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RISK MANAGEMENT | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Disclosure of risk management [abstract] |
Disclosure of risk management [text block] | NOTE 4 – RISK MANAGEMENT Grupo Aval and its subsidiaries in the financial sector, Banco de Bogotá, Banco de Occidente, Banco AV Villas, Banco Popular, Corficolombiana and Porvenir manage risk pursuant to the applicable regulations in each country where they operate and according to Grupo Aval’s policies. The risk framework requires that strong risk management practices are integrated in the key processes across Grupo Aval with a goal of ensuring risks are appropriately considered, evaluated and responded to in a timely manner. Grupo Aval employs a risk management process that aims to identify, measure, monitor and control, as part of the daily activities, all the risks that Grupo Aval is exposed to. Lines of Defense: in addition to the roles of Executive Officers in managing risk, management has ownership and accountability across the three lines of defense: (1) First Line: Business Units, (2) Second Line: mainly concentrated in the Independent Risk Management units and (3) Third line: Corporate Audit.
| ● | Business Units: Include the business lines as well as the Technology and Operations areas which are responsible for appropriate assessment and effective management of all risks associated with their processes.
| ● | Independent Risk Management Units: Risk management areas include risk management and compliance departments. Grupo Aval has other control functions that are not part of these areas but are also key in risk mitigation of non-financial risks, including legal, human resources and certain activities within the financial and administrative processes.
| ● | Corporate Audit: Corporate audit maintains its independence from the first and second lines by reporting directly to the Audit Committee or the Board. Corporate Audit provides independent assessment and validation through testing of key processes and controls across Grupo Aval.
The following sections outline the key financial risks that are inherent to the business activities of the subsidiaries: Financial risks
| i) | Credit risk: the risk of financial loss if a debtor fails to meet their contractual obligations.
| ii) | Market risk: the risk of loss arising from potential adverse movements in the value of the subsidiaries in the financial sector assets and liabilities or future results, arising as a result of changes in market variables such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, commodity prices, implied volatilities or credit spreads; this includes the structural interest rate and foreign exchange risks.
| iii) | Liquidity risk: the risk of being unable to meet contractual and contingent obligations or that the subsidiaries in the financial sector do not have the appropriate amount, composition and tenor of funding and liquidity to support the financial assets and liabilities requirements (funding liquidity risk). Also includes the capability to manage its investment portfolio in terms of liquidity, duration and currency (market liquidity risk).
| iv) | Interest rate risk: it is the current or potential risk to equity and profits that arise from adverse movements in interest rates, which affect the positions of the banking book.
Additionally, the risk areas are responsible for supporting capital management by determining risk levels of the calculation of capital adequacy requirements, impact assessment of the risk materialization on compliance with capital levels and determining the levels of risk appetite. ​ Objective and general guidelines of financial risk management Grupo Aval’s and its subsidiaries of the financial sector objective is to maximize returns for its investors through strong risk management. The guiding principles of risk management at Grupo Aval are as follows: ​
| a) | Make risk management a part of every institutional process.
| b) | Collective decision making for the approval of commercial lending of significant amounts.
| c) | Extensive and in-depth industry and market knowledge, as a result of sound leadership and experienced, stable and seasoned senior management.
| d) | Clear risk management policies based on a top-down approach with respect to:
| ● | Compliance with know-your-customer policies.
| ● | Commercial loans credit structure based on clear identification of sources of repayment as well as cash flow generation capacity of the borrower.
| e) | Use of similar credit analysis tools for analysis across Grupo Aval’s subsidiaries of financial sector.
| f) | Diversification of the commercial loan portfolio with respect to industries and economic groups.
| g) | Specialization in consumer product niches.
| h) | Extensive use of continuously updated scoring models and up-to-date credit ratings to ensure quality growth of loans with high credit quality.
| i) | Conservative policies in terms of:
| ● | trading portfolio composition with bias towards lower volatility instruments,
| ● | proprietary trading position, and
| ● | variable compensation for the trading staff.
| j) | Control the position-level exposures based on market risk sensitivities (such as VaR, DV01, Delta, Rho and Vega) and credit risk exposures by counterparties.
| k) | Concentration and diversification limits which are based on market liquidity and volatility, operational capacity, valuation and credit quality of counterparties.
| l) | Control and follow up on the funding and liquidity risk with independent oversight. This includes setting limits related to high quality liquid assets and maturity concentration of financial liabilities among others.
| m) | Ensuring compliance with regulatory limits and reviewing how the current and projected strategy can affect those limits.
| n) | Use of our market experience in the identification and implementation of best practices for risk management.
​ Main premises for risk management Grupo Aval´s risk culture is based on the principles indicated in the section above, which are transmitted to all subsidiaries of the financial sector and business units. The strategy related to risk management is supported by the following guidelines:
| a) | In the financial sector subsidiaries of Grupo Aval, the risk function is independent of the business units. The segregation of functions between the business areas and the risk areas in charge of risk measurement analysis, control and reporting, provide enough independence and autonomy for proper risk control.
| b) | The decision-making process at the subsidiaries of the financial sector requires that transactions of significant amounts are sent to decision centers such as risk committees. The frequency of meetings of these committees ensures a high degree of agility regarding proposal resolution, and continuous participation of senior management in management of various risks.
| c) | Grupo Aval has corporate policies for the risks to which it is exposed. The business and risk units of Grupo Aval and its subsidiaries of the financial sector hold orientation meetings based on approaches to risk that are consistent with Grupo Aval´s risk culture.
| d) | Grupo Aval has implemented a risk system that is updated on a regular basis to address new conditions in the markets and the risks to which Grupo Aval is exposed.
| e) | There are adequate information systems to monitor risk exposure, ensure compliance with the approved policies and implement appropriate corrective actions as and when necessary.
| f) | Key risks are analyzed on a regular basis, not only when risks materialize or problems occur during the normal course of business but in a continuous process of risk management.
| g) | Grupo Aval and its subsidiaries of the financial sector have training courses on risk culture for all hierarchy levels in the organization.
| h) | A risk culture has been integrated throughout the organization, consisting of a series of attitudes, values, skills and guidelines to action.
​ ​ ​ ​
Disclosure of risk management, credit risk [text block] | Financial Risk Review ​ 4.1 Credit Risk 4.1.1 Consolidated Credit Risk Exposure Grupo Aval´s subsidiaries are exposed to credit risk, consisting of the risk of financial loss as a result of a failure of a debtor to meet their contractual obligations in financial transactions on a timely and complete manner. Exposure to credit risk for Grupo Aval and its subsidiaries is a result of credit activities and transactions with counterparties. The maximum exposure to credit risk of Grupo Aval, at a consolidated level is reflected in the carrying value of financial assets in the consolidated statement of financial position of Grupo Aval as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Assets |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents (*) | ​ | Ps. | 14,788,750 | ​ | Ps. | 13,234,832
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | ​ | 7,113,380 | ​ | ​ | 3,760,887
Investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | 1,889 | ​ | ​ | 1,378
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | ​ | 23,326,776 | ​ | ​ | 22,461,805
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 9,996,561 | ​ | ​ | 9,771,492
Derivatives instruments | ​ | ​ | 2,077,567 | ​ | ​ | 2,041,405
Hedging derivatives | ​ | ​ | 48,662 | ​ | ​ | 20,854
Loans | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Commercial | ​ | ​ | 107,047,817 | ​ | ​ | 104,775,099
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 59,999,611 | ​ | ​ | 59,419,444
Mortgage | ​ | ​ | 18,486,206 | ​ | ​ | 17,883,355
Microcredit | ​ | ​ | 277,529 | ​ | ​ | 267,720
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 392,607 | ​ | ​ | 5,967,743
Other accounts receivable FVTPL | ​ | ​ | 3,830,916 | ​ | ​ | 3,507,231
Other accounts receivable at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 22,171,973 | ​ | ​ | 20,255,758
