EX-99.5 7 irt-ex995_81.htm EX-99.5

Exhibit 99.5

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Steadfast Apartment REIT, Inc. and the notes thereto. As used herein, the terms “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Steadfast Apartment REIT, Inc., a Maryland corporation.

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”) that are not historical facts (including any statements concerning investment objectives, other plans and objectives of management for future operations or economic performance, or assumptions or forecasts related thereto) are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are only predictions. We caution that forward-looking statements are not guarantees. Actual events or our investments and results of operations could differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by the use of terms such as “may,” “should,” “expect,” “could,” “intend,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “continue,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology.

The forward-looking statements included herein are based upon our current expectations, plans, estimates, assumptions and beliefs that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. One factor that could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects is the adverse effect of COVID-19 and its variants on the financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance of us and our tenants, the real estate market and the global economy and financial markets. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts us and our residents will depend on future developments, including the outbreak of new strains of the virus and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. Moreover, you should interpret many of the risks identified in this report, as well as the risks set forth above, as being heightened as a result of the ongoing and numerous adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional factors that could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects include, but are not limited to:

| • | the fact that we have had a net loss for each quarterly and annual period since inception;

| • | changes in economic conditions generally and the real estate and debt markets specifically;

| • | our ability to secure resident leases for our multifamily properties at favorable rental rates;

| • | risks inherent in the real estate business, including resident defaults, potential liability relating to environmental matters and the lack of liquidity of real estate investments;

| • | our pending merger with IRT

| • | our ability to retain our key employees;

| • | our ability to generate sufficient cash flows to pay distributions to our stockholders;

| • | the Internalization Transaction (defined herein) may not be financially beneficial to us and our stockholders and our net income and funds from operations may decrease as a result of the Internalization Transaction;

| • | legislative or regulatory changes (including changes to the laws governing the taxation of real estate investment trusts, or REITs);

| • | the impact of severe weather events;

| • | the availability of capital;

| • | changes in interest rates; and

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Exhibit 99.5

| • | changes to generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP.

Any of the assumptions underlying forward-looking statements could be inaccurate. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report. All forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this Quarterly Report and the risk that actual results will differ materially from the expectations expressed in this Quarterly Report will increase with the passage of time. Except as otherwise required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date of this Quarterly Report, whether as a result of new information, future events, changed circumstances or any other reason. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report, the inclusion of such forward-looking statements should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the objectives and plans set forth in this Quarterly Report will be achieved.

All forward looking statements included herein should be read in connection with the risks identified in the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, on March 12, 2021.

Overview

We were formed on August 22, 2013, as a Maryland corporation that elected to be taxed as, and qualifies as, a REIT. As of June 30, 2021, we owned and managed a diverse portfolio of 70 multifamily properties comprised of 21,936 apartment homes and three parcels of land held for the development of apartment homes. We may acquire additional multifamily properties or pursue multifamily development projects in the future.

Agreement and Plan of Merger

On July 26, 2021, we and Steadfast Apartment REIT Operating Partnership, L.P. our subsidiary operating partnership, or the Operating Partnership, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Independence Realty Trust, Inc., or IRT, IRT’s operating partnership, Independence Realty Operating Partnership, LP, or IRT OP, and IRSTAR Sub, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of IRT, or IRT Merger Sub.

On the terms, and subject to the conditions of, the Merger Agreement, we will merge with and into IRT Merger Sub, which is referred to herein as the “Company Merger”, with IRT Merger Sub surviving the Company Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of IRT; and immediately thereafter, the Operating Partnership will merge with and into IRT OP, or the Partnership Merger, and, together with the Company Merger, the “IRT Mergers”, with IRT OP surviving the Partnership Merger.

In the Company Merger, each outstanding share of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, will be converted automatically into the right to receive 0.905, or the Exchange Ratio, of a newly issued share of IRT common stock, par value $0.01 per share, or the IRT common stock.

In the Partnership Merger, each outstanding unit of limited partnership of the Operating Partnership will be converted into the right to receive the Exchange Ratio of a newly issued common unit of limited partnership of IRT OP, or the IRT common unit. Under the agreement of limited partnership of IRT OP, IRT common unitholders may generally tender their IRT common units, in whole or in part, to IRT OP for redemption for a cash amount based on the then-market price of an equivalent number of shares of IRT common stock, and IRT may thereupon elect, at its option, to satisfy the redemption by issuing one share of IRT common stock for each IRT common unit tendered for redemption.

Pursuant to the IRT Mergers, our stockholders will receive, in aggregate, in exchange for their shares of common stock, approximately, 99.8 million shares of IRT common stock and limited partners in our Operating Partnership will receive, in aggregate, in exchange for their operating partnership units, approximately 6.4 million IRT OP common units.

Consummation of the IRT Mergers is subject to customary closing conditions, including, among others, receipt of IRT stockholder approval and approval of our stockholders, and is expected to occur in the fourth quarter of 2021. For more information on the Mergers, see our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 26, 2021.

In connection with the approval of the IRT Mergers, on July 26, 2021, we announced that our board of directors, including all of our independent directors, voted to terminate our distribution reinvestment plan and the share repurchase plan, each

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Exhibit 99.5

termination effective as of the effective time of the Company Merger. Our board of directors, including all of our independent directors, also voted to suspend (1) the distribution reinvestment plan, effective as of the 10th day after notice is provided to stockholders and (2) indefinitely suspend the share repurchase plan, effective as of 30th day after notice is provided to stockholders.

As a result of the suspension of the distribution reinvestment plan, any distributions paid after the distribution payment date in August 2021, will be paid to our stockholders in cash. We can provide stockholders with assistance on directing cash distribution payments and answering questions. The suspension of the distribution reinvestment plan will not affect the payment of distributions to stockholders who previously received their distributions in cash. In addition, as a result of the suspension of the share repurchase plan, we will not process or accept any requests for redemption received after July 26, 2021.

COVID-19 Impact

We are carefully monitoring the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business. During the quarter ended June 30, 2020, we instituted payment plans for our residents that were experiencing hardship due to COVID-19, which we refer to as the “COVID-19 Payment Plan.” Pursuant to the COVID-19 Payment Plan, we allowed qualifying residents to defer their rent, which is collected by us in monthly installment payments over the duration of the current lease or renewal term (which may not exceed 12 months). Additionally, for the months of May and June 2020, we provided certain qualifying residents with a one-time concession to incentivize their performance under the payment plan. If the qualifying resident failed to make payments pursuant to the COVID-19 Payment Plan, the concession was immediately terminated, and the qualifying resident was required to immediately repay the amount of the concession. Due to reduced demand, we did not offer residents any other payment plans during the remaining months of 2020. In the aggregate, approximately $2,043,200 in rent was subject to the COVID-19 Payment Plan, with $40,542 still due as of June 30, 2021.

In January 2021, we began offering an extension to the COVID-19 Payment Plan, or the Extension Plan, that allows eligible residents to defer their rent, which is collected by us in monthly installment payments over the lesser of the duration of the current lease term or a maximum of three months (with the exception of certain states that allow a maximum of six months deferral). Under the Extension Plan, no concessions are offered for residents with a payment plan duration of two months or less and residents who opted for the COVID-19 Payment Plan are not eligible to participate in the Extension Plan unless they paid off the amounts due under the COVID-19 Payment Plan. As of July 20, 2021, the number of qualifying residents who opted for the Extension Plan were 54 and approximately $47,000 in rent was subject to the Extension Plan.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2020, we initiated a debt forgiveness program for certain of our residents that were experiencing hardship due to COVID-19 and who were in default on their lease payments, which we refer to as the “Debt Forgiveness Program.” Pursuant to the Debt Forgiveness Program, we offered qualifying residents an opportunity to terminate the lease without being liable for any unpaid rent and penalties. We determined that accounts receivable of $2,110,657 related to the Debt Forgiveness Program are not probable of collection and therefore included these accounts in our reserve. In the aggregate, $298,576 of rent was written off as of June 30, 2021. As of June 30, 2021, approximately 55 of 323 residents that qualified for the Debt Forgiveness Program, vacated their apartment homes, terminating their lease resulting in the forgiveness and write-off of their debt. We may in the future continue to offer various types of payment plans or rent relief depending on the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we collected 96% in rent due pursuant to our leases. We collected 95% in rent due pursuant to our leases through July 20, 2021. We have reserved approximately $3,080,227 of accounts receivable which we consider not probable for collection. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has not materially impacted our rent collections, the future impact of COVID-19 is still unknown. We are currently working with residents at our communities to obtain rental relief assistance pursuant to the Emergency Rental Assistance Program adopted by the U.S. Department of Treasury.

Winter Storm

In February 2021, certain regions of the United States experienced winter storms and extreme cold temperatures, including in the states where we own and operate multifamily properties. The storms and the extreme cold temperatures resulted in power outages and freezing water pipes which negatively impacted some of our properties. Our properties are fully insured, and we expect the costs to be fully recoverable by insurance proceeds, less the plan’s deductible. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we wrote off $14,902,551 of the carrying value of our fixed assets and recorded $8,261,990 of estimated repair expenses,

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Exhibit 99.5

with a corresponding increase in general and administrative expenses and an increase in our accounts payable and accrued liabilities, of which $6,849,973 has been paid as of June 30, 2021. We also recorded insurance recoveries of $23,164,541 for the estimated insurance claims proceeds in the amount of total losses incurred (as described above) as an increase in rents and other receivables with a corresponding decrease to general and administrative expenses. As a result, while our net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was not impacted, we experienced a decrease in the carrying value of our real estate held for investment, net and increases to rents and other receivables and accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets for six months ended June 30, 2021.

Public Offering

On December 30, 2013, we commenced our initial public offering of up to 66,666,667 shares of common stock at an initial price of $15.00 per share and up to 7,017,544 shares of common stock pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan at an initial price of $14.25 per share. On March 24, 2016, we terminated our initial public offering. As of March 24, 2016, we had sold 48,625,651 shares of common stock for gross offering proceeds of $724,849,631, including 1,011,561 shares of common stock issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan for gross offering proceeds of $14,414,752. Following the termination of our initial public offering, we continue to offer shares of our common stock pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. As of June 30, 2021, we had sold 112,167,095 shares of common stock for gross offering proceeds of $1,725,738,819, including 8,537,015 shares of common stock issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan for gross offering proceeds of $128,009,661 and 56,016,053 shares of common stock issued in connection with the Mergers (as defined below).

On March 9, 2021, our board of directors determined an estimated value per share of our common stock of $15.55 as of December 31, 2020. In connection with the determination of an estimated value per share, our board of directors determined a purchase price per share for the distribution reinvestment plan of $15.55, effective April 1, 2021. In the future, our board of directors may, in its sole discretion and from time to time, change the price at which we offer shares pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan to reflect changes in our estimated value per share and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant.

Merger with Steadfast Income REIT, Inc.

On August 5, 2019, we, Steadfast Income REIT, Inc., or SIR, our Operating Partnership, Steadfast Income REIT Operating Partnership, L.P., the operating partnership of SIR, or the SIR OP, and SI Subsidiary, LLC, or SIR Merger Sub, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the SIR Merger Agreement. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the SIR Merger Agreement, on March 6, 2020, SIR merged with and into SIR Merger Sub with SIR Merger Sub surviving the merger, or the SIR Merger. Following the SIR Merger, SIR Merger Sub, as the surviving entity, continued as our wholly-owned subsidiary. In accordance with the applicable provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, the separate existence of SIR ceased.

At the effective time of the SIR Merger, each issued and outstanding share of SIR common stock (or a fraction thereof), $0.01 par value per share, converted into 0.5934 shares of our common stock.

Merger with Steadfast Apartment REIT III, Inc.

On August 5, 2019, we, Steadfast Apartment REIT III, Inc., or STAR III, our Operating Partnership, Steadfast Apartment REIT III Operating Partnership, L.P., the operating partnership of STAR III, or the STAR III OP, and SIII Subsidiary, LLC, or STAR III Merger Sub, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the STAR III Merger Agreement. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the STAR III Merger Agreement, on March 6, 2020, STAR III merged with and into STAR III Merger Sub with STAR III Merger Sub surviving the merger, or the STAR III Merger, and together with the SIR Merger, the “Mergers.” Following the STAR III Merger, STAR III Merger Sub, as the surviving entity, continued as our wholly-owned subsidiary. In accordance with the applicable provisions of the MGCL, the separate existence of STAR III ceased.

At the effective time of the STAR III Merger, each issued and outstanding share of STAR III common stock (or a fraction thereof), $0.01 par value per share, was converted into 1.430 shares of our common stock.

Combined Company

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Exhibit 99.5

Through the Mergers, we acquired 36 multifamily properties with 10,166 apartment homes and a 10% interest in one unconsolidated joint venture that owned 20 multifamily properties with a total of 4,584 apartment homes, all of which had a gross real estate value of approximately $1.5 billion. The combined company after the Mergers retained the name “Steadfast Apartment REIT, Inc.” Each merger qualified as a “reorganization” under, and within the meaning of, Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Internal Revenue Code.

