruments to avoid being in default.

Restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness could restrict our operating flexibility.

The agreements governing our indebtedness limit our ability to take certain actions. These restrictions may limit our ability to operate our businesses, prohibit or limit our ability to enhance our operations or take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise and cause us to take actions that are not favorable to stockholders.

The agreements governing our indebtedness restrict, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, our and our restricted subsidiaries’ ability to:

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incur additional indebtedness;
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pay dividends or other payments on capital stock;
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guarantee other obligations;
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grant liens on assets;
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make loans, acquisitions or other investments;
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transfer or dispose of assets;
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make optional payments or modify certain debt instruments;
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engage in transactions with affiliates;
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amend organizational documents;
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engage in mergers or consolidations;
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enter into arrangements that restrict the ability to pay dividends;
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engage in business activities that are materially different from existing business activities;
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change the nature of the business we conduct; and
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designate subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries.

Under our first lien term loan facility, we could be required to make periodic prepayments based on excess cash flow (as defined by the first lien term loan agreement) thereby limiting the amount of cash flow that can be reinvested in our business. For example, under our revolving credit facility, if availability goes below a certain threshold, we will be required to comply with a minimum “consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio” financial covenant as calculated therein. Moreover, if availability falls below a certain threshold for a specified number of business days, we could be required to remit our cash funds to a dominion account maintained by the administrative agent to the revolving credit facility, which would require daily review and approval of operating disbursements by the administrative agent.

Our ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in agreements governing our indebtedness may be affected by economic conditions and by financial, market and competitive factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our ability to comply with these covenants in future periods will also depend substantially on the pricing and sales volume of our products, our success at implementing cost reduction initiatives and our ability to successfully implement our overall business strategy. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in a default under one or more of the agreements governing our indebtedness that would permit the applicable

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lenders to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. In that case, we may be unable to borrow under our revolving credit agreement or otherwise, may not be able to repay the amounts due under the agreements governing our indebtedness, and may not be able to make cash available by dividend, debt repayment or otherwise. In addition, our lenders could proceed against the collateral securing that indebtedness. Any of the foregoing could have serious consequences to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.

The agreements governing our indebtedness contain cross default or cross acceleration provisions that may cause all of the debt issued under those instruments to become immediately due and payable because of a default under an unrelated debt instrument.

The agreements governing our indebtedness contain numerous covenants and require us, if availability goes below a certain threshold, to comply with a minimum “consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio” financial covenant as calculated in the revolving credit agreement. Our failure to comply with the obligations contained in these agreements or other instruments governing our indebtedness could result in an event of default under the applicable instrument, which could result in the related debt and the debt issued under other instruments (together with accrued and unpaid interest and other fees) becoming immediately due and payable. In such event, we would need to raise funds from alternative sources, which funds may not be available to us on favorable terms, on a timely basis or at all. Alternatively, such a default could require us to sell assets and otherwise curtail our operations in order to pay our creditors. These alternative measures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

If we do not generate sufficient cash flows, we may not be able to service all of our indebtedness.

To service our indebtedness, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to generate cash, make scheduled payments or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our successful financial and operating performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors, many of which are outside of our control.

If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations or to repay indebtedness when it matures, we may have to undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring our debt, selling assets or operations, reducing or delaying capital investments or seeking to raise additional capital. We may not be able to refinance our debt and any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more restrictive covenants that could further restrict our business operations and our ability to make cash available for dividends and distributions and payments on our other debt obligations (if any). Our ability to implement successfully any such alternative financing plans will be dependent on a range of factors, including general economic conditions, the level of activity in mergers and acquisitions and capital markets generally, and the terms of our various debt instruments then in effect. In addition, a significant portion of our outstanding indebtedness is secured by substantially all of our assets including our subsidiaries’ assets, and any successor credit facilities are likely to be secured on a similar basis. As such, our ability to seek additional financing or our ability to make cash available for dividends and distributions and payments on our other debt obligations (if any) could be impaired as a result of such security interests and the agreements governing such security interests. Moreover, as a result of these security interests, the underlying assets would only be available to satisfy claims of our general creditors or holders of our equity securities if we were to become insolvent to the extent the value of such assets exceeded the amount of our indebtedness and other obligations.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations or to refinance our obligations on commercially reasonable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to obtain additional financing to fund operations and growth.

We may require additional financing to fund our operations or growth, whether organic or through acquisitions. Our failure to secure additional financing could have a material adverse effect on our continued development or growth. None of our officers, directors or stockholders is required to provide any future financing to us.

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The phase-out of LIBOR may adversely affect our outstanding debt.

The London InterBank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, is scheduled to be phased out beginning in 2022. In the United States, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, the working group formed to recommend an alternative rate to LIBOR, has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative rate for USD LIBOR. Our debt instrument has an interest rate that is based on LIBOR, and subject to certain conditions, SOFR will replace it. Changes in the method of determining LIBOR, or the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative floating borrowing rate, including SOFR, may adversely affect our borrowing costs. Transitioning to a different borrowing rate, including SOFR, may result in less favorable pricing on our debt instruments and could have an adverse effect on our financial results and cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock, Warrants, Related Party Transactions and Organizational Documents

Our failure to be current in our filings with the SEC could pose significant risks to our business, each of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Under the Exchange Act, the Company (as reporting company) is required to provide investors on a regular basis with periodic reports that contain important financial and business information. Examples of these reports include the annually filed Form 10-K and the quarterly filed Form 10-Q. Periodic reports help investors to make informed investment decisions about the purchase or sale of a reporting company’s securities. The timely and complete submission of periodic reports provides investors with information to help them make informed investment decisions. The SEC’s Divisions of Enforcement and Corporation Finance jointly established the Delinquent Filings Program in 2004 to encourage reporting companies that are delinquent in filing their periodic reports to submit their periodic reports or rectify deficient periodic reports. The SEC’s Delinquent Filings Group in its Division of Enforcement conducts investigations into possible violations of the federal securities laws’ periodic reporting obligations and prosecutes administrative proceedings against companies when appropriate. The Division of Corporation Finance identifies reporting companies that are delinquent filers and usually provides them with notice of their failure to submit periodic reports. If a reporting company identified as a delinquent filer fails to submit its periodic reports, Section 12(k) of the Exchange Act gives the SEC the authority to suspend trading in a security for up to 10 trading days if the SEC believes that a suspension is required to protect investors and the public interest. A trading suspension by the SEC halts the trading in a security on all trading platforms (e.g., national securities exchanges, over-the-counter market, or alternative trading systems). In addition, Section 12(j) gives the SEC the authority to revoke, or suspend for up to twelve months, an issuer’s securities registration if, after an administrative hearing, the SEC finds that an issuer violated the Exchange Act by failing to file its periodic reports.

Our inability to timely file our periodic reports with the SEC could have an adverse impact on our ability to, among other things, (i) access our credit facilities, (ii) attract and retain key employees, and (iii) raise funds in the public markets, and any of these events could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, given our delay in timely filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have lost our status as a “well known seasoned issuer,” including the registration advantages associated with such status, for at least the next 12 months even after we become current with our delinquent filings with the SEC. As a result, we will not be able to register any new shares of our securities on certain short-form registration statements under the Securities Act, such as Forms S-3, until we have filed all reports required under the Exchange Act for a continuous period of 12 months. Should we wish to register the offer and sale of our securities to the public prior to the time we are eligible to use Form S-3, both our transaction costs and the amount of time required to complete the transaction could increase, making it more difficult to execute any such transaction successfully and potentially harming our financial condition.

We are required to pay PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC for a significant portion of the tax benefit relating to pre-Business Combination tax attributes of Verra Mobility.

At the closing of the Business Combination, we entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC (the “Platinum Stockholder”) and the stockholder representative (as may be amended from time to time, the “Tax Receivable Agreement”). The Tax Receivable Agreement provides for the payment by us to the Platinum Stockholder of 50% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we actually realize (or are deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination as a result of the increase in the tax basis of the intangible assets of Highway Toll Administration, LLC (“HTA”) resulting from the acquisition of HTA by Verra Mobility prior to the Business Combination. We will generally retain the benefit of the remaining 50% of these cash savings.

Under certain circumstances (including an election by us, a material breach of our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, or certain transactions constituting a change in control or divestiture of the HTA assets

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under the Tax Receivable Agreement), payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may accelerate, and we may be required to make such payments in a lump sum based on certain valuation assumptions, including that we and our subsidiaries will generate sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the applicable deductions generated by the intangible assets of HTA.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

Our certificate of incorporation contains provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together, these provisions may make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities. These provisions will include:

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no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
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a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our Board of Directors (our “Board”);
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the requirement that directors may only be removed from the Board for cause;
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the right of our Board to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director in certain circumstances, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board;
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a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders;
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a prohibition on stockholders calling a special meeting and the requirement that a meeting of stockholders may only be called by members of our Board or our Chief Executive Officer, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;
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the requirement that changes or amendments to certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws must be approved by holders of at least two-thirds of our Common Stock; and
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advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our Board or to propose matters to be acted upon at a meeting of stockholders, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

Our bylaws include a forum selection clause, which may impact the ability of our stockholders to bring actions against us.

Subject to certain limitations, our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring: (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees or our stockholders; (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporate Law or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; or (d) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. In addition, our bylaws provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the federal securities laws of the United States against us, our officers, directors, employees or underwriters. These limitations on the forum in which stockholders may initiate action against us could create costs or, inconvenience or otherwise adversely affect our stockholders’ ability to seek legal redress. If a court were to find the forum-selection provisions contained in our bylaws to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving proceedings in forums other than the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States.

Resales of the shares of our securities could depress the market price of our securities.

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We had 156,078,561 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 (our “Class A Common Stock”) outstanding as of December 31, 2021. We have registered the 10,864,000 shares of Class A Common Stock that we may issue under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan so that they may be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates.

There may be a large number of our securities sold in the market in the near future. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of securities intend to sell securities, could reduce the market price of our securities. Such sales of our securities or the perception of such sales may depress the market price of our securities.

Our only significant asset is our ownership interest in our operating subsidiaries and such ownership may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our Class A Common Stock or satisfy our other financial obligations, including our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

We have no direct operations and no significant assets other than our ownership interest in our operating subsidiaries. We depend on our operating subsidiaries for distributions, loans and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations, including our expenses as a publicly traded company, to pay any dividends with respect to our Class A Common Stock, and to satisfy our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The financial condition and operating requirements of our operating subsidiaries may limit our ability to obtain cash from our operating subsidiaries. The earnings from, or other available assets of, our operating subsidiaries may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our Common Stock or satisfy our other financial obligations, including our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

The ability of our operating subsidiaries (other than subsidiaries which have been designated as unrestricted pursuant to our ability to do so in certain limited circumstances) to make distributions, loans and other payments to us for the purposes described above and for any other purpose is governed by the terms of the Debt Agreements and will be subject to the negative covenants set forth therein. Any loans or other extensions of credit will be subject to the investment covenants under the Rollover Credit Agreements. The “Debt Agreements” means, collectively: (i) the Amendment and Restatement Agreement No. 1 to First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2021, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation; VM Consolidated, Inc. (formerly known as ATS Consolidated, Inc.), a Delaware corporation; American Traffic Solutions, Inc., a Kansas corporation; and Lasercraft, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, a Georgia corporation; the lenders party thereto from time to time; and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent; and (ii) the Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation; VM Consolidated, Inc., a Delaware corporation; the other Borrowers (for this purpose only, as defined therein) party thereto from time to time; the lenders party thereto from time to time; and Bank of America, as the administrative agent and the collateral agent; and (iii) the Indenture governing VM Consolidated, Inc.’s 5.50% Senior Notes Due 2029, among VM Consolidated, Inc., Wilmington Trust, National Association, and the Guarantors named therein, dated as of March 26, 2021, in the case of each of the foregoing (i) and (ii), as amended or otherwise modified from time to time..

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If our Class A Common Stock is delisted from Nasdaq, a market for our securities may not continue, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities.

The price of our securities may vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if our securities are not listed on, or become delisted from, Nasdaq for any reason, including for failure to maintain compliance with rules for continued listing on Nasdaq, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board or OTC Pink, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. On March 3, 2022, we received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because we had not yet filed this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we were no longer in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC. On March 17, 2022, we submitted to Nasdaq a plan to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s requirements for continued listing and on March 31, 2022, Nasdaq granted us an extension until May 2, 2022, to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s requirements for continued listing. There can be no assurance that Nasdaq will consider us in compliance with the listing rules after the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, that we will be able to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s rules for continued listing, including the requirements that we timely file our future periodic reports with the SEC, or that our Class A Common Stock will remain listed on Nasdaq.

Our warrants using the trading symbol “VRRMW” were removed from listing by Nasdaq on December 14, 2018, due to an insufficient number of round lot holders following completion of the Business Combination. Those warrants are now quoted on OTC Pink under the symbol “VRRMW.” Accordingly, the liquidity of our warrants may be more limited than if they were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. Our securities holders may be unable to sell their securities unless a market can be sustained.

The valuation of our warrants could increase the volatility in our net income (loss) in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The warrants originally issued to Gores Sponsor II, LLC in a private placement in connection with the IPO (the "Private Placement Warrants") are remeasured at the end of each reporting period and any changes in the fair value of the liability are recorded as a gain or loss on the consolidated statements of operations. Significant changes in the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants may create volatility and adversely affect our net income (loss) from period to period.

The change in fair value of our warrants is the result of changes in stock price and warrants outstanding at each reporting period. The change in fair value of warrant liabilities represents the mark-to-market fair value adjustments to the outstanding warrants issued in connection with the IPO. Significant changes in our stock price or number of warrants outstanding may adversely affect our net income (loss) in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Our business could be negatively affected as a result of actions of activist stockholders or others.

We may be subject to actions or proposals from stockholders or others that may not align with our business strategies or the interests of our other stockholders. Responding to such actions can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our business and operations, and divert the attention of our Board, management, and employees from the pursuit of our business strategies. Such activities could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan. Activist stockholders or others may create perceived uncertainties as to the future direction of our business or strategy which may be exploited by our competitors and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and potential guests, and may affect our relationships with current guests, vendors, investors, and other third parties. In addition, a proxy contest for the election of directors at our annual meeting would require us to incur significant legal fees and proxy solicitation expenses and require significant time and attention by management and our Board. The perceived uncertainties as to our future direction also could affect the market price and volatility of our securities.

Risks Related to Our Vendors

Our reliance on third-party providers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely heavily on third-party providers, including subcontractors, manufacturers, software vendors, software application developers, and utility and network providers, to meet their obligations to us in a timely and high-quality manner. For example, we rely on third parties such as the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System,

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Polk, DMVDesk, CVR and Dealertrack to provide a direct connection to state departments of motor vehicles (and their European equivalents) and other governmental agencies with which we do not have direct relationships for the driver and other information we use in our business. Our ability to offer our solutions would be materially affected if this access was unavailable or materially restricted, or if the price we pay increased significantly. Our Government Solutions business also relies on a number of third-party manufacturers, including camera manufacturers and automated license plate recognition providers, and outsources some engineering, construction, maintenance, printing and mailing, call center, image review and violations processing work. Further, if one or more tolling authorities cancels our accounts, or stops providing transponders and we are unable to obtain transponders through other sources, our Commercial Services business would be affected. Our Parking Solutions business also relies on a number of domestic and foreign third-party manufacturers in the production of our Pay Station, PARCS and PE hardware solutions, and our inability to access third-party providers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We also outsource a meaningful percentage of our software development work to third parties. Some of our agreements with these third parties include termination rights, allowing the third party to terminate the arrangement in certain circumstances. For example, the agreements with our third-party payment processors give them the right to terminate the relationship if we fail to keep credit card chargeback and retrieval rates below certain thresholds. If any of our third-party providers are unable or unwilling to meet their obligations to us, fail to satisfy our expectations or those of our customers, including those imposed through flow-down provisions in prime contracts, or if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us on substantially similar terms, we may be unable to find adequate replacements within a reasonable time frame, on favorable commercial terms or at all, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

While we perform some due diligence on these third parties and take measures to ensure that they comply with applicable laws and regulations, we do not have an extensive screening or review process and ultimately cannot guarantee our third-party providers will comply with applicable laws, the terms of their agreements or flow-down requirements from our customers. Misconduct or performance deficiencies by any of our third-party providers may be perceived as misconduct or poor performance by us, cause us to fall short on our contractual obligations to our customers or harm our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on communications networks and information systems and any interruption could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely heavily on the satisfactory performance and availability of our information technology infrastructure and systems, including our websites and network infrastructure, to conduct our business. We rely on third-party communications service and system providers to provide technology services and link our systems with our customers’ networks and systems, including a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity and security. We also rely on third-party vendors, including data center, bandwidth and telecommunications equipment providers. A failure or interruption that results in the unavailability of any of our information systems or a major disruption of communications between a system and the customers we serve could disrupt the effective operation of our solutions and otherwise adversely impact our ability to manage our business effectively. We may experience system and service interruptions or disruptions for a variety of reasons, including as the result of network failures, power outages, cyber-attacks, employee errors, software errors, an unusually high volume of transactions, or localized conditions such as fire, explosions or power outages or broader geographic events such as earthquakes, storms, floods, epidemics, strikes, acts of war, civil unrest or terrorist acts. We have taken steps to mitigate our exposure to certain service disruptions by investing in redundant or blended circuits, although the redundant or blended circuits may also suffer disruption. Because we are dependent in part on independent third parties for the implementation and maintenance of certain aspects of our systems and because some of the causes of system interruptions may be outside of our control, we may not be able to remedy such interruptions in a timely manner, or at all. Any interruption or delay in or cessation of these services and systems could significantly disrupt operations, impact customers, damage our reputation, result in litigation, decrease the overall use and acceptance of our solutions, result in lost data and be costly, time consuming and difficult to remedy, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results.

As a public company, we are required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), which requires, among other things, that companies maintain disclosure controls and procedures to ensure timely disclosure of material information, and that management reviews the effectiveness of those controls on a

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quarterly basis. During fiscal year 2021, we identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting related to: (i) the monitoring and control activities over the acquisition of Redflex Holdings Limited due to the lack of sufficient qualified accounting resources to timely identify and assess accounting implications of revenue arrangements assumed as part of the acquisition and to provide adequate controls over the completeness and accuracy of inputs used in accounting for the business combination; and (ii) the design and maintenance of certain revenue and reporting controls related to a third-party application utilized in performing certain control activities and used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. As a result of these material weaknesses, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2021.

During fiscal year 2021, we also identified a material weakness in our internal control over the operation of certain controls over the review of the accounting for our Private Placement Warrants related to the April 12, 2021 SEC Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies. This material weakness resulted in a material misstatement of our private placement warrant liability, change in fair value of private placement warrant liability, additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. We restated our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 upon completing our management’s evaluation of the SEC Staff statement as a part of our remediation measures. As a result of these material weaknesses, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2020. We completed the remediation measures related to the material weakness during fiscal year 2021.

During fiscal year 2019, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to ineffective information technology general controls in the area of user access over certain systems that support our financial reporting process. This material weakness did not result in any misstatement of our financial statements for any period presented and during fiscal year 2020, we completed the remediation measures related to the material weakness.

We cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future or that we will be able to comply with our obligations under Section 404 of SOX. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be able to conclude in the future that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, and/or we may encounter difficulties in implementing or improving our internal controls, which could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our securities may be negatively affected, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigation by regulatory authorities, such as the SEC or Nasdaq.

Litigation and other disputes and regulatory investigations could have a material adverse effect on our business.

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation and other disputes or regulatory investigations that arise in and outside the ordinary course of business. We expect that the number, frequency and significance of these matters may increase as our business expands and we grow as a company. Litigation, disputes, or regulatory investigations may relate to, among other things, intellectual property, commercial arrangements, negligence and fiduciary duty claims, vicarious liability based upon conduct of individuals or entities outside of our control, including our third-party service providers, antitrust claims, deceptive trade practices, claims related to invoicing, personal injury claims, general fraud claims and employment law claims, including compliance with wage and hour regulations and contractual requirements. An adverse determination may result in liability to us for the claim and may also result in the imposition of penalties and/or fines. Like other companies that handle sensitive personal and payment information, we also face the possibility of allegations regarding employee fraud or misconduct. In addition to more general litigation, at times we are also a named party in claims made against our customers, including putative class actions challenging the legality and constitutionality of automated photo enforcement and other similar programs of our Government Solutions customers and consumer fraud claims brought against our RAC customers alleging faulty disclosures regarding our services.

As a public company, we may also be subject to securities class action and stockholder derivative lawsuits. From time to time, we may also be reviewed or investigated by U.S. federal, state, or local regulators or regulators in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate regarding similar and other matters, including tax assessments.

These investigations can be commenced at the initiative of the governmental authority or as a result of complaints by private citizens, regardless of whether the complaint has any merit. At times, we are also required to

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obtain licensing and permitting, including with respect to matters such as general contracting, performance of engineering services, performance of electrical work and performance of private investigative work. Although we carry general liability insurance coverage, our insurance may not cover all potential claims to which we are exposed, whether as a result of a dispute, litigation or governmental investigation, and it may not adequately indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed.

Any claims against us or investigation into our business and activities, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in significant legal and other expenses, require significant amounts of management time and result in the diversion of significant operational resources. Class action lawsuits can often be particularly burdensome given the breadth of claims, large potential damages and significant costs of defense. In the case of intellectual property litigation and proceedings, adverse outcomes could include the cancellation, invalidation or other loss of material intellectual property rights used in our business and injunctions prohibiting our use of business processes or technology that is subject to third-party patents or other third-party intellectual property rights. Legal or regulatory matters involving our directors, officers or employees in their individual capacities can also create exposure for us because we may be obligated or may choose to indemnify the affected individuals against liabilities and expenses they incur in connection with such matters. Regulatory investigations, including with respect to proper licensing, payment of wages, procurement practices or permitting, can also lead to enforcement actions, fines and penalties, the loss of a license or permit or the assertion of private litigation claims. Risks associated with these liabilities are often difficult to assess or quantify and their existence and magnitude can remain unknown for significant periods of time, making the amount of any legal reserves related to these legal liabilities difficult to determine and, if a reserve is established, subject to future revision. Future results of operations could be adversely affected if any reserve that we establish for a legal liability is increased or the underlying legal proceeding, investigation or other contingency is resolved for an amount in excess of established reserves. Because litigation and other disputes and regulatory investigations are inherently unpredictable, the results of any of these matters may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any failure to keep up with technological developments and changing customer preferences could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We operate in dynamic industries that are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent product and service innovation and evolving industry standards. We may be required to implement new technologies or adapt to existing but different technologies from those currently used. Our future success will depend on our ability to adapt and innovate to keep up with technological developments and changes in third-party technologies, including those of our customers and tolling and issuing authorities, to the extent our integrations are interdependent. As a result, we expect we will need to invest significant resources in research and development, often before knowing whether these investments will eventually be successful. The success of new solutions and enhancements and new features for existing solutions depends on several factors, including adequate testing, timely completion, appropriate introduction and market acceptance. Further, we may be required to make changes due to an inability to secure necessary intellectual property protections or licenses. Our inability to anticipate or timely and successfully develop or acquire new products and services or enhance our existing products and services to keep pace with technological changes and meet evolving customer requirements could decrease demand for our solutions and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks related to laws and regulations and any changes in those laws could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to multiple, and sometimes conflicting, laws and regulations in the countries, states and localities in which we operate. We are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq and other legal or regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. For instance, we have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant expenses related to legal, accounting, and other professional services in connection with the internal investigation regarding potential revenue recognition matters at the Company’s subsidiary, Redflex. These expenses, the delay in timely filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the diversion of the attention of the management team that has occurred, and is expected to continue, has adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition, and cash flows.

In addition to the laws and regulations discussed elsewhere in these risk factors regarding data privacy, foreign operations and other matters, we are subject to laws regarding transportation safety, consumer protection, procurement, anti-kickback, labor and employment matters, competition and antitrust, payment processing, intellectual property, environmental matters, and other trade-related laws and regulations. Certain of our operations are also subject to oversight by the USDOT, the Federal Communications Commission, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as comparable state and local agencies, including departments of transportation, departments of motor vehicles, professional licensing authorities and offices of inspector general. Our Government Solutions segment is also subject to laws related to the use of

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automated traffic enforcement, the capture, access and retention of data and matters related to government contracting.

In connection with our European, Australian and Canadian operations, we are subject to laws, regulations and administrative practices addressing many of these and other matters in those jurisdictions.

Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the number of new laws and regulations and the rate of change and enforcement of many of these types of laws and regulations. We cannot predict the nature, scope or impact of future laws, regulatory requirements or similar standards may have on our business, whether implemented through changes to existing laws or the way they are administered or interpreted, or through entirely new regulations. Future laws, regulations, and standards or any changed interpretation or administration of existing laws or regulations could limit the use or adoption of one or more of our solutions or require us to incur additional costs or impact our ability to develop and market new solutions. However, we may not be able to respond in a reasonable or cost-effective manner, or at all. Even if we make what we believe are appropriate changes, there is no certainty those actions will comply.