Total financial assets with credit risk | ​ | Ps. | 269,560,244 | ​ | Ps. | 263,369,003
Financial instruments with credit risk outside of the statement of financial position at its nominal value | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Financial guarantees and letters of credit | ​ | ​ | 3,052,607 | ​ | ​ | 4,679,653
Credit commitments | ​ | ​ | 26,745,937 | ​ | ​ | 26,328,516
Total exposure to credit risk outside of the statement of financial position(**) | ​ | Ps. | 29,798,544 | ​ | Ps. | 31,008,169
Total maximum exposure to credit risk | ​ | Ps. | 299,358,788 | ​ | Ps. | 294,377,172
(*) Not including funds in the entity’s custody (cash, tellers, vaults), because there is no credit risk regarding Grupo Aval entities. See Note 4.1.3 h) (**) See details in note 4.1.9. With regard to guarantees and commitments to extend credit amounts, the maximum credit risk exposure is the amount of a commitment. Credit risk is mitigated by guarantees and collaterals as described in note 4.1.4 Mitigation of Credit Risk, Collateral and Other Credit Risk Enhancements. Each of Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries assume the credit risk for both the credit activities, which includes commercial, consumer, mortgage and microcredit credit lending, and treasury activities including interbank loans, investment portfolio management, derivatives and foreign currency trading activities among others. Despite being independent businesses, the nature of insolvency risk of a borrower or counterparty is similar and therefore the criteria in which they are evaluated is similar. ​ 4.1.1.A. Loan portfolio disclosure Loans are recorded at amortized cost in the statement of financial position, and are classified as commercial, consumer, residential mortgage, microcredit, interbank and overnight funds. The following table presents the portfolio balances, provision balances and net value portfolio by segment: December 31, 2023 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | Total loan
Portfolio segment | ​ | Loan Portfolio | ​ | Loss allowance | ​ | Portfolio, net
Commercial |  | Ps. | 107,440,424 |  | Ps. | 5,294,622 |  | Ps. | 102,145,802
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 392,607 | ​ | ​ | 22 | ​ | ​ | 392,585
Client portfolio |  |  | 107,047,817 |  |  | 5,294,600 |  |  | 101,753,217
Consumer |  |  | 59,999,611 |  |  | 4,307,446 |  |  | 55,692,165
Residential mortgage |  |  | 18,486,206 |  |  | 379,987 |  |  | 18,106,219
Microcredit |  |  | 277,529 |  |  | 53,660 |  |  | 223,869
Total portfolio |  | Ps. | 186,203,770 |  | Ps. | 10,035,715 |  | Ps. | 176,168,055
​ December 31, 2022 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | Total loan
Portfolio segment | ​ | Loan Portfolio | ​ | Loss allowance | ​ | Portfolio, net
Commercial |  | Ps. | 110,742,842 |  | Ps. | 5,494,190 |  | Ps. | 105,248,652
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 5,967,743 | ​ | ​ | 1,444 | ​ | ​ | 5,966,299
Client portfolio |  |  | 104,775,099 |  |  | 5,492,746 |  |  | 99,282,353
Consumer |  |  | 59,419,444 |  |  | 3,311,912 |  |  | 56,107,532
Residential mortgage |  |  | 17,883,355 |  |  | 352,441 |  |  | 17,530,914
Microcredit |  |  | 267,720 |  |  | 38,971 |  |  | 228,749
Total portfolio |  | Ps. | 188,313,361 |  | Ps. | 9,197,514 |  | Ps. | 179,115,847
​ 4.1.1.B Loan portfolio given as collateral In 2023 and 2022, there were no portfolio operations delivered as collateral in resource auction operations with Banco República. ​ 4.1.2 Loan and Counterparty Approval Process for subsidiaries in the financial sector The principles and rules for credit management and credit risk for each financial subsidiary are contained in the credit manual, both for commercial banking activities and treasury activities. Evaluation criteria to measure credit risk follows the principal instructions set forth by the Treasury and Credit Risk Committees. The maximum authority regarding lending is the Board of Directors for each bank, which approves the general policy and has the capacity to approve large size transactions. In the normal banking operation, authorizations for approval of loans and lines of credit depend on the amounts, credit quality, tenor and security collateral or guarantees offered by the client. The Board of Directors of each bank has delegated part of its lending authorities to different committees and executives who process the credit requests and are responsible for the analysis and credit review. Additionally, for the approval of credits, certain considerations are taken into account including but not limited to, the probability of default, the recovery percentage of guarantees received, current customer exposure and tenor & concentration by economic sector. Regarding treasury operations, the Boards of Directors of the financial subsidiaries approve lines of credit for counterparties. Risk control is essentially carried out through three mechanisms: periodic approval of lines of credit, evaluation of the conditions of the issuers at least annually and a report on concentrations for each client or economic group. Although each financial subsidiary is responsible for its credit decisions and risk management, Grupo Aval as the holding entity, oversees the implementation of appropriate risk management controls at the financial subsidiaries through the Corporate Risk Unit and has established upward loan reporting processes. The holding’s risk management staff meets on a periodically basis to discuss Grupo Aval subsidiaries’ loan portfolio, developments in industry, risks and opportunities. Additionally, Grupo Aval through the Credit Projects Unit reviews credit exposures approved by the Group's financial entities, in accordance with guidelines established based on financial indicators, group exposure, economic sectors, among others. This process was developed to effectively leverage the combined equity of its Banks and manage any risk issues. Each subsidiary of the financial sector has a Credit Risk Management System, which is managed by the credit vice-presidency or its equivalent, and includes, among others, the design, implementation and evaluation of policies and risk mechanisms defined by the Credit and Treasury Risk Committee and the Board of Directors of each entity. The operation of the Credit Risk Management System has resulted in the integration of risk measurement tools into the credit approval process in each of the financial subsidiaries. Each subsidiary of the financial sector in Colombia has two models for evaluating credit risk for the approval of commercial loans. The first is the financial ratings model, which consists of statistical models based on the client´s financial information, which are used in the approval process and for portfolio management and monitoring. The second model is based on the client´s financial ratings and their historical payment behavior with the bank. ​ For retail loans (including mortgage loans and auto loans) models are based on product line characteristic, sociodemographic variables and the historical payment behavior of the clients with the bank and the financial sector. As a result of the changes caused by the national and international economic and political situation, periodically review and analyze whether it is necessary to adjust origination strategies, along with approved debt limits in accordance with individual risk analysis, especially for customers identified in high-risk sectors, segments, credit lines and among others. 4.1.3 Credit quality analysis The Credit-risk Monitoring Process and Credit rating of the loan portfolio The monitoring process and credit risk review of each financial subsidiary is carried out in several steps including portfolio analysis by vintages, risk level rating, permanent high-risk clients’ review, restructuring processes of operations and the receipt of foreclosed assets as payment. Periodically the financial subsidiaries classify each client in one of these risk categories: Category Normal, Acceptable, Appreciable, Significant and Non - recoverability, based on the statistical models that each subsidiary has. In addition, each financial subsidiary evaluates the commercial portfolio by economic sectors, where macro-sectors are evaluated with the purpose of monitoring the concentration per economic sector and the risk level of each one. At least once a year, each financial subsidiary carries out an individual analysis of credit risk based on updated financial information of the client, payment record, collateral security/guarantees received, credit bureau reports and other qualitative information available; based on the information, clients are classified by risk level as mentioned above. ​ Each risk category is explained as follows: ​
Category |  | PD* |  | Risk |  | Description
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 |  | 0%- 7.5% |  | Normal |  | Appropriately serviced. The debtor’s financial statements or their projected cash flows, as well as all other credit information available to us, reflect adequate paying capacity
2 |  | 7.5% - 15% |  | Acceptable above normal |  | Adequately serviced and protected, but there are weaknesses which may potentially affect, on a temporary or permanent basis, the debtor’s paying capacity or their projected cash flows to the extent that, if not timely corrected, would affect the collection of the credits as contracted
3 |  | 15% - 22.5% |  |  |  |
4 |  | 22.5% - 30% |  | Appreciable |  | Have debtors with insufficient paying capacity or relate to projects with insufficient cash flow, which may compromise the normal collection of the obligations
5 |  | 30% - 45% |  |  |  |
6 |  | 45% - 60% |  | Significant |  | Have the same deficiencies as loans in category 4-5, but to a larger extent; consequently, the probability of collection is highly doubtful
7 |  | 60% - 90% |  |  |  |
8 |  | > 90% |  | Non-recoverability |  | Deemed uncollectible.