Pre-Internalization Operating Partnerships Merger

On August 28, 2020, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, our Operating Partnership merged with and into the SIR OP, or the SIR OP/STAR OP Merger. The SIR OP/STAR OP Merger was treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a tax-deferred contribution by us of all of the assets and liabilities of STAR Operating Partnership to SIR OP under Section 721(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Immediately following the consummation of the SIR OP/STAR OP Merger, on August 28, 2020, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, STAR III OP merged with and into SIR OP, or the Operating Partnership Merger, and together with the SIR OP/STAR OP Merger, the Operating Partnership Mergers, with SIR OP being the “resulting partnership” and STAR III OP terminating.

On August 28, 2020, SIR OP changed its name to “Steadfast Apartment REIT Operating Partnership, L.P.”, which is referred to herein as the “Operating Partnership.” In addition, on August 28, 2020, prior to completion of the Operating Partnership Mergers, we acquired STAR III Merger Sub. On August 28, 2020, SIR Merger Sub, as the initial general partner of the Operating Partnership, transferred all of its general partnership interests to us, and we were admitted as a substitute general partner of the Operating Partnership.

On August 28, 2020, we, Steadfast Income Advisor, LLC, the initial limited partner of the Operating Partnership, or SIR Advisor, Steadfast Apartment Advisor III, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and the special limited partner of the Operating Partnership, or STAR III Advisor, Wellington VVM LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and limited partner of the Operating Partnership, or Wellington, and Copans VVM, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and limited partner of the Operating Partnership, or Copans, and together with Wellington, “VV&M”, entered into a Second Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership, or the Second A&R Partnership Agreement, in order to, among other things, reflect the consummation of the Operating Partnership Mergers.

The purpose of the pre-internalization Operating Partnership Mergers was to simplify our corporate structure so that we had a single operating partnership as our direct subsidiary.

Internalization Transaction

On August 31, 2020, we and the Operating Partnership entered into a series of transactions and agreements (such transactions and agreements hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Internalization Transaction”), with Steadfast REIT Investments, LLC, our former sponsor, or SRI, which resulted in the internalization of our external management functions provided by Steadfast Apartment Advisor, LLC, our former external advisor, which we refer to as our “Former Advisor,” and its affiliates. Prior to the Internalization Closing, which took place contemporaneously with the execution of the Contribution & Purchase Agreement (as defined below) on August 31, 2020, or the Internalization Closing, Steadfast Investment Properties, Inc., a California corporation, or SIP, Steadfast REIT Services, Inc., a California corporation, or Steadfast REIT Services, and their respective affiliates owned and operated all of the assets necessary to operate as a self-managed company, and employed all the employees necessary to operate as a self-managed company.

Pursuant to a Contribution and Purchase Agreement, between us, the Operating Partnership and SRI, SRI contributed to the Operating Partnership all of the membership interests in STAR RS Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, or SRSH, and the assets and rights necessary to operate as a self-managed company in all material respects, and the liabilities associated with such assets and rights, or the Contribution, in exchange for $124,999,000, which was paid as follows: (1) $31,249,000 in cash, or the Cash Consideration, and (2) 6,155,613.92 Class B units of limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership, or the Class B OP Units, having the agreed value set forth in the Contribution and Purchase Agreement, or the OP Unit Consideration. In addition, we purchased all of our Class A Convertible Stock held by the Former Advisor for $1,000. As a result of the Internalization Transaction, we became self-managed and acquired components of the advisory, asset management and property management operations of the Former Advisor and its affiliates by hiring the employees, who comprise the workforce necessary for the management and day-to-day real estate and accounting operations for us and the

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Exhibit 99.5

Operating Partnership. Additional information on the Internalization Transaction can be found on our Current Report in Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 3, 2020. See also Note 3 (Internalization Transaction) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report.

On July 16, 2021, we received a derivative demand letter addressed to our board of directors, purportedly sent on behalf of two stockholders, relating to the Internalization Transaction. The letter demanded that our board of directors appoint a committee to investigate the Internalization Transaction and, among other things, determine whether there exists any basis for us to pursue claims relating to that transaction, including for recovery of payments made in the transaction. We are considering the request.

The Former Advisor

Prior to the Internalization Transaction, our day-to-day operations were externally managed by the Former Advisor, pursuant to the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement effective as of March 6, 2020, by and between us and the Former Advisor, as amended, the “Advisory Agreement.” On August 31, 2020, prior to the Internalization Closing, we, the Former Advisor and the Operating Partnership entered into a Joinder Agreement pursuant to which the Operating Partnership became a party to the Advisory Agreement. On August 31, 2020, prior to the Internalization Closing, we and the Former Advisor entered into the First Amendment to Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement in order to remove certain restrictions in the Advisory Agreement related to business combinations and to provide that any amounts accrued to the Former Advisor commencing on September 1, 2020 were paid in cash to the Former Advisor by the Operating Partnership. In connection with the Internalization Transaction, STAR REIT Services, LLC, our subsidiary, or SRS, assumed the rights and obligations of the Advisory Agreement from the Former Advisor.

The Operating Partnership

Substantially all of our business is conducted through the Operating Partnership. We are the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. As a condition to the Internalization Closing, on August 31, 2020, we, as the general partner and parent of the Operating Partnership, SRI and VV&M entered into a Third Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership, which is referred to herein as the “Operating Partnership Agreement”, to restate the Second A&R Partnership Agreement in order to, among other things, remove references to the limited partner interests previously held by SIR Advisor and STAR III Advisor, reflect the consummation of the Contribution, and designate Class B OP Units that were issued as the OP Unit Consideration.

The Operating Partnership Agreement provides that the Operating Partnership will be operated in a manner that will enable us to (1) satisfy the requirements for being classified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, (2) avoid any federal income or excise tax liability and (3) ensure that the Operating Partnership will not be classified as a “publicly traded partnership” for purposes of Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code, which classification could result in the Operating Partnership being taxed as a corporation, rather than as a disregarded entity.

We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2014. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent that we distribute qualifying dividends to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and would not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year in which qualification is lost, unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Failing to qualify as a REIT could materially and adversely affect our net income and results of operations.

Market Outlook

The global COVID-19 pandemic and resulting shutdown of large components of the U.S. economy has created significant uncertainty and enhanced investment risk across many asset classes, including real estate. The degree to which our business is impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic will depend on a number of variables, including access to testing and vaccines, the reimposition of “shelter in place” orders, new strains of the virus and the continuation of new COVID-19 cases throughout the world.

While all property classes have been adversely impacted by last year’s economic downturn, we believe we are well-positioned to navigate this unprecedented period. We believe multifamily properties have been less adversely impacted than hospitality and retail properties, and our portfolio of moderate-income apartments should outperform other classes of

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Exhibit 99.5

multifamily properties. We also believe that long-run economic and demographic trends should benefit our existing portfolio. Home ownership rates should remain low. Millennials and Baby Boomers, the two largest demographic groups comprising roughly half of the total population in the United States, are expected to continue to increasingly choose rental housing over home ownership. Baby Boomers are downsizing their suburban homes and relocating to multifamily apartments while Millennials are renting multifamily apartments due to high levels of student debt and increased credit standards in order to qualify for a home mortgage. These factors should lead to continued growth as the economy recovers.

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Exhibit 99.5

Our Real Estate Portfolio

As of June 30, 2021, we owned the 70 multifamily apartment communities and three parcels of land held for the development of apartment homes listed below:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average Monthly Occupancy(1) |  | Average Monthly Rent(2)
|  | Property Name |  | Location |  | Purchase Date |  | Number of Homes |  | Purchase Price |  | Mortgage Debt Outstanding(3) |  | Jun 30, 2021 |  | Dec 31, 2020 |  | Jun 30, 2021 |  | Dec 31, 2020
1 |  | Villages at Spring Hill Apartments |  | Spring Hill, TN |  | 5/22/2014 |  | 176 |  |  | $ | 14,200,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 98.9 | % |  | 95.5 | % |  | $ | 1,120 |  |  | $ | 1,093 |
2 |  | Harrison Place Apartments |  | Indianapolis, IN |  | 6/30/2014 |  | 307 |  |  | 27,864,250 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 97.7 | % |  | 96.1 | % |  | 995 |  |  | 967 |
3 |  | The Residences on McGinnis Ferry |  | Suwanee, GA |  | 10/16/2014 |  | 696 |  |  | 98,500,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 96.3 | % |  | 95.1 | % |  | 1,379 |  |  | 1,331 |
4 |  | The 1800 at Barrett Lakes |  | Kennesaw, GA |  | 11/20/2014 |  | 500 |  |  | 49,000,000 |  |  | 40,674,187 |  |  | 98.0 | % |  | 95.4 | % |  | 1,114 |  |  | 1,089 |
5 |  | The Oasis |  | Colorado Springs, CO |  | 12/19/2014 |  | 252 |  |  | 40,000,000 |  |  | 39,543,649 |  |  | 96.4 | % |  | 94.4 | % |  | 1,455 |  |  | 1,411 |
6 |  | Columns on Wetherington |  | Florence, KY |  | 2/26/2015 |  | 192 |  |  | 25,000,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 97.9 | % |  | 95.3 | % |  | 1,205 |  |  | 1,134 |
7 |  | Preston Hills at Mill Creek |  | Buford, GA |  | 3/10/2015 |  | 464 |  |  | 51,000,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 97.4 | % |  | 96.6 | % |  | 1,230 |  |  | 1,193 |
8 |  | Eagle Lake Landing Apartments |  | Speedway, IN |  | 3/27/2015 |  | 277 |  |  | 19,200,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 96.0 | % |  | 91.3 | % |  | 870 |  |  | 826 |
9 |  | Reveal on Cumberland |  | Fishers, IN |  | 3/30/2015 |  | 220 |  |  | 29,500,000 |  |  | 20,879,557 |  |  | 97.3 | % |  | 96.8 | % |  | 1,147 |  |  | 1,125 |
10 |  | Heritage Place Apartments |  | Franklin, TN |  | 4/27/2015 |  | 105 |  |  | 9,650,000 |  |  | 8,605,842 |  |  | 95.2 | % |  | 96.2 | % |  | 1,159 |  |  | 1,132 |
11 |  | Rosemont at East Cobb |  | Marietta, GA |  | 5/21/2015 |  | 180 |  |  | 16,450,000 |  |  | 13,276,942 |  |  | 97.8 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 1,094 |  |  | 1,071 |
12 |  | Ridge Crossings Apartments |  | Hoover, AL |  | 5/28/2015 |  | 720 |  |  | 72,000,000 |  |  | 57,744,175 |  |  | 96.5 | % |  | 95.1 | % |  | 1,038 |  |  | 1,008 |
13 |  | Bella Terra at City Center |  | Aurora, CO |  | 6/11/2015 |  | 304 |  |  | 37,600,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 96.4 | % |  | 95.1 | % |  | 1,177 |  |  | 1,153 |
14 |  | Hearthstone at City Center |  | Aurora, CO |  | 6/25/2015 |  | 360 |  |  | 53,400,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 96.4 | % |  | 93.3 | % |  | 1,221 |  |  | 1,149 |
15 |  | Arbors at Brookfield |  | Mauldin, SC |  | 6/30/2015 |  | 702 |  |  | 66,800,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 94.3 | % |  | 94.7 | % |  | 932 |  |  | 901 |
16 |  | Carrington Park |  | Kansas City, MO |  | 8/19/2015 |  | 298 |  |  | 39,480,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 97.3 | % |  | 95.0 | % |  | 1,080 |  |  | 1,063 |
17 |  | Delano at North Richland Hills |  | North Richland Hills, TX |  | 8/26/2015 |  | 263 |  |  | 38,500,000 |  |  | 31,876,472 |  |  | 95.8 | % |  | 97.0 | % |  | 1,467 |  |  | 1,492 |
18 |  | Meadows at North Richland Hills |  | North Richland Hills, TX |  | 8/26/2015 |  | 252 |  |  | 32,600,000 |  |  | 26,635,748 |  |  | 92.1 | % |  | 97.2 | % |  | 1,439 |  |  | 1,417 |
19 |  | Kensington by the Vineyard |  | Euless, TX |  | 8/26/2015 |  | 259 |  |  | 46,200,000 |  |  | 33,364,644 |  |  | 96.9 | % |  | 96.5 | % |  | 1,482 |  |  | 1,470 |
20 |  | Monticello by the Vineyard |  | Euless, TX |  | 9/23/2015 |  | 354 |  |  | 52,200,000 |  |  | 40,901,065 |  |  | 98.0 | % |  | 95.2 | % |  | 1,348 |  |  | 1,315 |
21 |  | The Shores |  | Oklahoma City, OK |  | 9/29/2015 |  | 300 |  |  | 36,250,000 |  |  | 23,191,700 |  |  | 97.3 | % |  | 96.3 | % |  | 1,057 |  |  | 1,031 |
22 |  | Lakeside at Coppell |  | Coppell, TX |  | 10/7/2015 |  | 315 |  |  | 60,500,000 |  |  | 47,949,546 |  |  | 94.9 | % |  | 94.9 | % |  | 1,727 |  |  | 1,708 |
23 |  | Meadows at River Run |  | Bolingbrook, IL |  | 10/30/2015 |  | 374 |  |  | 58,500,000 |  |  | 41,429,758 |  |  | 96.0 | % |  | 95.2 | % |  | 1,456 |  |  | 1,421 |
24 |  | PeakView at T-Bone Ranch |  | Greeley, CO |  | 12/11/2015 |  | 224 |  |  | 40,300,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 92.9 | % |  | 94.2 | % |  | 1,344 |  |  | 1,340 |
25 |  | Park Valley Apartments |  | Smyrna, GA |  | 12/11/2015 |  | 496 |  |  | 51,400,000 |  |  | 48,670,737 |  |  | 97.6 | % |  | 96.4 | % |  | 1,058 |  |  | 1,051 |
26 |  | PeakView by Horseshoe Lake |  | Loveland, CO |  | 12/18/2015 |  | 222 |  |  | 44,200,000 |  |  | 38,079,007 |  |  | 98.6 | % |  | 95.5 | % |  | 1,414 |  |  | 1,396 |