Any alleged or actual violations of any law or regulation, change in law or regulation or changes in the interpretation of existing laws or regulations may subject us to government scrutiny, including government or regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, civil and criminal fines and penalties, and negative publicly, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our failure to properly perform under our contracts or otherwise satisfy our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our business model depends in large part on our ability to retain existing work and attract new work from existing customers. If a customer is not satisfied with our products, services or solutions or the timeliness or quality of our work, we may incur additional costs to address the problem, the profitability of that contract may be impaired, we may experience payment delays, it could do harm to our reputation and hinder our ability to win new work from prospective customers. Failure to properly transition new customers to our systems or existing customers to our different systems, properly budget transition costs or accurately estimate contract costs could also result in delays and general customer dissatisfaction. Many of our contracts may be terminated by the customer upon specified advance notice without cause. Any failure to properly perform under our contracts or meet our customers’ expectations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to income taxes in numerous countries, and our domestic tax liabilities are subject to the allocation of expenses in differing jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

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changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities;
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expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances;
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tax effects of stock-based compensation;
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costs related to intercompany restructurings;
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changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations thereof; or
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lower than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory tax rates.

In addition, we are subject to audits of our income, sales and other transaction taxes by U.S. federal and state authorities, as well as foreign tax authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly and could fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors due to certain factors, some of which are beyond our control, resulting in a decline in our stock price.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly because of several factors, including:

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labor availability and costs for hourly and management personnel;
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profitability of our products and services, especially in new markets and due to seasonal fluctuations;
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changes in interest rates;
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impairment of long-lived assets;
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macroeconomic conditions, both nationally and locally;
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negative publicity relating to products and services we offer;
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changes in consumer preferences and competitive conditions;
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expansion to new markets;
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legislative changes impacting automated safety solutions or RAC toll pricing models;
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fluctuations in commodity prices; and
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the impact of COVID-19.

If securities or industry analysts cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our securities adversely, then the price and trading volume of our securities could decline.

The trading market for our securities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. If any of the analysts that may cover us change their recommendation regarding our securities adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our securities would likely decline. If any analyst that may cover us ceases covering us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of our securities to decline.

Item 1B. Unresolv ed Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Pr operties

We lease all of the properties used in our business, including 108,956 square feet of office space for our corporate headquarters in Mesa, Arizona. In addition to the corporate headquarters, we lease office space in various locations for corporate and administrative purposes and several small warehouse locations. We do not consider any of these properties to be material to our overall business.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business, and may be subject to similar or other claims in the future. Legal disputes and other claims and proceedings may relate to, among other things, intellectual property, commercial arrangements, negligence and fiduciary duty claims, vicarious liability based on conduct of individuals or entities outside of our control, including our third-party service providers, antitrust claims, deceptive trade practices, general fraud claims and employment law claims, including compliance with wage and hour regulations. In addition to more general litigation, at times we have also been a named party in claims made against our customers, including putative class actions challenging the legality and constitutionality of automated photo enforcement and other similar programs of our Government Solutions customers, and consumer fraud claims brought against us and our Commercial Services customers alleging faulty disclosures regarding our services. From time to time, we may also be reviewed or investigated by U.S. federal, state or local regulators or regulators in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate regarding these and other matters, including proper licensing and tax assessments. All litigation is inherently unpredictable and we could incur judgments or enter into settlements or claims in the future that could materially impact our results.

On November 2, 2020, PlusPass, Inc. (“PlusPass”) commenced an action in the United States District Court, Central District of California, against Verra Mobility, The Gores Group LLC, Platinum Equity LLC, and ATS Processing Services, Inc., alleging civil violations of federal antitrust statutes: Section 7 of the Clayton Act, and Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. On November 20, 2020, PlusPass filed a First Amended Complaint. On February 9, 2021, the defendants filed motions to dismiss, and PlusPass subsequently abandoned various theories and claims and dismissed The Gores Group LLC, Platinum Equity LLC, and ATS Processing Services, Inc. On April 27, 2021, PlusPass filed a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), alleging that Verra Mobility violated Section 7 of the Clayton Act through the merger of HTA and American Traffic Solutions, Inc. in 2018, and that Verra Mobility violated Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act by using exclusive agreements in restraint of trade and other allegedly anticompetitive means to acquire and maintain monopoly power in the market for the administration of electronic toll payment collection for rental cars. PlusPass seeks injunctive relief, divestiture by Verra Mobility of HTA, damages in an amount to be determined, and attorneys’ fees and costs. On May 28, 2021, Verra Mobility filed a motion to dismiss the SAC in its entirety, which was denied in August 2021. Discovery is ongoing. Verra Mobility believes that all of PlusPass’s claims are without merit and will defend itself vigorously in this litigation.
Item 4. Mine Saf ety Disclosures

None.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stoc kholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our Class A Common Stock is currently quoted on Nasdaq under the symbol “VRRM” and our warrants are currently quoted on OTC Pink under the symbol “VRRMW.” Our warrants were previously quoted on Nasdaq under the symbol “VRRMW”; however, our warrants were removed from listing on December 14, 2018 due to an insufficient number of round lot holders following completion of our Business Combination.

The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share of our Class A Common Stock as reported on Nasdaq for the two most recent fiscal years:

| Fiscal Year 2021 |  |  | Fiscal Year 2020 |
| High |  |  | Low |  |  | High |  |  | Low |
First Quarter | $ | 15.38 |  |  | $ | 12.54 |  |  | $ | 17.20 |  |  | $ | 5.63 |
Second Quarter | $ | 15.94 |  |  | $ | 13.38 |  |  | $ | 13.17 |  |  | $ | 6.16 |
Third Quarter | $ | 17.50 |  |  | $ | 14.26 |  |  | $ | 11.95 |  |  | $ | 9.14 |
Fourth Quarter | $ | 17.01 |  |  | $ | 13.47 |  |  | $ | 14.07 |  |  | $ | 9.33 |

Holders of Record

As of December 31, 2021, we had 8 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock. Because many of our shares of Class A Common Stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

Warrants

As of December 31, 2021, there were warrants outstanding to acquire 19,999,967 shares of our Class A Common Stock including: (i) 6,666,666 Private Placement Warrants; and (ii) 13,333,301 warrants issued in connection with the IPO (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Placement Warrants, the “Warrants”). The Warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of our Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to certain adjustments.

The Warrants became exercisable on November 16, 2018, 30 days following the completion of the Business Combination, and expire five years after that date, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. We may redeem the outstanding Warrants at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of our Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third business day before we send the notice of redemption to the Warrant holders. The Private Placement Warrants, however, are nonredeemable so long as they are held by Gores Sponsor II, LLC or its permitted transferees.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends is within the discretion of our Board. In addition, our Board is not currently contemplating and does not anticipate declaring any stock dividends in the foreseeable future. Further, our ability to declare dividends is limited by restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by this item with respect to our equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders.

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Stock Performance Graph

The graph above compares the cumulative total return on our Class A Common Stock with that of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Composite 1500 Data Processing & Outsourced Services Index. The period shown commences on October 18, 2018 and ends on December 31, 2021, the end of our last fiscal year. The graph assumes an investment of $100 in each of the above on the close of market on October 18, 2018. We did not declare or pay any dividends on our Class A Common Stock during the comparison period. The stock performance graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.

This performance graph is not deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act, or the Securities Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filings.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1) |
August 1-31, 2021 |  | 6,849,315 |  | $ | 14.60 |  |  | 6,849,315 |  | $ | — |
Total |  | 6,849,315 |  | $ | 14.60 |  |  | 6,849,315 |  | $ | — |

(1) On August 9, 2021, we announced that our Board authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100 million of Class A Common Stock. On August 20, 2021, we repurchased and retired 6,849,315 shares of Class A Common Stock from the Platinum Stockholder at a price per share of $14.60, which was equal to the price at which the underwriter purchased shares of Class A Common Stock from the Platinum Stockholder in a concurrent underwritten secondary offering. We paid $100 million to fund the share repurchase using existing

41

cash on hand. As of December 31, 2021, zero dollars remained available for repurchase under our share repurchase program.

Earn-Out Agreement

Under the Merger Agreement, the Platinum Stockholder is entitled to receive additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Shares”) if the volume weighted average closing sale price of one share of Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq exceeds certain thresholds for a period of at least 10 days out of 20 consecutive trading days at any time during the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination (the “Common Stock Price”).

The Earn-Out Shares are issued by the Company to the Platinum Stockholder as follows:

Common Stock Price Thresholds |  | One-time Issuance of Shares
> $13.00 (a) |  | 2,500,000
> $15.50 (a) |  | 2,500,000
> $18.00 |  | 2,500,000
> $20.50 |  | 2,500,000

(a)
The first and second tranches of Earn-Out Shares have been issued, as discussed below.

If any of the Common Stock Price thresholds above (each, a “Triggering Event”) are not achieved within the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company will not be required to issue the Earn-Out Shares in respect of such Common Stock Price threshold. In no event shall the Platinum Stockholder be entitled to receive more than an aggregate of 10,000,000 Earn-Out Shares.

If, during the earn-out period, there is a change of control (as defined in the Merger Agreement) that will result in the holders of our Class A Common Stock receiving a per share price equal to or in excess of the applicable Common Stock Price required in connection with any Triggering Event (an “Acceleration Event”), then immediately prior to the consummation of such change of control: (a) any such Triggering Event that has not previously occurred shall be deemed to have occurred; and (b) the Company shall issue the applicable Earn-Out Shares to the cash consideration stockholders (as defined in the Merger Agreement) (in accordance with their respective pro rata cash share), and the recipients of the issued Earn-Out Shares shall be eligible to participate in such change of control.

The Company estimated the original fair value of the contingently issuable shares to be $73.15 million, of which $36.6 million remains contingently issuable as of December 31, 2021. The estimated value is not subject to future revisions during the five-year period discussed above. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to arrive at its original estimate. Each tranche was valued separately giving specific consideration to the tranche’s price target. The simulation considered volatility and risk-free rates utilizing a peer group based on a five-year term. This was initially recorded as a distribution to shareholders and was presented as common stock contingent consideration. Upon the occurrence of a Triggering Event, any issuable shares are transferred from common stock contingent consideration to common stock and additional paid-in capital accounts. Any contingently issuable shares not issued as a result of a Triggering Event not being attained by the end of the earn-out period will be canceled.

On April 26, 2019 and on January 27, 2020, the Triggering Events for the issuance of the first and second tranches of Earn-Out Shares occurred, as the volume weighted average closing sale price per share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as of that date had been greater than $13.00 and $15.50, respectively, for 10 out of 20 consecutive trading days. These Triggering Events resulted in the issuance of an aggregate 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock to the Platinum Stockholder and an increase in the Company’s common stock and additional paid-in capital accounts of $36.6 million, with a corresponding decrease to the common stock contingent consideration account. At December 31, 2021, the potential future shares issuable pursuant to the earn-out are between zero and 5.0 million.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Not applicable.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes that are included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the section entitled “Risk Factors.” Please also refer to the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Business Overview

We believe we are a leading provider of smart mobility technology solutions and services throughout the United States, Australia, Europe and Canada. These solutions and services include toll and violations management, title and registration, automated safety solutions, parking enforcement and citation, and other data-driven solutions, to our customers, which include RACs, FMCs, other large fleet owners, municipalities, school districts, universities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and transportation hubs and other violation-issuing authorities. Our solutions simplify the smart mobility ecosystem by utilizing what we believe are industry-leading capabilities, information and technology expertise, and integrated hardware and software to efficiently facilitate the automated processing of tolls and violations, automated safety and parking solutions for hundreds of agencies and millions of end users annually, while also making cities and roadways safer for everyone.

Executive Summary

We operate with long-term contracts and a highly reoccurring service revenue model. We continue to execute on our strategy of growing revenues with existing customers, expanding offerings into adjacent markets through innovation or acquisition and reducing operating costs. During the periods presented, we:

•
Executed on our growth strategy by completing strategic acquisitions:

Redflex – During the second quarter of 2021, we acquired Redflex Holdings Limited (“Redflex”), which provides intelligent traffic management products and services to its customers. Through our acquisition of Redflex, we expanded our current footprint in the United States and gained access to international markets.

T2 Systems – During the fourth quarter of 2021, we acquired T2 Systems Parent Corporation (“T2 Systems”), which provides an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions and supports our strategy to diversify into new markets and increase opportunities to cross sell to customers within our overall portfolio.

•
Increased total revenue by $157.0 million, or 40%, from $393.6 million in fiscal year 2020 to $550.6 million in fiscal year 2021. Our acquisitions contributed $45.0 million to revenue growth, and the remaining increase was mainly from Commercial Services service revenue resulting from improved travel demand that positively impacted our RAC customers. During fiscal year 2020, total revenue declined by $55.1 million, from $448.7 million in fiscal year 2019 to $393.6 million in fiscal year 2020 due to the significant negative impact from COVID-19.

•
Generated cash flows from operating activities of $193.2 million, $46.9 million, and $133.8 million for fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our cash on hand was $101.3 million as of December 31, 2021.

Significant Events Impacting Our Business

Impact from COVID-19

COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020 as it significantly disrupted the global economy. In the United States and abroad, many federal, state and local governments have instituted travel restrictions, stay-at-home orders, social distancing orders, and border closures in order to minimize the spread of the virus. Revenues from RACs in our Commercial Services segment decreased significantly in 2020 as a result of reduced airline travel and other restrictions that impacted our customers’ volume and revenue. In our Government Solutions segment, school closures resulting from the

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COVID-19 pandemic have negatively impacted revenues from our school bus stop arm camera and school zone speed camera products. Reductions in vehicle traffic in jurisdictions where we operate photo enforcement programs and payment rates for photo enforcement tickets have all negatively impacted service revenue in our Government Solutions segment.

In 2021, our business results were positively impacted from an increase in travel activity and the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, especially in the United States. Many of the widespread restrictions have been lifted, and the travel industry experienced a strong recovery, especially leisure travel, which increased our revenue from our RAC customers. In addition, reopening of schools throughout the United States and increase in vehicle traffic has contributed to revenue growth from our Government Solutions products and services. However, there remains continued uncertainty about the pandemic and its ongoing impact on our operational and financial performance due to the potential spread of new variants and other developments outside our control, and any future restrictions in travel and the related impact on demand for our products and services. For instance, the Omicron variant of COVID-19 has caused a surge in COVID-19 cases globally resulting in the reintroduction of travel restrictions in some countries.

T2 Systems Acquisition

On December 7, 2021, we acquired T2 Systems which offers an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers. This acquisition supports our strategy to expand and diversify into new markets within the mobility sector. We included the financial results of T2 Systems in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition and reported within the newly created Parking Solutions segment.

Pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “T2 Merger Agreement”) entered into on November 1, 2021 by VM Consolidated Inc., our indirect wholly owned subsidiary, Project Titan Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of VM Consolidated Inc. (“T2 Merger Sub”), T2 Systems, and Thoma Bravo Discover Fund, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, solely in its capacity as representative, T2 Merger Sub merged with and into T2 Systems (the “T2 Merger”), with T2 Systems surviving as an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The Company paid a purchase price of $353.2 million. Transaction costs for T2 Systems were $2.7 million which primarily related to professional fees and other expenses related to the acquisition, and were included within the selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 3, Acquisitions, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional details.

Share Repurchase and Retirement

On August 9, 2021, we announced that our Board authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100 million of our outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. On August 20, 2021, we repurchased and retired 6,849,315 shares of our Class A Common Stock from the Platinum Stockholder at a price per share of $14.60, which was equal to the price at which the underwriter purchased shares of Class A Common Stock from the Platinum Stockholder in a concurrent underwritten secondary offering. We paid $100 million to fund the share repurchase using cash on hand. See Note 16, Related Party Transactions, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional details on the secondary offering by the Platinum Stockholder.

Redflex Acquisition

On June 17, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Redflex, a public company limited by shares, incorporated in Australia and formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Redflex is a provider of intelligent traffic management products and services that are sold and managed in the Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, and Middle East regions. Redflex designs, manufactures, and operates a wide range of platform-based solutions, utilizing advanced sensor and image capture technologies that enable active management of state and local motorways. We included the financial results of Redflex in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition and reported within the Government Solutions segment.

Pursuant to the Scheme Implementation Agreement (the “Agreement”) entered into by us and Redflex on January 21, 2021, as amended by the Deed of Amendment and Consent, dated April 30, 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc., purchased one hundred percent of the outstanding equity of Redflex at A$0.96 per share resulting in consideration of A$152.5 million, or approximately US$117.9 million. Transaction costs for Redflex were $9.7 million which

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primarily related to professional fees and other expenses related to the acquisition, and were included within the selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 3. Acquisitions, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional details on the Redflex acquisition.

Segments

We have three operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions:

•
Our Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions and title and registration services for RACs and FMCs in North America. In Europe, we provide tolling and violations processing services.

•
Our Government Solutions segment offers photo enforcement solutions and services to its customers. We provide complete, end-to-end speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions within the United States and Canada. The international operations through Redflex primarily involve the sale of traffic enforcement products and related maintenance services.
•
Our newly created Parking Solutions segment provides an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to universities, municipalities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and transportation hubs in the United States and Canada.

Segment performance is based on revenues and income from operations before depreciation, amortization, gain (loss) on disposal of assets, net, impairment of property and equipment, and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, income taxes and certain other transactions and is inclusive of other income, net.

Primary Components of Our Operating Results

Revenues

Service Revenue. Our Commercial Services segment generates service revenue primarily through the operation and management of tolling programs and processing violations for RACs, FMCs and other large fleet customers. These solutions are full-service offerings by which we enroll the license plates of our customers’ vehicles and transponders with tolling authority accounts, pay tolls and violations on the customers’ behalf and, through proprietary technology, integrate with customer data to match the toll or violation to the driver and then bill the driver (or our customer, as applicable) for use of the service. The cost of certain tolls, violations and our customers’ share of administration fees are netted against revenue. We also generate service revenue in our Commercial Services segment through processing titles and registrations for our customers.

Our Government Solutions segment generates service revenue through the operation and maintenance of photo enforcement systems. Revenue drivers in this segment include the number of systems installed and the monthly revenue per system. Ancillary service revenue is generated in our Government Solutions segment from payment processing, pass-through fees for collection expense, and other fees.

Our Parking Solutions segment generates service revenue mainly from offering software as a service, subscription fees, professional services and citation processing services related to parking management solutions to its customers.

Product Sales. Product sales are generated by the sale of photo enforcement equipment in the Government Solutions segment and specialized hardware in the Parking Solutions segment. Customer buying patterns vary greatly from period to period related to product sales.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue consists of collection and other professional services provided by third parties associated with the delivery of certain ancillary services performed by our segments.

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Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales consists of the cost to acquire and install photo enforcement equipment purchased by Government Solutions customers and costs to develop and install hardware sold to Parking Solutions customers.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), costs related to the operation of our call centers and other operational costs, including transaction processing, print, postage and communication costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), real estate lease expense, insurance costs, professional services fees, acquisition costs and general corporate expenses.

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net includes depreciation on property, plant and equipment, and amortization of definite-lived intangible assets. This line item also includes any one-time gains or losses incurred in connection with the disposal of certain assets.

Impairment of Property and Equipment. Impairment of property and equipment includes impairment charges for fixed assets which were held and used in our operations.

Interest Expense, Net. This includes interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts and is net of interest income.

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. Change in fair value of private placement warrants consists of liability adjustments related to the 6,666,666 Private Placement Warrants originally issued to Gores Sponsor II, LLC re-measured to fair value at the end of each reporting period.

Tax Receivable Agreement Liability Adjustment. Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment consists of adjustments made to our Tax Receivable Agreement due to changes in estimates.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. Loss on extinguishment of debt generally consists of early payment penalties, the write-off of original issue discounts and deferred financing costs associated with debt extinguishment.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net primarily consists of volume rebates earned from total spend on purchasing cards and gain or loss on foreign currency transactions.

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Results of Operations

Fiscal Year 2021 Compared to Fiscal Year 2020

The following table sets forth our statements of operations data and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented as well as the changes between periods. The tables and information provided in this section were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Increase (Decrease) 2021 vs 2020 |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Service revenue |  | $ | 492,846 |  |  | $ | 336,274 |  |  |  | 89.5 | % |  |  | 85.4 | % |  | $ | 156,572 |  |  |  | 46.6 | %
Product sales |  |  | 57,744 |  |  |  | 57,319 |  |  |  | 10.5 | % |  |  | 14.6 | % |  |  | 425 |  |  |  | 0.7 | %
Total revenue |  |  | 550,590 |  |  |  | 393,593 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 156,997 |  |  |  | 39.9 | %
Cost of service revenue |  |  | 5,337 |  |  |  | 3,967 |  |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | 1,370 |  |  |  | 34.5 | %
Cost of product sales |  |  | 29,809 |  |  |  | 29,573 |  |  |  | 5.4 | % |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 236 |  |  |  | 0.8 | %
Operating expenses |  |  | 163,370 |  |  |  | 115,729 |  |  |  | 29.7 | % |  |  | 29.4 | % |  |  | 47,641 |  |  |  | 41.2 | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 123,407 |  |  |  | 89,664 |  |  |  | 22.4 | % |  |  | 22.8 | % |  |  | 33,743 |  |  |  | 37.6 | %
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net |  |  | 116,801 |  |  |  | 116,844 |  |  |  | 21.2 | % |  |  | 29.7 | % |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | )%
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 438,724 |  |  |  | 355,777 |  |  |  | 79.7 | % |  |  | 90.4 | % |  |  | 82,947 |  |  |  | 23.3 | %
Income from operations |  |  | 111,866 |  |  |  | 37,816 |  |  |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 9.6 | % |  |  | 74,050 |  |  |  | 195.8 | %
Interest expense, net |  |  | 44,942 |  |  |  | 40,865 |  |  |  | 8.1 | % |  |  | 10.4 | % |  |  | 4,077 |  |  |  | 10.0 | %
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | 7,600 |  |  |  | 1,133 |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | 6,467 |  |  |  | 570.8 | %
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | (1,016 | ) |  |  | 6,850 |  |  |  | -0.2 | % |  |  | 1.7 | % |  |  | (7,866 | ) |  |  | (114.8 | )%
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 5,334 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,334 |  |  | n/a |
Other income, net |  |  | (12,895 | ) |  |  | (11,885 | ) |  |  | (2.3 | )% |  |  | (3.0 | )% |  |  | (1,010 | ) |  |  | 8.5 | %
Total other expenses |  |  | 43,965 |  |  |  | 36,963 |  |  |  | 8.0 | % |  |  | 9.4 | % |  |  | 7,002 |  |  |  | 18.9 | %
Income before income taxes |  |  | 67,901 |  |  |  | 853 |  |  |  | 12.3 | % |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 67,048 |  |  |  | 7860.3 | %
Income tax provision |  |  | 26,452 |  |  |  | 5,431 |  |  |  | 4.8 | % |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | 21,021 |  |  |  | 387.1 | %
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | (4,578 | ) |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | (1.2 | )% |  | $ | 46,027 |  |  |  | 1005.4 | %

Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by $156.6 million, or 46.6%, to $492.8 million for fiscal year 2021 from $336.3 million in fiscal year 2020, representing 89.5% and 85.4% of total revenue, respectively. The following table depicts service revenue by segment:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Increase (Decrease) 2021 vs 2020 |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Service revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Services |  | $ | 260,899 |  |  | $ | 180,856 |  |  |  | 47.4 | % |  |  | 46.0 | % |  | $ | 80,043 |  |  |  | 44.3 | %
Government Solutions |  |  | 227,992 |  |  |  | 155,418 |  |  |  | 41.4 | % |  |  | 39.4 | % |  |  | 72,574 |  |  |  | 46.7 | %
Parking Solutions |  |  | 3,955 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.7 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,955 |  |  | n/a |
Total service revenue |  | $ | 492,846 |  |  | $ | 336,274 |  |  |  | 89.5 | % |  |  | 85.4 | % |  | $ | 156,572 |  |  |  | 46.6 | %

Commercial Services service revenue includes toll and violation management revenues from RACs and FMCs. Commercial Services service revenue increased by $80.0 million, or 44.3%, from $180.9 million in fiscal year 2020 to $260.9 million in fiscal year 2021. This increase was primarily due to the wide distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and the lifting of travel restrictions that positively impacted the travel industry in 2021. Our RAC customers experienced a rebound in leisure travel that impacted our volume in 2021 compared to the prior year which was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Government Solutions service revenue includes revenue from speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane photo enforcement systems. Service revenue was $228.0 million and $155.4 million for the years ended

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December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively, and it increased by $72.6 million. The acquisition of Redflex on June 17, 2021 contributed $33.0 million to our year-over-year growth. Organic growth excluding Redflex was $39.6 million which was primarily driven by the expansion of school zone speed programs. Speed is our largest product in this segment and grew $33.5 million in the current year excluding Redflex. We added 805 speed cameras in 2020 which provided year-over-year growth in 2021 and 752 speed cameras in 2021 which provided growth in the current year and will continue to provide growth into 2022. The remaining growth can be attributable to improvement in variable rate programs that returned to more normalized volume as COVID-19 restrictions lifted throughout 2021.