(*) Probability of default – “PD” is the probability that the counterpart defaults in their payment obligations of capital and/or interest. ​ For mortgage loans and microcredits, the previous classification by risk levels is carried out monthly considering the number of days past due. In addition, the credit risk exposure is managed through a periodic analysis of the borrowers (or potential borrowers) to determine the repayment capacity of capital and interest. The credit risk exposure is also mitigated partly by obtaining collateral security, corporate and personal guarantees. The following table sets out information about the credit quality of financial assets measured at amortized cost. Unless specifically indicated, for financial assets, the amounts in the table represent gross carrying amounts. For loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, the amounts in the table represent the amounts committed or guaranteed, respectively. Based on the foregoing classifications, each financial subsidiary establishes and executes collection strategies directed at maximizing the collection of the loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the following is a summary of the credit portfolio by probability of default. Explanation of the terms: Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 are included in Note 2 (2.5) (ix) and explained in detail in Note 4.1.5 (Measurement of Expected Credit Loss). ​ Total Portfolio ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 155,352,194 | ​ | Ps. | 2,123,462 | ​ | Ps. | 1,662 | ​ | Ps. | 157,477,318
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 8,001,193 | ​ | ​ | 1,491,965 | ​ | ​ | 18 | ​ | ​ | 9,493,176
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 635,366 | ​ | ​ | 454,652 | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​ | ​ | 1,090,031
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 372,476 | ​ | ​ | 657,258 | ​ | ​ | 17 | ​ | ​ | 1,029,751
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 122,410 | ​ | ​ | 2,115,980 | ​ | ​ | 48 | ​ | ​ | 2,238,438
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 10,436 | ​ | ​ | 594,121 | ​ | ​ | 382 | ​ | ​ | 604,939
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 30,479 | ​ | ​ | 1,640,781 | ​ | ​ | 3,085 | ​ | ​ | 1,674,345
> 90% | ​ | ​ | 7 | ​ | ​ | 35,828 | ​ | ​ | 12,559,937 | ​ | ​ | 12,595,772
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 164,524,561 | ​ | Ps. | 9,114,047 | ​ | Ps. | 12,565,162 | ​ | Ps. | 186,203,770
​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 157,604,135 | ​ | Ps. | 1,939,187 | ​ | Ps. | 1,204 | ​ | Ps. | 159,544,526
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 6,335,608 | ​ | ​ | 2,344,810 | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | 8,680,422
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 714,742 | ​ | ​ | 613,626 | ​ | ​ | 16 | ​ | ​ | 1,328,384
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 82,591 | ​ | ​ | 804,305 | ​ | ​ | 26 | ​ | ​ | 886,922
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 105,034 | ​ | ​ | 3,643,179 | ​ | ​ | 80 | ​ | ​ | 3,748,293
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 59,209 | ​ | ​ | 843,511 | ​ | ​ | 43 | ​ | ​ | 902,763
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 2,306 | ​ | ​ | 1,545,507 | ​ | ​ | 3,602 | ​ | ​ | 1,551,415
> 90% | ​ | ​ | 2,398 | ​ | ​ | 40,783 | ​ | ​ | 11,627,455 | ​ | ​ | 11,670,636
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 164,906,023 | ​ | Ps. | 11,774,908 | ​ | Ps. | 11,632,430 | ​ | Ps. | 188,313,361
​ Commercial – Client portfolio
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 89,446,752 | ​ | Ps. | 922,338 | ​ | Ps. | 30 | ​ | Ps. | 90,369,120
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 4,619,984 | ​ | ​ | 672,515 | ​ | ​ | 14 | ​ | ​ | 5,292,513
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 149,734 | ​ | ​ | 141,027 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 290,761
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 75,014 | ​ | ​ | 296,926 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 371,940
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 35,159 | ​ | ​ | 1,384,320 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,419,479
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 29,600 | ​ | ​ | 44 | ​ | ​ | 29,644
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 1,652 | ​ | ​ | 79,911 | ​ | ​ | 249 | ​ | ​ | 81,812
> 90% | ​ | ​ | 5 | ​ | ​ | 3,897 | ​ | ​ | 9,188,646 | ​ | ​ | 9,192,548
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 94,328,300 | ​ | Ps. | 3,530,534 | ​ | Ps. | 9,188,983 | ​ | Ps. | 107,047,817
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 86,598,568 | ​ | Ps. | 779,368 | ​ | Ps. | 9 | ​ | Ps. | 87,377,945
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 3,221,994 | ​ | ​ | 1,381,026 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,603,020
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 72,734 | ​ | ​ | 156,062 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 228,796
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 6,479 | ​ | ​ | 299,999 | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | 306,484
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 44,889 | ​ | ​ | 2,716,387 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,761,276
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 12,023 | ​ | ​ | 263,181 | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | 275,210
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 1,446 | ​ | ​ | 70,843 | ​ | ​ | 683 | ​ | ​ | 72,972
> 90% | ​ | ​ | 101 | ​ | ​ | 5,228 | ​ | ​ | 9,144,067 | ​ | ​ | 9,149,396
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 89,958,234 | ​ | Ps. | 5,672,094 | ​ | Ps. | 9,144,771 | ​ | Ps. | 104,775,099
​ Consumer ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 48,882,951 | ​ | Ps. | 959,967 | ​ | Ps. | 1,624 | ​ | Ps. | 49,844,542
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 3,162,195 | ​ | ​ | 630,148 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 3,792,346
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 407,118 | ​ | ​ | 221,512 | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​ | ​ | 628,643
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 287,632 | ​ | ​ | 303,389 | ​ | ​ | 17 | ​ | ​ | 591,038
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 83,212 | ​ | ​ | 511,700 | ​ | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | 594,958
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 5,394 | ​ | ​ | 403,500 | ​ | ​ | 335 | ​ | ​ | 409,229
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 27,605 | ​ | ​ | 1,347,432 | ​ | ​ | 2,836 | ​ | ​ | 1,377,873
> 90% | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | 31,127 | ​ | ​ | 2,729,853 | ​ | ​ | 2,760,982
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 52,856,109 | ​ | Ps. | 4,408,775 | ​ | Ps. | 2,734,727 | ​ | Ps. | 59,999,611
​ ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 49,264,495 | ​ | Ps. | 1,077,991 | ​ | Ps. | 1,193 | ​ | Ps. | 50,343,679
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 2,552,075 | ​ | ​ | 475,589 | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | 3,027,668
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 551,430 | ​ | ​ | 380,837 | ​ | ​ | 16 | ​ | ​ | 932,283
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 61,468 | ​ | ​ | 311,962 | ​ | ​ | 19 | ​ | ​ | 373,449
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 55,980 | ​ | ​ | 870,976 | ​ | ​ | 78 | ​ | ​ | 927,034
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 42,850 | ​ | ​ | 463,902 | ​ | ​ | 34 | ​ | ​ | 506,786
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 578 | ​ | ​ | 1,312,625 | ​ | ​ | 2,915 | ​ | ​ | 1,316,118
> 90% | ​ | ​ | 252 | ​ | ​ | 35,081 | ​ | ​ | 1,957,094 | ​ | ​ | 1,992,427
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 52,529,128 | ​ | Ps. | 4,928,963 | ​ | Ps. | 1,961,353 | ​ | Ps. | 59,419,444
​ Mortgage
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 16,462,013 | ​ | Ps. | 241,157 | ​ | Ps. | 8 | ​ | Ps. | 16,703,178
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 192,612 | ​ | ​ | 189,280 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 381,893
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 64,124 | ​ | ​ | 92,026 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 156,150
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 1,654 | ​ | ​ | 56,932 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 58,586
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 594 | ​ | ​ | 219,707 | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | 220,303
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 160,222 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 160,225
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 200,657 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 200,657
> 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 804 | ​ | ​ | 604,410 | ​ | ​ | 605,214
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 16,720,997 | ​ | Ps. | 1,160,785 | ​ | Ps. | 604,424 | ​ | Ps. | 18,486,206
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 15,619,231 | ​ | Ps. | 81,828 | ​ | Ps. | 2 | ​ | Ps. | 15,701,061
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 520,960 | ​ | ​ | 488,195 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,009,155
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 83,260 | ​ | ​ | 76,727 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 159,987
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 2,201 | ​ | ​ | 192,344 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 194,546
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 776 | ​ | ​ | 55,449 | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | 56,227
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 115,989 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 115,992
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 148,789 | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | 148,793
> 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 474 | ​ | ​ | 497,120 | ​ | ​ | 497,594
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 16,226,428 | ​ | Ps. | 1,159,795 | ​ | Ps. | 497,132 | ​ | Ps. | 17,883,355
​ Microcredit
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 167,871 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 167,871
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 26,402 | ​ | ​ | 22 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 26,424
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 14,390 | ​ | ​ | 87 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 14,477
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 8,176 | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 8,187
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 3,445 | ​ | ​ | 253 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,698
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 5,042 | ​ | ​ | 799 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,841
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 1,222 | ​ | ​ | 12,781 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 14,003
> 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 37,028 | ​ | ​ | 37,028
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 226,548 | ​ | Ps. | 13,953 | ​ | Ps. | 37,028 | ​ | Ps. | 277,529
​ ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 154,099 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 154,099
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 40,579 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 40,579
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 7,318 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,318
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 12,443 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 12,443
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 3,389 | ​ | ​ | 367 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,756
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 4,336 | ​ | ​ | 439 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,775
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 282 | ​ | ​ | 13,250 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 13,532
> 90% | ​ | ​ | 2,045 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 29,173 | ​ | ​ | 31,218
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 224,491 | ​ | Ps. | 14,056 | ​ | Ps. | 29,173 | ​ | Ps. | 267,720
​ Interbank and overnight funds
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 392,607 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 392,607
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
> 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 392,607 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 392,607
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 5,967,742 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 5,967,742
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
> 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 1
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 5,967,742 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 1 | ​ | Ps. | 5,967,743
​ Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 26,560,070 | ​ | Ps. | 74,846 | ​ | Ps. | 205 | ​ | Ps. | 26,635,121
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 217,078 | ​ | ​ | 901,543 | ​ | ​ | 14 | ​ | ​ | 1,118,635
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 30,108 | ​ | ​ | 1,684,982 | ​ | ​ | 17 | ​ | ​ | 1,715,107
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 8,822 | ​ | ​ | 4,715 | ​ | ​ | 74 | ​ | ​ | 13,611
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 1,059 | ​ | ​ | 145,865 | ​ | ​ | 138 | ​ | ​ | 147,062
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | 2,821 | ​ | ​ | 252 | ​ | ​ | 3,075
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 9 | ​ | ​ | 1,050 | ​ | ​ | 426 | ​ | ​ | 1,485
> 90% | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 301 | ​ | ​ | 164,146 | ​ | ​ | 164,448
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 26,817,149 | ​ | Ps. | 2,816,123 | ​ | Ps. | 165,272 | ​ | Ps. | 29,798,544
​ ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Total Exposure
PD Range |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
0%- 7.5% | ​ | Ps. | 26,786,851 | ​ | Ps. | 249,902 | ​ | Ps. | 69 | ​ | Ps. | 27,036,822
7.5% - 15% | ​ | ​ | 286,943 | ​ | ​ | 1,053,719 | ​ | ​ | 10 | ​ | ​ | 1,340,672
15% - 22.5% | ​ | ​ | 10,450 | ​ | ​ | 1,865,391 | ​ | ​ | 98 | ​ | ​ | 1,875,939
22.5% - 30% | ​ | ​ | 2,033 | ​ | ​ | 232,787 | ​ | ​ | 180 | ​ | ​ | 235,000
30% - 45% | ​ | ​ | 1,469 | ​ | ​ | 303,823 | ​ | ​ | 777 | ​ | ​ | 306,069
45% - 60% | ​ | ​ | 83 | ​ | ​ | 79,811 | ​ | ​ | 700 | ​ | ​ | 80,594
60% - 90% | ​ | ​ | 532 | ​ | ​ | 47,631 | ​ | ​ | 728 | ​ | ​ | 48,891
> 90% | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​ | ​ | 84,169 | ​ | ​ | 84,182
TOTAL | ​ | Ps. | 27,088,361 | ​ | Ps. | 3,833,077 | ​ | Ps. | 86,731 | ​ | Ps. | 31,008,169
​ ​ Credit quality of financial assets (excluding loan portfolio) The following is the breakdown of the different financial assets excluding loan portfolio, by credit risk level and type of issuer based on the rating issued by the independent credit ratings agency. A financial asset is considered investment grade if its credit rating is BBB- or higher by Standard & Poor's or Fitch Ratings scale, Baa3 or higher by Moody's scale, F3 or higher by Fitch Ratings Colombia S.A or BRC3 or higher by BRC of Colombia. Otherwise, the financial asset is considered speculative.