8

Exhibit 99.5

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average Monthly Occupancy(1) |  | Average Monthly Rent(2)
|  | Property Name |  | Location |  | Purchase Date |  | Number of Homes |  | Purchase Price |  | Mortgage Debt Outstanding(3) |  | Jun 30, 2021 |  | Dec 31, 2020 |  | Jun 30, 2021 |  | Dec 31, 2020
27 |  | Stoneridge Farms |  | Smyrna, TN |  | 12/30/2015 |  | 336 |  |  | $ | 47,750,000 |  |  | $ | 45,400,708 |  |  | 95.2 | % |  | 94.6 | % |  | $ | 1,267 |  |  | $ | 1,239 |
28 |  | Fielder’s Creek |  | Englewood, CO |  | 3/23/2016 |  | 217 |  |  | 32,400,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 95.9 | % |  | 94.9 | % |  | 1,206 |  |  | 1,180 |
29 |  | Landings of Brentwood |  | Brentwood, TN |  | 5/18/2016 |  | 724 |  |  | 110,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 96.4 | % |  | 95.4 | % |  | 1,274 |  |  | 1,252 |
30 |  | 1250 West Apartments |  | Marietta, GA |  | 8/12/2016 |  | 468 |  |  | 55,772,500 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 97.0 | % |  | 96.4 | % |  | 1,125 |  |  | 1,051 |
31 |  | Sixteen50 @ Lake Ray Hubbard |  | Rockwall, TX |  | 9/29/2016 |  | 334 |  |  | 66,050,000 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 97.9 | % |  | 96.4 | % |  | 1,530 |  |  | 1,485 |
32 |  | Garrison Station(5) |  | Murfreesboro, TN |  | 5/30/2019 |  | 95 |  |  | 17,703,957 |  |  | 14,831,682 |  |  | 57.9 | % |  | — | % |  | 1,207 |  |  | — |
33 |  | Eleven10 @ Farmers Market |  | Dallas, TX |  | 1/28/2020 |  | 313 |  |  | 62,063,929 |  |  | 35,175,943 |  |  | 95.5 | % |  | 94.2 | % |  | 1,343 |  |  | 1,379 |
34 |  | Patina Flats at the Foundry |  | Loveland, CO |  | 2/11/2020 |  | 155 |  |  | 45,123,782 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 96.1 | % |  | 93.5 | % |  | 1,339 |  |  | 1,275 |
35 |  | Clarion Park Apartments(6) |  | Olathe, KS |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 220 |  |  | 21,121,795 |  |  | 12,637,163 |  |  | 95.0 | % |  | 93.6 | % |  | 807 |  |  | 843 |
36 |  | Spring Creek Apartments(6) |  | Edmond, OK |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 252 |  |  | 28,186,894 |  |  | 16,976,264 |  |  | 97.6 | % |  | 96.0 | % |  | 872 |  |  | 895 |
37 |  | Montclair Parc Apartment Homes(6) |  | Oklahoma City, OK |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 360 |  |  | 40,352,125 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 94.4 | % |  | 96.1 | % |  | 861 |  |  | 905 |
38 |  | Hilliard Park Apartments(6) |  | Columbus, OH |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 201 |  |  | 28,599,225 |  |  | 11,677,454 |  |  | 97.0 | % |  | 97.0 | % |  | 1,201 |  |  | 1,149 |
39 |  | Sycamore Terrace Apartments(6) |  | Terre Haute, IN |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 250 |  |  | 34,419,259 |  |  | 23,015,965 |  |  | 96.4 | % |  | 94.8 | % |  | 1,187 |  |  | 1,155 |
40 |  | Hilliard Summit Apartments(6) |  | Columbus, OH |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 208 |  |  | 31,087,442 |  |  | 14,121,206 |  |  | 97.6 | % |  | 95.7 | % |  | 1,277 |  |  | 1,260 |
41 |  | Forty 57 Apartments(6) |  | Lexington, KY |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 436 |  |  | 63,030,831 |  |  | 33,515,762 |  |  | 98.2 | % |  | 95.2 | % |  | 987 |  |  | 964 |
42 |  | Riverford Crossing Apartments(6) |  | Frankfort, KY |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 300 |  |  | 38,139,145 |  |  | 19,114,002 |  |  | 97.3 | % |  | 95.7 | % |  | 1,061 |  |  | 1,002 |
43 |  | Hilliard Grand Apartments(6) |  | Dublin, OH |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 314 |  |  | 50,549,232 |  |  | 23,793,453 |  |  | 96.5 | % |  | 94.3 | % |  | 1,306 |  |  | 1,280 |
44 |  | Deep Deuce at Bricktown(6) |  | Oklahoma City, OK |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 294 |  |  | 52,519,973 |  |  | 33,340,580 |  |  | 95.2 | % |  | 95.2 | % |  | 1,239 |  |  | 1,242 |
45 |  | Retreat at Quail North(6) |  | Oklahoma City, OK |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 240 |  |  | 31,945,162 |  |  | 13,482,796 |  |  | 97.1 | % |  | 97.1 | % |  | 982 |  |  | 986 |
46 |  | Tapestry Park Apartments(8) |  | Birmingham, AL |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 354 |  |  | 68,840,769 |  |  | 48,699,796 |  |  | 93.5 | % |  | 97.2 | % |  | 1,414 |  |  | 1,380 |
47 |  | BriceGrove Park Apartments(6) |  | Canal Winchester, OH |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 240 |  |  | 27,854,616 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 97.5 | % |  | 94.6 | % |  | 978 |  |  | 936 |
48 |  | Retreat at Hamburg Place(6) |  | Lexington, KY |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 150 |  |  | 21,341,085 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 98.0 | % |  | 97.3 | % |  | 1,051 |  |  | 1,026 |
49 |  | Villas at Huffmeister(6) |  | Houston, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 294 |  |  | 41,720,117 |  |  | 27,290,725 |  |  | 98.6 | % |  | 97.6 | % |  | 1,170 |  |  | 1,190 |
50 |  | Villas of Kingwood(6) |  | Kingwood, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 330 |  |  | 54,428,708 |  |  | 34,717,002 |  |  | 96.1 | % |  | 95.5 | % |  | 1,220 |  |  | 1,207 |
51 |  | Waterford Place at Riata Ranch(6) |  | Cypress, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 228 |  |  | 28,278,262 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 95.6 | % |  | 95.2 | % |  | 1,132 |  |  | 1,122 |
52 |  | Carrington Place(6) |  | Houston, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 324 |  |  | 42,258,525 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 96.6 | % |  | 95.7 | % |  | 1,093 |  |  | 1,059 |
53 |  | Carrington at Champion Forest(6) |  | Houston, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 284 |  |  | 37,280,704 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 96.5 | % |  | 94.7 | % |  | 1,092 |  |  | 1,103 |
54 |  | Carrington Park at Huffmeister(6) |  | Cypress, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 232 |  |  | 33,032,451 |  |  | 20,819,072 |  |  | 97.4 | % |  | 97.0 | % |  | 1,195 |  |  | 1,179 |

9

Exhibit 99.5

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average Monthly Occupancy(1) |  | Average Monthly Rent(2)
|  | Property Name |  | Location |  | Purchase Date |  | Number of Homes |  | Purchase Price |  | Mortgage Debt Outstanding(3) |  | Jun 30, 2021 |  | Dec 31, 2020 |  | Jun 30, 2021 |  | Dec 31, 2020
55 |  | Heritage Grand at Sienna Plantation(6) |  | Missouri City, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 240 |  |  | $ | 32,796,345 |  |  | $ | 14,098,517 |  |  | 96.7 | % |  | 95.4 | % |  | $ | 1,105 |  |  | $ | 1,104 |
56 |  | Mallard Crossing Apartments(6) |  | Loveland, OH |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 350 |  |  | 52,002,345 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 94.3 | % |  | 94.9 | % |  | 1,169 |  |  | 1,150 |
57 |  | Reserve at Creekside(6) |  | Chattanooga, TN |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 192 |  |  | 24,522,910 |  |  | 15,042,588 |  |  | 98.4 | % |  | 95.8 | % |  | 1,153 |  |  | 1,096 |
58 |  | Oak Crossing Apartments(6) |  | Fort Wayne, IN |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 222 |  |  | 32,391,032 |  |  | 21,569,095 |  |  | 98.6 | % |  | 94.6 | % |  | 1,050 |  |  | 1,026 |
59 |  | Double Creek Flats(6) |  | Plainfield, IN |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 240 |  |  | 35,490,439 |  |  | 23,571,744 |  |  | 97.5 | % |  | 95.8 | % |  | 1,110 |  |  | 1,075 |
60 |  | Jefferson at Perimeter Apartments(6) |  | Dunwoody, GA |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 504 |  |  | 113,483,898 |  |  | 73,020,091 |  |  | 95.0 | % |  | 96.2 | % |  | 1,355 |  |  | 1,334 |
61 |  | Bristol Village Apartments(6) |  | Aurora, CO |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 240 |  |  | 62,019,009 |  |  | 34,980,995 |  |  | 96.3 | % |  | 96.7 | % |  | 1,451 |  |  | 1,400 |
62 |  | Canyon Resort at Great Hills Apartments(6) |  | Austin, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 256 |  |  | 48,319,858 |  |  | 31,644,623 |  |  | 89.5 | % |  | 95.3 | % |  | 1,375 |  |  | 1,371 |
63 |  | Reflections on Sweetwater Apartments(6) |  | Lawrenceville, GA |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 280 |  |  | 47,727,470 |  |  | 30,837,085 |  |  | 98.2 | % |  | 97.5 | % |  | 1,168 |  |  | 1,148 |
64 |  | The Pointe at Vista Ridge(6) |  | Lewisville, TX |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 300 |  |  | 51,625,394 |  |  | 31,023,229 |  |  | 98.0 | % |  | 96.0 | % |  | 1,300 |  |  | 1,282 |
65 |  | Belmar Villas(6) |  | Lakewood, CO |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 318 |  |  | 79,351,923 |  |  | 46,819,687 |  |  | 95.6 | % |  | 94.7 | % |  | 1,362 |  |  | 1,355 |
66 |  | Sugar Mill Apartments(6) |  | Lawrenceville, GA |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 244 |  |  | 42,784,645 |  |  | 24,832,254 |  |  | 97.5 | % |  | 96.7 | % |  | 1,211 |  |  | 1,154 |
67 |  | Avery Point Apartments(6) |  | Indianapolis, IN |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 512 |  |  | 55,706,852 |  |  | 31,268,630 |  |  | 94.7 | % |  | 95.3 | % |  | 867 |  |  | 841 |
68 |  | Cottage Trails at Culpepper Landing(6) |  | Chesapeake, VA |  | 3/6/2020 |  | 183 |  |  | 34,657,950 |  |  | 23,127,034 |  |  | 98.4 | % |  | 97.8 | % |  | 1,473 |  |  | 1,410 |
69 |  | Arista at Broomfield(8) |  | Broomfield, CO |  | 3/13/2020 |  | — |  |  | 8,950,417 |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |
70 |  | VV&M Apartments |  | Dallas, TX |  | 4/21/2020 |  | 310 |  |  | 59,969,074 |  |  | 45,328,745 |  |  | 96.8 | % |  | 92.6 | % |  | 1,309 |  |  | 1,363 |
71 |  | Flatirons Apartments(9) |  | Broomfield, CO |  | 6/19/2020 |  | — |  |  | 8,989,353 |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |
72 |  | Los Robles |  | San Antonio, TX |  | 11/19/2020 |  | 306 |  |  | 51,620,836 |  |  | — |  |  | 96.4 | % |  | 90.5 | % |  | 1,272 |  |  | 1,261 |
73 |  | Ballpark Apartments at Town Madison |  | Huntsville, AL |  | 6/29/2021 |  | 274 |  |  | 77,466,685 |  |  | — |  |  | 92.7 | % |  | — | % |  | 1,438 |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,936 |  |  | $ | 3,254,370,156 |  |  | $ | 1,388,596,919 |  |  | 96.2 | % |  | 95.4 | % |  | $ | 1,198 |  |  | $ | 1,173 |

________________

(1) | As of June 30, 2021, our portfolio was approximately 98.1% leased, calculated using the number of occupied and contractually leased apartment homes divided by total apartment homes.

(2) | Average monthly rent is based upon the effective rental income for the month of June 2021 after considering the effect of vacancies, concessions and write-offs.

(3) | Mortgage debt outstanding is net of deferred financing costs, net and premiums and discounts, net associated with the loans for each individual property listed above but excludes the principal balance of $750,477,000 and associated deferred financing costs of $5,191,773 related to the refinancings pursuant to our credit facilities and revolver, each as described herein.