Parking Solutions service revenue of $4.0 million resulted from the December 7, 2021 acquisition of T2 systems with no revenue in the comparable period.

Product Sales. Product sales increased slightly year over year and were $57.7 million and $57.3 million for fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively, which relate to revenue generated from Government Solutions and Parking Solutions customers who purchase their equipment. We generated product revenue of $8.1 million from the Redflex and T2 Systems acquisitions for which there was no revenue in the comparable period. Prior to thes e acquisitions, product revenue was limited to a few large customers whose buying patterns vary greatly from period to period. Product sales for these custo mers decreased by $7.7 million due to a decline of 60 units sold and to a lesser extent from product mix.

Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue increased from $4.0 million for fiscal year 2020 to $5.3 million for fiscal year 2021. The $1.3 million increase resulted from increased costs from third-party professional services associated with the delivery of certain ancillary services, a portion of which related to the Parking Solutions segment with no comparable costs in the prior year.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales increased slightly year over year and was $29.8 million and $29.6 million for fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively. This was mainly due to a decrease from the timing of installations at a single customer that is expanding its school zone speed program, offset by an increase from the inclusion of Redflex and T2 Systems product sales in the 2021 period with no comparable amounts in the prior year.

Operating Expenses. O perating expenses increased by $47.6 million, or 41.2%, from $115.7 million for fiscal year 2020 to $163.4 million in fiscal year 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to increases of $20.4 million in wages expense, $13.4 million for subcontractor expenses and $9.4 million of recurring services resulting from increased operations in 2021, which were lower in the 2020 year due to the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. Operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue increased from 29.4% to 29.7% in fiscal years 2020 and 2021, respectively. This slight increase represents improved operating leverage corresponding to the revenue improvement in the Commercial Services segment and decreased operating leverage for the Government Solutions business with the addition of Redflex which historically had lower margins than the Verra Mobility business. The following table presents operating expenses by segment:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Increase (Decrease) 2021 vs 2020 |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Services |  | $ | 65,718 |  |  | $ | 52,505 |  |  |  | 12.0 | % |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | $ | 13,213 |  |  |  | 25.2 | %
Government Solutions |  |  | 96,284 |  |  |  | 62,387 |  |  |  | 17.5 | % |  |  | 15.9 | % |  |  | 33,897 |  |  |  | 54.3 | %
Parking Solutions |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 553 |  |  | n/a |
Total operating expenses before stock-based compensation |  |  | 162,555 |  |  |  | 114,892 |  |  |  | 29.6 | % |  |  | 29.2 | % |  |  | 47,663 |  |  |  | 41.5 | %
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 815 |  |  |  | 837 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (2.6 | )%
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 163,370 |  |  | $ | 115,729 |  |  |  | 29.7 | % |  |  | 29.4 | % |  | $ | 47,641 |  |  |  | 41.2 | %

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $33.7 million to $123.4 million for fiscal year 2021 compared to $89.7 million for fiscal year 2020. The increase is primarily due to $12.4 million in transaction costs incurred related to the Redflex and T2 systems acquisitions, increased wages expense due to the reinstatement of employee bonus accrual in 2021, and increased wages, rent, information technology and other professional expenses from the inclusion of Redflex operations for approximately 200 days in 2021 with no comparable amounts in prior year. These increases were partially offset by a $4.9 million reduction to the credit loss expense resulting from changes in loss rate estimates based on improved economic conditions. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue decreased from 22.8% to

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22.4% in fiscal years 2020 and 2021, respectively. The following table presents selling, general and administrative expenses by segment:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Increase (Decrease) 2021 vs 2020 |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Services |  | $ | 42,873 |  |  | $ | 40,978 |  |  |  | 7.8 | % |  |  | 10.4 | % |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  |  | 4.6 | %
Government Solutions |  |  | 52,380 |  |  |  | 34,465 |  |  |  | 9.5 | % |  |  | 8.8 | % |  |  | 17,915 |  |  |  | 52.0 | %
Parking Solutions |  |  | 1,488 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,488 |  |  | n/a |
Corporate and other |  |  | 13,697 |  |  |  | 2,469 |  |  |  | 2.5 | % |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 11,228 |  |  |  | 454.8 | %
Total selling, general and administrative expenses before stock-based compensation |  |  | 110,438 |  |  |  | 77,912 |  |  |  | 20.1 | % |  |  | 19.8 | % |  |  | 32,526 |  |  |  | 41.7 | %
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 12,969 |  |  |  | 11,752 |  |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  | 3.0 | % |  |  | 1,217 |  |  |  | 10.4 | %
Total selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 123,407 |  |  | $ | 89,664 |  |  |  | 22.4 | % |  |  | 22.8 | % |  | $ | 33,743 |  |  |  | 37.6 | %

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. D epreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, remained consistent at $116.8 million for both fiscal years 2021 and 2020. This was mainly due to a decrease from certain trademark intangibles being fully amortized for ten months in fiscal year 2021, offset by increased depreciation and amortization expense resulting from the Redflex and T2 Systems acquisitions in 2021 with no comparable amounts in the prior year.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net increased by $4.0 million from $40.9 million in fiscal year 2020 to $44.9 million in fiscal year 2021. This increase was primarily a result of the additional borrowing of $350 million in unsecured notes at a higher fixed rate, offset by the reduction in the variable rate on our first lien term loan facility. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. We recorded losses of $7.6 million and $1.1 million in fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to the changes in fair value of our Private Placement Warrants which are accounted for as liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value is the result of re-measurement of the liability at the end of each reporting period.

Tax Receivable Agreement Liability Adjustment. W e recorded a $1.0 million tax benefit in fiscal year 2021 and a $6.8 million tax expense in fiscal year 2020. The liability adjustment in 2021 is a result of lower estimated state tax rates due to changes in apportionment, whereas in 2020 it is a result of higher state tax rates due to changes in apportionment.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. Loss on extinguishment of debt was $5.3 million for fiscal year 2021 consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the new 2021 Term Loan, as discussed and defined below.

Other Income, Net. Other i ncome, net was $12.9 million in fiscal year 2021 compared to $11.9 million in fiscal year 2020. The increase of $1.0 million was primarily due to increased tolling activity as a result of COVID-19 recovery in the travel industry, offset by a total of $2.8 million in gains recorded in fiscal year 2020 from a settlement agreement and related insurance proceeds.

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Income Tax Provision. Income tax provision was $26.5 million representing an effective tax rate of 39.0% for fiscal year 2021 compared to $5.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 636.7% for fiscal year 2020. The Company’s effective tax rate for 2021 was lower compared to 2020 primarily due to an increase in pretax income in 2021, resulting in the Company’s permanent book and tax differences having a proportionately lesser impact on the effective tax rate for 2021.

Net Income (Loss). We had n et income of $41.4 million for fiscal year 2021 compared to a net loss of $4.6 million for 20 20. The $46.0 million increase in net income was primarily due to the significant recovery in the travel industry positively impacting our RAC customers and from the other statement of operations activity discussed above.

Fiscal Year 2020 Compared to Fiscal Year 2019

The following table sets forth our statements of operations data and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented as well as the changes between periods. The tables and information provided in this section were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Increase (Decrease) 2020 vs 2019 |
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Service revenue |  | $ | 336,274 |  |  | $ | 416,723 |  |  |  | 85.4 | % |  |  | 92.9 | % |  | $ | (80,449 | ) |  |  | (19.3 | )%
Product sales |  |  | 57,319 |  |  |  | 32,014 |  |  |  | 14.6 | % |  |  | 7.1 | % |  |  | 25,305 |  |  |  | 79.0 | %
Total revenue |  |  | 393,593 |  |  |  | 448,737 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | (55,144 | ) |  |  | (12.3 | )%
Cost of service revenue |  |  | 3,967 |  |  |  | 5,561 |  |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | 1.2 | % |  |  | (1,594 | ) |  |  | (28.7 | )%
Cost of product sales |  |  | 29,573 |  |  |  | 13,919 |  |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | 15,654 |  |  |  | 112.5 | %
Operating expenses |  |  | 115,729 |  |  |  | 125,640 |  |  |  | 29.4 | % |  |  | 28.0 | % |  |  | (9,911 | ) |  |  | (7.9 | )%
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 89,664 |  |  |  | 85,493 |  |  |  | 22.8 | % |  |  | 19.1 | % |  |  | 4,171 |  |  |  | 4.9 | %
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net |  |  | 116,844 |  |  |  | 115,771 |  |  |  | 29.7 | % |  |  | 25.8 | % |  |  | 1,073 |  |  |  | 0.9 | %
Impairment of property and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,898 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | (5,898 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 355,777 |  |  |  | 352,282 |  |  |  | 90.4 | % |  |  | 78.5 | % |  |  | 3,495 |  |  |  | 1.0 | %
Income from operations |  |  | 37,816 |  |  |  | 96,455 |  |  |  | 9.6 | % |  |  | 21.5 | % |  |  | (58,639 | ) |  |  | (60.8 | )%
Interest expense, net |  |  | 40,865 |  |  |  | 60,729 |  |  |  | 10.4 | % |  |  | 13.5 | % |  |  | (19,864 | ) |  |  | (32.7 | )%
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | 1,133 |  |  |  | 16,267 |  |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | (15,134 | ) |  |  | (93.0 | )%
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | 6,850 |  |  |  | (106 | ) |  |  | 1.7 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 6,956 |  |  |  | 6562.3 | %
Other income, net |  |  | (11,885 | ) |  |  | (11,092 | ) |  |  | (3.0 | )% |  |  | (2.4 | )% |  |  | (793 | ) |  |  | 7.1 | %
Total other expenses |  |  | 36,963 |  |  |  | 65,798 |  |  |  | 9.4 | % |  |  | 14.7 | % |  |  | (28,835 | ) |  |  | (43.8 | )%
Income before income tax provision |  |  | 853 |  |  |  | 30,657 |  |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 6.8 | % |  |  | (29,804 | ) |  |  | (97.2 | )%
Income tax provision |  |  | 5,431 |  |  |  | 13,581 |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | 3.0 | % |  |  | (8,150 | ) |  |  | (60.0 | )%
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (4,578 | ) |  | $ | 17,076 |  |  |  | (1.2 | )% |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | $ | (21,654 | ) |  |  | (126.8 | )%

Service Revenue. Service revenue decreased by $80.4 million, or 19.3%, to $336.3 million for fiscal year 2020 from $416.7 million in fiscal year 2019, representing 85.4% and 92.9% of total revenue, respectively. The following table depicts service revenue by segment:

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|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Increase (Decrease) 2020 vs 2019 |
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Service revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Services |  | $ | 180,856 |  |  | $ | 276,479 |  |  |  | 46.0 | % |  |  | 61.6 | % |  | $ | (95,623 | ) |  |  | (34.6 | )%
Government Solutions |  |  | 155,418 |  |  |  | 140,244 |  |  |  | 39.4 | % |  |  | 31.3 | % |  |  | 15,174 |  |  |  | 10.8 | %
Total service revenue |  | $ | 336,274 |  |  | $ | 416,723 |  |  |  | 85.4 | % |  |  | 92.9 | % |  | $ | (80,449 | ) |  |  | (19.3 | )%

Commercial Services service revenue includes toll and violation management revenues from commercial fleet and rental car companies. Commercial Services service revenue decreased by $95.6 million, or 34.6%, from $276.5 million in fiscal year 2019 to $180.9 million in fiscal year 2020. This decrease was primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures, which had a significant negative impact on the RAC industry beginning in March 2020. As a result, our revenue declined 55% from the first quarter of 2020 to $27.3 million in the second quarter of 2020 which was the bulk of the decline. We had seen sequential improvement in service revenue to $44.2 million and $48.2 million in the third and fourth quarters of 2020, respectively which could be attributed to typical seasonality or to signs of recovery.

Government Solutions service revenue includes revenue from red-light, speed, school bus stop arm and bus lane photo enforcement systems. Service revenue increased by $15.2 million to $155.4 million for fiscal year 2020 from 140.2 million in fiscal year 2019. Our red-light photo enforcement service revenue declined $6.7 million during fiscal year 2020 compared to fiscal year 2019. This was primarily due to a $3.5 million decline from the loss of certain Texas programs on June 1, 2019, due to a legislative change that banned most red-light photo enforcement programs in the state. The remainder of the decline was primarily attributed to the impact from COVID-19 on variable rate clients. We also had a $4.3 million decrease in service revenue from the suspension of school bus stop arm cameras as most school buses were not operating for much of this period. These declines were mainly offset by speed program revenue, which grew approximately $25.7 million in fiscal year 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, due to an increase in the total number of camera systems installed.

There was an average of 4,027 active camera systems during fiscal year 2020 compared to an average of 4,738 for fiscal year 2019. The decline in active camera systems was primarily due to 1,347 cameras that were temporarily inactive due to COVID-19, and the loss of Texas programs noted above. These declines were partially offset by the expansion of speed enforcement systems with existing customers.

Service revenue for the 2020 period was negatively impacted by COVID-19 beginning in March 2020 which led to reduction in vehicle traffic as a result of stay-at-home orders and early school closures and delayed re-openings in certain jurisdictions in which we operate.

Product Sales. Product sales were $57.3 million and $32.0 million for fiscal years 2020 and 2019, respectively, which relate to revenue generated from Government Solutions customers who purchase their equipment. Product sales increased by $25.3 million which was primarily driven by sales to a single customer that is currently expanding its existing school zone speed program. A small number of customers purchase this equipment, and their buying patterns vary greatly from period to period.

Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue decreased year over year, from $5.6 million for fiscal year 2019 to $4.0 million for fiscal year 2020. The decrease resulted from decreased costs of collection and other third-party professional services associated with the delivery of certain ancillary services performed by us.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales increased by $15.7 million from $13.9 million in fiscal year 2019 to $29.6 million in fiscal year 2020 and was driven by the increase in product sales volume.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses decreased by $9.9 million, or 7.9%, from $125.6 million for fiscal year 2019 to $115.7 million in fiscal year 2020. This decrease was primarily attributable to decreases of $4.6 million in employee wages due to furloughs, reduced headcount and bonus expense, and $9.1 million in transaction processing and other volume related costs, which were partially offset by increases in subcontractor expenses and operational equipment costs. Operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue increased from 28.0% to 29.4% in fiscal years 2019 and 2020, respectively. The following table presents operating expenses by segment:

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|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Increase (Decrease) 2020 vs 2019 |
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Services |  | $ | 52,505 |  |  | $ | 66,916 |  |  |  | 13.3 | % |  |  | 14.9 | % |  | $ | (14,411 | ) |  |  | (21.5 | )%
Government Solutions |  |  | 62,387 |  |  |  | 57,905 |  |  |  | 15.9 | % |  |  | 12.9 | % |  |  | 4,482 |  |  |  | 7.7 | %
Total operating expenses before stock-based compensation |  |  | 114,892 |  |  |  | 124,821 |  |  |  | 29.2 | % |  |  | 27.8 | % |  |  | (9,929 | ) |  |  | (8.0 | )%
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 837 |  |  |  | 819 |  |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 2.2 | %
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 115,729 |  |  | $ | 125,640 |  |  |  | 29.4 | % |  |  | 28.0 | % |  | $ | (9,911 | ) |  |  | (7.9 | )%

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $4.2 million to $89.7 million for fiscal year 2020 compared to $85.5 million for fiscal year 2019. We recorded a $14.4 million credit loss expense during the year as a result of the new credit loss accounting standard, which contributed to a $6.3 million year over year increase. We also had increases to stock-based compensation and consulting fees of $2.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively. These increases were partially offset by an aggregate $7.6 million of cost-cutting measures including the elimination of the bonus payout and the related expense along with reductions to marketing and non-essential travel. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue increased from 19.1% to 22.8% in fiscal years 2019 and 2020, respectively. The following table presents selling, general and administrative expenses by segment:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Increase (Decrease) 2020 vs 2019 |
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Services |  | $ | 40,978 |  |  | $ | 41,384 |  |  |  | 10.4 | % |  |  | 9.2 | % |  | $ | (406 | ) |  |  | (1.0 | )%
Government Solutions |  |  | 34,465 |  |  |  | 32,696 |  |  |  | 8.8 | % |  |  | 7.3 | % |  |  | 1,769 |  |  |  | 5.4 | %
Corporate and other |  |  | 2,469 |  |  |  | 2,220 |  |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | 11.2 | %
Total selling, general and administrative expenses before stock-based compensation |  |  | 77,912 |  |  |  | 76,300 |  |  |  | 19.8 | % |  |  | 17.0 | % |  |  | 1,612 |  |  |  | 2.1 | %
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 11,752 |  |  |  | 9,193 |  |  |  | 3.0 | % |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 2,559 |  |  |  | 27.8 | %
Total selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 89,664 |  |  | $ | 85,493 |  |  |  | 22.8 | % |  |  | 19.1 | % |  | $ | 4,171 |  |  |  | 4.9 | %

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, increased from $115.8 million in fiscal year 2019 to $116.8 million in fiscal year 2020. The increase is primarily due to the increased depreciation and amortization expense resulting from the Pagatelia acquisition included in the entire fiscal year 2020 compared to only two months in 2019.

Impairment of Property and Equipment. Impairment of property and equipment for the fiscal year 2019 included a $5.9 million impairment charge as a result of legislation that banned most red-light photo enforcement programs in Texas on June 1, 2019, which was in the Government Solutions segment.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net decreased by $19.9 million from $60.7 million in fiscal year 2019 to $40.9 million in fiscal year 2020. This decrease was primarily as a result of lower interest rates coupled with the refinancing of our 2018 Term Loan (as defined below) in February 2020, which reduced the applicable margin on the interest rate by 50 basis points.

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. We recorded losses of $1.1 million and $16.3 million in fiscal years 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to the changes in fair value of our Private Placement Warrants

52

which are accounted for as liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value is the result of re-measurement of the liability at the end of each reporting period.

Tax Receivable Agreement Liability Adjustment. We recorded a $6.8 million charge in fiscal year 2020 and income of $0.1 million in fiscal year 2019. The adjustment in 2020 reflects the impact of an increase to the Company’s deferred tax rate arising from higher state tax rates due to a change in apportionment.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net was $11.9 million in fiscal year 2020 compared to $11.1 million in fiscal year 2019. The increase of $0.8 million was primarily due to a total of $2.8 million in gains recorded in fiscal year 2020 from a settlement agreement and related insurance proceeds, partially offset by the decreased volume in purchasing card rebates resulting from COVID-19’s impact on toll usage.

Income Tax Provision. Income tax provision was $5.4 million representing an effective tax rate of 636.7% for fiscal year 2020 compared to $13.6 million, representing an effective tax rate of 44.3% for fiscal year 2019. The effective tax rate change was primarily due to lower pre-tax income in 2020, resulting in the Company’s permanent book and tax differences having a proportionately greater impact on the effective tax rate in the 2020 year.

Net (Loss) Income. We had a net loss of $4.6 million for fiscal year 2020 compared to net income of $17.1 million for 2019. The $21.7 million decrease in net income was primarily due to the decline in revenue from the impact of COVID-19 on our RAC customers, and the other statement of operations activity discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flow from operations and available borrowings under our Revolver (defined below).

We have incurred significant long-term debt as a result of acquisitions completed in prior years as well as the Redflex and T2 Systems acquisitions in the current year.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by operating activities and our availability to borrow under our Revolver (as defined below) will be sufficient to meet operating cash requirements and service debt obligations for at least the next 12 months. Our ability to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities depends on our future performance, which is subject to general economic, political, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. In addition, our future capital expenditures and other cash requirements could be higher than currently expected due to various factors, including any expansion of our business or strategic acquisitions. Should we pursue strategic acquisitions, we may need to raise additional capital, which may be in the form of additional long-term debt, borrowings on our Revolver, or equity financings, all of which may not be available to us on favorable terms or at all.

At December 31, 2021, we had $25.0 million in outstanding borrowings on the Revolver, which was repaid in full in January 2022. The borrowings on the Revolver were used in the normal course of business to ensure sufficient cash balances globally.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The City of New York Department of Transportation (“NYCDOT”) represented 39% and 59% of total accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The total outstanding receivables balance decreased $35.7 million at December 31, 2021 compared to the outstanding balance at December 31, 2020 as the Company collected $182 million during 2021 from the customer. There is no material reserve related to NYCDOT open receivables as amounts are deemed collectible based on current conditions and expectations.

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The following table sets forth certain captions on our statements of cash flows for the respective periods:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 193,171 |  |  | $ | 46,909 |  |  | $ | 133,802 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (475,970 | ) |  |  | (24,153 | ) |  |  | (54,973 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 268,722 |  |  |  | (34,004 | ) |  |  | (14,520 | )

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities increased by $146.3 million, from $46.9 million in 2020 to $193.2 million in 2021. Net income increased $46.0 million from a $4.6 million loss in 2020 compared to $41.4 million income in 2021. The adjustments to net income (loss) included increases of $6.5 million for the changes in the fair value of private placement warrants year over year and $5.3 million loss on extinguishment of debt, partially offset by decreases from lower credit loss expense, changes in deferred income taxes and the tax receivable agreement liability adjustments year over year. Changes in operating assets and liabilities were mainly driven by a significant reduction in the accounts receivable balance from $182 million in payments received from NYCDOT in 2021, and increases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities resulting from increases in accrued interest at the end of 2021, reinstatement of the bonus accrual in 2021 and increased liabilities related to Redflex which were not in the comparable prior period.

Cash provided by operating activities decreased by $86.9 million, from $133.8 million in 2019 to $46.9 million in 2020. Net income year over year decreased by $21.7 million, from $17.1 million income in 2019 to a $4.6 million loss in 2020. The adjustments to net income (loss) included a $6.3 million increase in credit loss expense from the adoption of the credit loss standard, the $7.0 million increase in the tax receivable agreement liability adjustment and a $6.1 million change in deferred income taxes. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $15.1 million from the change in fair value of our private placement warrants, and a $5.9 million impairment of property and equipment in fiscal year 2019 with no comparable amount in 2020. There was an aggregate $65.5 million decrease in 2020 compared to 2019 in the changes in operating assets and liabilities, which was driven primarily by a $77.9 million increase in accounts receivables primarily due to collection delays on the accounts receivable associated with our fixed speed camera product sales to NYCDOT, combined with a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities due to the payout of the 2019 bonus accrual with no accrual for fiscal year 2020 and a decrease in other accruals which was consistent with our decrease in certain revenue streams.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities in 2021 was mainly related to acquisitions of Redflex, T2 Systems and NuPark. We acquired one hundred percent of the outstanding equity of Redflex on June 17, 2021 at A$0.96 per share for total consideration of A$152.5 million, or approximately US$117.9 million. On December 7, 2021, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of T2 Systems for $353.2 million, net of $14.1 million of cash acquired. On December 13, 2021, we acquired NuPark for $7.0 million, which included approximately $5.0 million of cash paid.

Cash used in investing activities was $24.2 million in 2020 mainly related to purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment. Cash used in investing activities was $55.0 million in 2019 which was mainly due to the acquisition of Pagatelia for $26.6 million, net of $1.1 million of cash acquired, and $29.7 million from purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities was $268.7 million in 2021. We had aggregate borrowings of $1.3 billion during 2021 consisting of the 2021 Term Loan (which included $250 million incremental borrowing), Senior Notes and the Revolver (defined below) and repayments of $884.5 million on outstanding debt related to the 2018 and 2021 Term Loans, and debt assumed as part of the Redflex and T2 acquisitions that was subsequently paid. The 2018 Term Loan had been fully repaid in March 2021. The aggregate borrowings net of the repayments along with existing cash on hand were used to fund the close of the Redflex and T2 systems acquisitions in June 2021 and December 2021, respectively, and the share repurchase and retirement for $100 million in August 2021 (discussed above).

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Cash used in financing activities was $34.0 million and $14.5 million for fiscal years 2020 and 2019, respectively. The cash used in 2020 increased primarily as a result of a $19.7 million mandatory prepayment of excess cash flows made pursuant to the terms of the 2018 Term Loan and costs associated with refinancing it.

Long-term Debt

2021 Term Loan and Senior Notes

In March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc., the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, entered into an Amendment and Restatement Agreement No.1 to the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “2021 Term Loan”) with a syndicate of lenders. The 2021 Term Loan has an aggregate borrowing of $650 million, maturing on March 26, 2028, and an accordion feature providing for an additional $250 million of term loans, subject to satisfaction of certain requirements. In connection with the 2021 Term Loan, the Company had an offering discount cost of $3.3 million and $0.7 million of deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan.

In addition, in March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc. issued Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”) in an aggregate principal amount of $350 million, due on April 15, 2029. In connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes, the Company incurred $5.7 million in lender and third-party costs, which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Senior Notes.