a) | Trading investment in debt securities
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Investment grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 5,764,699 |  | Ps. | 2,721,755
Other public entities (**) |  | ​ | 18,886 |  | ​ | 12,202
Corporate |  | ​ | 3,412 |  | ​ | 112
Financial entities |  | ​ | 349,273 |  | ​ | 178,584
Total investment grade |  | Ps. | 6,136,270 |  | Ps. | 2,912,653
Speculative grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 62,213 |  | Ps. | 157,246
Other public entities (**) | ​ | ​ | 136,851 | ​ | ​ | 181,948
Corporate | ​ | ​ | 42,581 | ​ | ​ | 33,880
Financial entities |  | ​ | 735,187 |  | ​ | 473,223
Multilaterals | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,873
Total Speculative grade |  | Ps. | 976,832 |  | Ps. | 848,170
Without grade or not available |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Corporate |  | Ps. | 278 |  | Ps. | 64
Total without grade or not available |  | Ps. | 278 |  | Ps. | 64
​ |  | Ps. | 7,113,380 |  | Ps. | 3,760,887
(*) A sovereign credit rating considers the risk of Treasury issuer or similar agency (government debt portfolio). (**) Corresponds to operations with government entities, including public administrations in general including regional and local governments. ​
b) | Investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Speculative grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Corporate |  | Ps. | 1,889 |  | Ps. | 1,378
Total Speculative grade |  | Ps. | 1,889 |  | Ps. | 1,378
​
c) | Investments in debt securities at FVOCI
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
Investment grade | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 16,879,453 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 16,879,453
Other public entities (**) |  | ​ | 123,996 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 123,996
Central banks | ​ | ​ | 145,489 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 145,489
Corporate |  | ​ | 93,637 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 93,637
Financial entities |  | ​ | 1,085,737 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1,085,737
Multilaterals |  | ​ | 330,748 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 330,748
Total investment grade |  | Ps. | 18,659,060 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 18,659,060
Speculative grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 2,418,378 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 2,418,378
Other public entities (**) | ​ | ​ | 739,792 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 739,792
Corporate |  | ​ | 273,144 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 273,144
Financial entities |  | ​ | 1,056,910 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1,056,910
Multilaterals | ​ | ​ | 3,549 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,549
Total speculative grade |  | Ps. | 4,491,773 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 4,491,773
Without Grade or Not available | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Corporate | ​ | Ps. | 175,943 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 175,943
Total Without Grade or Not available | ​ | Ps. | 175,943 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 175,943
​ |  | Ps. | 23,326,776 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 23,326,776
(*) Sovereign credit rating is considered as the risk of the Treasury issuer or a similar agency (government debt portfolio). (**) Corresponds to operations with government entities; including public administrations in general (includes regional and local governments). ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | ​ | Stage 1 |  | ​ | Stage 2 |  | ​ | Stage 3 |  | ​ | Total
Investment grade | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 16,247,220 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 16,247,220
Other public entities (**) |  | ​ | 109,246 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 109,246
Central banks | ​ | ​ | 194,098 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 194,098
Corporate |  | ​ | 124,587 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 124,587
Financial entities |  | ​ | 840,545 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 840,545
Multilaterals |  | ​ | 477,890 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 477,890
Total investment grade |  | Ps. | 17,993,586 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 17,993,586
Speculative grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 2,702,107 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 2,702,107
Other public entities (**) | ​ | ​ | 680,002 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 680,002
Corporate |  | ​ | 245,734 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 245,734
Financial entities | ​ | ​ | 782,359 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 782,359
Multilaterals |  | ​ | 25,062 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 25,062
Total speculative grade |  | Ps. | 4,435,264 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 4,435,264
Without Grade or Not available | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financial entities | ​ | ​ | 32,955 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 32,955
Total Without Grade or Not available | ​ | Ps. | 32,955 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 32,955
​ |  | Ps. | 22,461,805 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 22,461,805
(*) Sovereign credit rating is considered as the risk of the Treasury issuer or a similar agency (government debt portfolio). (**) Corresponds to operations with government entities; including public administrations in general (includes regional and local governments). ​ ​
d) | Investments in debt securities at amortized cost
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
Investment grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 2,593,978 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 2,593,978
Financial entities |  | ​ | 2,016,078 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 2,016,078
Total investment grade |  | Ps. | 4,610,056 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 4,610,056
Speculative grade | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other public entities (**) | ​ | Ps. | 5,112,355 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 5,112,355
Corporate | ​ | ​ | 63,824 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 63,824
Financial Entities | ​ | ​ | 5,761 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,761
Total speculative grade | ​ | Ps. | 5,181,940 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 5,181,940
Without Grade or Not available | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Corporate | ​ | Ps. | 83,066 | ​ | Ps. | 60,344 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 143,410
Financial Entities | ​ | ​ | 61,155 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 61,155
Total Without Grade or Not available | ​ | Ps. | 144,221 | ​ | Ps. | 60,344 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 204,565
​ |  | Ps. | 9,936,217 |  | Ps. | 60,344 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 9,996,561
(*) Sovereign credit rating is considered as the risk of the Treasury issuer or a similar agency (government debt portfolio). (**) Corresponds to operations with government entities; including public administrations in general (includes regional and local governments). ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | ​ | Stage 1 |  | ​ | Stage 2 |  | ​ | Stage 3 |  | ​ | Total
Investment grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 2,333,070 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 2,333,070
Financial entities |  | ​ | 29,026 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 29,026
Total investment grade |  | Ps. | 2,362,096 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 2,362,096
Speculative grade | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other public entities (**) | ​ | Ps. | 4,509,839 | ​ | Ps. | — | Ps. | ​ | — | ​ | Ps. | 4,509,839
Corporate | ​ | ​ | 72,390 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 72,390
Financial entities | ​ | ​ | 2,520,330 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,520,330
Total speculative grade | ​ | Ps. | 7,102,559 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 7,102,559
Without Grade or Not available | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Corporate | ​ | Ps. | 157,338 | ​ | Ps. | 80,199 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 237,537
Financial Entities | ​ | ​ | 43,851 | ​ | ​ | 25,449 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 69,300
Total Without Grade or Not available | ​ | Ps. | 201,189 | ​ | Ps. | 105,648 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 306,837
​ |  | Ps. | 9,665,844 |  | Ps. | 105,648 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 9,771,492
(*) Sovereign credit rating is considered as the risk of the Treasury issuer or a similar agency (government debt portfolio). (**) Corresponds to operations with government entities; including public administrations in general (includes regional and local governments). ​
e) | Other accounts receivable at FVTPL
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Investment grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 3,830,916 |  | Ps. | 3,507,231
Total investment grade | ​ | Ps. | 3,830,916 | ​ | Ps. | 3,507,231
(*) Sovereign credit rating is considered as the risk of the Treasury issuer or a similar agency (government debt portfolio). ​ ​ ​
f) | other accounts receivable at amortized cost
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | Simplified Approach | ​ | Total
Other receivables using general approach | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other accounts receivable and contract assets for government and corporate customers | Ps. | 14,569,999 | Ps. | — | Ps. | 1,535 | Ps. | — | Ps. | 14,571,534
Other accounts receivable related to gas, energy services, contributions, and others | ​ | 1,143,548 | ​ | 119,607 | ​ | 184,829 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,447,984
Other receivables using simplified approach | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other accounts receivable from individual customers | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 6,152,455 | ​ | 6,152,455
Total other receivables | Ps. | 15,713,547 | Ps. | 119,607 | Ps. | 186,364 | Ps. | 6,152,455 | Ps. | 22,171,973
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | Simplified Approach | ​ | Total
Other receivables using general approach | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other accounts receivable and contract assets for government and corporate customers | Ps. | 13,231,073 | Ps. | — | Ps. | — | Ps. | — | Ps. | 13,231,073