(4) | Properties secured under the terms of the Master Credit Facility Agreement, or MCFA, with Newmark Group Inc., formerly Berkeley Point Capital, LLC, or the Facility Lender.

10

Exhibit 99.5

(5) | We acquired the Garrison Station property on May 30, 2019, which included unimproved land, currently zoned as a planned unit development, or PUD. The current zoning permits the development of the property into a multifamily community with 176 apartment homes of 1, 2 and 3-bedrooms with a typical mix for this market. On October 16, 2019, we obtained a loan from PNC Bank, National Association, or PNC Bank, in an amount up to a maximum principal balance of $19,800,000 to finance a portion of the development and construction. As of June 30, 2021, five buildings comprised of 95 apartment homes were placed in service and were 95.7% leased, and are included within total real estate held for investment, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(6) | We acquired 36 real estate properties in the Mergers on March 6, 2020, for an aggregate purchase price of $1,575,891,924, which represents the fair value of the acquired real estate assets including capitalized transaction costs.

(7) | Properties secured under the terms of a Master Credit Facility Agreement with PNC Bank, or the PNC MCFA.

(8) | We acquired the Arista at Broomfield property on March 13, 2020, which included unimproved land, currently zoned as a PUD. The current zoning permits the development of the property into a multifamily community with 325 apartment homes of 1, 2 and 3-bedrooms with a typical mix for this market.

(9) | We acquired the Flatirons property on June 19, 2020, which included unimproved land, currently zoned as a PUD. The current zoning permits the development of the property into a multifamily community with 296 apartment homes of studio, 1 and 2-bedrooms with a typical mix for this market.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of our financial statements requires significant management judgments, assumptions and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. These judgments affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. With different estimates or assumptions, materially different amounts could be reported in our financial statements. Additionally, other companies may utilize different estimates that may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses. Our critical accounting policies are described in more detail in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 12, 2021. There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies from those reported in our Annual Report, or the Annual Report, except for the accounting policy regarding casualty loss, which is described below. With respect to these critical accounting policies, we believe that the application of judgments and assessments is consistently applied and produces financial information that fairly depicts the results of operations for all periods presented.

Casualty Loss

We carry liability insurance to mitigate our exposure to certain losses, including those relating to property damage and business interruption. We record the estimated amount of expected insurance proceeds for property damage and other losses incurred as an asset (typically a receivable from the insurer) and income up to the amount of the losses incurred when receipt of insurance proceeds is deemed probable. Any amount of insurance recovery in excess of the amount of the losses incurred is considered a gain contingency and is recorded in other income when the proceeds are received. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we incurred property damage and other losses of $23,164,541, which was recorded as general and administrative expenses, with a corresponding insurance recoveries income up to the amount of losses incurred (as described above) within general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Distributions

Our board of directors has declared daily distributions that are paid on a monthly basis. We expect to continue paying monthly distributions unless our results of operations, our general financial condition, general economic conditions or other factors prohibit us from doing so. We may declare distributions in excess of our funds from operations. As a result, our distribution rate and payment frequency may vary from time to time. However, to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, we must make distributions equal to at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income” each year.

11

Exhibit 99.5

Distributions declared (1) accrued daily to our stockholders of record as of the close of business on each day, (2) are payable in cumulative amounts on or before the third day of each calendar month with respect to the prior month and (3) were calculated at a rate of $0.002466 per share per day during the month of January 2021, which if paid each day over a 365-day period, is equivalent to $0.90 per share, and were calculated at a rate of $0.001438 per share per day commencing on February 1, 2021 through June 30, 2021, which if paid each day over a 365-day period, is equivalent to $0.525 per share.

The distributions declared and paid during the first and second fiscal quarters ended June 30, 2021, along with the amount of distributions reinvested pursuant to the distribution reinvestment plan were as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  | Distributions Paid(3) |  | Sources of Distributions Paid |  |
Period |  | Distributions Declared(1) |  | Distributions Declared Per Share(1)(2) |  | Cash |  | Reinvested |  | Total |  | Cash Flow From Operations |  | Funds Equal to Amounts Reinvested in our Distribution Reinvestment Plan |  | Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
1st Quarter 2021 |  | $ | 18,909,212 |  |  | $ | 0.161 |  |  | $ | 18,012,522 |  |  | $ | 4,600,603 |  |  | $ | 22,613,125 |  |  | $ | 4,040,865 |  |  | $ | 18,572,260 |  |  | $ | 4,040,865 |
2nd Quarter 2021 |  | 15,355,645 |  |  | 0.131 |  |  | 12,412,151 |  |  | 3,108,489 |  |  | 15,520,640 |  |  | 15,520,640 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,001,402 |
|  | $ | 34,264,857 |  |  | $ | 0.292 |  |  | $ | 30,424,673 |  |  | $ | 7,709,092 |  |  | $ | 38,133,765 |  |  | $ | 19,561,505 |  |  | $ | 18,572,260 |  |  | $ | 29,042,267 |

____________________

(1) | Distributions during the month ended January 2021 were based on daily record dates and calculated at a rate of $0.002466 per share per day. On January 12, 2021, our board of directors determined to reduce the distribution rate to $0.001438 per share per day commencing on February 1, 2021 and ending February 28, 2021, which was extended through June 30, 2021, and which if paid each day over a 365-day period is equivalent to $0.525 per share.

(2) | Assumes each share was issued and outstanding each day during the period presented.

(3) | Distributions are paid on a monthly basis. Distributions for all record dates of a given month are paid approximately three days following month end.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we paid aggregate distributions of $15,520,640 and $38,133,765, including $12,412,151 and $30,424,673 of distributions paid in cash and 199,903 and 501,978 shares of our common stock issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan for $3,108,489 and $7,709,092, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, our net loss was $13,700,912 and $28,510,475, we had funds from operations, or FFO, of $19,351,234 and $38,193,000 and net cash provided by operations of $25,001,402 and $29,042,267, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we funded $15,520,640 and $19,561,505, or 100% and 51%, of total distributions paid, including shares issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, from net cash provided by operating activities and $0 and $18,572,260, or 0% and 49%, from funds equal to our distribution reinvestment plan, respectively. Since inception, of the $324,530,825 in total distributions paid through June 30, 2021, including shares issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, 67% of such amounts were funded from cash flow from operations, 27% were funded from funds equal to amounts reinvested in our distribution reinvestment plan and 6% were funded from net public offering proceeds. For information on how we calculate FFO and the reconciliation of FFO to net loss, see “—Funds from Operations and Modified Funds from Operations.”

Our long-term policy is to pay distributions solely from cash flow from operations. Because we may receive income from interest or rents at various times during our fiscal year and because we may need cash flow from operations during a particular period to fund capital expenditures and other expenses, we expect that from time to time during our operational stage, we will declare distributions in anticipation of cash flow that we expect to receive during a later period, and we expect to pay these distributions in advance of our actual receipt of these funds. In these instances, our board of directors has the authority under our organizational documents, to the extent permitted by Maryland law, to fund distributions from sources such as borrowings or offering proceeds. We have not established a limit on the amount of proceeds we may use from sources other than cash flow from operations to fund distributions. If we pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, we will have fewer funds available for investments.

12

Exhibit 99.5

We continue to monitor the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our liquidity. Our operations could be materially negatively affected if the economic downturn is prolonged, which could adversely affect our operating results and therefore our ability to pay our distributions.

Inflation

Substantially all of our multifamily property leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally will minimize our risk from the adverse effects of inflation, although these leases generally permit residents to leave at the end of the lease term and therefore will expose us to the effects of a decline in market rents. In a deflationary rent environment, we may be exposed to declining rents more quickly under these shorter term leases.

With respect to other commercial properties, we expect in the future to include provisions in our leases designed to protect us from the impact of inflation. These provisions include reimbursement billings for operating expense pass-through charges, real estate tax and insurance reimbursements, or in some cases annual reimbursement of operating expenses above a certain allowance.

As of June 30, 2021, we had not entered into any material leases as a lessee, except for a sub-lease entered into in connection with the Internalization Transaction on September 1, 2020. See Note 10 (Related Party Arrangements) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for details.

REIT Compliance

To continue to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP) to our stockholders. We must also meet certain asset and income tests, as well as other requirements. We monitor the operations and transactions that may potentially impact our REIT status. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year following the year we initially elected to be taxed as a REIT, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We use secured borrowings, and intend to use in the future secured and unsecured borrowings. At June 30, 2021, our debt was approximately 56% of the value of our properties, as determined by the most recent valuations performed by an independent third-party appraiser as of December 31, 2020. Going forward, we expect that our borrowings (after debt amortization) will be approximately 55% to 60% of the value of our properties and other real estate-related assets. Under our charter, we are prohibited from borrowing in excess of 300% of the value of our net assets, which generally approximates to 75% of the aggregate cost of our assets, though we may exceed this limit only under certain circumstances.

Our principal demand for funds will be to fund value-enhancement, a portion of development projects and other capital improvement projects, to pay operating expenses and interest on our outstanding indebtedness and to make distributions to our stockholders. Over time, we intend to generally fund our cash needs, other than asset acquisitions, from operations. Otherwise, we expect that our principal sources of working capital will include:

| • | unrestricted cash balance, which was $160,949,592 as of June 30, 2021;

| • | various forms of secured and unsecured financing;

| • | equity capital from joint venture partners; and

| • | proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan.

Over the short term, we believe that our sources of capital, specifically our cash balances, cash flow from operations, our ability to raise equity capital from joint venture partners and our ability to obtain various forms of secured and unsecured financing will be adequate to meet our liquidity requirements and capital commitments.

13

Exhibit 99.5

Over the longer term, in addition to the same sources of capital we will rely on to meet our short-term liquidity requirements, we may also conduct additional public or private offerings of our securities, refinance debt or dispose of assets to fund our operating activities, debt service, distributions and future property acquisitions and development projects. We expect these resources will be adequate to fund our ongoing operating activities as well as providing capital for investment in future development and other joint ventures along with potential forward purchase commitments.

Credit Facilities

Master Credit Facility

On July 31, 2018, 16 of our indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries terminated the existing mortgage loans with their lenders for an aggregate principal amount of $479,318,649 and entered into the MCFA with the Facility Lender, for an aggregate principal amount of $551,669,000. On February 11, 2020, in connection with the financing of Patina Flats at the Foundry, we and the Facility Lender amended the MCFA to include Patina Flats at the Foundry and an unencumbered multifamily property owned by us as substitute collateral for three multifamily properties disposed of and released from the MCFA. We also increased our outstanding borrowings pursuant to the MCFA by $40,468,000, a portion of which was attributable to the acquisition of Patina Flats at the Foundry. The MCFA provides for four tranches: (1) a fixed rate loan in the aggregate principal amount of $331,001,400 that accrues interest at 4.43% per annum; (2) a fixed rate loan in the aggregate principal amount of $137,917,250 that accrues interest at 4.57% per annum; (3) a variable rate loan in the aggregate principal amount of $82,750,350 that accrues interest at the one-month London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, plus 1.70% per annum; and (4) a fixed rate loan in the aggregate principal amount of $40,468,000 that accrues interest at 3.34% per annum. The first three tranches have a maturity date of August 1, 2028, and the fourth tranche has a maturity date of March 1, 2030, unless, in each case, the maturity date is accelerated in accordance with the terms of the loan documents. Interest only payments are payable monthly through August 1, 2025 and April 1, 2027 on the first three tranches and fourth tranche, respectively, with interest and principal payments due monthly thereafter. We paid $2,072,480 in the aggregate in loan origination fees to the Facility Lender in connection with the refinancings, and paid our Former Advisor a loan coordination fee of $3,061,855.

PNC Master Credit Facility

On June 17, 2020, seven of our indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries, each a “Borrower” and collectively, the “Facility Borrowers” entered into the PNC MCFA with PNC Bank, for an aggregate principal amount of $158,340,000. The PNC MCFA provides for two tranches: (1) a fixed rate loan in the aggregate principal amount of $79,170,000 that accrues interest at 2.82% per annum; and (2) a variable rate loan in the aggregate principal amount of $79,170,000 that accrues interest at the one-month LIBOR plus 2.135% per annum. If LIBOR is no longer posted through electronic transmission, is no longer available or, in PNC Bank’s determination, is no longer widely accepted or has been replaced as the index for similar financial instruments, PNC Bank will choose a new index taking into account general comparability to LIBOR and other factors, including any adjustment factor to preserve the relative economic positions of the Borrowers and PNC Bank with respect to any advances made pursuant to the PNC MCFA. We paid $633,360 in the aggregate in loan origination fees to PNC Bank in connection with the financings, and paid the Former Advisor a loan coordination fee of $791,700.

Revolving Credit Loan Facility

On June 26, 2020, we entered into a revolving credit loan facility, or the Revolver, with PNC Bank in an amount not to exceed $65,000,000. The Revolver provides for advances, each, a “Revolver Loan”, solely for the purpose of financing the costs in connection with acquisitions and development of real estate projects and for general corporate purposes (subject to certain debt service and loan to value requirements). The Revolver has a maturity date of June 26, 2023, subject to extension, as further described in the loan agreement. Advances made under the Revolver are secured by the Landings at Brentwood property.