The net proceeds from both the 2021 Term Loan and the Senior Notes received in March 2021 were used to repay in full all outstanding debt which was represented by the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (as amended, the “2018 Term Loan”) with a balance of $865.6 million.

On December 7, 2021, VM Consolidated Inc, entered into an agreement to exercise the accordion feature under the 2021 Term Loan, borrowing $250 million in incremental term loans (“Incremental Term Loan”). The proceeds from the Incremental Term Loan were used, along with cash on hand, to fund the acquisition of T2 Systems, including repaying in full all outstanding debt for T2 Systems. In connection with the Incremental Term Loan, the Company had an offering discount cost of $1.3 million and $3.8 million of deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan. The Incremental Term Loan accrued interest from the date of borrowing until December 31, 2021, at which time, it was combined with the 2021 Term Loan to be a single tranche of term loan borrowings. The total principal outstanding under the 2021 Term Loan, which includes the Incremental Term Loan, was $895.1 million at December 31, 2021.

The 2021 Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the amount initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. It bears interest based, at the Company’s option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. As of December 31, 2021, the interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 3.6%.

In addition, the 2021 Term Loan requires mandatory prepayments equal to the product of the excess cash flows of the Company (as defined in the 2021 Term Loan agreement) and the applicable prepayment percentages (calculated as of the last day of the fiscal year, beginning with the year ending December 31, 2022), as set forth in the following table:

Consolidated First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (As Defined by the 2021 Term Loan Agreement) |  | Applicable Prepayment Percentage
> 3.70:1.00 |  | 50%
< 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00 |  | 25%
< 3.20:1.00 |  | 0%

Interest on the Senior Notes is fixed at 5.50% per annum and is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year (beginning on October 15, 2021). On or after April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem all or a portion of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices set forth below in percentages by year, plus accrued and unpaid interest:

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Year |  | Percentage
2024 |  | 102.750%
2025 |  | 101.375%
2026 and thereafter |  | 100.000%

In addition, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes before April 15, 2024, with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings.

The Company evaluated the March 2021 refinancing transactions on a lender-by-lender basis and accounted for the portion of the transaction that did not meet the accounting criteria for debt extinguishment as a debt modification. Accordingly, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $5.3 million on the 2018 Term Loan during the year ended December 31, 2021, consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the new 2021 Term Loan.

PPP Loan

During fiscal year 2020, Redflex received a loan from the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) as part of the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP Loan”) to offset certain employment and other allowable costs incurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. At December 31, 2021, the loan amount outstanding was $2.9 million and is payable within a year, and is included in the current portion of long-term debt. In early 2021, Redflex applied for forgiveness of this loan and, as of December 31, 2021, was still awaiting approval from the SBA.

The Revolver

The Company has a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) with a commitment of up to $75 million available for loans and letters of credit. The Revolver matures on December 20, 2026. Borrowing eligibility under the Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The Revolver bears interest on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) LIBOR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on the Company’s average availability to borrow under the commitment. At December 31, 2021, the Company had $25.0 million in outstanding borrowings on the Revolver, which was repaid in full in January 2022.

Interest on the unused portion of the Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375% and the Company is also required to pay participation and fronting fees at 1.38% on $6.2 million of outstanding letters of credit as of December 31, 2021.

All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. At December 31, 2021, the Company was compliant with all debt covenants. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are pledged as collateral to secure the Company’s indebtedness under the 2021 Term Loan and the Revolver.

Interest Expense

We recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of $44.9 million, $40.9 million and $60.7 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 respectively.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management believes

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that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe that the critical accounting policies listed below involve our more significant judgments, assumptions, and estimates and, therefore, could have the greatest potential impact on the financial statements.

Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue

Nature of Goods and Services

The following is a description of principal activities – separated by reportable segments – from which the Company generates revenue:

Commercial Services. The Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions for the commercial fleet and rental car industries. The Company determined its performance obligation is a distinct stand-ready obligation, as there is an unspecified quantity of services provided that does not diminish, and the customer is being charged only when it uses the Company’s services, such as toll payment, title and registration, etc. Payment terms for contracts with commercial fleet and rental car companies vary, but are usually billed as services are performed.

Government Solutions. The Government Solutions segment principally generates revenue by providing complete, end-to-end speed, red-light, school bus stop arm, and bus lane enforcement solutions. Products, when sold, are typically sold together with the services in a bundle for a majority of customers. The average initial term of a contract is 3 to 5 years. Payment terms for contracts with government agencies vary depending on whether the consideration is fixed or variable. Payment terms for contracts with fixed consideration are usually based on equal installments over the duration of the contract. Payment terms for contracts with variable consideration are usually billed and collected as citations are issued or paid. In instances when the consideration expected from the customer is subject to variation, any variable consideration affecting revenue recognition is allocated to the distinct period (the monthly period) that it relates to.

For bundled packages, the Company accounts for individual products and services separately if they are distinct – i.e., if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundle and if a customer can benefit from it as a stand-alone item. The consideration is allocated between separate products and services in a bundle based on their stand-alone selling prices (“SSP”). The Company estimates the SSP for its services based upon observable evidence, market conditions and other relevant inputs. If products are sold without the related services, no allocation is required.

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Product sales (sale of camera systems and installation) – the Company recognizes revenue when the installation process is completed and the camera system is ready to perform the services as expected by the customer. Generally, this occurs at site acceptance or first citation. The Company recognizes revenue for the sale of the camera system and installation services at a point in time.

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Service revenue – the Company has determined its performance obligation is to provide a complete end-to-end safety and enforcement solution. Promises include providing a system to capture images, processing images taken by the camera, forwarding eligible images to the police department and processing payments on behalf of the municipality. The Company has determined that certain of the promises to its customers are capable of being distinct as they are capable of providing some measure of benefit to the customer either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer. However, the Company has determined the promises to its customers do not meet the criterion of being distinct within the context of its contracts. The Company would not be able to fulfill its promises individually as its customers could not obtain the intended benefit from the contract without the Company fulfilling all promises. Accordingly, the Company concluded that each contract represents one service offering and is a single performance obligation to the customer. Further, the Company accounts for all the services as a single continuous service. The Company applied the series guidance for those services as it stands ready to deliver those services over the contract period. The Company recognizes revenue from services over time, as they are performed.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company had approximately $0.3 million and $8.9 million of deferred revenue in the Government Solutions segment. Deferred revenue represents amounts that have been invoiced in advance which are expected to be recognized as revenue in future periods. The majority of the remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2021 are expected to be completed and recognized in 2022 and $3.2 million is expected to be recognized ratably between 2023 through 2027.

Parking Solutions. The newly acquired T2 Systems business offers an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers. Revenue since the date of acquisition was derived primarily from the sale of software as a service (“SaaS”) and specialized hardware. For bundled packages, the Company accounts for individual products and services separately if they are distinct and allocate the transaction price based on the relative SSP.

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Revenue derived from the Company’s SaaS products is recognized ratably over the contractual service period beginning on the date the service is made available to the customer.
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Revenue from hardware product sales is recognized at a point in time when ownership is transferred to the customer.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $20.9 million of deferred revenue which represents amounts that have been invoiced in advance to the Parking Solutions customers and are expected to be recognized as revenue in 2022.

Significant Judgments

Significant judgment is required in order to identify contracts with customers and estimate transaction prices. Additional judgments are required for identifying the performance obligations and determining whether the services provided are able to be distinct, determining the transaction price as it relates to the different variable consideration structures identified in our contracts, the estimation of the SSP and the allocation of the transaction price by relative SSPs. Assumptions regarding timing of when control transfers to the customer also requires significant judgment in order to recognize revenue.

Allowance for Credit Losses

We review historical credit losses and customer payment trends on receivables and develop loss rate estimates as of the balance sheet date, which includes adjustments for current and future expectations using probability-weighted assumptions about potential outcomes. Receivables are written off against the allowance for credit losses when it is probable that amounts will not be collected based on the terms of the customer contracts, and subsequent recoveries reverse the previous write-off and apply to the receivable in the period recovered. The Company periodically evaluates the adequacy of its allowance for expected credit losses by comparing its actual historical write-offs to its previously recorded estimates and adjusts appropriately. This includes evaluation by portfolio segment the changes in expectations based on the newest information available on customer payment trends and risk characteristics, and adjusting the probability-weighting either upward or downward that is most representative of the expected credit losses. We adjusted down our estimate for credit loss as of December 31, 2021 for the Commercial Services (All other) portfolio segment to reflect improved economic conditions based on customer payment trends in

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the last 12 months, as compared to as of December 31, 2020 which was based on higher probabilities of loss given the uncertainty caused by COVID-19 on the travel industry.

Acquisitions

We have made a number of acquisitions to date and may continue to do so in the future. We apply the acquisition method to account for business combinations. We allocate the fair value of the purchase price consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.

The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable management judgment and includes the use of independent valuation specialists to assist us in estimating fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets. Fair values of acquired assets and their respective useful lives are based on, among other factors, critical estimates of expected cash flows, customer turnover and anticipated growth from acquired customers, discount rates and royalty cost savings. Although we believe that the assumptions applied in the determination are reasonable based on information available at the date of acquisition, actual results may differ from estimates. Differences between estimates and actual results may result in adjustment to goodwill and acquisition date fair values of assets and liabilities during a measurement period or upon a final determination of asset and liability fair values, whichever occurs first. Adjustments to fair values of assets and liabilities made after the end of the measurement period are recognized within our consolidated statements of operations as a current period gain or loss.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, we early adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires consistent recognition and measurement of contract assets and contract liabilities whether or not they are acquired in a business combination. As a result, we did not measure deferred revenue at fair value for business combinations completed in fiscal year 2021.

Impairment of Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets

We assess goodwill for impairment annually on October 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be fully recoverable. We first consider the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount, we then perform a one-step quantitative impairment test by comparing the reporting unit’s fair value with its carrying value. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the reporting units’ carrying value exceeds its fair value, up to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. No impairment is recognized if the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value.

The process of evaluating goodwill requires significant judgment including the identification of reporting units and the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. If necessary, we determine fair values of our reporting units based on an income approach or more specifically, a discounted cash flow method (“DCF Method”). The DCF Method is based on projected future cash flows and terminal value estimates discounted to their present values. Terminal value represents the present value an investor would pay on the valuation date for the rights to the cash flows of the business for the years subsequent to the discrete cash flow projection period. We consider the DCF Method to be the most appropriate valuation technique since it is based on our long-term financial projections. In addition to determining the fair value of our reporting units based on the DCF method, we also compare the aggregate values of our net corporate assets and the reporting unit fair values to our overall market capitalization and use certain market-based valuation techniques to assess the reasonableness of the reporting unit fair values determined in accordance with the DCF Method. The key inputs used in the DCF Method include revenue growth rates, gross margin percentage, selling, general and administrative expense percentage and discount rates that are at or above our weighted-average cost of capital. We apply discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainties inherent in the respective reporting units and our internally developed projections of future cash flows.

Our qualitative analyses performed as of October 1 for fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019 did not have indicators of impairment.

We review our long-lived assets other than goodwill, for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be fully recoverable. We assess recoverability by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value. Our estimates of cash flows are subjective judgments based on past experiences adjusted for trends and future

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expectation, and can be significantly impacted by changes in our business or economic conditions. The determination of asset group fair value is also subject to significant judgment and utilizes valuation techniques including discounting estimated future cash flows and market-based analyses. If our estimates or underlying assumptions change in the future, our operating results may be materially impacted.

The state of Texas passed legislation as of June 1, 2019, to ban red-light photo enforcement programs across the state, with certain carve-outs for some existing programs. We considered this a triggering event for potential impairment and evaluated the recoverability of property and equipment used in the operations of red-light photo enforcement programs in Texas. As a result, we recognized an impairment charge in the Government Solutions segment of $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, which is included in impairment of property and equipment in the consolidated statements of operations. We did not have any indicators of impairment related to long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 or December 31, 2021.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax return in future years, while deferred tax liabilities generally represent items that generate a future tax liability for items where deductions have been accelerated for tax purposes. We provide a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the tax assets will not be realized. We calculate the valuation allowance in accordance with the authoritative guidance relating to income taxes, which requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. The realization of deferred tax assets can be affected by, among other things, the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, our experience with utilizing operating losses and tax credit carryforwards by jurisdiction, the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and tax planning alternatives and strategies that may be available.

Our effective tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates, differences in the deductibility of certain expenses and inclusion of certain income items between financial statement and tax return purposes, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Under GAAP, if we determine that a tax position is more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, based solely on the technical merits of the position, we recognize the benefit. Tax code and regulations require certain items to be included in the tax return at different times than when those items are required to be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, our effective tax rate reflected in our consolidated financial statements is different from that reported in our tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as meals and entertainment expenses that are not fully deductible on our tax returns, and some are temporary differences, such as depreciation expense. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities.

Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax provision or benefit.

Tax Receivable Agreement

At the closing of the Business Combination, we entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the Platinum Stockholder. The Tax Receivable Agreement generally provides for the payment to the Platinum Stockholder of 50% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we actually realize (or are deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination as a result of the increase in the tax basis of certain acquired intangibles prior to the Business Combination. We generally retain the benefit of the remaining 50% of these cash savings. We estimated the potential maximum benefit to be paid will be approximately $70.0 million and recorded an initial liability and corresponding charge to equity at the closing of the Business Combination. Subsequently, the Company adjusted this amount.

At December 31, 2021, the Tax Receivable Agreement liability was approximately $61.7 million of which $5.1 million was the current portion and $56.6 million was the non-current portion, both of which are included in the respective payable to the related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement line items on the consolidated balance

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sheets. The Company made a $4.8 million payment during the first quarter of 2021 and a $5.1 million payment during the fourth quarter of 2021 related to tax years 2019 and 2020, respectively.

W e recorded a $1.0 million tax benefit in fiscal year 2021, a $6.8 million tax expense in fiscal year 2020 and a $0.1 million tax benefit in fiscal year 2019. The Tax Receivable Agreement liability adjustment in 2021 is a result of lower estimated state tax rates due to changes in apportionment, whereas in 2020 it is a result of higher state tax rates due to changes in apportionment.

The remaining tax life of these intangible assets is approximately 12 years. The ultimate timing of payments of the Tax Receivable Agreement liability is uncertain due to the realization of the benefits from the related intangibles involving uncertainties in the amount and timing of our future taxable income. We expect to fund future payments through cash flow from operations.

Private Placement Warrant Liabilities

We account for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance under the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to our own common shares, among other conditions for equity classification.

For warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. Our Public Warrants meet the criteria for equity classification and accordingly, are reported as a component of shareholders’ equity while our Private Placement Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity classification and are instead classified as a liability. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants is estimated at period-end using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is a Level 3 fair value measurement exposed to valuation risk. The risk of exposure is estimated using a sensitivity analysis of potential changes in the significant unobservable inputs, primarily the volatility input that is the most susceptible to valuation risk. A 5% increase to the volatility input at December 31, 2021 would increase the estimated fair value of $5.77 by $0.30 per unit. A 5% decrease to the volatility input at December 31, 2021 would decrease the estimated fair value by $0.30 per unit.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitat ive Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to interest rate market risk due to the variable interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan and revolving borrowings described in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Interest rate risk represents our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates associated with the variable rate debt represented by the 2021 Term Loan, which has an outstanding balance of $895 million at December 31, 2021. The 2021 Term Loan presently bears interest based, at our option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. At December 31, 2021, the interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 3.6%. Based on the December 31, 2021 balance outstanding, each 1% movement in interest rates will result in an approximately $9.2 million change in annual interest expense.

We have not engaged in any hedging activities during fiscal year 2021. We do not expect to engage in any hedging activities with respect to the market risk to which we are exposed.

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VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

| Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) | 63
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 67
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 68
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 69
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 70
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 72

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Verra Mobility Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Verra Mobility Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated April 22, 2022 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

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Commercial Services Revenue

Description of the Matter | As described in Notes 2 and 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company generated commercial services revenue of $260.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company's commercial services revenue recognition process involves several applications and data sources needed for the initiation, processing, and recording of transactions from the Company’s various commercial services revenue sources, as well as the calculation of commercial services revenue in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy. Auditing the Company's accounting for commercial services revenue from contracts with customers was challenging and complex primarily due to the high volume of transactions, as well as the multiple applications and data sources associated with the commercial services revenue recognition process.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | To test the Company’s accounting for commercial services revenue from contracts with customers, we performed substantive audit procedures that included, among others, testing on a sample basis the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data within the commercial services revenue systems, performing data analytics to test recorded revenue amounts, tracing a sample of sales transactions to supporting documentation, and testing a sample of cash to billings reconciliations.

Business Combinations

Description of the Matter | As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, during 2021, the Company completed two business combinations, (1) T2 Systems Parent Corporation for total purchase consideration of $353.2 million and (2) Redflex Holdings Limited for total purchase consideration of $117.9 million. Auditing management’s accounting for the acquisition was complex due to the significant estimation uncertainty in determining the fair value of certain acquired finite-lived intangible assets, specifically the customer relationships related to T2 Systems Parent Corporation totaling $164.3 million and the customer relationships of Redflex Holdings Limited totaling $25.9 million. These customer relationship intangible assets were valued using an income-based approach. The fair value determination of the acquired customer relationship intangible assets required management to make estimates and significant assumptions regarding future cash flows, including revenue growth rates, earnings metrics, and discount rate. These significant assumptions were forward-looking and could be affected by future market and economic conditions.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | To test the estimated fair value of the customer relationship intangible assets, our audit procedures included, among others, assessing the fair value methodology used by the Company and testing the significant assumptions and the underlying data used by the Company in its analyses. For example, we compared the significant assumptions used to current industry, market and economic trends, to the historical results of the acquired businesses, and to other guideline companies. We also performed sensitivity analyses over the significant assumptions used to evaluate the changes in the fair value of each estimate that would result from changes in the assumptions. We tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the valuation. We involved firm valuation specialists to assist us in our evaluation of the Company’s valuation model, related assumptions and outputs of the valuation model.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013.

Phoenix, Arizona

April 22, 2022

64

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Verra Mobility Corporation

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Verra Mobility Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Verra Mobility Corporation (the Company) has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.

As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Redflex Holdings Limited and T2 Systems Parent Corporation, which is included in the 2021 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted approximately 7.4% of total assets as of December 31, 2021 and approximately 8.2% of revenues for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Redflex Holdings Limited and T2 Systems Parent Corporation.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management identified a material weakness related to the Company’s monitoring activities over the acquisition of Redflex Holdings Limited, a material weakness related to control activities over the acquisition of Redflex Holdings Limited and a material weakness related to controls specific to a third-party application.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated April 22, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

65

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Phoenix, Arizona

April 22, 2022

66

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED B ALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except per share data) |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 101,283 |  |  | $ | 120,259 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 3,149 |  |  |  | 633 |
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $12.1 million and $11.5 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively) |  |  | 160,979 |  |  |  | 168,783 |
Unbilled receivables |  |  | 29,109 |  |  |  | 14,045 |
Inventory, net |  |  | 12,093 |  |  |  | 113 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 41,456 |  |  |  | 24,204 |
Total current assets |  |  | 348,069 |  |  |  | 328,037 |
Installation and service parts, net |  |  | 13,332 |  |  |  | 7,944 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 96,066 |  |  |  | 70,284 |
Operating lease assets |  |  | 38,862 |  |  |  | 29,787 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 487,299 |  |  |  | 342,139 |
Goodwill |  |  | 838,867 |  |  |  | 586,435 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 14,561 |  |  |  | 2,699 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,837,056 |  |  | $ | 1,367,325 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 67,556 |  |  | $ | 34,509 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 27,141 |  |  |  | 749 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 38,435 |  |  |  | 14,887 |
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement, current portion |  |  | 5,107 |  |  |  | 4,791 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  | 36,952 |  |  |  | 9,104 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 175,191 |  |  |  | 64,040 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  |  | 1,206,802 |  |  |  | 832,941 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  |  | 34,984 |  |  |  | 27,986 |
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement, net of current portion |  |  | 56,615 |  |  |  | 67,869 |
Private placement warrant liabilities |  |  | 38,466 |  |  |  | 30,866 |
Asset retirement obligation |  |  | 11,824 |  |  |  | 6,409 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net |  |  | 47,524 |  |  |  | 21,148 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 5,686 |  |  |  | 494 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,577,092 |  |  |  | 1,051,753 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,000 shares authorized with no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 260,000 shares authorized with 156,079 and 162,269 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 16 |
Common stock contingent consideration |  |  | 36,575 |  |  |  | 36,575 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 309,883 |  |  |  | 373,620 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (81,416 | ) |  |  | (94,850 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  | (5,094 | ) |  |  | 211 |
Total stockholders' equity |  |  | 259,964 |  |  |  | 315,572 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 1,837,056 |  |  | $ | 1,367,325 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

67

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF OPERATIONS

AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Service revenue |  | $ | 492,846 |  |  | $ | 336,274 |  |  | $ | 416,723 |
Product sales |  |  | 57,744 |  |  |  | 57,319 |  |  |  | 32,014 |
Total revenue |  |  | 550,590 |  |  |  | 393,593 |  |  |  | 448,737 |
Cost of service revenue |  |  | 5,337 |  |  |  | 3,967 |  |  |  | 5,561 |
Cost of product sales |  |  | 29,809 |  |  |  | 29,573 |  |  |  | 13,919 |
Operating expenses |  |  | 163,370 |  |  |  | 115,729 |  |  |  | 125,640 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 123,407 |  |  |  | 89,664 |  |  |  | 85,493 |
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net |  |  | 116,801 |  |  |  | 116,844 |  |  |  | 115,771 |
Impairment of property and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,898 |
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 438,724 |  |  |  | 355,777 |  |  |  | 352,282 |
Income from operations |  |  | 111,866 |  |  |  | 37,816 |  |  |  | 96,455 |
Interest expense, net |  |  | 44,942 |  |  |  | 40,865 |  |  |  | 60,729 |
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | 7,600 |  |  |  | 1,133 |  |  |  | 16,267 |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | (1,016 | ) |  |  | 6,850 |  |  |  | (106 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 5,334 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other income, net |  |  | (12,895 | ) |  |  | (11,885 | ) |  |  | (11,092 | )
Total other expenses |  |  | 43,965 |  |  |  | 36,963 |  |  |  | 65,798 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 67,901 |  |  |  | 853 |  |  |  | 30,657 |
Income tax provision |  |  | 26,452 |  |  |  | 5,431 |  |  |  | 13,581 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | (4,578 | ) |  | $ | 17,076 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (5,305 | ) |  |  | 2,788 |  |  |  | 3,244 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 36,144 |  |  | $ | (1,790 | ) |  | $ | 20,320 |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | (0.03 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | (0.03 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 159,983 |  |  |  | 161,632 |  |  |  | 157,890 |
Diluted |  |  | 163,778 |  |  |  | 161,632 |  |  |  | 160,080 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

68

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Common Stock Contingent |  |  | Additional Paid-in |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive |  |  | Total Stockholders' |
(In thousands) |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Consideration |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | (Loss) Income |  |  | Equity |
Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | 156,057 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 73,150 |  |  | $ | 327,642 |  |  | $ | (106,397 | ) |  | $ | (5,821 | ) |  | $ | 288,590 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,076 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,076 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of the new revenue accounting standard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (257 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (257 | )
Adjustment to equity infusion from Gores |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,001 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,001 | )
Adjustment to tax receivable agreement liability |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,940 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,940 |
Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder |  |  | 2,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (18,288 | ) |  |  | 18,288 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs") |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,990 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,990 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,012 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,012 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,244 |  |  |  | 3,244 |
Balance as of December 31, 2019 |  |  | 159,150 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 54,862 |  |  | $ | 346,891 |  |  | $ | (89,578 | ) |  | $ | (2,577 | ) |  | $ | 309,614 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,578 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,578 | )
Cumulative effect of adoption of the credit loss accounting standard, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (694 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (694 | )
Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder |  |  | 2,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (18,287 | ) |  |  | 18,287 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Vesting of RSUs |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,147 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,147 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,589 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,589 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,788 |  |  |  | 2,788 |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 |  |  | 162,269 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 36,575 |  |  | $ | 373,620 |  |  | $ | (94,850 | ) |  | $ | 211 |  |  | $ | 315,572 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,449 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,449 |
Share repurchase and retirement |  |  | (6,849 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (71,985 | ) |  |  | (28,015 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,000 | )
Vesting of RSUs |  |  | 647 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 155 |
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,691 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,691 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,784 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,784 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,305 | ) |  |  | (5,305 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  |  | 156,079 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 36,575 |  |  | $ | 309,883 |  |  | $ | (81,416 | ) |  | $ | (5,094 | ) |  | $ | 259,964 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