Other accounts receivable related to gas, energy services, contributions, and others | ​ | 1,084,093 | ​ | 145,724 | ​ | 181,992 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,411,809
Other receivables using simplified approach | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other accounts receivable from individual customers | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 5,612,876 | ​ | 5,612,876
Total other receivables | Ps. | 14,315,166 | Ps. | 145,724 | Ps. | 181,992 | Ps. | 5,612,876 | Ps. | 20,255,758
​ Evaluated using general approach The following table provides information about the exposure to credit risk for other accounts receivable and contract assets for corporate customers as of December 31, 2023, and 2022. The credit quality of these financial assets follows the methodology of the probability of default of debt securities and other liquid financial assets (See note 4.1.5). ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
Investment grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 13,990,298 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 13,990,298
Corporate |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1,535 |  | ​ | 1,535
Financial entities |  | ​ | 579,701 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 579,701
Total investment grade |  | Ps. | 14,569,999 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 1,535 |  | Ps. | 14,571,534
(*) Sovereign credit rating is considered as the risk of the Treasury issuer or a similar agency (government debt portfolio). ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
Investment grade |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Sovereign (*) |  | Ps. | 12,653,956 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 12,653,956
Financial entities |  | ​ | 577,117 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 577,117
Total investment grade |  | Ps. | 13,231,073 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 13,231,073
(*) Sovereign credit rating is considered as the risk of the Treasury issuer or a similar agency (government debt portfolio). ​ The following table provides information about the exposure to credit risk by segment for accounts receivable related to gas and energy services, the methodology used to estimate the ECLs is the same used for Loan and Receivable (See note 4.1.5): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
Segmentation |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Contributions |  | Ps. | 88,148 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 88,148
Gas |  | ​ | 709,422 |  | ​ | 111,786 |  | ​ | 102,077 |  | ​ | 923,285
Energy |  | ​ | 84,960 |  | ​ | 7,821 |  | ​ | 82,752 |  | ​ | 175,533
Other accounts receivable |  | ​ | 261,018 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 261,018
Total segmentation |  | Ps. | 1,143,548 |  | Ps. | 119,607 |  | Ps. | 184,829 |  | Ps. | 1,447,984
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
Segmentation |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Contributions |  | Ps. | 151,923 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 151,923
Gas |  | ​ | 692,169 |  | ​ | 141,218 |  | ​ | 89,833 |  | ​ | 923,220
Energy |  | ​ | 78,617 |  | ​ | 4,506 |  | ​ | 92,159 |  | ​ | 175,282
Other accounts receivable |  | ​ | 161,384 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 161,384
Total segmentation |  | Ps. | 1,084,093 |  | Ps. | 145,724 |  | Ps. | 181,992 |  | Ps. | 1,411,809
​ Evaluated using simplified approach Grupo Aval uses a probability matrix to measure the ECL for other receivables from individual customers, which have small balances. The weighted-average loss rate is calculated using a “rolling rate” method based on the probability that a receivable will progress through successive stages of default until write off. The rolling rate is calculated for exposures in different segments and separately in accordance with the following common features of credit risk. The following table provides information about the exposure to credit risk and ECLs for trade receivables and contract assets from individual customers as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Weighted- | ​ | Gross | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | average loss | ​ | carrying | ​ | Loss | ​ | Credit-
December 31, 2023 |  | rate |  | amount |  | allowance |  | impaired
0–30 days past due |  | 0.18 | % | Ps. | 4,949,057 |  | Ps. | 8,889 | Ps. | —
31–60 days past due |  | 0.36 | % | ​ | 173,165 |  | ​ | 621 |  | —
61–90 days past due |  | 1.89 | % | ​ | 106,196 |  | ​ | 2,007 |  | —
More than 90 days past due |  | 19.26 | % | ​ | 924,037 |  | ​ | 177,968 |  | 924,037
​ |  |  |  | Ps. | 6,152,455 |  | Ps. | 189,485 | Ps. | 924,037
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Weighted- | ​ | Gross | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | average loss | ​ | carrying | ​ | Loss | ​ | Credit-
December 31, 2022 |  | rate |  | amount |  | allowance |  | impaired
0–30 days past due |  | 0.03 | % | Ps. | 4,884,653 |  | Ps. | 1,269 | Ps. | —
31–60 days past due |  | 0.87 | % | ​ | 94,105 |  | ​ | 821 |  | —
61–90 days past due |  | 0.71 | % | ​ | 66,299 |  | ​ | 470 |  | —
More than 90 days past due |  | 30.08 | % | ​ | 567,819 |  | ​ | 170,772 |  | 567,819
​ |  |  |  | Ps. | 5,612,876 |  | Ps. | 173,332 | Ps. | 567,819
​ The loss rates are based on the experience of real credit loss during a year and the balance of accounts receivable at the cut-off date for previously defined homogeneous segments. It takes into consideration elements such as: segmentation by type of receivable account, date of analysis, definition of loss, among others. Based on the characteristics of the short-term receivable accounts, these portfolios result from operations where there are no non-linear impacts, therefore, the application of macroeconomic scenarios is not considered.
g) | Derivative instruments
The details of credit rating determined by independent credit rating agents of counterparties in trading derivatives and hedge derivatives are as follows. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Credit worthiness |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Investment grade |  | Ps. | 1,398,093 |  | Ps. | 1,257,143
Speculative |  |  | 22,274 |  |  | 4,165
Without grade or not available |  |  | 705,862 |  |  | 800,951
Total |  | Ps. | 2,126,229 |  | Ps. | 2,062,259
​ The following table shows an analysis of counterparty credit exposures that arise from derivative transactions. Transactions derived from Grupo Aval are generally fully guaranteed with cash: Trading derivatives ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Total | ​ | Central counterparties
​ |  | Notional |  | Fair |  | Notional |  | Fair
​ | ​ | amount | ​ | value | ​ | amount | ​ | value
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets | Ps. | 77,206,096 | Ps. | 2,077,567 | Ps. | 30,658,137 | Ps. | 4,272
Derivative liabilities |  | 64,716,179 |  | 2,154,361 |  | 15,739,527 |  | 10,399
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets | Ps. | 72,500,745 | Ps. | 2,041,405 | Ps. | 29,203,700 | Ps. | 12,991
Derivative liabilities |  | 62,639,638 |  | 1,757,606 |  | 20,116,392 |  | 11,213
​ ​ Hedging derivatives ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Total | ​ | Central counterparties
​ |  | Notional |  | Fair |  | Notional |  | Fair
​ | ​ | amount | ​ | value | ​ | amount | ​ | value
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets | Ps. | 3,765,455 | Ps. | 48,662 | Ps. | — | Ps. | —
Derivative liabilities |  | 5,109,351 | ​ | 217,566 | ​ | — | ​ | —
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets | Ps. | 829,105 | Ps. | 20,854 | Ps. | — | Ps. | —
Derivative liabilities |  | 533,829 | ​ | 3,568 | ​ | — | ​ | —
​ Derivative transactions of Grupo Aval are collateralized by cash of Ps (1,035,846) as of December 31, 2023, and of Ps. (1,224,414) as of December 31, 2022, see note 4.1.10 “Offset of financial assets and financial liabilities”. ​
h) | Cash and cash equivalents
Grupo Aval held cash and cash equivalents of Ps. 18,597,861 as of December 31, 2023 (2022: Ps. 17,032,857). The cash and cash equivalents are held in central banks and financial institution counterparties. The following table shows an analysis of counterparty credit exposures: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Investment grade |  | Ps. | 13,537,699 |  | Ps. | 12,051,274
Central bank |  |  | 6,857,510 |  |  | 4,541,687
Financial entities |  |  | 6,678,693 |  |  | 7,509,587
Others | ​ | ​ | 1,496 | ​ | ​ | —
Speculative grade |  |  | 1,228,856 |  |  | 1,148,798
Central bank |  |  | 466 |  |  | 2,058
Financial entities |  |  | 1,228,390 |  |  | 1,146,740
Without grade or not available |  |  | 22,195 |  |  | 34,760
Financial entities |  |  | 22,195 |  |  | 34,760
Cash and cash equivalent with third parties |  | Ps. | 14,788,750 |  | Ps. | 13,234,832
Cash held by entity (*) |  | Ps. | 3,809,111 |  | Ps. | 3,798,025
Total |  | Ps. | 18,597,861 |  | Ps. | 17,032,857
(*) Cash held by each Grupo Aval’s bank in custody in vaults, ATMs and cash. ​ 4.1.4 Mitigation of Credit Risk, Collateral and Other Credit Risk Enhancements The exposure to credit risk for each of Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries is reduced by collateral and other credit enhancements. The existence of collateral security or guarantees can be a requirement but not a determining factor in approval of a credit. Credit risk policies of Grupo Aval require an evaluation of the debtor’s payment capacity based on the debtor´s ability to generate the resources needed for the timely and complete payment of their obligations. Credit risk management includes the following activities:
| ● | Analysis of credit risk: For commercial lending, tools are used for the individual evaluation of credits based on payment capacity supported on cash generation, credit rating models with inputs from historical and projected financial condition, and on the payment history of the debtor with the financial sector. For interbank and overnight funds, the Camel Model is used to analyze financial institutions according to six factors represented by capital adequacy, assets quality, management, earnings, liquidity, and sensitivity. For consumer lending (including mortgages and auto financing), scoring models are based on characteristics of each credit line and in terms of clients, sociodemographic variables and payment behavior with both then bank and the financial sector.
| ● | Evaluation of collateral security / guarantees with appropriate debt coverage in accordance with the credit policies of each financial subsidiary. Collateral security includes mortgages on real estate, pledge on assets, cash deposits and investments.
| ● | Evaluation of the liquidity of the collateral security / guarantees received.