We have the option to select the interest rate in respect of the outstanding unpaid principal amount of the Revolver Loans from the following options: (1) a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the sum of the daily LIBOR rate plus the daily LIBOR rate spread or (2) a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the base rate plus the alternate rate spread. No amounts were outstanding on the Revolver as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

14

Exhibit 99.5

As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the advances obtained and certain financing costs incurred under the MCFA, PNC MCFA and the Revolver, which is included in credit facilities, net, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, are summarized in the following table.

|  | Amount of Advance as of
|  | June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Principal balance on MCFA, gross |  | $ | 592,137,000 |  |  | $ | 592,137,000 |
Principal balance on PNC MCFA, gross |  | 158,340,000 |  |  | 158,340,000 |
Deferred financing costs, net on MCFA(1) |  | (3,202,518) |  |  | (3,436,850) |
Deferred financing costs, net on PNC MCFA(2) |  | (1,599,176) |  |  | (1,689,935) |
Deferred financing costs, net on Revolver(3) |  | (390,079) |  |  | (487,329) |
Credit facilities, net |  | $ | 745,285,227 |  |  | $ | 744,862,886 |

_______________

(1) | Accumulated amortization related to deferred financing costs in respect of the MCFA as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, was $1,532,597 and $1,298,265, respectively.

(2) | Accumulated amortization related to deferred financing costs in respect of the PNC MCFA as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, was $190,042 and $99,283, respectively.

(3) | Accumulated amortization related to deferred financing costs in respect of the Revolver as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, was $198,799 and $101,549, respectively.

Forward Contracts

On May 6, 2021 and June 14, 2021, we entered into agreements, or the Forward Contract Obligations, with the general contractor, or GC, to acquire, for a fixed price, a lumber material package and mixed material package to be used in the construction of the Arista at Broomfield development. Under the Forward Contract Obligations, the GC is obligated to deliver the specific package of lumber and mixed materials and we are obligated to pay, the agreed upon sum of $8,949,562 and $6,532,344 to the GC upon delivery, which is estimated to be late summer or early fall 2021. Pursuant to the Forward Contract Obligations, the GC owns and is responsible for storage of the lumber and mixed material packages prior to delivery to us. The Forward Contract Obligations are recorded in the consolidated financial statements in the period in which the Forward Contract Obligations are cancelled or the lumber and or mixed material packages are purchased from the GC for use in the development.

Construction loan

On October 16, 2019, we entered into an agreement with PNC Bank for a construction loan related to the development of Garrison Station, a development project in Murfreesboro, TN, in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $19,800,000 for a thirty-six month initial term and two twelve month mini-perm extensions. The rate of interest on the construction loan is daily LIBOR plus 2.00%, which then reduces to the daily LIBOR plus 1.80% upon achieving completion as defined in the construction loan agreement and at a debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”) of 1.15x. The loan includes a 0.4% fee at closing, a 0.1% fee upon exercising the mini-perm and a 0.1% fee upon extending the mini-perm, each payable to PNC Bank. There is an exit fee of 1% which will be waived if permanent financing is secured through PNC Bank or one of their affiliates. As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the principal outstanding balance on the construction loan was $14,831,682 and $6,264,549, respectively.

Assumed Debt as a Result of the Completion of Mergers

On March 6, 2020, upon consummation of the Mergers, we assumed all of SIR’s and STAR III’s obligations under the outstanding mortgage loans secured by 29 properties. We recognized the fair value of the assumed notes payable in the Mergers of $795,431,027, which consisted of the assumed principal balance of $791,020,471 and a net premium of $4,410,556.

The following is a summary of the terms of the assumed loans on the date of the Mergers:

|  |  |  |  |  | Interest Rate Range |  |
Type |  | Number of Instruments |  | Maturity Date Range |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Principal Outstanding At Merger Date
Variable rate |  | 2 |  | 1/1/2027 - 9/1/2027 |  | 1-Mo LIBOR + 2.195% |  | 1-Mo LIBOR + 2.31% |  | $ | 64,070,000 |
Fixed rate |  | 27 |  | 10/1/2022 - 10/1/2056 |  | 3.19% |  | 4.66% |  | 726,950,471 |
Assumed Principal Mortgage Notes Payable |  | 29 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 791,020,471 |

Reference Rate Reform

In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority announced it intended to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. We are monitoring the market transition from the LIBOR and other inter bank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the secured overnight financing rate, or SOFR, which we refer to as reference rate reform. For more information on reference rate reform, see Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for details. We identified the instruments influenced by LIBOR to be our variable rate mortgage notes payable and interest rate cap agreements, a majority of which, are expected to continue to use LIBOR through June 2023 or beyond until lenders and other market participants finalize their transition plans. Once transition plans are finalized, it is expected that SOFR will be used. Given the nature of the expected changes to our interest rate cap agreements (all of which mature by July 1, 2023 and are not expected to transition to SOFR) and variable rate mortgage notes payable, we expect to meet the conditions of the practical expedients provided by the FASB and elect to not apply the modification accounting requirements to our contracts affected by the reference rate reform within the permitted period of December 31, 2022.

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, net cash provided by operating activities was $29,042,267, compared to $26,067,550 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase in our net cash provided by operating activities is primarily due to a decrease in investment management fees, loan coordination fees, property management fees and property management reimbursements paid to our Former Advisor as a result of the Internalization Transaction, partially offset by an increase in interest payments and an increase related to the damage caused to certain multifamily properties impacted by the winter storm that took place in February 2021, compared to the same prior year period.

Cash Flows (Used in) Provided by Investing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $104,543,729, compared to $31,202,385 of net cash provided by investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase in our net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to the increase in cash and restricted cash acquired in connection with the Mergers, net of transaction costs, and the decrease in net proceeds from the sale of real estate investments, partially offset by the decrease in the acquisition of land held for the development of apartment homes during the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the same prior year period. Net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2021, consisted of the following:

| • | $75,966,685 of cash used for the acquisition of real estate investments;

| • | $17,869,569 of cash used for improvements to real estate investments;

| • | $9,861,232 of cash used for additions to real estate held for development;

| • | $1,500,000 of cash used for escrow deposits for real estate acquisitions;

| • | $12,200 of cash used for interest rate cap agreements; and

| • | $665,957 of cash provided by proceeds from insurance claims.

Cash Flows (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities

15

Exhibit 99.5

During the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, net cash used in financing activities was $32,346,277, compared to $161,532,802 of net cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2020. The change from net cash provided by financing activities to net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to a decrease in proceeds received from borrowings on the MCFA and PNC MCFA, an increase in payments on our mortgage notes payable, and an increase in distributions paid to and repurchases of common stock from common stockholders during the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020, partially offset by a decrease in deferred financing costs and an increase in proceeds from the issuance of mortgage notes payable during the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the same prior year period. Net cash used in financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2021, consisted of the following:

| • | $4,379,959 of net cash from the issuance of a mortgage note payable after $4,187,174, of principal payments on mortgage notes payable;

| • | $30,424,673 of net cash distributions to our stockholders, after giving effect to distributions reinvested by stockholders of $7,709,092; and

| • | $6,301,563 of cash paid for the repurchase of common stock.

16

Exhibit 99.5

Contractual Commitments and Contingencies

As of June 30, 2021, we had (1) indebtedness totaling $2,133,882,146, comprised of an aggregate principal amount of $2,142,186,851, net deferred financing costs of $11,273,390 and net premiums of $2,968,685 and (2) the Forward Contract Obligations of $15,481,906. The following is a summary of our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2021:

|  |  |  | Payments due by period
Contractual Obligations |  | Total |  | Less than 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | More than 5 years
Interest payments on outstanding debt obligations(1) |  | $ | 577,003,363 |  |  | $ | 40,311,258 |  |  | $ | 156,808,655 |  |  | $ | 145,620,947 |  |  | $ | 234,262,503 |
Principal payments on outstanding debt obligations(2) |  | 2,142,186,851 |  |  | 4,475,904 |  |  | 110,349,830 |  |  | 255,770,627 |  |  | 1,771,590,490 |
Forward contract obligations(3) |  | 15,481,906 |  |  | 15,481,906 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 2,734,672,120 |  |  | $ | 60,269,068 |  |  | $ | 267,158,485 |  |  | $ | 401,391,574 |  |  | $ | 2,005,852,993 |

________________

(1) | Scheduled interest payments on outstanding debt obligations are based on the outstanding principal amounts and interest rates in effect at June 30, 2021. We incurred interest expense of $20,087,353 and $39,895,031 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, including amortization of deferred financing costs totaling $548,784 and $1,097,565, net unrealized loss (gain) from the change in fair value of interest rate cap agreements of $9,617 and $(1,203), amortization of net loan premiums and discounts of $(423,160) and $(841,049), credit facility commitment fees of $31,417 and $65,991, imputed interest on the finance lease portion of the sublease of $86 and $193, and capitalized interest of $244,822 and $560,066, respectively. The capitalized interest is included in real estate on the consolidated balance sheets.

(2) | Scheduled principal payments on outstanding debt obligations are based on the terms of the notes payable agreements. Amounts exclude net deferred financing costs and any loan premiums or discounts associated with certain notes payable.

(3) | Scheduled payments on the Forward Contract Obligations are based on the terms of the forward contract agreements entered into with the GC on May 6, 2021 and June 14, 2021, for the lumber and mixed material packages required to construct the Arista at Broomfield project according to the approved plans, locking in the price of the lumber and mixed materials as of that date.

Our debt obligations contain customary financial and non-financial debt covenants. As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all debt covenants.

17

Exhibit 99.5

Results of Operations

Overview

The discussion that follows is based on our consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. The ability to compare one period to another is primarily affected by (1) the acquisitions and dispositions of multifamily properties inclusive of 36 multifamily properties acquired in the Mergers during the six months ended June 30, 2020, the acquisition of two multifamily properties since June 30, 2020, the disposition of two multifamily properties since June 30, 2020, and to a lesser extent placing into service 95 apartment homes previously held for development during the six months ended June 30, 2021, and (2) the Internalization Closing. As of June 30, 2021, we owned 70 multifamily properties and three parcels of land held for the development of apartment homes. Our results of operations were also affected by our value-enhancement activity completed through June 30, 2021.

Our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, are not indicative of those expected in future periods. We continued to perform value-enhancement projects, which may have an impact on our future results of operations. As a result of the Internalization Transaction, we are now a self-managed REIT and no longer bear the costs of the various fees and expense reimbursements previously paid to our Former Advisor and its affiliates. However, our expenses include the compensation and benefits of our officers, employees and consultants, as well as overhead previously paid by our Former Advisor and its affiliates.

Additionally, the outbreak of COVID-19 impacted our residents’ ability to pay rent which in turn could impact our future revenues and expenses. The impact of COVID-19 on our future results could be significant and will largely depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information, which may emerge concerning the severity of “future waves” of COVID-19 outbreaks, the success of actions taken to contain or treat COVID-19, access to testing and vaccines, and reactions by consumers, companies, governmental entities and capital markets.

To provide additional insight into our operating results, we are also providing a detailed analysis of same-store versus non-same-store net operating income, or NOI. For more information on NOI and a reconciliation of NOI (a non-GAAP financial measure) to net loss, see “—Net Operating Income.”

Consolidated Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021, Compared to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020

The following table summarizes the consolidated results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  | $ Change Due to Acquisitions or Dispositions(1) |  | $ Change Due to Properties Held Throughout Both Periods and Corporate Level Activity(2)
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Change $ |  | Change % |  |
Total revenues |  | $ | 85,624,632 |  |  | $ | 80,295,594 |  |  | $ | 5,329,038 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | (232,246) |  |  | $ | 5,561,284 |
Operating, maintenance and management |  | (21,333,781) |  |  | (19,719,766) |  |  | (1,614,015) |  |  | (8) | % |  | 21,001 |  |  | (1,635,016) |
Real estate taxes and insurance |  | (14,587,524) |  |  | (13,667,771) |  |  | (919,753) |  |  | (7) | % |  | (303,432) |  |  | (616,321) |
Fees to affiliates |  | (4,263) |  |  | (13,709,333) |  |  | 13,705,070 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 256,514 |  |  | 13,448,556 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (33,277,511) |  |  | (53,455,666) |  |  | 20,178,155 |  |  | 38 | % |  | 1,247,739 |  |  | 18,930,416 |
Interest expense |  | (20,087,353) |  |  | (19,715,318) |  |  | (372,035) |  |  | (2) | % |  | 302,746 |  |  | (674,781) |
General and administrative expenses |  | (11,736,380) |  |  | (5,272,855) |  |  | (6,463,525) |  |  | (123) | % |  | 18,713 |  |  | (6,482,238) |
Impairment of real estate |  | — |  |  | (5,039,937) |  |  | 5,039,937 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 5,039,937 |  |  | — |
Interest income |  | 98,049 |  |  | 134,262 |  |  | (36,213) |  |  | (27) | % |  | 119 |  |  | (36,332) |
Insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred |  | 31,873 |  |  | 57,689 |  |  | (25,816) |  |  | (45) | % |  | — |  |  | (25,816) |
Equity in loss from unconsolidated joint venture |  | — |  |  | (2,968,207) |  |  | 2,968,207 |  |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | 2,968,207 |
Fees and other income from affiliates |  | 1,571,346 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,571,346 |  |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | 1,571,346 |
Net loss |  | $ | (13,700,912) |  |  | $ | (53,061,308) |  |  | $ | 39,360,396 |  |  | 74 | % |  |  |  |
NOI(3) |  | $ | 49,699,064 |  |  | $ | 43,694,146 |  |  | $ | 6,004,918 |  |  | 14 | % |  |  |  |
FFO(4) |  | $ | 19,351,234 |  |  | $ | 8,884,356 |  |  | $ | 10,466,878 |  |  | 118 | % |  |  |  |
MFFO(4) |  | $ | 20,146,618 |  |  | $ | 10,251,910 |  |  | $ | 9,894,708 |  |  | 97 | % |  |  |  |

________________

(1) | Represents the favorable (unfavorable) dollar amount change for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020, related to multifamily properties acquired, disposed of, or placed in service, on or after April 1, 2020.