69

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | (4,578 | ) |  | $ | 17,076 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 116,753 |  |  |  | 116,570 |  |  |  | 115,566 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts |  |  | 5,170 |  |  |  | 5,437 |  |  |  | 6,641 |
Impairment of property and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,898 |
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | 7,600 |  |  |  | 1,133 |  |  |  | 16,267 |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | (1,016 | ) |  |  | 6,850 |  |  |  | (106 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 5,334 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Credit loss expense |  |  | 9,588 |  |  |  | 14,391 |  |  |  | 8,100 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (10,640 | ) |  |  | (4,746 | ) |  |  | (10,894 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 13,784 |  |  |  | 12,589 |  |  |  | 10,012 |
Other |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | 1,210 |  |  |  | 1,721 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 14,946 |  |  |  | (90,592 | ) |  |  | (12,662 | )
Unbilled receivables |  |  | (7,753 | ) |  |  | 5,964 |  |  |  | (6,428 | )
Inventory, net |  |  | 2,798 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | (5,097 | ) |  |  | 3,829 |  |  |  | (7,150 | )
Deferred revenue |  |  | (3,966 | ) |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 316 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  |  | 8,296 |  |  |  | (16,925 | ) |  |  | (8,510 | )
Other liabilities |  |  | (4,383 | ) |  |  | (4,281 | ) |  |  | (2,045 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 193,171 |  |  |  | 46,909 |  |  |  | 133,802 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired |  |  | (451,237 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25,519 | )
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment |  |  | (24,998 | ) |  |  | (24,260 | ) |  |  | (29,685 | )
Cash proceeds from the sale of assets |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 231 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (475,970 | ) |  |  | (24,153 | ) |  |  | (54,973 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings on revolver |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Borrowings of long-term debt |  |  | 1,245,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repayment of long-term debt |  |  | (884,530 | ) |  |  | (28,779 | ) |  |  | (9,104 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  |  | (10,646 | ) |  |  | (1,078 | ) |  |  | (426 | )
Payment of debt extinguishment costs |  |  | (1,066 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share repurchase and retirement |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting |  |  | (5,691 | ) |  |  | (4,147 | ) |  |  | (4,990 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 268,722 |  |  |  | (34,004 | ) |  |  | (14,520 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (2,383 | ) |  |  | (290 | ) |  |  | 1,040 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (16,460 | ) |  |  | (11,538 | ) |  |  | 65,349 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period |  |  | 120,892 |  |  |  | 132,430 |  |  |  | 67,081 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period |  | $ | 104,432 |  |  | $ | 120,892 |  |  | $ | 132,430 |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 101,283 |  |  | $ | 120,259 |  |  | $ | 131,513 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 3,149 |  |  |  | 633 |  |  |  | 917 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | $ | 104,432 |  |  | $ | 120,892 |  |  | $ | 132,430 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

70

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 35,786 |  |  | $ | 35,822 |  |  | $ | 55,197 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds |  | 35,774 |  |  |  | 12,638 |  |  |  | 24,357 |
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder |  | — |  |  |  | 18,287 |  |  |  | 18,288 |
Additions related to asset retirement obligations, property and equipment, and other (a) |  | 1,397 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 230 |
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at year-end |  | 1,714 |  |  |  | 1,289 |  |  |  | 4,204 |
Contingent consideration related to NuPark acquisition |  | 1,450 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Tenant improvement allowance included in property and equipment |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 581 |
Gores equity infusion working capital adjustment payable to related party |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,001 |
Reduction to tax receivable agreement liability |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,940 |

(a) Asset retirement obligations of $3.9 million assumed as part of the Redflex acquisition are excluded from these additions.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLID ATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.
Description of Business

Verra Mobility Corporation (collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “Verra Mobility”), formerly known as Gores Holdings II, Inc. (“Gores”), was originally incorporated in Delaware on August 15, 2016, as a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On January 19, 2017, the Company consummated its initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which its shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). On June 21, 2018, Gores entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) with Greenlight Holding II Corporation (“Greenlight”), PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, AM Merger Sub I, Inc., a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Gores and AM Merger Sub II, LLC, a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Gores. On October 17, 2018, the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (the “Business Combination”) were consummated. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Gores changed its name to Verra Mobility Corporation. As a result of the Business Combination, Verra Mobility Corporation became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all of the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries.

Verra Mobility offers integrated technology solutions and services to its customers who are located throughout the world, primarily within the United States, Australia, Canada and Europe. The Company is organized into three operating segments: Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions (see Note 18).

The Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions for the commercial fleet and rental car industries by partnering with the leading fleet management and rental car companies in North America. Electronic toll payment services enable fleet drivers and rental car customers to use high-speed cashless toll lanes or all-electronic cashless toll roads. The service helps commercial fleets reduce toll management costs, while it provides rental car companies with a revenue-generating, value-added service for their customers. Electronic violation processing services reduce the cost and risk associated with vehicle-issued violations, such as toll, parking or camera-enforced tickets. Title and registration services offer title and registration processing for individuals, rental car companies and fleet management companies. In Europe, the Company provides violations processing through Euro Parking Collection plc (“EPC”) and consumer tolling services through Pagatelia S.L (“Pagatelia”).

The Government Solutions segment offers photo enforcement solutions and services to its customers. Through its acquisition of Redflex Holdings Limited (“Redflex”) on June 17, 2021, the Company expanded its current footprint in the United States and gained access to international markets (see Note 3. Acquisitions). The Government Solutions segment provides complete, end-to-end speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions within the United States and Canada. These programs are designed to reduce traffic violations and resulting collisions, injuries, and fatalities. The Company implements and administers traffic safety programs for municipalities, counties, school districts and law enforcement agencies of all sizes. The international operations acquired through Redflex primarily involve the sale of traffic enforcement products and related maintenance services.

The Parking Solutions segment offers an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers which include universities, municipalities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and transportation hubs. The Company added this new operating segment as a result of the acquisition of T2 Systems Parent Corporation (“T2 Systems”) on December 7, 2021, which allows the Company to diversify its operations into the parking solutions space (see Note 3. Acquisitions). The Parking Solutions segment develops specialized hardware and parking management software which provides a platform for the issuance of parking permits, enforcement, gateless vehicle counting, event parking and citation services. T2 Systems also produces and markets its proprietary software as a service to its customers throughout the United States and Canada.

2.
Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of the Company’s

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management, the consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are normal and recurring in nature, necessary for fair financial statement presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions include those related to the fair values assigned to net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) in business combinations, revenue recognition, inventory valuation, allowance for credit losses, fair value of the private placement warrant liabilities, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, impairment assessments of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, asset retirement obligations, contingent consideration and the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies.

Management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

The Company collects cash on behalf of customers under certain contracts which it deposits daily into Company bank accounts and transfers regularly to customer bank accounts. Restricted cash represents customer cash collected but not yet remitted to the customer. Restricted cash is classified as a current asset and the corresponding liability is classified in current liabilities.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and unbilled receivables. The Company limits cash and cash equivalents to highly rated financial institutions.

Significant customers are those which represent more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue or accounts receivable, net. Revenue from the single Government Solutions customer exceeding 10% of total revenue is presented below:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
City of New York Department of Transportation |  |  | 26.6 | % |  |  | 31.3 | % |  |  | 14.6 | %

The City of New York Department of Transportation (“NYCDOT”) represented 39% and 59% of total accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The total outstanding receivables balance decreased $35.7 million at December 31, 2021 compared to the outstanding balance at December 31, 2020 as the Company collected approximately $182 million during 2021 from the customer. There is no material reserve related to NYCDOT open receivables as amounts are deemed collectible based on current conditions and expectations. No other Government Solutions customer exceeded 10% of total accounts receivable, net as of any period presented.

Significant customer revenue concentrations generated through the Company’s Commercial Services partners as a percent of total revenue are presented below:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Hertz Corporation |  |  | 12.6 | % |  |  | 12.0 | % |  |  | 18.7 | %
Avis Budget Group, Inc. |  |  | 12.3 | % |  |  | 9.5 | % |  |  | 14.5 | %
Enterprise Holdings, Inc. |  |  | 11.4 | % |  |  | 11.3 | % |  |  | 13.5 | %

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No Commercial Services customer exceeded 10% of total accounts receivable, net as of any period presented.

There were no significant customer concentrations that exceeded 10% of total revenue or accounts receivables, net for the Parking Solutions segment.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Accounts receivable and unbilled receivables are uncollateralized customer obligations arising from the sale of products or services. Accounts receivable and unbilled receivables have normal trade terms of less than one year and are initially stated at the amounts billed to the customers and subsequently measured at amortized cost net of allowance for credit losses. Unbilled receivables are recorded when revenues have been earned but have not been included on a customer invoice through the end of the current period.

The Company reviews historical credit losses and customer payment trends on receivables and develops loss rate estimates as of the balance sheet date, which includes adjustments for current and future expectations using probability-weighted assumptions about potential outcomes. Receivables are written off against the allowance for credit losses when it is probable that amounts will not be collected based on the terms of the customer contracts, and subsequent recoveries reverse the previous write-off and apply to the receivable in the period recovered. No interest or late fees are charged on delinquent accounts.

The Company identified portfolio segments based on the type of business, industry in which the customer operates and historical credit loss patterns. The following presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended Dece mber 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

($ in thousands) | Commercial Services (Driver-billed)(1) |  | Commercial Services (All other) |  | Government Solutions |  | Total(3) |
Balance at January 1, 2020 (2) | $ | 5,272 |  | $ | 1,406 |  | $ | 1,778 |  | $ | 8,456 |
Credit loss expense |  | 6,554 |  |  | 4,945 |  |  | 2,892 |  |  | 14,391 |
Write-offs, net of recoveries |  | (8,616 | ) |  | (2,074 | ) |  | (686 | ) |  | (11,376 | )
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 3,210 |  | $ | 4,277 |  | $ | 3,984 |  | $ | 11,471 |
Credit loss expense (income) |  | 11,040 |  |  | (1,138 | ) |  | (314 | ) |  | 9,588 |
Write-offs, net of recoveries |  | (8,853 | ) |  | (47 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | (8,921 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 5,397 |  | $ | 3,092 |  | $ | 3,649 |  | $ | 12,138 |

(1)
Driver-billed consists of receivables from drivers of rental cars and fleet management companies for which the Company bills on behalf of its customers. Receivables not collected from drivers within a defined number of days are transferred to customers subject to applicable bad debt sharing agreements.
(2)
This includes a $0.8 million increase to allowance for credit losses as a result of adopting the credit loss standard.
(3)
The activity related to the Parking Solutions segment was not material since the date of acquisition.

The Company evaluates the adequacy of its allowance for expected credit losses by comparing its actual write-offs to its previously recorded estimates and adjusts appropriately.

The Company adjusted down its estimate for credit loss as of December 31, 2021 for the Commercial Services (All other) segment to reflect improved economic conditions based on customer payment trends in the last 12 months. The credit loss estimate as of December 31, 2020 was based on higher probabilities of loss given the uncertainty caused by COVID-19 on the travel industry. The Commercial Services (Driver-billed) portfolio segment’s credit loss estimate as of December 31, 2021 increased compared to the prior year due to increased revenue that impacted the volume of transactions as a result of recovery from COVID-19.

Inventory, net

Inventories consist of parts and electronic components used in the production of parking management related hardware sold to certain Parking Solutions customers and photo enforcement equipment sold to certain Government Solutions customers. Inventories are stated at cost on a first-in, first-out basis or net realizable value. The Company assesses the value of its inventories and writes down the cost to net realizable value upon evaluation of historical experience and assumptions regarding future usage, and any such write down establishes a new cost basis for the items.

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Installation and Service Parts

Installation and service parts consist of components used in the construction and maintenance of our photo enforcement systems. Installation and service parts are stated at cost and are reclassified to property and equipment upon initiation of construction. Installation and service parts used in repairs and maintenance are recorded as operating expenses.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. All repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as follo ws:

Building |  | 39 years
Equipment installed at customer sites |  | 3-7 years
Computer equipment |  | 3-5 years
Furniture |  | 3-10 years
Automobiles |  | 3-7 years
Software |  | 3-7 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life

Equipment installed at customer sites includes certain installation costs that qualify for capitalization. Software costs include certain internal and external costs associated with the development of software that are incurred during the application development stage. In addition, a modification or upgrade to existing software is capitalized only to the extent it results in additional functionality to existing software. Software maintenance and training costs are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalized internally developed software costs of $3.0 million, $5.1 million and $2.1 million during fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019 respectively.

Equity Investment

The Company holds an investment in privately held equity securities which is recorded at cost and adjusted for observable transactions for same or similar investments or for impairment. Investment gains and losses are recorded in other income, net.

Valuations of privately held securities require judgment due to the lack of readily available observable market data. The carrying value is not adjusted if there are no identified events that would indicate a need for upward or downward adjustments or changes in circumstances that may indicate impairment. In determining the estimated fair value of its investment, the Company utilizes the most recent data available. The Company assesses it investment for impairment quarterly using both qualitative and quantitative factors. If an investment is considered impaired, an impairment loss is recognized and a new carrying value is established for the investment. Our analysis did not indicate impairment as of December 31, 2021. See Note 16, Related Party Transactions for more information.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is assessed for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. If, based on a qualitative analysis, it is determined more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a one-step quantitative impairment test is performed. Reporting units are identified by assessing whether the components of the Company’s operating segments constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and if segment management regularly reviews the operating results of those components. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, the assignment of assets (including goodwill) to those reporting units and the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The date of the Company’s annual impairment analysis is October 1. The annual qualitative analysis did not indicate any impairment as of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

In June 2021, the Company acquired Redflex and determined that the Redflex international operations represent a new reporting unit for the purposes of assessing potential impairment of goodwill, and therefore the Government Solutions operating segment was divided into two reporting units. In December 2021, the Company created a new operating and reportable segment, Parking Solutions, as a result of the acquisition of T2 systems, which was

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determined to be a separate reporting unit. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has four reporting units for the purposes of assessing potential impairment of goodwill.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets represent existing customer relationships, trademarks, developed technology (hardware and software) and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, which approximates the utilization of their expected future benefits. Amortization of intangible assets is included in depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company annually evaluates the estimated remaining useful lives of its intangible assets to determine whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews its long-lived assets (including intangible assets with finite useful lives and installation and service parts) for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group may not be fully recoverable. The Company assesses recoverability by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value.

The state of Texas passed legislation as of June 1, 2019, to ban red-light photo enforcement programs across the state, with certain carve-outs for some existing programs. The Company considered this a triggering event for potential impairment and evaluated the recoverability of property and equipment used in the operations of red-light photo enforcement programs in Texas. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment charge in the Government Solutions segment of $5.9 million for fiscal year 2019, which was included in impairment of property and equipment in the consolidated statements of operations. We did no t have any indicators of impairment related to long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2020.

Self-Insurance

The Company is self-insured for medical costs and has stop-loss insurance policies to limit its exposure to individual and aggregate claims made. Liabilities for these programs are estimated based on outstanding claims and claims estimated to be incurred but not yet reported using historical loss experience. These estimates are subject to variability due to changes in trends of losses for outstanding claims and incurred but not reported claims, including external factors such as the number, and cost of, claims, benefit level changes and claim settlement patterns.

Warrants

As of December 31, 2021, there were warrants outstanding to acquire 19,999,967 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock including: (i) 6,666,666 Private Placement Warrants and (ii) 13,333,301 warrants issued in connection with the IPO (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Placement Warrants, the “Warrants”). The Warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of our Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to certain adjustments.

The Warrants became exercisable on November 16, 2018, 30 days following the completion of the Business Combination, and expire five years after that date, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. The Company may redeem the outstanding Warrants at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of its Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third business day before it sends the notice of redemption to the Warrant holders. The Private Placement Warrants, however, are nonredeemable so long as they are held by Gores Sponsor II, LLC or its permitted transferees.

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance under FASB ASC 480,

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Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common shares, among other conditions for equity classification.

For warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. The Company’s Public Warrants meet the criteria for equity classification and accordingly, are reported as a component of shareholders’ equity while the Company’s Private Placement Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity classification because the holder of the instrument is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares and are instead classified as a liability. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants is estimated at period-end using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Shares issuable under the Warrants were considered for inclusion in the diluted share count in accordance with GAAP. As the shares issuable under the Warrants are issuable shares when exercised by the holders, they are included when computing diluted income (loss) per share, if such exercise is dilutive to income (loss) per share.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, includes a single definition of fair value to be used for financial reporting purposes, provides a framework for applying this definition and for measuring fair value under GAAP, and establishes a fair value hierarchy that categorizes into three levels the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:

Level 1 – Fair value is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Fair value is determined using quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 – Fair value is determined using one or more significant inputs that are unobservable in active markets at the measurement date, such as a pricing model, discounted cash flow, or similar technique.

The carrying amounts reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and the PPP Loan approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The estimated fair value of the Company’s long term debt was calculated based upon available market information. The carrying value and the estimated fair value are as follows:

|  | Level in |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Fair Value |  | Carrying |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Carrying |  |  | Estimated |
($ in thousands) |  | Hierarchy |  | Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
2021 Term Loan |  | 2 |  | $ | 871,467 |  |  | $ | 895,125 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Senior Notes |  | 2 |  |  | 344,918 |  |  |  | 355,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2018 Term Loan |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 842,045 |  |  |  | 861,314 |
Revolver |  | 2 |  |  | 24,435 |  |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

The fair value of the private placement warrant liabilities is measured on a recurring basis and is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using significant unobservable inputs, primarily related to estimated volatility, and is therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The key assumptions used were as follows:

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|  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Stock price |  | $ | 15.43 |  |  | $ | 13.42 |
Strike price |  | $ | 11.50 |  |  | $ | 11.50 |
Volatility |  |  | 48.0 | % |  |  | 44.0 | %
Remaining life (in years) |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 0.66 | % |  |  | 0.16 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Estimated fair value |  | $ | 5.77 |  |  | $ | 4.63 |

The Company is exposed to valuation risk on its Level 3 financial instruments. The risk of exposure is estimated using a sensitivity analysis of potential changes in the significant unobservable inputs, primarily the volatility input that is the most susceptible to valuation risk. A 5% increase to the volatility input at December 31, 2021 would increase the estimated fair value b y $0.30 per unit. A 5% decrease to the volatility input at December 31, 2021 would decrease the estimate fair value by $0.30 per uni t. The following summarizes the changes in the private placement warrant liabilities included in net income (loss) for the respectiv e periods:

($ in thousands) |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 30,866 |  |  | $ | 29,733 |
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | 7,600 |  |  |  | 1,133 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 38,466 |  |  | $ | 30,866 |

The Company's equity investment is measured at cost of $3.7 million and only adjusted to fair value if there are identified events that would indicate a need for upward or downward adjustment or changes in circumstances that may indicate impairment. The estimation of fair value requires the use of significant unobservable inputs, such as voting rights and obligations in the securities held, and is therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value of contingent consideration payable in connection with the NuPark acquisition is classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The valuation of the contingent consideration was measured using a discounted cash flow model. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of consideration relate to forecasts of annualized revenue developed by the Company.

Asset Retirement Obligation

The Company records obligations to perform certain retirement activities on camera and speed enforcement systems in the period that the related assets are placed in service. Asset retirement obligations are contractual obligations to restore property to its initial state. These obligations, which are initially estimated based on discounted cash flow estimates, are accreted to full value over time through charges to operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The associated asset retirement obligation is capitalized as part of the related asset’s carrying value and is depreciated over the asset’s estimated remaining useful life. When events and circumstances indicate that the original estimates used for asset retirement obligations may need revision, the Company reassesses the assumptions used and adjusts the liability appropriately.

Deferred Financing Costs

Deferred financing costs consist of the costs incurred to obtain long-term financing, including the Company’s credit facilities (See Note 9). These costs, which are a reduction to long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets, are amortized over the term of the related debt, using the effective interest method for term debt and the straight-line method for revolving credit facilities. Amortization of deferred financing costs for fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $5.2 mill ion, $5.4 million, and $6.6 million respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the

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tax basis of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in tax returns in future years, while deferred tax liabilities generally represent items that generate a future tax liability for items where deductions have been accelerated for tax purposes. The Company provides a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the tax assets will not be realized. The Company calculates the valuation allowance in accordance with the authoritative guidance relating to income taxes, which requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. The realization of deferred tax assets can be affected by, among other things, the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, our experience with utilizing operating losses and tax credit carryforwards by jurisdiction, the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and tax planning alternatives and strategies that may be available.

The Company’s effective tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates, differences in the deductibility of certain expenses and inclusion of certain income items between financial statement and tax return purposes, and tax planning opportunities available to it in the various jurisdictions in which it operates. Under GAAP, if the Company determines that a tax position is more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, based solely on the technical merits of the position, the Company recognizes the benefit. Tax code and regulations require certain items to be included in the tax return at different times than when those items are required to be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, the effective tax rate reflected in its consolidated financial statements is different from that reported in its tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as meals and entertainment expenses that are not fully deductible on the Company’s tax returns, and some are temporary differences, such as depreciation expense. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax provision or benefit.

Stock-based Compensation

In October 2018, the Company established the Verra Mobility 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) which provides for a variety of stock-based awards for issuance to employees and directors. The Company grants restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock options and performance share units (“PSUs”).

The Company recognizes the fair value of RSUs based on the Company’s common stock price at market close on the date of the grant. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options, and uses the Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the fair value of PSUs containing market conditions. The Black-Scholes model requires an assumption regarding the expected life of the stock option, which the Company estimated to be 6.25 years by applying the short-cut method permitted under SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 110. The expected term of PSUs granted was three years, which matches the awards’ performance period. RSUs and stock options vest based on the continued service of the recipient. PSUs are issued upon continued service along with the relative satisfaction of a market condition that measures the Company’s total stockholder return relative to a comparably calculated return for a peer group during the performance period. In addition, the Black-Scholes and the Monte Carlo models require assumptions to be made regarding the expected volatility of the Company’s stock pri ce. Stock price volatility is determined by averaging an implied volatility with a measure of historical volatility. Stock options granted in 2021 had a weighted average expected volatility of 47.7% and a weighted average risk-free rate of 0.94%. The weighted average expected volatility of PSUs granted in 2021 was 50.4% and the weighted average risk-free rate used was 0.33%. Stock options granted in 2020 had a weighted average expected volatility of 34.5% and a weighted average risk-free rate of 0.73%. The expected volatility of PSUs granted in 2020 was 34.0% and the risk-free rate used was 0.61%. The Company did no t have stock options or PSU grants in 2019.

Stock-based compensation expense for share-based awards is determined based on the grant date fair value. The Company recognizes these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of the share-based award. The compensation expense for the PSUs is recognized over the requisite service period regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. See Note 14, Equity Incentive Plan, for more information on the Company’s share-based awards.

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Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue

Nature of Goods and Services

The following is a description of principal activities – separated by reportable segments – from which the Company generates revenue:

Commercial Services. The Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions for the commercial fleet and rental car industries. The Company determined its performance obligation is a distinct stand-ready obligation, as there is an unspecified quantity of services provided that does not diminish, and the customer is being charged only when it uses the Company’s services, such as toll payment, title and registration, etc. Payment terms for contracts with commercial fleet and rental car companies vary, but are usually billed as services are performed.

Government Solutions. The Government Solutions segment principally generates revenue by providing complete, end-to-end speed, red-light, school bus stop arm, and bus lane enforcement solutions. Products, when sold, are typically sold together with the services in a bundle for a majority of customers. The average initial term of a contract is 3 to 5 years. Payment terms for contracts with government agencies vary depending on whether the consideration is fixed or variable. Payment terms for contracts with fixed consideration are usually based on equal installments over the duration of the contract. Payment terms for contracts with variable consideration are usually billed and collected as citations are issued or paid. In instances when the consideration expected from the customer is subject to variation, any variable consideration affecting revenue recognition is allocated to the distinct period (the monthly period) that it relates to.

For bundled packages, the Company accounts for individual products and services separately if they are distinct – i.e., if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundle and if a customer can benefit from it as a stand-alone item. The consideration is allocated between separate products and services in a bundle based on their stand-alone selling prices (“SSP”). The Company estimates the SSP for its services based upon observable evidence, market conditions and other relevant inputs. If products are sold without the related services, no allocation is required.

•
Product sales (sale of camera systems and installation) – the Company recognizes revenue when the installation process is completed and the camera system is ready to perform the services as expected by the customer. Generally, this occurs at site acceptance or first citation. The Company recognizes revenue for the sale of the camera system and installation services at a point in time.
•
Service revenue – the Company has determined its performance obligation is to provide a complete end-to-end safety and enforcement solution. Promises include providing a system to capture images, processing images taken by the camera, forwarding eligible images to the police department and processing payments on behalf of the municipality. The Company has determined that certain of the promises to its customers are capable of being distinct as they are capable of providing some measure of benefit to the customer either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer. However, the Company has determined the promises to its customers do not meet the criterion of being distinct within the context of its contracts. The Company would not be able to fulfill its promises individually as its customers could not obtain the intended benefit from the contract without the Company fulfilling all promises. Accordingly, the Company concluded that each contract represents one service offering and is a single performance obligation to the customer. Further, the Company accounts for all the services as a single continuous service. The Company applied the series guidance for those services as it stands ready to deliver those services over the contract period. The Company recognizes revenue from services over time, as they are performed.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company had approximately $0.3 million and $8.9 million of deferred revenue in the Government Solutions segment. Deferred revenue represents amounts that have been invoiced in advance which are expected to be recognized as revenue in future periods. The majority of the remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2021 are expected to be completed and recognized in 2022 and $3.2 million is expected to be recognized ratably between 2023 through 2027.