The methods used for the evaluation of collateral security / guarantees are aligned with the market practices and include the use of independent real estate appraisers or the market value of securities. All collateral security / guarantees must be legally evaluated and drafted following the parameters of applicable legal regulations. ​ ​ ​ Mortgage lending The following tables classify credit exposures for mortgage loans and advances to retail customers by ranges of loan-to-value (LTV) ratio. LTV is calculated as the ratio of the gross amount of the loan – or the amount of the loan commitments – to the value of the collateral. The value of the collateral for mortgage loans is based on the collateral value at origination updated based on changes in house price indices. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
LTV ratio | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Less than 50% | ​ | Ps. | 7,784,742 | ​ | Ps. | 6,828,495
51 – 70% | ​ | ​ | 6,379,677 | ​ | ​ | 6,139,066
71 – 90% | ​ | ​ | 3,281,508 | ​ | ​ | 3,595,794
91 – 100% | ​ | ​ | 771,664 | ​ | ​ | 1,019,031
More than 100% | ​ | ​ | 268,615 | ​ | ​ | 300,969
Total | ​ | Ps. | 18,486,206 | ​ | Ps. | 17,883,355
​ Credit-impaired mortgage loans For credit-impaired loans the value of collateral is based on the most recent appraisals
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
LTV ratio |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50% |  | Ps. | 146,489 |  | Ps. | 141,621
51 – 70% |  |  | 252,655 |  |  | 184,151
More than 70% |  |  | 205,280 |  |  | 171,360
Total |  | Ps. | 604,424 |  | Ps. | 497,132
​ As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the following chart shows the detail of the credit portfolio per type of guarantees received. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Interbank and |  | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023 | ​ | Commercial | ​ | Consumer | ​ | Mortgages | ​ | Microcredit | ​ | overnight funds | ​ | Total
Unsecured credits |  | Ps. | 60,462,815 |  | Ps. | 54,320,369 |  | Ps. | 1,277 |  | Ps. | 257,610 |  | Ps. | 88,588 |  | Ps. | 115,130,659
Loans secured by other banks |  |  | 202,667 |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 202,776
Collateralized credits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Mortgages |  |  | 1,388,044 |  |  | 147,499 |  |  | 16,370,941 |  |  | 497 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,906,981
Other real estate |  |  | 11,949,592 |  |  | 226,614 |  |  | 1,603 |  |  | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,177,921
Investments in equity instruments |  |  | 392,474 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 392,474
Deposits in cash or cash equivalents |  |  | 1,101,686 |  |  | 145,901 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,247,587
Leased machineries and vehicles |  |  | 8,715,508 |  |  | 14,947 |  |  | 2,066,476 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,796,931
Fiduciary agreements, standby letters and guarantee funds |  |  | 9,654,206 |  |  | 21,705 |  |  | 45,909 |  |  | 18,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,740,747
Pledged income |  |  | 3,710,759 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,710,759
Pledges |  |  | 3,498,054 |  |  | 5,064,634 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,562,715
Other assets |  |  | 5,972,012 |  |  | 57,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 356 |  |  | 304,019 |  |  | 6,334,220
Total gross loan portfolio |  | Ps. | 107,047,817 |  | Ps. | 59,999,611 |  | Ps. | 18,486,206 |  | Ps. | 277,529 |  | Ps. | 392,607 |  | Ps. | 186,203,770
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Interbank and |  | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022 |  | Commercial | ​ | Consumer | ​ | Mortgages | ​ | Microcredit | ​ | overnight funds | ​ | Total
Unsecured credits |  | Ps. | 57,471,266 |  | Ps. | 53,550,006 |  | Ps. | 2,042 |  | Ps. | 224,582 |  | Ps. | 1,179,355 |  | Ps. | 112,427,251
Loans secured by other banks |  |  | 322,063 |  |  | 774 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 322,837
Collateralized credits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgages |  |  | 988,888 |  |  | 124,990 |  |  | 15,549,938 |  |  | 651 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,664,467
Other real estate |  |  | 13,026,949 |  |  | 260,832 |  |  | 6,494 |  |  | 215 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,294,490
Investments in equity instruments |  |  | 410,669 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 410,669
Deposits in cash or cash equivalents |  |  | 1,412,983 |  |  | 167,194 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,580,177
Leased machineries and vehicles |  |  | 8,148,297 |  |  | 18,072 |  |  | 2,266,986 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,433,355
Fiduciary agreements, standby letters and guarantee funds |  |  | 9,822,855 |  |  | 31,166 |  |  | 57,895 |  |  | 41,354 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,953,270
Pledged income |  |  | 3,731,465 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,731,465
Pledges |  |  | 3,657,840 |  |  | 5,190,680 |  |  | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,848,572
Other assets |  |  | 5,781,824 |  |  | 75,730 |  |  | — |  |  | 866 |  |  | 4,788,388 |  |  | 10,646,808
Total gross loan portfolio |  | Ps. | 104,775,099 |  | Ps. | 59,419,444 |  | Ps. | 17,883,355 |  | Ps. | 267,720 |  | Ps. | 5,967,743 |  | Ps. | 188,313,361
​ As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the following chart sets out the carrying amount and the value of identifiable collateral (mainly commercial property) for commercial loans held by Grupo Aval at a consolidated level:
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023 | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | Carrying Amount |  | Collateral | ​ | Carrying Amount | ​ | Collateral
Stages 1 and 2 | ​ | Ps. | 23,484,250 | ​ | Ps. | 15,996,375 | ​ | Ps. | 22,537,899 | ​ | Ps. | 15,742,699
Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | 2,952,217 | ​ | ​ | 2,429,026 | ​ | ​ | 2,574,521 | ​ | ​ | 2,479,275
​ | ​ | Ps. | 26,436,467 | ​ | Ps. | 18,425,401 | ​ | Ps. | 25,112,420 | ​ | Ps. | 18,221,974
​ 4.1.5 Amounts arising from Expected Credit Loss (ECL) Definition of Default Grupo Aval considers a financial asset to be in default when:
| ● | The borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to Grupo Aval in full. Without prejudice, Grupo Aval takes actions such as realizing collateral (if any is held);
| ● | The borrower is more than 90 days past due on any material credit obligation other than mortgages to Grupo Aval. Overdrafts are considered past due once the customer has breached the allowed tenor or been advised of the reduction of the limit;
| ● | For mortgages, when the borrower is more than 180 days past due;
| ● | The borrower is in a state of restructuring, bankruptcy proceedings or business reorganization.
| ● | In the case of fixed income financial securities, the following concepts among others apply:
| - | External rating of the issuer or instrument in rating D under Standard & Poor’s and Fitch Ratings scale or rating C under Moody’s scale;
| - | Contractual payments are not made on the due date;
| - | There is a very high probability of suspension of payments;
| - | The issuer likely to go bankrupt or file for bankruptcy or similar action; or
| - | The financial asset no longer has an active market given its financial difficulties.
In assessing whether a borrower is in default, Grupo Aval considers indicators as follows:
| ● | Qualitative: e.g. breaches of non-financial covenants;
| ● | Quantitative: e.g. breaches of financial covenants, overdue status and non-payment of another obligation of the same issuer to Grupo Aval; and
| ● | Based on internally historical or developed data and obtained from external sources.
Inputs used in the assessment of whether a financial instrument is in default may vary over time to reflect changes in circumstances. Inputs, assumptions and techniques used to estimate expected credit loss allowance Credit risk models measures the exposure for individual counterparties, based on the following parameters: probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD) and exposure at default (EAD). For a specific credit facility (loans, debt securities, other liquid financial assets, other accounts receivable, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts) the product of these three parameters results in the expected credit loss. See accounting policy in Note 2 (2.5 ix). Measurement of ECL The measurement of expected credit losses is a calculation that involves an important number of interrelated inputs and assumptions, such as the financial asset’s probability of default, loss given default and exposure at default, which are modelled based on macroeconomic variables. Furthermore, the determination of the ECL requires the application of expert credit judgment to assess the current situation. As mentioned above, the key inputs for the measurement of ECLs are usually the following variables:
| ● | Probability of default (PD);
| ● | Loss given default (LGD); and
| ● | Exposure at default (EAD).