(2) | Represents the favorable (unfavorable) dollar amount change for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020, related to multifamily properties and corporate level entities owned by us throughout both periods presented.

(3) | NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure used by investors and our management to evaluate and compare the performance of our properties and to determine trends in earnings. However, the usefulness of NOI is limited because it excludes general and administrative costs, interest expense, interest income and other expense, acquisition costs, certain fees to affiliates, depreciation and amortization expense and gains or losses from the sale of our properties and other gains and losses as stipulated by GAAP, the level of capital expenditures and leasing costs, all of which are significant economic costs. For additional information on how we calculate NOI and a reconciliation of NOI to net loss, see “—Net Operating Income.”

(4) | GAAP basis accounting for real estate assets utilizes historical cost accounting and assumes real estate values diminish over time. In an effort to overcome the difference between real estate values and historical cost accounting for real estate assets, the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, established the measurement tool of FFO. Since its introduction, FFO has become a widely used non-GAAP financial measure among REITs. Additionally, we use modified funds from operations, or MFFO, as defined by the Institute for Portfolio Alternatives (formerly known as the Investment Program Association), or IPA, as a supplemental measure to evaluate our operating performance. MFFO is based on FFO but includes certain adjustments we believe are necessary due to changes in accounting and reporting under GAAP since the establishment of FFO. Neither FFO nor MFFO

18

Table of Contents

| should be considered as alternatives to net loss or other measurements under GAAP as indicators of our operating performance, nor should they be considered as alternatives to cash flow from operating activities or other measurements under GAAP as indicators of liquidity. For additional information on how we calculate FFO and MFFO and a reconciliation of FFO and MFFO to net loss, see “—Funds From Operations and Modified Funds From Operations.”

Net loss

For the three months ended June 30, 2021, we had a net loss of $13,700,912 compared to a net loss of $53,061,308 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in net loss of $39,360,396 over the comparable prior year period was due to the increase in total revenues of $5,329,038, the decrease in fees to affiliates of $13,705,070, the decrease in depreciation and amortization expense of $20,178,155, the decrease in the impairment of real estate of $5,039,937, the decrease in loss from unconsolidated joint venture of $2,968,207, and the increase in fees and other income from affiliates of $1,571,346, partially offset by the increase in operating, maintenance and management expenses of $1,614,015, the increase in real estate taxes and insurance of $919,753, the increase in interest expense of $372,035, the increase in general and administrative expenses of $6,463,525, the decrease in interest income of $36,213, and the decrease in insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred of $25,816.

Total revenues

Total revenues were $85,624,632 for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $80,295,594 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $5,329,038 was primarily due to an increase in occupancy from 94.6% as of June 30, 2020 to 96.2% as of June 30, 2021 coupled with an increase in average monthly rents from $1,180 to $1,198 during the same period. We also experienced an increase of $5,561,284 in total revenues at the multifamily properties held throughout both periods as a result of ordinary monthly rent increases and the completion of value-enhancement projects.

Operating, maintenance and management expenses

Operating, maintenance and management expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2021, were $21,333,781 compared to $19,719,766 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $1,614,015 was primarily due to increases in information technology related expenses, repairs and maintenance and advertising during the three months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the same prior year period.

Real estate taxes and insurance

Real estate taxes and insurance expenses were $14,587,524 for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $13,667,771 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $919,753 was primarily due to an increase in assessed real estate tax values at certain properties in our portfolio.

Fees to affiliates

Fees to affiliates were $4,263 for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $13,709,333 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The net decrease of $13,705,070 was primarily due to a decrease in investment management fees, property management fees, loan coordination fees and the reimbursement of onsite personnel as a result of the Internalization Transaction.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses were $33,277,511 for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $53,455,666 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease of $20,178,155 was primarily due to the net decrease in tenant origination and absorption costs acquired in connection with the Mergers of $39,395,837, subsequently amortized since June 30, 2020. We expect these amounts to increase slightly in future periods as a result of anticipated future enhancements to our real estate portfolio.

Interest expense

19

Table of Contents

Interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2021, was $20,087,353 compared to $19,715,318 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $372,035 was primarily due to the increase in credit facility borrowings during the three months ended June 30, 2020, which experienced a full quarter of interest expense during the three months ended June 30, 2021.

Included in interest expense is the amortization of deferred financing costs of $548,784 and $482,406, net unrealized loss from the change in fair value of interest rate cap agreements of $9,617 and $24,943, interest on capital leases of $86 and $0, amortization of net loan premiums and discounts of $(423,160) and $(413,858) and costs associated with the refinancing of debt of $0 and $11,484, net of capitalized interest of $244,822 and $193,049, for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The capitalized interest is included in real estate on the consolidated balance sheets. Our interest expense in future periods will vary based on the impact of changes to LIBOR or the adoption of a replacement to LIBOR, our level of future borrowings, which will depend on the availability and cost of debt financing and the opportunity to acquire real estate and real estate-related investments meeting our investment objectives.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2021, were $11,736,380 compared to $5,272,855 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. These general and administrative costs consisted primarily of payroll costs, legal fees, insurance premiums, audit fees, other professional fees and independent director compensation. The increase of $6,463,525 was primarily due to an increase of $6,482,238 in general and administrative expenses predominantly due to payroll costs for the acquired personnel as a result of the Internalization Transaction.

Impairment of real estate assets

Impairment charges of real estate assets for the three months ended June 30, 2021, were $0 compared to $5,039,937 for the

three months ended June 30, 2020. The impairment charge of $5,039,937 resulted from our efforts to actively market two

multifamily properties for sale at disposition prices that were less than their carrying values during the three months ended June 30, 2020.

Interest income

Interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2021, was $98,049 compared to $134,262 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. Interest income consisted of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash deposits. In general, we expect interest income to fluctuate with the change in our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash deposits.

Insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred

Insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred for the three months ended June 30, 2021, was $31,873 compared to $57,689 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. In general, we expect insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred to be correlated to the volume and severity of insurance related incidents at our multifamily properties.

Equity in loss from unconsolidated joint venture

Equity in loss from unconsolidated joint venture for the three months ended June 30, 2021, was $0 compared to $2,968,207 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. Upon consummation of the SIR Merger on March 6, 2020, we acquired a 10% interest in a joint venture. Our investment in the joint venture had been accounted for as an unconsolidated joint venture under the equity method of accounting. On July 16, 2020, we sold our joint venture interest. See Note 5 (Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for details.

Fees and other income from affiliates

Fees and other income from affiliates for the three months ended June 30, 2021, was $1,571,346 compared to $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $1,571,346 was primarily income earned pursuant to the SRI Property Management Agreements and Construction Management Agreements with affiliates of our former sponsor and the Transition Services Agreement entered into in connection with the Internalization Transaction. See Note 10 (Related Party Arrangements) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for details.

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Consolidated Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020

The following table summarizes the consolidated results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  | $ Change Due to Acquisitions or Dispositions(1) |  | $ Change Due to Properties Held Throughout Both Periods and Corporate Level Activity(2)
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Change $ |  | Change % |  |
Total revenues |  | $ | 168,782,450 |  |  | $ | 134,009,534 |  |  | $ | 34,772,916 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 30,859,620 |  |  | $ | 3,913,296 |
Operating, maintenance and management |  | (42,098,814) |  |  | (32,216,328) |  |  | (9,882,486) |  |  | (31) | % |  | (8,014,753) |  |  | (1,867,733) |
Real estate taxes and insurance |  | (28,444,417) |  |  | (22,411,216) |  |  | (6,033,201) |  |  | (27) | % |  | (5,627,532) |  |  | (405,669) |
Fees to affiliates |  | (8,550) |  |  | (22,136,629) |  |  | 22,128,079 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 8,387,838 |  |  | 13,740,241 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (67,152,017) |  |  | (82,031,561) |  |  | 14,879,544 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 12,991,096 |  |  | 1,888,448 |
Interest expense |  | (39,895,031) |  |  | (34,106,272) |  |  | (5,788,759) |  |  | (17) | % |  | (6,660,530) |  |  | 871,771 |
General and administrative expenses |  | (23,061,791) |  |  | (7,703,154) |  |  | (15,358,637) |  |  | (199) | % |  | 206,103 |  |  | (15,564,740) |
Impairment of real estate |  | — |  |  | (5,039,937) |  |  | 5,039,937 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 5,039,937 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of real estate, net |  | — |  |  | 11,384,599 |  |  | (11,384,599) |  |  | (100) | % |  | (11,384,599) |  |  | — |
Interest income |  | 203,068 |  |  | 387,516 |  |  | (184,448) |  |  | (48) | % |  | (118,121) |  |  | (66,327) |
Insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred |  | 135,360 |  |  | 124,412 |  |  | 10,948 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 124,168 |  |  | (113,220) |
Equity in loss from unconsolidated joint venture |  | — |  |  | (3,003,400) |  |  | 3,003,400 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 3,003,400 |  |  | — |
Fees and other income from affiliates |  | 3,029,267 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,029,267 |  |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | 3,029,267 |
Net loss |  | $ | (28,510,475) |  |  | $ | (62,742,436) |  |  | $ | 34,231,961 |  |  | 55 | % |  |  |  |
NOI(3) |  | $ | 98,236,585 |  |  | $ | 73,832,773 |  |  | $ | 24,403,812 |  |  | 33 | % |  |  |  |
FFO(4) |  | $ | 38,193,000 |  |  | $ | 16,562,739 |  |  | $ | 21,630,261 |  |  | 131 | % |  |  |  |
MFFO(4) |  | $ | 39,051,887 |  |  | $ | 17,944,768 |  |  | $ | 21,107,119 |  |  | 118 | % |  |  |  |

________________

(1) | Represents the favorable (unfavorable) dollar amount change for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020, related to multifamily properties acquired or disposed of, or placed in service, on or after January 1, 2020.

(2) | Represents the favorable (unfavorable) dollar amount change for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020, related to multifamily properties and corporate level entities owned by us throughout both periods presented.

(3) | See “—Net Operating Income” below for a reconciliation of NOI to net loss.

(4) | See “—Funds From Operations and Modified Funds From Operations” below for a reconciliation of FFO and MFFO to net loss.

Net loss

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, we had a net loss of $28,510,475 compared to $62,742,436 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in net loss of $34,231,961 over the comparable prior year period was due to an increase in total revenues of $34,772,916, a decrease in fees to affiliates of $22,128,079, a decrease in depreciation and amortization expense of $14,879,544, a decrease in impairment of real estate of $5,039,937, an increase in insurance proceeds in excess of

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losses incurred of $10,948, a decrease in equity in loss from unconsolidated joint venture of $3,003,400, and an increase in fees and other income from affiliates of $3,029,267, partially offset by an increase in operating, maintenance and management expenses of $9,882,486, an increase in real estate taxes and insurance of $6,033,201, an increase in interest expense of $5,788,759, an increase in general and administrative expenses of $15,358,637, a decrease in gain on sale of real estate, net of $11,384,599, and a decrease in interest income of $184,448.

Total revenues

Total revenues were $168,782,450 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $134,009,534 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $34,772,916 was primarily due to the increase in total revenues of $30,859,620 due to the increase in the number of properties in our portfolio, primarily from the Mergers, which experienced a full six months of operations in 2021. In addition, we experienced an increase of $3,913,296 in total revenues at the multifamily properties held throughout both periods as a result of an increase in occupancy, ordinary monthly rent increases and the completion of value-enhancement projects.

Operating, maintenance and management expenses

Operating, maintenance and management expenses were $42,098,814 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $32,216,328 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $9,882,486 was primarily due to the increase in the number of properties in our portfolio, primarily from the Mergers, which experienced a full six months of operations in 2021. In addition, we experienced an increase of $1,867,733 in operating, maintenance and management expenses at the multifamily properties held throughout both periods due to increases in payroll, information technology related expenses, utilities, repairs and maintenance and advertising.

Real estate taxes and insurance

Real estate taxes and insurance expenses were $28,444,417 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $22,411,216 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $6,033,201 was primarily due to the increase in the number of properties in our portfolio, primarily from the Mergers, which experienced a full six months of operations in 2021. In addition, we experienced an increase of $405,669 in real estate taxes and insurance expenses at the multifamily properties held throughout both periods.