Parking Solutions. The newly acquired T2 Systems business offers an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers. Revenue since the date of acquisition was derived primarily from the sale of software as a service (“SaaS”) and specialized hardware. For bundled packages, the Company accounts for individual products and services separately if they are distinct and allocate the transaction price based on the relative SSP.

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•
Revenue derived from the Company’s SaaS products is recognized ratably over the contractual service period beginning on the date the service is made available to the customer.
•
Revenue from hardware product sales is recognized at a point in time when ownership is transferred to the customer.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $20.9 million of deferred revenue which represents amounts that have been invoiced in advance to the Parking Solutions customers and are expected to be recognized as revenue in 2022.

Significant Judgments

Significant judgment is required in order to identify contracts with customers and estimate transaction prices. Additional judgments are required for identifying the performance obligations and determining whether the services provided are able to be distinct, determining the transaction price as it relates to the different variable consideration structures identified in our contracts, the estimation of the SSP and the allocation of the transaction price by relative SSPs. Assumptions regarding timing of when control transfers to the customer also requires significant judgment in order to recognize revenue.

Credit Card Rebates

The Company earns volume rebates from total spend on purchasing cards and recognizes the income in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $11.3 million, $8.5 million, and $11.8 million respectively, related to rebates.

Advertising Costs

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, were $0.7 million, $0.8 million and $2.3 million, respectively and were included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Foreign Currency

Certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that differ from their functional currencies are re-measured at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The foreign currency effect of the re-measurement is included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The impact of foreign currency re-measurement was (losses) gains of $(0.2) million, $0.4 million and $(0.6) million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates while revenue and expenses are translated from functional currencies at average monthly exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in stockholders’ equity.

Acquisitions

The Company applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The Company allocates the fair value of the purchase price consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. The Company includes the results of operations of businesses acquired from the date of the respective acquisition. Any transaction costs associated with acquisitions are expensed as incurred.

Measurement period adjustments to preliminary purchase price allocations are recognized in the period in which they are determined, with the effect on earnings of any changes in depreciation, amortization or other income resulting from such changes calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. If applicable, we estimate the fair value of contingent consideration payments in determining the purchase price. Contingent consideration is adjusted to fair value in subsequent periods as an increase or decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses.

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The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable management judgment, and includes the use of independent valuation specialists to assist the Company in estimating fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets. Although the Company believes that the assumptions applied in the determination are reasonable based on information available at the date of acquisition, actual results may differ from estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-13, (Topic 820) Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The amendments in this update modify the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The Company adopted this standard during the first quarter of 2021 and provided relevant disclosures for the private placement warrant liabilities, which are a Level 3 measurement that fall within the scope of the standard. See Fair Value of Financial Instruments section above.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The ASU removes specific exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 in GAAP including the exception to the incremental approach for intra-period tax allocation, exceptions to accounting for basis differences when there are ownership changes in foreign investments, and the exception in interim period income tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed anticipated losses. The ASU also simplifies current guidance in relation to franchise taxes that are partially based on income, transactions with a government that result in a step-up in tax basis of goodwill, separate financial statements of legal entities that are not subject to tax, and enacted changes in tax laws in interim periods. The Company adopted the ASU as of January 1, 2021, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements or related disclosures.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging— Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. This ASU simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current GAAP. Consequently, more convertible debt instruments will be reported as a single liability instrument and more convertible preferred stock as a single equity instrument with no separate accounting for embedded conversion features. The ASU removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception, which will permit more equity contracts to qualify for it. The ASU also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. The Company early adopted this standard as of January 1, 2021, which did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures, as the Company had no instruments subject to the standard. If the Company were to issue instruments subject to the standard in the future, such guidance as early adopted by the Company would apply.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination. The amendments improve comparability after the business combination by providing consistent recognition and measurement guidance for revenue contracts with customers acquired in a business combination and revenue contracts with customers not acquired in a business combination. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company early adopted the ASU during the fourth quarter of 2021 on a retrospective basis for all acquisitions completed in 2021 which did not have a material impact. As a result, it did not measure its deferred revenue at fair value for business combinations completed in fiscal year 2021. See Note 3. Acquisitions for additional information.

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Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The ASU provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. It provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, which clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. The amendments are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022, to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period.

Under the terms of the 2021 Term Loan discussed below, in the event there is a benchmark transition away from LIBOR, a benchmark replacement rate has been defined in the 2021 Term Loan along with the mechanism for such a transition to take place. The Company does not anticipate this transition will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options. This ASU provides guidance for a modification or an exchange of a freestanding equity-classified written call option that is not within the scope of another topic. It specifically addresses the measurement and recognition of the effect of a modification of the terms or conditions or an exchange of a freestanding equity-classified written call option if it remains equity-classified after the modification or exchange. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity should apply the amendments prospectively to modifications or exchanges occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. Early adoption is permitted. The impact of the implementation of this guidance is still being determined by the Company.

In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, to increase transparency in financial reporting by requiring business entities to disclose information about certain types of government assistance they receive. The amendments require annual disclosures regarding the nature of any transactions with a government accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy and the related accounting policy used, the effect of the assistance on the entity’s financial statements, and the significant terms and conditions of the transactions. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, and early application is permitted. The impact of the implementation of this guidance is still being determined by the Company.

3.
Acquisitions

Redflex Acquisition

On June 17, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Redflex, a public company limited by shares, incorporated in Australia and formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Redflex is a provider of intelligent traffic management products and services that are sold and managed in the Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, and Middle East regions. Redflex designs, manufactures, and operates a wide range of platform-based solutions, utilizing advanced sensor and image capture technologies that enable active management of state and local motorways. The Company has included the financial results of Redflex in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.

Pursuant to the Scheme Implementation Agreement (the “Agreement”) entered into by the Company and Redflex on January 21, 2021, as amended by the Deed of Amendment and Consent, dated April 30, 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, purchased one hundred percent of the outstanding equity of Redflex at A$0.96 per share at consideration of A$152.5 million, or approximately US$117.9 million. Transaction costs for Redflex were $9.7 million which primarily related to professional fees and other

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expenses related to the acquisition, and were included within the selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

The allocation of the preliminary purchase consideration is summarized as follows:

($ in thousands) |  | Reported At June 30, 2021 |  |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  |  | At December 31, 2021 |
Assets acquired |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 8,760 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,760 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 2,163 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,163 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 6,870 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,870 |
Unbilled receivables |  |  | 7,744 |  |  |  | (2,461 | ) |  |  | 5,283 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 27,541 |  |  |  | 2,268 |  |  |  | 29,809 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 9,192 |  |  |  | 1,123 |  |  |  | 10,315 |
Other assets |  |  | 13,729 |  |  |  | 5,518 |  |  |  | 19,247 |
Trademark |  |  | 900 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 900 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 23,500 |  |  |  | 2,400 |  |  |  | 25,900 |
Developed technology |  |  | 18,200 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,200 |
Total assets acquired |  |  | 118,599 |  |  |  | 8,848 |  |  |  | 127,447 |
Liabilities assumed |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 30,137 |  |  |  | 1,799 |  |  |  | 31,936 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 1,772 |  |  |  | 6,276 |  |  |  | 8,048 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 14,014 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,014 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 9,948 |  |  |  | 1,788 |  |  |  | 11,736 |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  | 55,871 |  |  |  | 9,863 |  |  |  | 65,734 |
Goodwill |  |  | 55,199 |  |  |  | 1,015 |  |  |  | 56,214 |
Total purchase consideration |  | $ | 117,927 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 117,927 |

The Company recorded measurement period adjustments from the initial purchase price allocation presented as of June 30, 2021, to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the Redflex acquisition date. There was no material impact to the statement of operations as a result of these adjustments.

As of December 31, 2021, the evaluation of historical Redflex tax positions and the impact on assumed uncertain tax positions and other tax attributes is preliminary and the Company expects to finalize it as soon as practicable, but not later than one year from the acquisition date.

Goodwill consists largely of the expected cash flows and future growth anticipated for the Company and was assigned to the Company’s Government Solutions segment. Management has determined that the Redflex international operations represent a new reporting unit for the purposes of assessing potential impairment of goodwill, and as a result of the acquisition, the Government Solutions segment has two reporting units. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The customer relationships value was based on the multi-period excess earnings methodology utilizing projected cash flows. The significant assumptions used to value customer relationships included, among others, customer churn rates, forecasted revenue growth rates attributable to existing customers, forecasted EBITDA margins and the discount rate. The values for the trademark and the developed technology related assets were based on a relief-from-royalty method. The significant assumptions used to value these intangible assets included, among others, forecasted revenue growth rates, royalty rates and the expected obsolescence curve. The trademark, customer relationships and the developed technology related assets were assigned useful lives of 5.0 years, 10.0 years, and 8.7 years, respectively.

T2 Systems Acquisition

On December 7, 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of T2 Systems Parent Corporation (“T2 Systems”), which offers an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers. This acquisition supports our strategy to expand and diversify into new markets within the mobility sector. The Company

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has included the financial results of T2 Systems in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition, and reported within the newly created Parking Solutions segment.

The Company paid a purchase price of $353.2 million. Transaction costs for T2 System s were $2.7 million which primarily related to professional fees and other expenses related to the acquisition, and were included within the selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

The allocation of the preliminary purchase consideration is summarized as follows:

($ in thousands) |  |  |
Assets acquired |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 13,866 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 228 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 9,673 |
Unbilled receivables |  |  | 2,153 |
Inventory |  |  | 7,467 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 3,336 |
Prepaid and other assets |  |  | 7,477 |
Trademark |  |  | 3,200 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 164,300 |
Developed technology |  |  | 19,300 |
Total assets acquired |  |  | 231,000 |
Liabilities assumed |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 10,379 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 21,253 |
Deferred tax liability |  |  | 37,129 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 4,228 |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  | 72,989 |
Goodwill |  |  | 195,226 |
Total assets acquired and liabilities assumed |  | $ | 353,237 |

Goodwill consists largely of the expected cash flows and future growth anticipated for the Company and was assigned to the Company’s Parking Solutions segment. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The preliminary customer relationships value was based on the multi-period excess earnings methodology utilizing projected cash flows. The significant assumptions used to value customer relationships included, among others, customer upsell and churn rates, forecasted revenue growth rates attributable to existing customers, forecasted EBITDA margins and the discount rate. The preliminary values for the trademark and the developed technology related assets were based on a relief-from-royalty method. The significant assumptions used to value these intangible assets included, among others, forecasted revenue growth rates, royalty rates and the expected obsolescence curve. The trademark, customer relationships and the developed technology related assets were assigned preliminary useful lives of 10.0 years, 10.0 years, and 6.1 years, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021, the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is preliminary. The primary areas that remain preliminary relate to the fair values of unbilled receivables, intangible assets acquired, deferred revenue, legal and other contingencies as of the acquisition date, income and non-income based taxes and residual goodwill. The Company expects to finalize the valuation as soon as practicable, but not later than one year from the acquisition date.

NuPark Acquisition

On December 13, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of NuPark (“NuPark”), a provider of parking services and permit management which expanded the Company's presence in the United States in the Parking Solutions segment. The acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred to NuPark was approximately $7.0 million, which consisted primarily of $5.0 million of cash paid at closing and $1.5 million of contingent consideration payable. The Company recorded $0.3 m illion of tangible assets, $4.9 million of customer relationships intangible

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assets valued using a multi-period excess earnings methodology, with a prelimina ry estimated useful life of 10.0 years, and $1.3 million of assumed liabilities which was primarily deferred revenue. Goodwill recorded was $3.2 million for future growth anticipated for the Company and is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The fair values assigned to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed were preliminary estimates and the Company expects to finalize the valuation as soon as practicable, but not later than one year from the acquisition date. The Company has included the financial results of NuPark in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition, which were not material. The transaction costs for the acquisition were not material.

Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited)

The pro forma information below gives effect to the Redflex and T2 systems acquisitions as if they had been completed on the first day of each period presented. Pro forma information for NuPark was not provided as it was not material. The pro forma results of operations are presented for information purposes only. As such, they are not necessarily indicative of the Company’s results had the Redflex and T2 systems acquisitions been completed on the first day of each period presented, nor do they intend to represent the Company’s future results. The pro forma information does not reflect any cost savings from operating efficiencies or synergies that could result from the acquisitions and does not reflect additional revenue opportunities following the acquisition of Redflex and T2 Systems. The pro forma information includes adjustments to record the assets and liabilities associated with the Redflex and T2 Systems acquisitions at their respective preliminary fair values and to give effect to the financing of the acquisitions.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenue |  | $ | 650,567 |  |  | $ | 530,807 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | 30,099 |  |  |  | (58,695 | )

The pro forma results primarily include adjustments related to amortization of intangibles, depreciation expense, interest expense and related debt extinguishment costs from the debt refinancing transactions and exclusion of acquisition-related costs and certain capitalized costs related to operating leases and developed technology.

4.
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following at December 31:

($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Prepaid services |  | $ | 8,643 |  |  | $ | 2,989 |
Prepaid tolls |  |  | 7,539 |  |  |  | 9,237 |
Deposits |  |  | 6,742 |  |  |  | 3,474 |
Prepaid insurance |  |  | 4,293 |  |  |  | 2,641 |
Prepaid computer maintenance |  |  | 3,742 |  |  |  | 2,732 |
Prepaid income taxes |  |  | 5,324 |  |  |  | 2,354 |
Costs to fulfill a customer contract |  |  | 3,364 |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 1,809 |  |  |  | 777 |
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 41,456 |  |  | $ | 24,204 |

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5.
Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net, consists of the following at December 31:

($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Equipment installed at customer sites |  | $ | 112,770 |  |  | $ | 79,039 |
Software |  |  | 24,207 |  |  |  | 19,202 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 9,255 |  |  |  | 9,938 |
Computer equipment |  |  | 14,215 |  |  |  | 10,974 |
Furniture |  |  | 2,662 |  |  |  | 2,079 |
Automobiles |  |  | 4,761 |  |  |  | 2,899 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 12,169 |  |  |  | 6,717 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 180,039 |  |  |  | 130,848 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (83,973 | ) |  |  | (60,564 | )
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 96,066 |  |  | $ | 70,284 |

Depreciation expense was $26.8 million, $23.1 million and $22.8 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, including depreciation related to costs to develop or implement software for internal use of $4.4 million, $4.3 million and $3.8 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

6.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:

|  | Commercial |  |  | Government |  |  | Parking |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | Services |  |  | Solutions |  |  | Solutions |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 424,404 |  |  | $ | 159,746 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 584,150 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | 2,285 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,285 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 426,689 |  |  |  | 159,746 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 586,435 |
Acquisition of Redflex |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,214 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,214 |
Acquisition of T2 Systems |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 195,226 |  |  |  | 195,226 |
Acquisition of NuPark |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,160 |  |  |  | 3,160 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (1,608 | ) |  |  | (560 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,168 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 425,081 |  |  | $ | 215,400 |  |  | $ | 198,386 |  |  | $ | 838,867 |

Intangible assets consist of the following as of the respective period-ends:

|  | Weighted |  | Weighted |  | At December 31, 2021 |
|  | Average |  | Average |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  | Remaining |  | Amortization |  | Carrying |  |  | Accumulated |
($ in thousands) |  | Useful Life |  | Period |  | Amount |  |  | Amortization |
Trademarks |  | 0.5 years |  | 3.7 years |  | $ | 36,225 |  |  | $ | 31,429 |
Non-compete agreements |  | 1.0 years |  | 5.0 years |  |  | 62,555 |  |  |  | 49,982 |
Customer relationships |  | 6.5 years |  | 9.3 years |  |  | 561,767 |  |  |  | 167,255 |
Developed technology |  | 2.2 years |  | 5.8 years |  |  | 202,768 |  |  |  | 127,350 |
Gross carrying value of intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 863,315 |  |  | $ | 376,016 |
Less: accumulated amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  | (376,016 | ) |  |  |
Intangible assets, net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 487,299 |  |  |  |

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|  | Weighted |  | Weighted |  | At December 31, 2020 |
|  | Average |  | Average |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  | Remaining |  | Amortization |  | Carrying |  |  | Accumulated |
($ in thousands) |  | Useful Life |  | Period |  | Amount |  |  | Amortization |
Trademarks |  | 0.3 years |  | 3.0 years |  | $ | 32,223 |  |  | $ | 29,358 |
Non-compete agreements |  | 2.0 years |  | 5.0 years |  |  | 62,589 |  |  |  | 37,412 |
Customer relationships |  | 5.9 years |  | 8.9 years |  |  | 367,512 |  |  |  | 123,784 |
Developed technology |  | 2.3 years |  | 5.5 years |  |  | 166,217 |  |  |  | 95,848 |
Gross carrying value of intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 628,541 |  |  | $ | 286,402 |
Less: accumulated amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  | (286,402 | ) |  |  |
Intangible assets, net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 342,139 |  |  |  |

Amortization expense was $89.9 million, $93.5 million and $92.8 million for fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense in future years is expected to be:

($ in thousands) |  |  |
2022 |  | $ | 106,360 |
2023 |  |  | 77,609 |
2024 |  |  | 67,117 |
2025 |  |  | 64,419 |
2026 |  |  | 57,617 |
Thereafter |  |  | 114,177 |
Total |  | $ | 487,299 |

7.
Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following at December 31:

($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Accrued salaries and wages |  | $ | 15,744 |  |  | $ | 4,432 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 5,760 |  |  |  | 3,179 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 4,209 |  |  |  | 170 |
Restricted cash due to customers |  |  | 3,062 |  |  |  | 633 |
Advanced deposits payable |  |  | 2,554 |  |  |  | 2,922 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | 1,517 |  |  |  | 419 |
Payroll liabilities |  |  | 1,876 |  |  |  | 1,755 |
Other |  |  | 3,713 |  |  |  | 1,377 |
Total accrued liabilities |  | $ | 38,435 |  |  | $ | 14,887 |

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8.
Asset Retirement Obligation

The following summarizes the changes in the Company’s asset retirement obligation for the years ended December 31:

($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Asset retirement obligation, beginning balance |  | $ | 6,409 |  |  | $ | 6,309 |
Liabilities incurred (a) |  |  | 5,210 |  |  |  | 133 |
Accretion expense |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | 259 |
Liabilities settled |  |  | (103 | ) |  |  | (292 | )
Asset retirement obligation, ending balance |  | $ | 11,824 |  |  | $ | 6,409 |

(a) This includes $3.9 million of asset retirement obligations assumed as part of the Redflex acquisition, and a $1.2 million increase resulting from a change in estimate for the impact of inflation.

9.
Long-term Debt

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s long-term debt at December 31:

($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
2021 Term Loan, due 2028 |  | $ | 895,125 |  |  | $ | — |
Senior Notes, due 2029 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  |  | — |
PPP Loan |  |  | 2,933 |  |  |  | — |
2018 Term Loan |  |  | — |  |  |  | 865,642 |
Revolver |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | — |
Less: original issue discounts |  |  | (6,753 | ) |  |  | (3,952 | )
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs |  |  | (22,551 | ) |  |  | (19,645 | )
Total long-term debt |  |  | 1,243,754 |  |  |  | 842,045 |
Less: current portion of long-term debt |  |  | (36,952 | ) |  |  | (9,104 | )
Total long-term debt, net of current portion |  | $ | 1,206,802 |  |  | $ | 832,941 |

The following table pres ents the aggregate principal and interest payments in future years on long-term debt as of December 31, 2021:

($ in thousands) |  | Principal |  |  | Interest (2) |
2022 (1) |  | $ | 34,019 |  |  | $ | 51,859 |
2023 |  |  | 9,019 |  |  |  | 51,508 |
2024 |  |  | 9,019 |  |  |  | 51,266 |
2025 |  |  | 9,019 |  |  |  | 50,849 |
2026 |  |  | 9,019 |  |  |  | 50,519 |
Thereafter |  |  | 1,200,030 |  |  |  | 82,296 |
Total |  | $ | 1,270,125 |  |  | $ | 338,297 |

(1) This excludes $2.9 million principal related to the PPP Loan that is expected to be forgiven, as discussed below.

(2) The variable interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2021, was used to calculate interest payments for the 2021 Term Loan and the Revolver borrowings.

2021 Term Loan and Senior Notes

In March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc., the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, entered into an Amendment and Restatement Agreement No.1 to the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “2021 Term Loan”) with a syndicate of lenders. The 2021 Term Loan has an aggregate borrowing of $650 million, maturing on March 26, 2028, and an accordion feature providing for an additional $250 million of term loans, subject to satisfaction of certain requirements. In connection with the 2021 Term Loan, the Company had an offering discount cost of $3.3 million and

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$0.7 million of deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan.

In addition, in March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc. issued an aggregate principal amount of $350 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”), due on April 15, 2029. In connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes, the Company incurred $5.7 million in lender and third-party costs, which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Senior Notes.

The net proceeds from both the 2021 Term Loan and the Senior Notes received in March 2021 were used to repay in full all outstanding debt which was represented by the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (as amended, the “2018 Term Loan”) with a balance of $865.6 million.

On December 7, 2021, VM Consolidated Inc, entered into an agreement to exercise the accordion feature under the 2021 Term Loan, borrowing $250 million in incremental term loans (“Incremental Term Loan”). The proceeds from the Incremental Term Loan were used, along with cash on hand, to fund the acquisition of T2 Systems, including repaying in full all outstanding debt for T2 Systems. In connection w ith the Incremental Term Loan, the Company had an offering discount cost of $1.3 million and $3.8 million of deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan. The Incremental Term Loan accrued interest from the date of borrowing until December 31, 2021, at which time, it was combined with the 2021 Term Loan to be a single tranche of term loan borrowings. The total principal outstanding under the 2021 Term Loan, which includes the Incremental Term Loan, was $895.1 million at December 31, 2021.

The 2021 Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the amount initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. It bears interest based, at the Company’s option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. As of December 31, 2021, the interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 3.6%.

In addition, the 2021 Term Loan requires mandatory prepayments equal to the product of the excess cash flows of the Company (as defined in the 2021 Term Loan agreement) and the applicable prepayment percentages (calculated as of the last day of the fiscal year, beginning with the year ending December 31, 2022), as set forth in the following table:

Consolidated First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (As Defined by the 2021 Term Loan Agreement) |  | Applicable Prepayment Percentage
> 3.70:1.00 |  | 50%
< 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00 |  | 25%
< 3.20:1.00 |  | 0%

Interest on the Senior Notes is fixed at 5.50% per annum and is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year (beginning on October 15, 2021). On or after April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem all or a portion of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices set forth below in percentages by year, plus accrued and unpaid interest:

Year |  | Percentage
2024 |  | 102.750%
2025 |  | 101.375%
2026 and thereafter |  | 100.000%

In addition, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes before April 15, 2024, with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings.

The Company evaluated the March 2021 refinancing transactions on a lender-by-lender basis and accounted for the portion of the transaction that did not meet the accounting criteria for debt extinguishment as a debt modification. Accordingly, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $5.3 million on the 2018 Term Loan during the year ended December 31, 2021, consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the new 2021 Term Loan.

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PPP Loan

During fiscal year 2020, Redflex received a loan from the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) as part of the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP Loan”) to offset certain employment and other allowable costs incurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. At December 31, 2021, the loan amount outstanding was $2.9 million and is payable within a year, and is included in the current portion of long-term debt. In early 2021, Redflex applied for forgiveness of this loan and, as of December 31, 2021, was still awaiting approval from the SBA.

The Revolver

The Company has a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) with a commitment of up to $75 million available for loans and letters of credit. The Revolver matures on December 20, 2026. Borrowing eligibility under the Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The Revolver bears interest on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) LIBOR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on the Company’s average availability to borrow under the commitment. At December 31, 2021, the Company had $25.0 million in outstanding borrowings on the Revolver, which was repaid in full in January 2022.

Interest on the unused portion of the Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375% and the Company is also required to pay participation and fronting fees at 1.38% on $6.2 million of outstanding letters of credit as of December 31, 2021.

All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. At December 31, 2021, the Company was compliant with all debt covenants. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are pledged as collateral to secure the Company’s indebtedness under the 2021 Term Loan and the Revolver.

Interest Expense

The Company recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of $44.9 million, $40.9 million and $60.7 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 respectively.

The weighted average effective interest rates on the Company’s outstanding borrowings were 4.1% and 3.4% at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

10.
Leases

The Company’s operating leases primarily consist of office and equipment leases expiring at various dates through April 2035. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components and has elected to account for such components as a single lease component. The Company recognizes and measures contracts containing a lease and determines lease classification at commencement. Right of use operating assets and lease liabilities are measured based on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company used its estimated incremental borrowing rate when the rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined. The estimated incremental borrowing rate is based upon information available at lease commencement including publicly available data for debt instruments. The lease term includes periods covered by options to extend when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise such options as well as periods subsequent to an option to terminate the lease if it is reasonably certain the Company will not exercise the termination option. Certain of the lease agreements have rent abatement and escalating rental payment provisions. Operating lease costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease costs are recognized as incurred. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or

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material restrictive covenants. The Company does not have material short-term leases and does not engage in subleasing activities.