The estimation of these parameters depends on the credit facility. Loans and receivables methodology uses information derived from internally developed statistical models, comprising both quantitative and qualitative factors, and other historical data. On the other hand, debt securities methodology incorporates relevant external market information or international credit ratings. PD is the probability that a counterparty defaults in its payment obligations of capital and/or interest. Credit risk grades are the primary input in the determination of the term structure of PD for exposures. Grupo Aval collects performance and default information about its credit risk exposures analyzed by jurisdiction or region, by type of product and borrower, and by credit risk grade. For some portfolios, information purchased from external credit bureaus may also be used. Grupo Aval employs statistical models to analyze the data collected and generates estimates of the remaining lifetime PD of exposures and how these are expected to change as a result of the passage of time. LGD is an estimate of the loss arising at default, which is computed as a percentage of exposure that the entity ultimately expects to lose in the event of a default in a financial instrument. Grupo Aval estimates LGD parameters based on the history of recovery rates of claims against defaulted counterparties. The LGD models considers the collateral structure, seniority of the claim, counterparty industry and recovery costs of any collateral that is integral to the financial asset. For loans secured/ guaranteed by real estate, loan-to-value (LTV) ratios will be a key parameter in determining LGD. Estimates are calibrated for different economic scenarios and, for real estate lending, to reflect possible changes in property prices. The EAD represents the expected exposure in the event of default. Grupo Aval derives the EAD from the current exposure to the counterparty and potential changes to the current amount allowed under the contract, including amortization and prepayments. The EAD of a financial asset is the gross carrying amount at default. For lending commitments and financial guarantees, the EAD considers the amount drawn, as well as potential future amounts that may be drawn or repaid under the contract, which are estimated based on historical observations and forward-looking forecasts. Subject to using the Lifetime PD for financial assets for which credit risk has significantly increased, Grupo Aval measures ECLs considering the risk of default over the maximum contractual period (including any borrower’s extension options) over which there is exposure to credit risk, even if for risk management purposes, Grupo Aval considers a longer period. The maximum contractual period extends to the date at which Grupo Aval has the right to require repayment of an advance or terminate a loan commitment or guarantee. For retail overdrafts, credit cards, and certain corporate revolving facilities that include both a loan and an undrawn commitment component, Grupo Aval measures ECLs over a period longer than the maximum contractual period if Grupo Aval’s contractual ability to demand repayment and cancel the undrawn commitment does not limit Grupo Aval’s exposure to credit losses to the contractual notice period. These facilities do not have a fixed term or repayment structure and are managed on a collective basis. Grupo Aval can cancel them with immediate effect, but the contractual right is not enforced in the normal day-to-day management, but rather when Grupo Aval becomes aware of an increase in credit risk of a particular facility. This period is estimated considering the credit risk management actions that Grupo Aval expects to mitigate ECLs. These include a reduction in the limits and the cancellation of the credit. Where modelling of a parameter is carried out on a collective basis, the financial instruments are grouped based on shared risk characteristics that include:
| ● | Instrument type;
| ● | Credit risk ratings;
| ● | Collateral type;
| ● | Date of initial recognition;
| ● | Remaining term to maturity; and
| ● | Industry.
The groups are subject to regular review to ensure that exposures within a particular group remain appropriately homogeneous. Credit Risk Model: Loans and receivables I. Transitions between stages Significant Increase in Credit Risk When determining whether the credit risk (i.e. risk of default) of a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, Grupo Aval considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort, including both quantitative and qualitative information and analysis based on Grupo Aval’s historical experience, expert credit assessment and forward-looking information. The following criteria are used to determine if a significant increase in credit risk has occurred:
| ● | Comparison of the remaining lifetime probability of default (PD) at the reporting date with the lifetime PD at initial recognition of the exposure.
| ● | Quantitative aspects such as credits with 30 days past due.
| ● | Qualitative criteria from analysts is also considered based on expert and supportable information.
The criteria for determining whether credit risk has increased significantly will vary by portfolio and will include a backstop based on delinquency. Grupo Aval will monitor the effectiveness of the criteria used in identifying significant increases in credit risk through regular reviews to confirm that:
| ● | The criteria are useful in identifying significant increases in credit risk before an exposure is in default;
| ● | The criteria align with the point in time when an asset becomes over 30 days past due;
| ● | The average time between the identification of a significant increase in credit risk and default appears reasonable;
| ● | Exposures are not generally transferred directly from 12-month ECL measurement to credit-impaired; and
| ● | There is unwarranted volatility in loss allowance from transfers between 12-month ECL and lifetime ECL measurements.
​ II. PD – Probability of Default Term structure of PD Credit risk grades are the primary input in the determination of the term structure of PD for exposures. Grupo Aval collects performance and default information about its credit risk exposures by type of product and borrower, and by credit risk grade. For some portfolios, information purchased from external credit bureaus may also be used. Grupo Aval employs statistical models to analyze the data collected and generates estimates of the remaining lifetime PD of exposures and how these are expected to change as a result of the passage of time. This analysis includes the identification and calibration of the relation between changes in default rates and changes in key macro-economic factors, as well as an in-depth analysis of the impact of certain other factors on the risk of default. For exposures to specific industries and/or regions, the analysis may extend to relevant commodity and/ or real estate prices. For stage 1 the PD estimates the probability that the credit will default in the next 12 months, while the PD in stage 2 is the result of the probabilities for the remaining life of the credit. The probability in Stage 3 is defined as 100%. Grupo Aval’s approach to incorporating forward-looking information into this assessment is discussed below. Forward-Looking Information Grupo Aval incorporates forward-looking information into both its assessment of whether the credit risk of an instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition and its measurement of ECLs. Grupo Aval formulates a ‘base case’ view of the future direction of relevant economic variables and a representative range of other possible forecast scenarios based on forecasts provided by economic experts and considering a forecast of multiple variables. This process involves developing two or more additional economic scenarios and considering the relative probabilities of each outcome. The B scenario (base case) represents a most-likely outcome. It is aligned with information used by Grupo Aval for other purposes, such as budgeting. The other scenarios represent more optimistic (C) and more pessimistic (A) outcomes with their respective probability of occurrence. Grupo Aval has identified and documented key drivers of credit risk and credit losses for each portfolio of financial instruments and, using an analysis of historical data, has estimated relationships between macro-economic variables and credit risk and credit losses. Changes in economic conditions will be monitored by Grupo Aval´s Entities and subsidiaries to be incorporated into the macroeconomic parameters used to prepare stress scenarios and financial projections. Forward looking information was adjusted, recognizing macroeconomic impacts based on the available information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of economic conditions. ​ The following table presents one-year projections for Colombia made in December 2022, compared to the official data for December 2023: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
​ | Real Scenario | ​ | Scenario A | Scenario B | Scenario C
Inflation | 9.28% | ​ | 7.93% | 7.83% | 7.86%
Interest rate | 13.00% | ​ | 8.00% | 8.75% | 9.25%
GDP Growth | 0.60% | ​ | (0.53%) | 1.29% | 2.37%
Unemployment rate | 10.00% | ​ | 11.15% | 10.44% | 9.46%
DTF Interest rate | 12.63% | ​ | 8.64% | 8.90% | 9.36%
​ The following table presents one-year projections for Panama made in December 2022, compared to the official data for December 2023 for inflation and for the nominal interest rate variation and the GDP growth with the data for September 2023: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
​ | Real Scenario | ​ | Scenario A | Scenario B | Scenario C
Inflation | 1.90% | ​ | 4.23% | 3.62% | 2.64%
Nominal interest rate variation | 0.64% | ​ | 1.31% | 0.46% | 0.32%
GDP Growth | 9.00% | ​ | 4.00% | 4.58% | 5.32%
​ ​ The economic scenarios used as of December 31, 2023, and 2022 (one-year projections) include the following expected scenarios of key indicators (among others) for Colombia. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
​ | Scenario A | Scenario B | Scenario C | ​ | Scenario A | Scenario B | Scenario C
Inflation | 4.44% | 6.05% | 8.26% | ​ | 7.93% | 7.83% | 7.86%
DTF Interest rate | 7.10% | 9.04% | 10.62% | ​ | 8.64% | 8.90% | 9.36%
GDP Growth | (1.07%) | 0.99% | 2.70% | ​ | (0.53%) | 1.29% | 2.37%
Used home prices | (3.15%) | (2.11%) | (1.02%) | ​ | (1.48%) | 0.07% | 1.75%
Unemployment rate | 11.96% | 10.43% | 8.77% | ​ | 11.15% | 10.44% | 9.46%
​ The economic scenarios used as of December 31, 2023, and 2022 (one-year projections) include the following expected scenarios of key indicators (among others) for Panamá. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
​ | Scenario A | Scenario B | Scenario C | ​ | Scenario A | Scenario B | Scenario C
Inflation | 2.80% | 2.32% | 1.83% | ​ | 4.23% | 3.62% | 2.64%
Nominal interest rate variation | 0.57% | 0.52% | 0.48% | ​ | 1.31% | 0.46% | 0.32%
GDP Growth | 7.03% | 7.64% | 8.25% | ​ | 4.00% | 4.58% | 5.32%