Fees to affiliates

Fees to affiliates were $8,550 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $22,136,629 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease of $22,128,079 was primarily due to a decrease in investment management fees, property management fees, loan coordination fees and the reimbursement of onsite personnel as a result of costs savings in connection with the Internalization Transaction.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses were $67,152,017 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $82,031,561 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease of $14,879,544 was primarily due to the net decrease in tenant origination and absorption costs acquired in connection with the Mergers of $39,395,837, subsequently amortized since June 30, 2020. In addition, we experienced an increase of $1,888,448 in depreciation expenses at the properties held throughout both periods. We expect these amounts to increase slightly in future periods as a result of anticipated future enhancements to our real estate portfolio.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $39,895,031 compared to $34,106,272 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $5,788,759 was primarily due to the increase in credit facility borrowings during the six months ended June 30, 2020, which experienced a full period of interest expense during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Included in interest expense is the amortization of deferred financing costs of $1,097,565 and $809,876, net, unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments of $(1,203) and $27,194, amortization of net debt premiums of $(841,049) and $(528,440),

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interest on capital leases of $193 and $0, closing costs associated with the refinancing of debt of $0 and $42,881, credit facility commitment fees of $65,991 and $0, net of capitalized interest of $560,066 and $262,619 and interest on construction loans of $5,395 and $0, for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The capitalized interest is included in real estate held for development on the consolidated balance sheets. Our interest expense in future periods will vary based on the impact of changes to LIBOR or the adoption of a replacement to LIBOR, our level of future borrowings, which will depend on the availability and cost of debt financing and the opportunity to acquire real estate and real estate-related investments meeting our investment objectives.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2021, were $23,061,791 compared to $7,703,154 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. These general and administrative expenses consisted primarily of payroll costs, legal fees, insurance premiums, audit fees, other professional fees and independent director compensation. The increase of $15,358,637 was primarily due to an increase of $15,564,740 in general and administrative expenses predominantly due to payroll costs for the acquired personnel as a result of the Internalization Transaction.

Impairment of real estate assets

Impairment charges of real estate assets for the six months ended June 30, 2021, were $0 compared to $5,039,937 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in impairment charge of $5,039,937 resulted from our efforts to actively market two

multifamily properties for sale at disposition prices that were less than their carrying values during the six months ended June 30, 2020. No impairment charges were recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Gain on sale of real estate

Gain on sale of real estate for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $0 compared to $11,384,599 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in gain on sale of real estate was due to the gain recognized on the disposition of one multifamily property during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the disposition of no multifamily properties during the six months ended June 30, 2021. Our gain on sale of real estate in future periods will vary based on the opportunity to sell properties and real estate-related investments.

Interest income

Interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $203,068 compared to $387,516 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Interest income consisted of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash deposits. In general, we expect interest income to fluctuate with the change in our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash deposits.

Insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred

Insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $135,360 compared to $124,412 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. In general, we expect insurance proceeds in excess of losses incurred to be correlated to the volume and severity of insurance related incidents at our multifamily properties.

Equity in loss from unconsolidated joint venture

Equity in loss from unconsolidated joint venture for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $0 compared to $3,003,400 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Upon consummation of the SIR Merger on March 6, 2020, we acquired a 10% interest in a joint venture. Our investment in the joint venture had been accounted for as an unconsolidated joint venture under the equity method of accounting. On July 16, 2020, we sold our joint venture interest. See Note 5 (Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for details.

Fees and other income from affiliates

Fees and other income from affiliates for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was 3,029,267 compared to $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase of $3,029,267 was solely due to income earned pursuant to the SRI Property Management Agreements and Construction Management Agreements with affiliates of our former sponsor and the Transition

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Services Agreement entered into in connection with the Internalization Transaction. See Note 10 (Related Party Arrangements) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for details.

Property Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021, Compared to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020

For purposes of evaluating comparative operating performance, we categorize our properties as “same-store” or “non-same-store.” A “same-store” property is a property that was owned at April 1, 2020. A “non-same-store” property is a property that was acquired, placed into service or disposed of after April 1, 2020. As of June 30, 2021, 67 of our properties were categorized as same-store properties.

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The following table presents the same-store results from operations for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Change $ |  | Change %
Same-store properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 82,860,207 |  |  | $ | 77,298,923 |  |  | $ | 5,561,284 |  |  | 7.2 | %
Operating expenses(1) |  | 34,127,043 |  |  | 35,780,899 |  |  | (1,653,856) |  |  | (4.6) | %
Net operating income |  | 48,733,164 |  |  | 41,518,024 |  |  | 7,215,140 |  |  | 17.4 | %
Non-same-store properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating income |  | 965,900 |  |  | 2,176,122 |  |  | (1,210,222) |  |  |
Total Net operating income(2) |  | $ | 49,699,064 |  |  | $ | 43,694,146 |  |  | $ | 6,004,918 |  |  |

________________

(1) | Same-store operating expenses include operating, maintenance and management expenses, real estate taxes and insurance, certain fees to affiliates and property-level general and administrative expenses.

(2) | See “—Net Operating Income” below for a reconciliation of NOI to net loss.

Net Operating Income

Same-store net operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2021, was $48,733,164 compared to $41,518,024 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The 17.4% increase in same-store net operating income was a result of a 7.2% increase in same-store rental revenues and a 4.6% decrease in same-store operating expenses.

Revenues

Same-store revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2021, were $82,860,207 compared to $77,298,923 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The 7.2% increase in same-store revenues was primarily a result of an increase in same-store occupancy from 95.2% as of June 30, 2020, to 96.4% as of June 30, 2021 and ordinary monthly rent increases and monthly rent increases from the completion of value-enhancement projects.

Operating Expenses

Same-store operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2021, were $34,127,043 compared to $35,780,899 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in same-store operating expenses was primarily attributable to a decrease in property management fees as a result of the Internalization Transaction in addition to a decrease in payroll costs, property related general and administrative expenses and turnover costs, partially offset by an increase in real estate taxes during the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020.

Net Operating Income

NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure of performance. NOI is used by investors and our management to evaluate and compare the performance of our properties, to determine trends in earnings and to compute the fair value of our properties as it is not affected by (1) the cost of funds, (2) acquisition costs as applicable, (3) non-operating fees to affiliates, (4) the impact of depreciation and amortization expenses as well as gains or losses from the sale of operating real estate assets that are included in net income computed in accordance with GAAP, (5) general and administrative expenses (including excess property insurance) and non-operating other gains and losses that are specific to us or (6) impairment of real estate assets or other investments. The cost of funds is eliminated from net income (loss) because it is specific to our particular financing capabilities and constraints. The cost of funds is also eliminated because it is dependent on historical interest rates and other costs of capital as well as past decisions made by us regarding the appropriate mix of capital which may have changed or may change in the

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future. Acquisition costs and non-operating fees to affiliates are eliminated because they do not reflect continuing operating costs of the property owner.

Depreciation and amortization expenses as well as gains or losses from the sale of operating real estate assets are eliminated because they may not accurately represent the actual change in value in our multifamily properties that result from use of the properties or changes in market conditions. While certain aspects of real property do decline in value over time in a manner that is reasonably captured by depreciation and amortization, the value of the properties as a whole have historically increased or decreased as a result of changes in overall economic conditions instead of from actual use of the property or the passage of time. Gains and losses from the sale of real property vary from property to property and are affected by market conditions at the time of sale which will usually change from period to period. These gains and losses can create distortions when comparing one period to another or when comparing our operating results to the operating results of other real estate companies that have not made similarly timed purchases or sales. We believe that eliminating these costs from net income (loss) is useful because the resulting measure captures the actual revenue generated and actual expenses incurred in operating our properties as well as trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating costs.

However, the usefulness of NOI is limited because it excludes general and administrative costs, interest expense, interest income and other expense, acquisition costs as applicable, certain fees to affiliates, depreciation and amortization expense and gains or losses from the sale of properties, impairment charges and non-operating other gains and losses as stipulated by GAAP, the level of capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which are significant economic costs. NOI may fail to capture significant trends in these components of net income which further limits its usefulness.

NOI is a measure of the operating performance of our properties but does not measure our performance as a whole. NOI is therefore not a substitute for net income (loss) as computed in accordance with GAAP. This measure should be analyzed in conjunction with net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP and discussions elsewhere in “—Results of Operations” regarding the components of net income (loss) that are eliminated in the calculation of NOI. Other companies may use different methods for calculating NOI or similarly entitled measures and, accordingly, our NOI may not be comparable to similarly entitled measures reported by other companies that do not define the measure exactly as we do.

The following is a reconciliation of our NOI to net loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 computed in accordance with GAAP:

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net loss |  | $ | (13,700,912) |  |  | $ | (53,061,308) |  |  | $ | (28,510,475) |  |  | $ | (62,742,436) |
Fees to affiliates(1) |  | — |  |  | 9,651,793 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,495,182 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 33,277,511 |  |  | 53,455,666 |  |  | 67,152,017 |  |  | 82,031,561 |
Interest expense |  | 20,087,353 |  |  | 19,715,318 |  |  | 39,895,031 |  |  | 34,106,272 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 11,736,380 |  |  | 5,272,855 |  |  | 23,061,791 |  |  | 7,703,154 |
Gain on sale of real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,384,599) |
Other gains(2) |  | (129,922) |  |  | (191,951) |  |  | (338,428) |  |  | (511,928) |
Adjustments for investment in unconsolidated joint venture(3) |  | — |  |  | 1,369,425 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,653,219 |
Other-than-temporary impairment of investment in unconsolidated joint venture(4) |  | — |  |  | 2,442,411 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,442,411 |
Impairment of real estate(5) |  | — |  |  | 5,039,937 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,039,937 |
Fees and other income from affiliates(6) |  | (1,571,346) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,029,267) |  |  | — |
Affiliated rental revenue(7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,916 |  |  | — |
Net operating income |  | $ | 49,699,064 |  |  | $ | 43,694,146 |  |  | $ | 98,236,585 |  |  | $ | 73,832,773 |

_______________

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(1) | Fees to affiliates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, exclude property management fees of $4,263 and $8,550, respectively, that are included in NOI. Fees to affiliates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, exclude property management fees of $2,369,487 and $3,865,857 and other reimbursements of $1,688,053 and $2,775,590, respectively, that are included in NOI.

(2) | Other gains for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, include non-recurring insurance claim recoveries and interest income that are not included in NOI.

(3) Reflects adjustment to add back our noncontrolling interest share of the adjustments to reconcile our net loss attributable to common stockholders to NOI for our equity investment in the unconsolidated joint venture, which principally consisted of depreciation, amortization and interest expense incurred by the joint venture as well as the amortization of outside basis difference.

(4) Reflects adjustment to add back an other-than-temporary impairment of $2,442,411 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 related to our investment in BREIT Steadfast MF JV LP (our “Joint Venture”). See Note 5 (Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for details.

(5) Reflects adjustments to add back impairment charges in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 related to our efforts to actively market two multifamily properties for sale at disposition prices that were less than their carrying values during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.

(6) Reflects adjustment to exclude income earned pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement, Property Management Agreements and Construction Management Agreements entered into in connection with the Internalization Transaction.

(7) Reflects adjustment to add back rental revenue earned from a consolidated entity following the Internalization Transaction that represent intercompany transactions that are eliminated in consolidation.

Funds from Operations and Modified Funds from Operations

Due to certain unique operating characteristics of real estate companies, as discussed below, NAREIT, an industry trade group, has promulgated a measure known as FFO, which we believe to be an appropriate supplemental measure to reflect the operating performance of a REIT. The use of FFO is recommended by the REIT industry as a supplemental performance measure. FFO is not equivalent to our net income (loss) as determined under GAAP.

We define FFO, a non-GAAP financial measure, consistent with the standards established by the White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, as revised in December 2018, or the White Paper. The White Paper defines FFO as net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from sales of property and non-cash impairment charges of real estate related investments, plus real estate related depreciation and amortization, cumulative effects of accounting changes and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. According to the White Paper, while the majority of equity REITs measure FFO in accordance with NAREIT’s definition, there are variations in the securities to which the reported NAREIT-defined FFO applies (e.g., all equity securities, all common shares, all common shares less shares held by non-controlling interests). While each of these metrics may represent FFO as defined by NAREIT, accurate labeling with respect to applicable securities is important, particularly as it relates to the labeling of the FFO metric and in the reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss) to FFO.

In calculating FFO, we believe it is appropriate to disregard impairment charges, as this is a fair value adjustment that is largely based on market fluctuations and assessments regarding general market conditions which can change over time. An asset will only be evaluated for impairment if certain impairment indications exist and if the carrying, or book value, exceeds the total estimated undiscounted future cash flows (including net rental and lease revenues, net proceeds on the sale of the property, and any other ancillary cash flows at a property or group level under GAAP) from such asset. Investors should note, however, that determinations of whether impairment charges have been incurred are based partly on anticipated operating performance, because estimated undiscounted future cash flows from a property, including estimated future net rental and lease revenues, net proceeds on the sale of the property, and certain other ancillary cash flows, are taken into account in determining whether an impairment charge has been incurred. While impairment charges are excluded from the calculation of FFO as

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described above, investors are cautioned that due to the fact that impairments are based on estimated future undiscounted cash flows and the relatively limited term of our operations, it could be difficult to recover any impairment charges. Our FFO calculation complies with NAREIT’s policy described above.