As of December 31, 2021, operating leases ha ve a remaining weighted average lease term of 9.5 years and operating lease liabilities were measured using a weighted average discount rate of 4.9%. T he total operating lease costs for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $7.5 million, $5.3 million and $5.7 million, respectively. Variable lease costs for fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $1.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. Finance leases for the Company are immaterial.

The following is a summary of the operating lease liabilities as of December 31:

($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  | $ | 34,984 |  |  | $ | 27,986 |
Current portion |  |  | 5,760 |  |  |  | 3,179 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 40,744 |  |  | $ | 31,165 |

The following provides future maturities of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021:

($ in thousands) |  |  |
2022 |  | $ | 7,361 |
2023 |  |  | 6,731 |
2024 |  |  | 6,264 |
2025 |  |  | 4,794 |
2026 |  |  | 4,324 |
Thereafter |  |  | 23,498 |
Total minimum payments |  |  | 52,972 |
Less: amount representing interest |  |  | (12,228 | )
Total |  | $ | 40,744 |

11.
Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method.

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The components of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share are as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | (4,578 | ) |  | $ | 17,076 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares - basic |  |  | 159,983 |  |  |  | 161,632 |  |  |  | 157,890 |
Common stock equivalents |  |  | 3,795 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,190 |
Weighted average shares - diluted |  |  | 163,778 |  |  |  | 161,632 |  |  |  | 160,080 |
Net income (loss) per share - basic |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | (0.03 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Net income (loss) per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | (0.03 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Antidilutive shares excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingently issuable shares (1) |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 7,500 |
Public warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,333 |  |  |  | — |
Private placement warrants |  |  | 6,667 |  |  |  | 6,667 |  |  |  | 6,667 |
Non-qualified stock options |  |  | 1,018 |  |  |  | 614 |  |  |  | — |
Performance share units |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 432 |  |  |  | 2,203 |  |  |  | 3,004 |
Total antidilutive shares excluded |  |  | 13,247 |  |  |  | 27,923 |  |  |  | 17,171 |

(1) Contingently issuable shares relate to the earn-out agreement as discussed in Note 16, Re lated Party Transactions.

12.
Income Taxes

In December 2019, COVID-19 emerged and spread throughout the world causing severe disruption to the global economy. In March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was signed into law after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. There were several income tax provisions and other non-tax matters incorporated into law as a result of the enactment of the CARES Act. The Company applied certain articles of the CARES Act in the income tax provision, including the increased interest deduction allowed up to 50 percent of adjusted taxable income for tax years 2019 and 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company deducted an additional $4.7 million in interest expense in the 2019 federal income tax return as a result of the increased adjusted taxable income limitation. In addition, the Company elected to delay the employer-side of the FICA payments until 2021 as provided under the CARES Act, which were paid on September 15, 2021.

Income before income taxes consisted of:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |
U.S. |  | $ | 77,101 |  |  | $ | 6,429 |  |  | $ | 33,655 |  |
Foreign |  |  | (9,200 | ) |  |  | (5,576 | ) |  |  | (2,998 | ) |
Total income before incomes taxes |  | $ | 67,901 |  |  | $ | 853 |  |  | $ | 30,657 |  |

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The income tax provision consisted of the following items:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Current |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 25,361 |  |  | $ | 4,169 |  |  | $ | 16,901 |
State |  |  | 10,523 |  |  |  | 5,399 |  |  |  | 7,316 |
Foreign |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | 673 |
Total current |  |  | 36,044 |  |  |  | 10,220 |  |  |  | 24,890 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | (7,434 | ) |  |  | (1,308 | ) |  |  | (8,542 | )
State |  |  | (1,627 | ) |  |  | (2,615 | ) |  |  | (2,092 | )
Foreign |  |  | (531 | ) |  |  | (866 | ) |  |  | (675 | )
Total deferred |  |  | (9,592 | ) |  |  | (4,789 | ) |  |  | (11,309 | )
Income tax provision |  | $ | 26,452 |  |  | $ | 5,431 |  |  | $ | 13,581 |

A reconciliation to the income tax provision from the amounts computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate is as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Income tax provision at statutory rate |  | $ | 14,259 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 6,438 |
State income taxes, net of federal income tax effect |  |  | 6,748 |  |  |  | 1,188 |  |  |  | 2,360 |
Tax rate changes/ valuation of deferred tax items |  |  | 586 |  |  |  | 1,353 |  |  |  | 998 |
162(m) limitation |  |  | 1,325 |  |  |  | 1,179 |  |  |  | 1,289 |
Non-deductible expenses |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 1,786 |  |  |  | 450 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | (752 | ) |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (716 | )
Unrecognized tax benefits |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | (929 | ) |  |  | (741 | )
Tax impact for change in fair value of warrants |  |  | 1,596 |  |  |  | 237 |  |  |  | 3,416 |
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | 1,435 |  |  |  | 924 |  |  |  | 317 |
Non-deductible transaction costs |  |  | 1,078 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 270 |
Research and development credits |  |  | (125 | ) |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | (232 | )
Other |  |  | (46 | ) |  |  | (346 | ) |  |  | (268 | )
Total income tax provision |  | $ | 26,452 |  |  | $ | 5,431 |  |  | $ | 13,581 |

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Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities consist of the following at December 31:

($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other |  | $ | 7,334 |  |  | $ | 1,027 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  | 4,927 |  |  |  | 4,838 |
Net operating loss carryforward |  |  | 18,193 |  |  |  | 3,626 |
Interest expense limitation carryforward |  |  | 5,935 |  |  |  | 1,070 |
Federal and state income tax credits |  |  | 5,295 |  |  |  | 1,132 |
ASC 842 operating lease liabilities |  |  | 9,578 |  |  |  | 8,679 |
Transaction costs |  |  | 446 |  |  |  | 319 |
Other |  |  | 1,042 |  |  |  | 1,210 |
Gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 52,750 |  |  |  | 21,901 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (3,785 | ) |  |  | (3,422 | )
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance |  |  | 48,965 |  |  |  | 18,479 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets and transaction costs |  |  | (62,116 | ) |  |  | (16,358 | )
Property and equipment |  |  | (13,562 | ) |  |  | (10,285 | )
Financing costs |  |  | (3,077 | ) |  |  | (3,730 | )
Prepaid assets |  |  | (1,235 | ) |  |  | (957 | )
ASC 842 operating lease assets |  |  | (9,104 | ) |  |  | (8,297 | )
481(a) adjustment, net |  |  | (857 | ) |  |  | — |
Gross deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (89,951 | ) |  |  | (39,627 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities, net |  | $ | (40,986 | ) |  | $ | (21,148 | )

In accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The realization of deferred tax assets can be affected by, among other things, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, the Company’s experience with utilizing operating losses and tax credit carryforwards by jurisdiction, and tax planning alternatives and strategies that may be available.

The Company performed an analysis of the reversal of the deferred tax assets and considered the overall business environment, historical earnings and the outlook for future years. The Company determined that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized as of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and as such provided a valuation allowance of $3.8 m illion and $3.4 million, respectively. The valuation allowance could be adjusted in future periods if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present.

The net operating loss carryforwards represent $158.7 million and $31.1 million of federal, state and foreign net operating losses at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The federal net operating loss carryforward at December 31, 2021 consists of $12.1 million of losses that were generated prior to 2018 and will expire by 2036 if not previously utilized and $26.0 million of losses that were generated after 2017 with no expiration date. The Company also has certain tax credits of $6.4 million and $1.5 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which if unused will begin to expire in 2025.

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The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31:

($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Balance at the beginning of the year |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | 1,735 |
Increases/(decreases) related to current year tax positions |  |  | 447 |  |  |  | 126 |
Increases/(decreases) related to prior year tax positions |  |  | 1,478 |  |  |  | 299 |
Expiration due to statute of limitations |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,207 | )
Balance at the end of the year |  | $ | 2,878 |  |  | $ | 953 |

Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 202 1 were $1.7 millio n of tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. The Company does not expect its unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. The Company recognized less than $0.1 million for fiscal year 2021 and $1.0 million for fiscal year 2020, in interest and penalties. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had accrued interest and penalties of less than $0.1 million at the end of both periods. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions by recognizing the financial statement effects of a tax position only when, based on technical merits, it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained under examination.

The Company is subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and taxing authorities in various states. The Company files U.S. federal and various foreign income tax returns which are subject to examination by the taxing authorities in the respective jurisdictions, generally for three or four years after they are filed. The Company’s state income tax returns are generally no longer subject to income tax examination by tax authorities prior to 2017; however, the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards and research credit carryforwards arising prior to that year are subject to adjustment. The Company is currently under audit by various state tax jurisdictions for the years 2018 and 2019, however, no material adjustments are anticipated. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of tax deficiencies in each of the tax jurisdictions and, accordingly, makes appropriate adjustments to the tax provision as deemed necessary.

13.
Stockholders’ Equity

The Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 261,000,000 shares of capital stock, consisting of (i) 260,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, and (ii) 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, each at par value of $0.0001 per share. The outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

The Company authorized a share repurchase program during the third quarter of 2021 as discussed below in Note 16, Related Party Transactions.

14.
Equity Incentive Plan

In October 2018, the Company established the Verra Mobility 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) which provides for a variety of stock-based awards including restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance share units (“PSUs”) and non-qualified stock options to employees and non-employee directors. The maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock that may be subject to awards under the 2018 Plan was 10,864,000 as of December 31, 2021, subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the 2018 Plan. At December 31, 2021, the Company had an aggregate of 4,809,837 shares of common stock available for future grants under the 2018 Plan.

RSUs and PSUs

The Company’s RSUs consist of a right to receive shares on one or more vesting dates in the future. RSUs granted to employees vest ratably over four years from their individual award dates, subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting dates. RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest on the earlier of (a) the first anniversary of the vesting start date, or (b) the date immediately prior to the next annual stockholders meeting held by the Company occurring after the date of grant.

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The Company grants PSUs to senior executives which consist of a right to receive shares at the end of a three-year period. PSUs are issued upon continued service along with the relative satisfaction of a market condition that measures the Company’s total stockholder return relative to a comparably calculated return for a peer group during the performance period. The level at which the performance condition is attained upon the completion of the performance period determines the actual number of shares of the Class A Common Stock into which the PSUs will be converted. The conversion percentage ranges from 0% up to 150% of the target level.

The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s RSUs and PSUs:

|  | RSUs |  |  | PSUs |
|  | Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 4,437 |  |  | $ | 10.13 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Granted |  |  | 400 |  |  | $ | 11.32 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Vested |  |  | (953 | ) |  | $ | 10.13 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forfeited |  |  | (880 | ) |  | $ | 10.17 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 3,004 |  |  | $ | 10.28 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Granted |  |  | 576 |  |  | $ | 12.12 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  | $ | 13.88 |
Vested |  |  | (986 | ) |  | $ | 10.35 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forfeited |  |  | (391 | ) |  | $ | 10.74 |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  | $ | 13.88 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 2,203 |  |  | $ | 10.64 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  | $ | 13.88 |
Granted |  |  | 736 |  |  | $ | 14.12 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  | $ | 16.28 |
Vested |  |  | (1,018 | ) |  | $ | 10.41 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forfeited |  |  | (229 | ) |  | $ | 13.40 |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  | $ | 16.97 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,692 |  |  | $ | 11.92 |  |  |  | 229 |  |  | $ | 15.07 |

The fair value of RSUs vested during fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $10.6 million, $10.2 million and $9.7 million, respectively. There were no PSUs that vested to date. As of December 31, 2021, we had $15.6 million and $2.0 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs and PSUs, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years.

Stock Options

During fiscal years 2020 and 2021, the Company granted stock options that vest ratably over four years from their individual award dates, subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting dates, with a contractual term of ten year s. The Company did not grant stock options during fiscal year 2019. The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s stock options:

|  | Stock Options Outstanding |
|  | Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($ in thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 720 |  |  | $ | 12.56 |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (106 | ) |  | $ | 12.56 |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 614 |  |  | $ | 12.56 |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 731 |  |  | $ | 13.95 |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (12 | ) |  | $ | 12.62 |  |  |  |  | $ | 36 |
Forfeited |  |  | (170 | ) |  | $ | 14.29 |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,163 |  |  | $ | 13.18 |  |  | 8.7 years |  | $ | 2,636 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 141 |  |  | $ | 12.55 |  |  | 8.2 years |  | $ | 407 |
Unvested and expected to vest at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,022 |  |  | $ | 13.26 |  |  | 8.8 years |  | $ | 2,229 |

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The weighted average fair value of options granted in fiscal year 2020 and 2021 was $4.36 and $6.47, respectively. There were 141,218 stock options that vested in fiscal year 2021 with a total fair value of $0.6 million. There were no stock options that vested in fiscal year 2020. The Company rece ived approximately $0.2 million related to stock options exercised during fiscal year 2021. As of December 31, 2021, we had $4.4 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years.

The following details the components of stock-based compensation for the respectiv e periods:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Operating expenses |  | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 837 |  |  | $ | 819 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 12,969 |  |  |  | 11,752 |  |  |  | 9,193 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 13,784 |  |  | $ | 12,589 |  |  | $ | 10,012 |

Tax benefits attributable to stock-based compensation represented approximately $4.6 million, $2.9 million and $3.4 million, before limitations under section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

15.
Employee Benefit Plan

The Company has a 401(k) plan that covers U.S. employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. Covered employees may elect to have a portion of their compensation withheld up to the statutory limit. The 401(k) plan includes a company match that vests immediately. The Company made employer contributions of $1.9 million, $1.7 million and $1.7 million during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company also makes superannuation contributions for eligible non-U.S. based employees in accordance with the employer contribution rate set by the applicable country. The expense related to these contributions was $1.1 million during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

16.
Related Party Transactions

Tax Receivable Agreement

At the closing of the Business Combination, the Company entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement (“Tax Receivable Agreement”) with PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC (the “Platinum Stockholder”). The Tax Receivable Agreement generally provides for the payment to the Platinum Stockholder of 50% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the Company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination as a result of the increased tax basis of certain acquired intangibles prior to the Business Combination. The Company generally retains the benefit of the remaining 50% of these cash savings. The Company estimated the potential maximum benefit to be paid will be approximately $70.0 million, and recorded an initial liability and corresponding charge to equity at the closing of the Business Combination. Subsequently, the Company made adjustments to this amount.

At December 31, 2021, the Tax Receivable Agreement liability was approximately $61.7 million of which $5.1 million was the current portion and $56.6 million was the non-current portion, both of which are included in the respective payable to the related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement line items on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company made a $4.8 million payment during the first quarter of 2021 and a $5.1 million payment during the fourth quarter of 2021 related to tax years 2019 and 2020, respectively.

98

The Company recorded a $1.0 million tax benefit in fiscal year 2021, a $6.8 million tax expense in fiscal year 2020 and a $0.1 million tax benefit in fiscal year 2019. The Tax Receivable Agreement liability adjustment in 2021 is a result of lower estimated state tax rates due to changes in apportionment, whereas in 2020 it is a result of higher state tax rates due to changes in apportionment.

Earn-Out Agreement

Under the Merger Agreement, the Platinum Stockholder is entitled to receive additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Shares”) if the volume weighted average closing sale price of one share of Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq exceeds certain thresholds for a period of at least 10 days out of 20 consecutive trading days at any time during the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination (the “Common Stock Price”).

The Earn-Out Shares are issued by the Company to the Platinum Stockholder as follows:

Common Stock Price Thresholds |  | One-time Issuance of Shares
> $13.00 (a) |  | 2,500,000
> $15.50 (a) |  | 2,500,000
> $18.00 |  | 2,500,000
> $20.50 |  | 2,500,000

(a)
The first and second tranches of Earn-Out Shares have been issued, as discussed below.

If any of the Common Stock Price thresholds above (each, a “Triggering Event”) are no t achieved within the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company will not be required to issue the Earn-Out Shares in respect of such Common Stock Price threshold. In no event shall the Platinum Stockholder be entitled to receive more than an aggregate of 10,000,000 Earn-Out Shares.

If, during the earn-out period, there is a change of control (as defined in the Merger Agreement) that will result in the holders of our Class A Common Stock receiving a per share price equal to or in excess of the applicable Common Stock Price required in connection with any Triggering Event (an “Acceleration Event”), then immediately prior to the consummation of such change of control: (a) any such Triggering Event that has not previously occurred shall be deemed to have occurred; and (b) the Company shall issue the applicable Earn-Out Shares to the cash consideration stockholders (as defined in the Merger Agreement) (in accordance with their respective pro rata cash share), and the recipients of the issued Earn-Out Shares shall be eligible to participate in such change of control.

The Company estimated the original fair value of the contingently issuable shares to be $73.15 million, of which $36.6 million remains contingently issuable as of December 31, 2021. The estimated value is not subject to future revisions during the five-year period discussed above. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to arrive at its original estimate. Each tranche was valued separately giving specific consideration to the tranche’s price target. The simulation considered volatility and risk-free rates utilizing a peer group based on a five-year term. This was initially recorded as a distribution to shareholders and was presented as common stock contingent consideration. Upon the occurrence of a Triggering Event, any issuable shares are transferred from common stock contingent consideration to common stock and additional paid-in capital accounts. Any contingently issuable shares not issued as a result of a Triggering Event not being attained by the end of earn-out period will be canceled.

99

On April 26, 2019 and on January 27, 2020, the Triggering Events for the issuance of the first and second tranches of Earn-Out Shares occurred, as the volume weighted average closing sale price per share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as of that date had been greater than $13.00 and $15.50, respectively, for 10 out of 20 consecutive trading days. These Triggering Events resulted in the issuance of an aggregate 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock to the Platinum Stockholder and an increase in the Company’s common stock and additional paid-in capital accounts of $36.6 million, with a corresponding decrease to the common stock contingent consideration account. At December 31, 2021, the potential future shares issuable pursuant to the earn-out are between zero and 5.0 million.

Platinum Stockholder Secondary Offering

On August 20, 2021, the Platinum Stockholder sold 8,000,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock in a secondary offering. On August 25, 2021, the underwriters of the secondary offering fully exercised the overallotment option granted at the time of the secondary offering to purchase an additional 1,200,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock at the secondary offering price of $14.75 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions, from the Platinum Stockholder. The Company received no proceeds from the secondary offering or the exercise of the overallotment option. The Company incurred $0.4 million in expenses related to the secondary offering consisting of professional services fees which were included in the selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Specifically, pursuant to the Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 17, 2018, the Company was required to pay, among other things, all registration and filing fees, reasonable fees and expenses of legal counsel for the Platinum Stockholder, and road show and marketing expenses. After giving effect to the secondary offering, the exercise of the overallotment option and the sale of additional shares in connection with the Company's repurchase program (discussed below), the Platinum Stockholder held approximately 5.1% of the Company’s outstanding Class A Common Stock.

Share Repurchase and Retirement

On August 9, 2021, the Company announced that its Board authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100 million of its outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. On August 20, 2021, the Company repurchased and retired 6,849,315 shares of its Class A Common Stock from the Platinum Stockholder at a price per share of $14.60, which was equal to the price at which the underwriter exercised the overallotment option for the secondary offering discussed above. The Company paid $100 million to fund the share repurchase using existing cash on hand. The Company accounted for the share repurchase and retirement under the cost method by deducting its par value from the common stock account, reducing $72.0 million in the additional paid-in-capital account using the share price when the stock was originally issued, and the remaining excess cost of $28.0 million by increasing the accumulated deficit account.

Go Safe Investment

Redflex Irish Investments Pty Ltd, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, owns a 16% non-voting equity interest in Road Safety Operations Holdings Unlimited, which has a subsidiary, Road Safety Operations Holdings T/A Go Safe Ireland ("Go Safe"), who provides speed and traffic enforcement services and related equipment to its customers in Ireland. This investment was approximately $3.7 million as of December 31, 2021, and is presented within other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company is engaged as a vendor to supply equipment and services to Go Safe and related revenues earned were approximately $0.5 million and dividend income was $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

17.
Commitments and Contingencies

The Company has issued various letters of credit under contractual arrangements with certain of its domestic vendors and customers. Outstanding letters of credit under these arrangements totaled $6.2 million and $6.3 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, the Company has $1.8 million of bank guarantees at December 31, 2021 required to support bids and contracts with certain international customers.

100

The Company has non-cancelable purchase commitments to certain vendors. The aggregate non-cancelable purchase commitments outstanding at December 31, 2021 were $36.5 million. The majority of these outstanding commitments are expected to be incurred in 2022 and approximately $2.0 million expected to be incurred in 2024.

The Company is subject to tax audits in the normal course of business and does not have material contingencies recorded related to such audits.

The Company accrues for claims and contingencies when losses become probable and reasonably estimable. As of the end of each applicable reporting period, the Company reviews each of its matters and, where it is probable that a liability has been or will be incurred, the Company accrues for all probable and reasonably estimable losses. Where the Company can reasonably estimate a range of loss it may incur regarding such a matter, the Company records an accrual for the amount within the range that constitutes its best estimate. If the Company can reasonably estimate a range but no amount within the range appears to be a better estimate than any other, the Company uses the amount that is the low end of such range.

Legal Proceedings

The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a liability when it believes it is probable a loss will be incurred, and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable, reasonably possible or remote, and as to whether a loss or a range of such loss is estimable, often involves significant judgment about future events. The Company has determined that resolution of pending matters is not probable to have a material adverse impact on its consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or financial position, and accordingly, no material contingency accruals are recorded. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability.

Brantley v. City of Gretna is a class action lawsuit filed in the 24th Judicial District Court of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana against the City of Gretna (“City”) and its safety camera vendor, Redflex Traffic Systems, Inc. in April 2016. The plaintiff class, which was certified on March 30, 2021, alleges that the City’s safety camera program was implemented and operated in violation of local ordinances and the state constitution, including that the City’s hearing process violated the plaintiffs’ due process rights for lack of a “neutral” arbiter of liability for traffic infractions. Plaintiffs seek recovery of traffic infraction fines paid. The City and Redflex Traffic Systems, Inc. have appealed the trial court’s ruling granting class certification, which remains pending. Based on the information available to the Company at present, it cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss for this action and, accordingly, it has not accrued any liability associated with this action.

HTA Settlement Agreement

During the third quarter of 2020, we entered into a Settlement and Release Agreement with the former owners of Highway Toll Administration, LLC (the “HTA Settlement Agreement”) related to certain terms in dispute for which the Company sought indemnification. In connection with the HTA Settlement Agreement, the Company recognize d a $1.4 million gain for the distribution of escrow funds and a $1.4 m illion gain for the receipt of additional proceeds from a third-party insurance carrier related to this matter, both of which were included in other income, net on the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

101

18.
Segment Reporting

The Company has three operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions. Commercial Services offers toll and violation management solutions and title and registration services to commercial fleet vehicle owners, rental car companies and violation-issuing authorities. Government Solutions implements and administers traffic safety programs and products for municipalities and local government agencies of all sizes. As a result of the acquisition of T2 Systems completed in December 2021, the Company added a new reportable segment determined based on the type of products and services offered. T2 Systems provides an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker function (“CODM”) is comprised of the Company’s CEO and certain defined representatives of the Company’s executive management team. The Company’s CODM monitors operating performance, allocates resources and deploys capital based on these three segments.

Segment performance is based on revenues and income from operations before depreciation, amortization, gain (loss) on disposal of assets, net, impairment of property and equipment, and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, income taxes and certain other transactions and is inclusive of other income, net. The tables below refer to this measure as segment profit (loss). The aforementioned items are not indicative of operating performance, and, as a result are not included in the measures that are reviewed by the CODM for the segments. Other income, net consists primarily of credit card rebates earned on the prepayment of tolling transactions and is therefore included in segment profit (loss).

The Company allocates certain corporate expenses to the three segments using several different factors depending on the item being allocated. These factors range from specific identification to headcount-based to allocate proportionately between the three segments. The corporate and other columns below include items that are not included in segment profit (loss), plus transaction expenses and other items designated by the CODM as corporate initiatives.

The Company do es not disaggregate assets by segment other than equipment installed at customer sites and automobiles, which had carrying values of $61.8 million and $2.7 million, respec tively, at December 31, 2021 and carrying values of $42.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020 all of which relate solely to the Government Solutions segment. Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets for goodwill balances by segment.

102

The following tables set forth financial information by segment for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
|  | Commercial |  |  | Government |  |  | Parking |  |  | Corporate |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | Services |  |  | Solutions |  |  | Solutions |  |  | and Other |  |  | Total |
Service revenue |  | $ | 260,899 |  |  | $ | 227,992 |  |  | $ | 3,955 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 492,846 |
Product sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 55,163 |  |  |  | 2,581 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,744 |
Total revenue |  |  | 260,899 |  |  |  | 283,155 |  |  |  | 6,536 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 550,590 |
Cost of service revenue |  |  | 3,183 |  |  |  | 1,500 |  |  |  | 654 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,337 |
Cost of product sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28,381 |  |  |  | 1,428 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,809 |
Operating expenses |  |  | 65,718 |  |  |  | 96,284 |  |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162,555 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 42,873 |  |  |  | 52,380 |  |  |  | 1,488 |  |  |  | 13,697 |  |  |  | 110,438 |
Other income, net |  |  | (10,837 | ) |  |  | (2,040 | ) |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,895 | )
Segment profit (loss) |  | $ | 159,962 |  |  | $ | 106,650 |  |  | $ | 2,431 |  |  | $ | (13,697 | ) |  | $ | 255,346 |
Segment profit (loss) |  | $ | 159,962 |  |  | $ | 106,650 |  |  | $ | 2,431 |  |  | $ | (13,697 | ) |  | $ | 255,346 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 116,753 |  |  |  | 116,753 |
Loss on disposal of assets, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 48 |
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,600 |  |  |  | 7,600 |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,016 | ) |  |  | (1,016 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,784 |  |  |  | 13,784 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,334 |  |  |  | 5,334 |
Interest expense, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44,942 |  |  |  | 44,942 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 159,962 |  |  | $ | 106,602 |  |  | $ | 2,431 |  |  | $ | (201,094 | ) |  | $ | 67,901 |

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 |
|  | Commercial |  |  | Government |  |  | Corporate |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | Services |  |  | Solutions |  |  | and Other |  |  | Total |
Service revenue |  | $ | 180,856 |  |  | $ | 155,418 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 336,274 |
Product sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,319 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,319 |
Total revenue |  |  | 180,856 |  |  |  | 212,737 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 393,593 |
Cost of service revenue |  |  | 2,562 |  |  |  | 1,405 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,967 |
Cost of product sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,573 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,573 |
Operating expenses |  |  | 52,505 |  |  |  | 62,387 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 114,892 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 40,978 |  |  |  | 34,465 |  |  |  | 2,469 |  |  |  | 77,912 |
Other income, net |  |  | (11,774 | ) |  |  | (111 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,885 | )
Segment profit (loss) |  | $ | 96,585 |  |  | $ | 85,018 |  |  | $ | (2,469 | ) |  | $ | 179,134 |
Segment profit (loss) |  | $ | 96,585 |  |  | $ | 85,018 |  |  | $ | (2,469 | ) |  | $ | 179,134 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 116,570 |  |  |  | 116,570 |
Loss on disposal of assets, net |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 274 |
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,133 |  |  |  | 1,133 |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,850 |  |  |  | 6,850 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,589 |  |  |  | 12,589 |
Interest expense, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 40,865 |  |  |  | 40,865 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 96,569 |  |  | $ | 84,760 |  |  | $ | (180,476 | ) |  | $ | 853 |

103

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 |
|  | Commercial |  |  | Government |  |  | Corporate |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | Services |  |  | Solutions |  |  | and Other |  |  | Total |
Service revenue |  | $ | 276,479 |  |  | $ | 140,244 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 416,723 |
Product sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,014 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,014 |
Total revenue |  |  | 276,479 |  |  |  | 172,258 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 448,737 |
Cost of service revenue |  |  | 3,709 |  |  |  | 1,852 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,561 |
Cost of product sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,919 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,919 |
Operating expenses |  |  | 66,916 |  |  |  | 57,905 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 124,821 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 41,384 |  |  |  | 32,696 |  |  |  | 2,220 |  |  |  | 76,300 |
Other income, net |  |  | (10,814 | ) |  |  | (278 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,092 | )
Segment profit (loss) |  | $ | 175,284 |  |  | $ | 66,164 |  |  | $ | (2,220 | ) |  | $ | 239,228 |
Segment profit (loss) |  | $ | 175,284 |  |  | $ | 66,164 |  |  | $ | (2,220 | ) |  | $ | 239,228 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 115,566 |  |  |  | 115,566 |
Loss on disposal of assets, net |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 205 |
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,267 |  |  |  | 16,267 |
Impairment of property and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,898 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,898 |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (106 | ) |  |  | (106 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,012 |  |  |  | 10,012 |
Interest expense, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 60,729 |  |  |  | 60,729 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 175,139 |  |  | $ | 60,206 |  |  | $ | (204,688 | ) |  | $ | 30,657 |

The Company primarily operates within the United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and in various other countries in Europe. Revenues from international customers for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $40.0 million, $13.3 million and $14.5 million, respectively. Revenues from Australia, United Kingdom and Canada represented $13.9 million, $16.3 million and $6.9 million, respectively for the year ended December 31, 2021. Revenues earned from goods transferred to customers at a point in time were approximately $57.7 million, $57.3 million and $32.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Property and equipment, net located in foreign countries was $14.8 million as of December 31, 2021, of which Canada represented $6.7 million and Australia represented $6.1 million. Property and equipment, net was $4.7 million as of December 31, 2020 and it was not material for any individual foreign country in which the Company operated.

19.
Guarantor/Non-Guarantor Financial Information (Unaudited)

VM Consolidated, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, is the lead borrower of the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver. VM Consolidated, Inc. is owned by the Company through a series of holding companies that ultimately end with the Company. VM Consolidated, Inc. is wholly owned by Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, which is wholly owned by Greenlight Intermediate Holding Corporation, which is wholly owned by Greenlight Holding Corporation, which is wholly owned by Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC, which is wholly owned by Verra Mobility Corporation or the Company. The principal elimination entries relate to investments in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions, including transactions with the Company’s wholly owned guarantor subsidiaries and non-guarantor subsidiaries.

During fiscal year 2021, the Company completed the acquisitions for Redflex and T2 Systems and as a result the composition of the guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries has been modified to appropriately include the respective entities. Subsidiaries with foreign operations are generally included in the combined non-guarantor subsidiaries column and subsidiaries with domestic operations are included in the combined guarantor subsidiaries column.

The following financial information presents the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021 for the Company, combined guarantor subsidiaries and combined non-guarantor subsidiaries:

104

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

at December 31, 2021

($ in thousands) |  | Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent) |  |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  |  | Non- guarantor Subsidiaries |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 65,840 |  |  | $ | 35,443 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 101,283 |
Restricted cash |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,149 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,149 |
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $12.1 million) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150,181 |  |  |  | 10,798 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 160,979 |
Unbilled receivables |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,220 |  |  |  | 4,889 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,109 |
Investment in subsidiary |  |  | 90,705 |  |  |  | 157,016 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (247,721 | ) |  |  | — |
Inventory, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,186 |  |  |  | 10,907 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,093 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,665 |  |  |  | 9,791 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,456 |
Total current assets |  |  | 90,705 |  |  |  | 433,257 |  |  |  | 71,828 |  |  |  | (247,721 | ) |  |  | 348,069 |
Installation and service parts, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,332 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,332 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 81,294 |  |  |  | 14,772 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 96,066 |
Operating lease assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,754 |  |  |  | 7,108 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,862 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 367,965 |  |  |  | 119,334 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 487,299 |
Goodwill |  |  | — |  |  |  | 684,914 |  |  |  | 153,953 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 838,867 |
Due from affiliates |  |  | 169,259 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (169,259 | ) |  |  | — |
Other non-current assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,368 |  |  |  | 4,193 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,561 |
Total assets |  | $ | 259,964 |  |  | $ | 1,622,884 |  |  | $ | 371,188 |  |  | $ | (416,980 | ) |  | $ | 1,837,056 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48,175 |  |  | $ | 19,381 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 67,556 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,170 |  |  |  | 9,971 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,141 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,569 |  |  |  | 10,866 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,435 |
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement, current portion |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,107 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,107 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36,952 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36,952 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 134,973 |  |  |  | 40,218 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 175,191 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,206,802 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,206,802 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,803 |  |  |  | 5,181 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,984 |
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement, net of current portion |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,615 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,615 |
Private placement warrant liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,466 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,466 |
Asset retirement obligation |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,799 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,824 |
Due to affiliates |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,059 |  |  |  | 143,200 |  |  |  | (169,259 | ) |  |  | — |
Deferred tax liabilities, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,470 |  |  |  | 25,054 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 47,524 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,192 |  |  |  | 494 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,686 |
Total liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,532,179 |  |  |  | 214,172 |  |  |  | (169,259 | ) |  |  | 1,577,092 |
Total stockholders' equity |  |  | 259,964 |  |  |  | 90,705 |  |  |  | 157,016 |  |  |  | (247,721 | ) |  |  | 259,964 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 259,964 |  |  | $ | 1,622,884 |  |  | $ | 371,188 |  |  | $ | (416,980 | ) |  | $ | 1,837,056 |

105

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

Year Ended December 31, 2021

($ in thousands) |  | Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent) |  |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  |  | Non- guarantor Subsidiaries |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
Service revenue |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 460,421 |  |  | $ | 32,425 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 492,846 |
Product sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 50,096 |  |  |  | 7,648 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,744 |
Total revenue |  |  | — |  |  |  | 510,517 |  |  |  | 40,073 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 550,590 |
Cost of service revenue |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,167 |  |  |  | 3,170 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,337 |
Cost of product sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,200 |  |  |  | 3,609 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,809 |
Operating expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 141,038 |  |  |  | 22,332 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 163,370 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 111,977 |  |  |  | 11,430 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 123,407 |
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 107,881 |  |  |  | 8,920 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 116,801 |
Total costs and expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 389,263 |  |  |  | 49,461 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 438,724 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 121,254 |  |  |  | (9,388 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 111,866 |
Income from equity investment |  |  | (41,449 | ) |  |  | 8,459 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,990 |  |  |  | — |
Interest expense, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44,940 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44,942 |
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,600 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,600 |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,016 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,016 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,334 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,334 |
Other income, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,919 | ) |  |  | (976 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,895 | )
Total other (income) expenses |  |  | (41,449 | ) |  |  | 53,398 |  |  |  | (974 | ) |  |  | 32,990 |  |  |  | 43,965 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 41,449 |  |  |  | 67,856 |  |  |  | (8,414 | ) |  |  | (32,990 | ) |  |  | 67,901 |
Income tax provision |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,407 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,452 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | (8,459 | ) |  | $ | (32,990 | ) |  | $ | 41,449 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,305 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,305 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | (13,764 | ) |  | $ | (32,990 | ) |  | $ | 36,144 |

106

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Year Ended December 31, 2021

($ in thousands) |  | Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent) |  |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  |  | Non- guarantor Subsidiaries |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | 41,449 |  |  | $ | (8,459 | ) |  | $ | (32,990 | ) |  | $ | 41,449 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | — |  |  |  | 107,833 |  |  |  | 8,920 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 116,753 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,170 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,170 |
Change in fair value of private placement warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,600 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,600 |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,016 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,016 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,334 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,334 |
Credit loss expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,454 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,588 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,161 | ) |  |  | 521 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,640 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,784 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,784 |
Other |  |  | — |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 308 |
Income from equity investment |  |  | (41,449 | ) |  |  | 8,459 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,990 |  |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,605 |  |  |  | 1,341 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,946 |
Unbilled receivables |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,503 | ) |  |  | (1,250 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,753 | )
Inventory, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,422 |  |  |  | (1,624 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,798 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,226 | ) |  |  | (2,871 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,097 | )
Deferred revenue |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,761 | ) |  |  | 795 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,966 | )
Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,039 |  |  |  | (743 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,296 |
Due to affiliates |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29,913 | ) |  |  | 29,913 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,789 | ) |  |  | (1,594 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,383 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 168,088 |  |  |  | 25,083 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 193,171 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired |  |  | — |  |  |  | (451,237 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (451,237 | )
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (21,451 | ) |  |  | (3,547 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24,998 | )
Cash proceeds from the sale of assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 265 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | — |  |  |  | (472,423 | ) |  |  | (3,547 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (475,970 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings on revolver |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,000 |
Borrowings of long-term debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,245,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,245,500 |
Repayment of long-term debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | (884,530 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (884,530 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,646 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,646 | )
Payment of debt extinguishment costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,066 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,066 | )
Share repurchase and retirement |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,000 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 155 |
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,691 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,691 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 268,722 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 268,722 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,383 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,383 | )
Net decrease (increase) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | — |  |  |  | (35,613 | ) |  |  | 19,153 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (16,460 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period |  |  | — |  |  |  | 104,602 |  |  |  | 16,290 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 120,892 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 68,989 |  |  | $ | 35,443 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,432 |

107

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

Year Ended December 31, 2021

|  | Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent) |  |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  |  | Non- guarantor Subsidiaries |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,786 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,786 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,913 |  |  |  | 861 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,774 |
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Additions related to asset retirement obligations, property and equipment, and other (a) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,397 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,397 |
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at year-end |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,714 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,714 |
Contingent consideration related to NuPark acquisition |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,450 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,450 |

(a) Asset retirement obligations of $3.9 million assumed as part of the Redflex acquisition are excluded from these additions.

20. Subsequent Event

On March 31, 2022, the Company notified its lenders that it was unable to file this Form 10-K within 90 days following the year ended December 31, 2021, as is required under the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes, and the Revolver. While the Company was compliant with all debt covenants at December 31, 2021, this late filing created a technical default when the filing requirement was not met; however, this did not result in an Event of Default under the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes, and the Revolver as this Annual Report on Form 10-K was filed within the 30-day cure period allowed by these agreements for late filing of annual financial statements. Refer to Note 9, Long-term Debt for additional details of the Company’s outstanding debt.

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Acco untants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Non e.

Item 9A. Control s and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that our management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Based upon their evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, due to the material weaknesses described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, due to the material weaknesses described below, management concluded that our system of internal control over financial reporting was not effective.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Material Weakness

We identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. The first material weakness related to the monitoring activities over the acquisition of Redflex Holdings Limited due to the lack of sufficient qualified accounting resources, including those with the appropriate level of technical revenue recognition knowledge, to timely identify and assess accounting implications of the revenue arrangements assumed as part of the acquisition which resulted in the incorrect application of generally accepted accounting principles, as well as insufficient oversight and review of certain related journal entries.

In addition, we identified a material weakness related to control activities over the acquisition of Redflex Holdings Limited due to the lack of sufficient qualified accounting resources to provide adequate controls over the

109

completeness and accuracy of inputs used in certain valuation and opening balance sheet adjustments recorded in connection with the business combination.

In addition, we determined we had a material weakness related to certain revenue and reporting controls because we did not design and maintain effective controls specific to a third-party application. The third-party application was utilized in performing certain control activities and used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Specifically, the third-party service organization, Vena Solutions, provided a SOC 1 Type II report that was prepared by Vena Solutions personnel who falsely asserted that it had been audited by an independent auditor. We were not made aware of this until after December 31, 2021 and were unable to design compensating controls that were contemporaneous with the relevant control activities.

The process of implementing an effective financial reporting system is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a financial reporting system that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations. We continue to evaluate and take actions to improve our internal control over financial reporting, which includes but is not limited to formalizing a monitoring control of our acquisitions, hiring additional resources to address purchase accounting control deficiencies, and implementing additional review procedures within our financial reporting process.

To remediate the material weaknesses described above, we have and will continue to hire additional resources with the sufficient technical accounting knowledge necessary to timely identify and assess accounting implications due to acquisitions. Additionally, we are implementing a process, which includes relevant controls, to independently validate revenue and reporting data used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We expect that the remediation of these material weaknesses will be completed prior to the end of 2022.

Notwithstanding the material weaknesses, management has concluded that the financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with GAAP.

In accordance with guidance issued by the SEC, registrants are permitted to exclude material business combinations from their final assessment of internal control over financial reporting for the first fiscal year in which an acquisition occurred. Our management's evaluation of internal control over financial reporting excluded the internal control activities of Redflex and T2 systems, which we acquired in June and December of 2021, respectively, as discussed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. We have included the results of Redflex and T2 Systems in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Total revenue excluded from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting represented approximately 8.2% of our consolidated total revenue in 2021. Total assets excluded from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting represented approximately 7.4% of our consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2021.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included below.

Changes in Internal Control over Financing Reporting

In June and December of 2021, we acquired Redflex and T2 Systems, respectively, both of which operated under their own set of systems and internal controls. We are working to transition Redflex’s internal control framework in 2022 and T2 Systems will continue to operate under its own set of systems and internal controls.

For the quarter ended December 31, 2021, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

110

Subsequent to December 31, 2021 and in connection with the identification of the material weaknesses discussed above, we are taking remediation steps to improve our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

111

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Of ficers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 11. Executi ve Compensation

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Ow ners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 14. Principal Accou ntant Fees and Services

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

112

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Finan cial Statement Schedules

(a)
The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
1.
Consolidated Financial Statements

The financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed in the “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

2.
Financial Statement Schedules
•
Appendix A, Schedule II – Consolidated Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Schedules not listed above are omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or notes to the consolidated financial statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

3.
Exhibits.

The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Annual Report. References under the caption “Incorporated by Reference” to exhibits or other filings indicate that the exhibit or other filing has been filed, that the indexed exhibit and the exhibit referred to are the same and that the exhibit referred to is incorporated by reference.

113

EXHIBIT INDEX

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith
2.1 |  | Merger Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2018, by and among Gores Holdings II, Inc., AM Merger Sub I, Inc., AM Merger Sub II, LLC, Greenlight Holding II Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, in its capacity as the Stockholder Representative. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 2.1 |  | June 21, 2018 |  |
2.2 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 23, 2018, by and among Gores Holdings II, Inc., AM Merger Sub I, Inc., AM Merger Sub II, LLC, Greenlight Holding II Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, in its capacity as the Stockholder Representative. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 2.2 |  | Aug. 24, 2018 |  |
2.3 |  | Scheme Implementation Agreement, dated as of January 21, 2021, by and between Verra Mobility Corporation and Redflex Holdings Limited. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 2.1 |  | Jan. 21, 2021 |  |
2.4 |  | Deed of Amendment and Consent, dated as of April 30, 2021, by and between Verra Mobility Corporation and Redflex Holdings Limited. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 2.1 |  | April 30, 2021 |  |
2.5 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 1, 2021, by and between T2 Systems Parent Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc., Project Titan Merger Sub, Inc. and Thoma Bravo Discover Fund, L.P. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 2.1 |  | Nov. 2, 2021 |  |
3.1 |  | Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Verra Mobility Corporation. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 3.1 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Verra Mobility Corporation. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 3.2 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
4.1 |  | Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate. |  | S-1 |  | 333-21503 |  | 4.2 |  | Dec. 9, 2016 |  |
4.2 |  | Specimen Warrant Certificate. |  | S-1 |  | 333-21503 |  | 4.3 |  | Dec. 9, 2016 |  |
4.3 |  | Warrant Agreement, dated January 12, 2017, between the Registrant and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 4.1 |  | Jan. 19, 2017 |  |

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4.4 |  | First Amendment to Warrant Agreement, dated January 15, 2020, by and among the Registrant, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company. |  | 10-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 4.4 |  | Mar. 2, 2020 |  |
4.5 |  | Description of Verra Mobility Corporation’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act. |  | 10-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 4.5 |  | Mar. 2, 2020 |  |
4.6 |  | Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2021, by and among VM Consolidated, Inc., the Guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association as Trustee. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 4.1 |  | Mar. 29, 2021 |  |
4.7 |  | Form of 5.5% Senior Note Due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.6). |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 4.2 |  | Mar. 29, 2021 |  |
10.1 |  | Form of Indemnity Agreement. |  | S-1 |  | 333-21503 |  | 10.7 |  | Dec. 9, 2016 |  |
10.2 |  | Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement dated October 17, 2018, by and among Verra Mobility Corporation, Gores Sponsor II LLC, Randall Bort, William Patton, Jeffrey Rea and the stockholders of Greenlight Holding II Corporation. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.2 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
10.3 |  | Investor Rights Agreement dated October 17, 2018, by and among Verra Mobility Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.3 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
10.4 |  | Tax Receivable Agreement dated October 17, 2018, by and among Verra Mobility Corporation, the persons identified as “Stockholders” on Schedule 1 thereto, and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, solely in its capacity as the stockholders’ representative thereunder. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.4 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
10.5 |  | Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of March 1, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, ATS Consolidated Inc., each of the other borrowers party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.5 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |

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10.6 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of July 24, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc. (formerly known as ATS Consolidated Inc.), each of the other borrowers party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.7 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
10.7 |  | Amendment No. 2 to Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2021, by and among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc., each of the other borrowers party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.8 |  | Amendment No. 3 to Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2021, by and among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc., each of the other borrowers party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.1 |  | Dec. 20, 2021 |  |
10.9 |  | Amendment and Restatement Agreement No. 1 to First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2021, by and among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc., American Traffic Solutions, Inc., Lasercraft, Inc. the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.1 |  | Mar. 29, 2021 |  |
10.10 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Amendment and Restatement Agreement No. 1 to First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2021, by and among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc., American Traffic Solutions, Inc., Lasercraft, Inc. the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.1 |  | Dec. 7, 2021 |  |
10.11# |  | Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2021, by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and David Roberts. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.3 |  | May 17, 2021 |  |

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10.12# |  | Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2021, by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and Patricia Chiodo. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.4 |  | May 17, 2021 |  |
10.13# |  | Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2021, by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and Rebecca Collins. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.5 |  | May 17, 2021 |  |
10.14# |  | Executive Employment Agreement by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and Steven Lalla, dated as of January 31, 2021. |  | 10-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.15 |  | Mar. 1, 2021 |  |
10.15# |  | Executive Employment Agreement by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and Craig Conti, dated as of January 29, 2022. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.16# |  | Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.17 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
10.17# |  | Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit and Agreement under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.18 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
10.18# |  | Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit and Agreement for Non-U.S. Participants under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.19 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
10.19# |  | Form of Greenlight Holding Corporation 2018 Participation Plan Termination Agreement. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.20 |  | Oct. 22, 2018 |  |
10.20# |  | Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit for Non-Employee Directors under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.30 |  | Mar. 18, 2019 |  |
10.21# |  | Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option and Agreement under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.24 |  | Mar. 2, 2020 |  |
10.22# |  | Form of Notice of Grant of Performance Share Unit and Agreement under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.26 |  | Mar. 2, 2020 |  |
10.23# |  | 2020 Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit and Agreement for Non-U.S. Participants under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.1 |  | Nov. 5, 2020 |  |
10.24# |  | Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option and Agreement for Non-U.S. Participants under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.2 |  | Nov. 5, 2020 |  |

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10.25# |  | Verra Mobility Corporation Short-Term Incentive Plan. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37979 |  | 10.1 |  | Feb. 4, 2022 |  |
10.26# |  | Verra Mobility Corporation Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
21.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
23.1 |  | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
24.1 |  | Power of Attorney (included on the signature pages herein). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

# Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

118

* This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

119

S IGNAT URES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION
Date: April 22, 2022 | By: | /s/ David Roberts
|  | David Roberts
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)

120

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints David M. Roberts and Patricia D. Chiodo, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the SEC, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or her or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done or by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated:

| Signature |  | Capacity in Which Signed |  | Date
| /s/ David Roberts |  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director |  | April 22, 2022
| David Roberts | (Principal Executive Officer) |
| /s/ Patricia D. Chiodo |  | Chief Financial Officer |  | April 22, 2022
| Patricia D. Chiodo | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |
| /s/ Patrick Byrne |  | Director |  | April 22, 2022
| Patrick Byrne |  |  |  |
| /s/ Douglas Davis |  | Director |  | April 22, 2022
| Douglas Davis |  |
| /s/ Sarah Farrell |  | Director |  | April 22, 2022
| Sarah Farrell |  |
| /s/ Michael Huerta |  | Director |  | April 22, 2022
| Michael Huerta |  |  |  |
| /s/ John Rexford |  | Director |  | April 22, 2022
| John Rexford |  |
| /s/ Cynthia Russo |  | Director |  | April 22, 2022
| Cynthia Russo |  |  |  |

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Appen dix A

Verra Mobility Corporation

Schedule II

Consolidated Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019

|  | Beginning |  |  | Charged/Credited to |  |  | Charged to Other |  |  | Charges Utilized/ |  |  | Ending |
($ in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Net Income (Loss) |  |  | Account |  |  | Write-offs |  |  | Balance |
Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 11,471 |  |  | $ | 9,588 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,921 | ) |  | $ | 12,138 |
Year Ended December 31, 2020 (1) |  |  | 8,456 |  |  |  | 14,391 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,376 | ) |  |  | 11,471 |
Year Ended December 31, 2019 |  |  | 6,221 |  |  |  | 8,100 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,684 | ) |  |  | 7,637 |
Tax Valuation Allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 3,422 |  |  | $ | 363 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,785 |
Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  |  | 2,564 |  |  |  | 858 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,422 |
Year Ended December 31, 2019 |  |  | 2,254 |  |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,564 |

(1)
This includes a $0.8 million increase to the beginning balance of allowance for credit losses as a result of adopting the credit loss standard.

122