The historical accounting convention used for real estate assets requires straight-line depreciation of buildings and improvements, which implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time, especially if such assets are not adequately maintained or repaired and renovated as required by relevant circumstances and/or as requested or required by lessees for operational purposes in order to maintain the value disclosed. We believe that since real estate values historically rise and fall with market conditions, including inflation, interest rates, the business cycle, unemployment and consumer spending, presentations of operating results for a REIT using historical accounting for depreciation may be less informative. Historical accounting for real estate involves the use of GAAP. Any other method of accounting for real estate such as the fair value method cannot be construed to be any more accurate or relevant than the comparable methodologies of real estate valuation found in GAAP. Nevertheless, we believe that the use of FFO, which excludes the impact of real estate related depreciation and amortization, provides a more complete understanding of our performance to investors and to management, and when compared year over year, reflects the impact on our operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs, general and administrative expenses, and interest costs, which may not be immediately apparent from net income. We adopted Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, 2016-02, Leases, or ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, which requires us, as a lessee, to recognize a liability for obligations under a lease contract and a right-of-use, or ROU, asset. The carrying amount of the ROU asset is amortized over the term of the lease. Because we have no ownership rights (current or residual) in the underlying asset, NAREIT concluded that the amortization of the ROU asset should not be added back to GAAP net income (loss) in calculating FFO. This amortization expense is included in FFO. The White Paper also states that non-real estate depreciation and amortization such as computer software, company office improvements, furniture and fixtures, and other items commonly found in other industries are required to be recognized as expenses by GAAP in the calculation of net income and, similarly, should be included in FFO.

However, FFO, and MFFO as described below, should not be construed to be more relevant or accurate than the current GAAP methodology in calculating net income or in its applicability in evaluating our operating performance. The method utilized to evaluate the value and performance of real estate under GAAP should be construed as a more relevant measure of operational performance and considered more prominently than the non-GAAP FFO and MFFO measures and the adjustments to GAAP in calculating FFO and MFFO.

Changes in the accounting and reporting promulgations under GAAP (for acquisition fees and expenses from a capitalization/depreciation model to an expensed-as-incurred model) that were put into effect in 2009 and other changes to GAAP accounting for real estate subsequent to the establishment of NAREIT’s definition of FFO have prompted an increase in cash-settled expenses, specifically acquisition fees and expenses for all industries as items that are expensed under GAAP, that are typically accounted for as operating expenses. Management believes these fees and expenses do not affect our overall long-term operating performance. Publicly registered, non-listed REITs typically have a significant amount of acquisition activity and are substantially more dynamic during their initial years of investment and operation.

Due to the above factors and other unique features of publicly registered, non-listed REITs, the IPA, an industry trade group, has standardized a measure known as MFFO, which the IPA has recommended as a supplemental measure for publicly registered, non-listed REITs and which we believe to be another appropriate supplemental measure to reflect the operating performance of a public, non-listed REIT having the characteristics described above. MFFO is not equivalent to our net income or loss as determined under GAAP. We believe that, because MFFO excludes costs that we consider more reflective of investing activities and other non-operating items included in FFO and also excludes acquisition fees and expenses that are not capitalized, as discussed below, and affect our operations only in periods in which properties are acquired, MFFO can provide, on a going forward basis, an indication of the sustainability (that is, the capacity to continue to be maintained) of our operating performance after the period in which we are acquiring our properties and once our portfolio is in place. By providing MFFO, we believe we are presenting useful information that assists investors and analysts to better assess the sustainability of our operating performance after our offering has been completed and our properties have been acquired. We also believe that MFFO is a recognized measure of sustainable operating performance by the public, non-listed REIT industry. Further, we believe MFFO is useful in comparing the sustainability of our operating performance after our offering and acquisitions are completed with the sustainability of the operating performance of other real estate companies that are not as involved in

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acquisition activities. Investors are cautioned that MFFO should only be used to assess the sustainability of our operating performance after our offering has been completed and properties have been acquired, as it excludes acquisition costs that have a negative effect on our operating performance during the periods in which properties are acquired.

We define MFFO, a non-GAAP financial measure, consistent with the IPA’s Guideline 2010-01, Supplemental Performance Measure for Publicly Registered, Non-Listed REITs: Modified Funds from Operations, or the Practice Guideline, issued by the IPA in November 2010. The Practice Guideline defines MFFO as FFO further adjusted for the following items, as applicable, included in the determination of GAAP net income: acquisition fees and expenses; amounts relating to deferred rent receivables and amortization of above and below market leases and liabilities (which are adjusted in order to reflect such payments from a GAAP accrual basis to a cash basis of disclosing the rent and lease payments); accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on debt investments; mark-to-market adjustments included in net income; nonrecurring gains or losses included in net income from the extinguishment or sale of debt, hedges, foreign exchange, derivatives or securities holdings where trading of such holdings is not a fundamental attribute of the business plan, unrealized gains or losses resulting from consolidation from, or deconsolidation to, equity accounting, and after adjustments for consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures, with such adjustments calculated to reflect MFFO on the same basis. The accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on debt investments, nonrecurring unrealized gains and losses on hedges, foreign exchange, derivatives or securities holdings, unrealized gains and losses resulting from consolidations, as well as other listed cash flow adjustments are adjustments made to net income in calculating the cash flows provided by operating activities and, in some cases, reflect gains or losses which are unrealized and may not ultimately be realized. We do not retain an outside consultant to review all our hedging agreements. Inasmuch as interest rate hedges are not a fundamental part of our operations, we believe it is appropriate to exclude such non-recurring gains and losses in calculating MFFO, as such gains and losses are not reflective of on-going operations.

Our MFFO calculation complies with the Practice Guideline described above, except with respect to certain acquisition fees and expenses as discussed below. In calculating MFFO, we exclude acquisition related expenses, amortization of above and below market leases, fair value adjustments of derivative financial instruments, deferred rent receivables and the adjustments of such items related to noncontrolling interests. Historically under GAAP, acquisition fees and expenses were characterized as operating expenses in determining operating net income. However, pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC 805-50, Business Combinations — Related Issues, or ASC 805, acquisition fees and expenses are capitalized and depreciated under certain conditions. Prior to the completion of the Internalization Transaction, these expenses were paid in cash by us. All paid acquisition fees and expenses had negative effects on returns to investors, the potential for future distributions, and cash flows generated by us, unless earnings from operations or net sales proceeds from the disposition of other properties were generated to cover the purchase price of the property, these fees and expenses and other costs related to such property. The acquisition of properties, and the corresponding acquisition fees and expenses, was the key operational feature of our business plan to generate operational income and cash flow to fund distributions to our stockholders. Further, under GAAP, certain contemplated non-cash fair value and other non-cash adjustments are considered operating non-cash adjustments to net income in determining cash flow from operating activities. In addition, we view fair value adjustments of derivatives and gains and losses from dispositions of assets as non-recurring items or items which are unrealized and may not ultimately be realized, and which are not reflective of on-going operations and are therefore typically adjusted for when assessing operating performance.

Our management uses MFFO and the adjustments used to calculate MFFO in order to evaluate our performance against other public, non-listed REITs with varying targeted exit strategies. As noted above, MFFO may not be a useful measure of the impact of long-term operating performance on value if we do not continue to operate in this manner. We believe that our use of MFFO and the adjustments used to calculate MFFO allow us to present our performance in a manner that reflects certain characteristics that are unique to public, non-listed REITs, such as defined acquisition period and targeted exit strategy, and hence that the use of such measures is useful to investors. By excluding expensed acquisition costs, that are not capitalized, the use of MFFO provides information consistent with management’s analysis of the operating performance of the properties. Additionally, fair value adjustments, which are based on the impact of current market fluctuations and underlying assessments of general market conditions, but can also result from operational factors such as rental and occupancy rates, may not be directly related or attributable to our current operating performance. By excluding such changes that may reflect anticipated and unrealized gains or losses, we believe MFFO provides useful supplemental information.

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Presentation of this information is intended to provide useful information to investors as they compare the operating performance to that of other public, non-listed REITs, although it should be noted that not all public, non-listed REITs calculate FFO and MFFO the same way, so comparisons with other public, non-listed REITs may not be meaningful. Furthermore, FFO and MFFO are not necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund cash needs and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or income (loss) from continuing operations as an indication of our performance, as an alternative to cash flows from operations as an indication of our liquidity, or indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. FFO and MFFO should be reviewed in conjunction with GAAP measurements as an indication of our performance. MFFO is useful in assisting management and investors in assessing the sustainability of operating performance in future operating periods, and in particular, after the offering and acquisition stages are complete and net asset value is disclosed. MFFO is not a useful measure in evaluating net asset value because impairments are taken into account in determining net asset value but not in determining MFFO.

Neither the SEC, NAREIT nor any other regulatory body has passed judgment on the acceptability of the adjustments that we use to calculate FFO or MFFO. In the future, the SEC, NAREIT or another regulatory body may decide to standardize the allowable adjustments across the non-listed REIT industry and in response to such standardization we may have to adjust our calculation and characterization of FFO or MFFO accordingly.

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Our calculation of FFO and MFFO is presented in the following table for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Reconciliation of net loss to MFFO: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (13,700,912) |  |  | $ | (53,061,308) |  |  | $ | (28,510,475) |  |  | $ | (62,742,436) |
Depreciation of real estate assets |  | 32,708,712 |  |  | 33,315,155 |  |  | 65,752,765 |  |  | 56,066,977 |
Amortization of lease-related costs(1) |  | 343,434 |  |  | 20,138,302 |  |  | 950,710 |  |  | 25,961,107 |
Gain on sale of real estate, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,384,599) |
Impairment of real estate(2) |  | — |  |  | 5,039,937 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,039,937 |
Impairment of unconsolidated joint venture(3) |  | — |  |  | 2,442,411 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,442,411 |
Adjustments for investment in unconsolidated joint venture(4) |  | — |  |  | 1,009,859 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,179,342 |
FFO |  | 19,351,234 |  |  | 8,884,356 |  |  | 38,193,000 |  |  | 16,562,739 |
Acquisition fees and expenses(5)(6) |  | 787,438 |  |  | 1,344,282 |  |  | 863,433 |  |  | 1,357,429 |
Unrealized loss (gain) on derivative instruments |  | 9,617 |  |  | 24,943 |  |  | (1,203) |  |  | 27,194 |
Amortization of below market leases |  | (1,671) |  |  | (1,671) |  |  | (3,343) |  |  | (2,594) |
MFFO |  | $ | 20,146,618 |  |  | $ | 10,251,910 |  |  | $ | 39,051,887 |  |  | $ | 17,944,768 |

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(1) | Amortization of lease-related costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, exclude amortization of operating lease ROU assets of $3,367 and $6,734 and $2,209 and $3,477, respectively, and exclude the amortization of Property Management Agreements acquired in connection with the Internalization Transaction of $206,811 and $413,622 and $0 and $0, respectively, that are included in FFO.

(2) | Reflects adjustments to add back impairment charges in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 related to our efforts to actively market two multifamily properties for sale at disposition prices that were less than their carrying values during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.

(3) | Reflects adjustments to add back impairment charges in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 related to our investment in our Joint Venture. See Note 5 (Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture) to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for details.

(4) | Reflects adjustments to add back our noncontrolling interest share of the adjustments to reconcile our net loss attributable to common stockholders to FFO for our equity investment in the unconsolidated joint venture, which principally consisted of depreciation and amortization incurred by the joint venture as well as the amortization of outside basis difference.

(5) | By excluding expensed acquisition costs that are not capitalized, management believes MFFO provides useful supplemental information that is comparable for each type of real estate investment and is consistent with management’s analysis of the investing and operating performance of our properties. Acquisition fees and expenses include payments to our Former Advisor or third parties and are capitalized and depreciated under certain conditions. All paid and accrued acquisition fees and expenses will have negative effects on returns to investors, the potential for future distributions, and cash flows generated by us, unless earnings from operations or net sales proceeds from the disposition of properties are generated to cover the purchase price of the property, these fees and expenses and other costs related to the property. The acquisition of properties, and the corresponding acquisition fees and expenses, is the key operational feature of our business plan to generate operational income and cash flow to fund distributions to our stockholders.

(6) | Acquisition fees and expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 include acquisition expenses of $787,438 and $863,433 and $1,344,282 and $1,357,429, respectively, which did not meet the criteria for capitalization under ASC 805, and were recorded in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. These expenses largely pertained to professional services fees incurred in connection with the ongoing pursuit of strategic alternatives and the acquisition expenses related to real estate projects which did not come to fruition.

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FFO and MFFO may be used to fund all or a portion of certain capitalizable items that are excluded from FFO and MFFO, such as tenant improvements, building improvements and deferred leasing costs.

Related-Party Transactions and Agreements

We have entered into agreements with SRI and its affiliates, including in connection with the Internalization Transaction. Prior to the Internalization Transaction, we paid certain fees to, or reimbursed certain expenses of, paid other consideration for the performance of services provided to our Former Advisor or its affiliates for acquisition and advisory fees and expenses, financing coordination fees, organization and offering costs, sales commissions, dealer manager fees, asset and property management fees and expenses, leasing fees and reimbursement of certain operating costs. See Note 10 (Related Party Arrangements) to the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report for a discussion of the various related-party transactions, agreements and fees.

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