​ The scenario probability weightings applied as of December 31, 2023, and 2022 in measuring ECL are as follows. Colombia ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | ​ | 2022 | ​
​ |  | Scenario A |  | Scenario B |  | Scenario C |  | ​ | Scenario A |  | Scenario B |  | Scenario C |
Scenario probability weighting | ​ | 27% | ​ | 56% | ​ | 17% | ​ | ​ | 28% | ​ | 57% | ​ | 15% | ​
​ Panamá ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | ​ | 2022 | ​
​ |  | Scenario A |  | Scenario B |  | Scenario C |  | ​ | Scenario A |  | Scenario B |  | Scenario C |
Scenario probability weighting |  | 10% | ​ | 50% | ​ | 40% | ​ | ​ | 5% | ​ | 75% | ​ | 20% | ​
​ ​ The table below shows the loss allowance on loans assuming each forward-looking scenario (e.g. scenario A, B and C) were weighted 100% instead of applying scenario probability weights across the three scenarios. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023 | ​ | December 31, 2022 | ​ | ​
​ | Scenario A | ​ | Scenario B | ​ | Scenario C |  | Scenario A | ​ | Scenario B | ​ | Scenario C | ​ | ​
Gross Exposure | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commercial | Ps. | 107,047,817 | ​ | Ps. | 107,047,817 | ​ | Ps. | 107,047,817 | ​ | Ps. | 104,775,099 | ​ | Ps. | 104,775,099 | ​ | Ps. | 104,775,099 | ​ | ​
Consumer | ​ | 59,999,611 | ​ | ​ | 59,999,611 | ​ | ​ | 59,999,611 | ​ | ​ | 59,419,444 | ​ | ​ | 59,419,444 | ​ | ​ | 59,419,444 | ​ | ​
Mortgages | ​ | 18,486,206 | ​ | ​ | 18,486,206 | ​ | ​ | 18,486,206 | ​ | ​ | 17,883,355 | ​ | ​ | 17,883,355 | ​ | ​ | 17,883,355 | ​ | ​
Microcredit | ​ | 277,529 | ​ | ​ | 277,529 | ​ | ​ | 277,529 | ​ | ​ | 267,720 | ​ | ​ | 267,720 | ​ | ​ | 267,720 | ​ | ​
Interbank and overnight founds | ​ | 392,607 | ​ | ​ | 392,607 | ​ | ​ | 392,607 | ​ | ​ | 5,967,743 | ​ | ​ | 5,967,743 | ​ | ​ | 5,967,743 | ​ | ​
Total gross exposure | Ps. | 186,203,770 | ​ | Ps. | 186,203,770 | ​ | Ps. | 186,203,770 | ​ | Ps. | 188,313,361 | ​ | Ps. | 188,313,361 | ​ | Ps. | 188,313,361 | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss Allowance for each scenario | ​ | ​
Commercial | Ps. | 5,272,129 | ​ | Ps. | 5,289,159 | ​ | Ps. | 5,341,865 | ​ | Ps. | 5,390,734 | ​ | Ps. | 5,472,794 | ​ | Ps. | 5,523,548 | ​ | ​
Consumer | ​ | 4,246,126 | ​ | ​ | 4,273,465 | ​ | ​ | 4,336,939 | ​ | ​ | 3,248,144 | ​ | ​ | 3,338,076 | ​ | ​ | 3,370,089 | ​ | ​
Mortgages | ​ | 372,739 | ​ | ​ | 378,986 | ​ | ​ | 384,902 | ​ | ​ | 347,828 | ​ | ​ | 378,471 | ​ | ​ | 352,819 | ​ | ​
Microcredit | ​ | 53,754 | ​ | ​ | 53,618 | ​ | ​ | 53,662 | ​ | ​ | 37,614 | ​ | ​ | 38,752 | ​ | ​ | 40,161 | ​ | ​
Interbank and overnight founds | ​ | 127 | ​ | ​ | 126 | ​ | ​ | 136 | ​ | ​ | 10,311 | ​ | ​ | 11,275 | ​ | ​ | 11,997 | ​ | ​
Total Loss Allowance | Ps. | 9,944,875 | ​ | Ps. | 9,995,354 | ​ | Ps. | 10,117,504 | ​ | Ps. | 9,034,631 | ​ | Ps. | 9,239,368 | ​ | Ps. | 9,298,614 | ​ | ​
​ The table below shows the loan portfolio in Stage 2 for each scenario. | ​ | ​
Proportion of Assets in Stage 2 | ​ | ​
Commercial | ​ | 3.6 | ​ | % | 3.6 | ​ | % | 3.9 | ​ | % | 5.6 | ​ | % | 5.9 | ​ | % | 5.9 | ​ | %
Consumer | ​ | 6.9 | ​ | % | 7.1 | ​ | % | 7.6 | ​ | % | 8.0 | ​ | % | 8.2 | ​ | % | 8.6 | ​ | %
Mortgages | ​ | 5.6 | ​ | % | 5.7 | ​ | % | 5.7 | ​ | % | 6.3 | ​ | % | 6.4 | ​ | % | 6.5 | ​ | %
Microcredit | ​ | 5.0 | ​ | % | 5.0 | ​ | % | 5.0 | ​ | % | 5.2 | ​ | % | 5.2 | ​ | % | 5.3 | ​ | %
Interbank and overnight founds | ​ | — | ​ | % | — | ​ | % | — | ​ | % | — | ​ | % | — | ​ | % | — | ​ | %
​ ​ ​ Credit Risk Rating Grupo Aval allocates each exposure to a credit risk grade based on a variety of data intended to be predictive of the probability of default and applying experienced credit judgment. Grupo Aval uses these grades with the purpose identifying significant increases in credit risk. Credit risk grades are defined using qualitative and quantitative factors that are indicative of the risk of default. These factors may vary depending on the nature of the exposure and the type of borrower. Each exposure is allocated to a credit risk grade at initial recognition based on available information about the borrower. Exposures are subject to ongoing monitoring, which may result in an exposure being moved to a different credit risk grade. The monitoring typically involves using of the following data: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commercial |  | Consumer |  | Mortgage |  | Microcredit
-Information from the audited financial statements obtained during periodic reviews. |  | -Information collected internally about the behavior of customers. |  | -Information collected internally about the behavior of customers. |  | -Information collected internally about the behavior of customers.
-Data from credit bureaus. |  | - Data from credit bureaus. |  | - Data from credit bureaus. |  | - Data from credit bureaus.
-Information collected internally about the behavior of customers. | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
-Information of the different sectors. | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ III. LGD – Loss Given Default LGD is a measure of the likely loss in the event of a default. To estimate LGD, Grupo Aval uses information of the collateral security / guarantee which covers each individual credit, when available. In any case, Grupo Aval uses historical and forward-looking information (the same information described above in II. PD – Probability of Default - Forward-Looking Information) to estimate the expected potential recovery in case of a default. The LGD is estimated in groups by type of credit, collateral security / guarantee or maturity. IV. EAD – Exposure at Default EAD represents the expected exposure from a counterparty at the time of a possible default. For stage 2 Grupo Aval incorporates in the analysis of the exposure at default the probability of payments and increase in exposure during the lifetime of the credit. These probabilities are estimated using the historical information collected by the financial subsidiaries and are grouped by type of product. The probabilities are constantly reviewed in order to accurately estimate them and calibrate them. Credit Risk Model: Debt securities This model estimates the impairment of credit risk in debt securities. In general, at the moment of inception, all financial assets originate ECLs for the next 12 months. If credit risk increases significantly and there is enough objective evidence of increase of probability of default, then the reserve is adjusted for the remaining life of the financial asset. I. Transition between stages A financial asset is classified as a low credit risk asset if the issuer is related to an investment grade credit rating. Financial assets different than low credit risk must be evaluated individually. The first step in the methodology consist in evaluating a significant increase in credit risk by comparing the current status against the status at initial recognition of the security. External elements related to a significant increase in credit risk are detailed below:
| ● | Negative changes in external credit ratings.
| ● | Changes in external market variables such as credit spreads, prices of issuer’s CDS and other prices of debt instruments and equities.
| ● | Changes in business, economic, financial, regulatory or technological environment which can affect the payment capacity of the issuer.
| ● | Changes in operational results that can compromise the payment capacity of the issuer.
If the financial asset loses its low credit risk condition or if changes in external environment results in a review of the condition, then this probably shows a significant increase in credit risk. Consequently, the financial asset will be analyzed to determine if there is a significant increase of credit risk (stage 2) or if the asset should be classified as stage 3. Objective evidence of impairment is the second step in making changes between stages. It is concluded that there is objective evidence of impairment if one the following situations is met:
| ● | The external credit rating of the issuance, issuer or counterparty is reduced to D on the Standard & Poor´s and Fitch Ratings scale or up to C on the Moody´s scale.
| ● | Contractual payments are not made on the established dates, terms or grace periods.
| ● | There is a certainty of suspension of payments.
| ● | There is a probability that the issuer or counterparty will go into a bankruptcy process.
| ● | Due to financial difficulties there is no market for financial assets.
​ II. PD – Probability of default PD depends of the external credit rating of the issuance, issuer or counterparty. Credit rating information is published by international credit rating corporations, such as Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch Ratings, or national credit rating corporations, such as Fitch Ratings Colombia S.A. or BRC. In any case, international ratings have priority over national ratings. Credit ratings from S&P have priority over the other rating corporations. If the issuance, issuer or counterparty is not rated by S&P, credit ratings from Moody’s or Fitch Ratings can be used but they must be translated to the S&P rating scale. The order of priority in credit rating corporations is as follows: S&P in first place, Moody’s in second place and Fitch Ratings in the third one. The reason for choosing this hierarchy is to avoid discretion at the time of assigning a rating. National credit ratings can be used only if international credit ratings are not available, and the translation condition to the S&P rating scale must be followed as well. For financial assets classified as stage 1, PD correspond to the probability of default for the next 12 months established in accordance to “Cumulative Default Rates by Rating Modifiers” for both sovereign and corporate issuers, expressed at an annual basis. If the remaining life of the assets is less than 12 months, the resulting PD will correspond to the weighted 12 months-PD with the remaining life of the financial asset. For financial assets classified as stage 2, lifetime PD must be used and computed using the “Cumulative Default Rates by Rating Modifiers” for both sovereign and corporate issuers, expressed at an annual basis and according to the term of each flow. For financial assets classified as stage 3, lifetime PD will equal 100% for any issuance, issuer or counterparty. PD value tables are available in S&P Global Ratings: “2022 Annual Sovereign Default Study and Rating Transitions” and “2022 Annual Global Corporate Default Study and Rating Transitions Study”. Forward-Looking Information Grupo Aval incorporates forward-looking information into its assessment of whether the credit risk of an instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition and its measurement of ECL. This information will directly affect the PD and the stage classification. When rating the sovereign and corporate issuers, credit ratings agencies incorporate prospective information, as well as forecasting of macroeconomic variables and the influence of these factors over the business conditions. Grupo Aval’s methodology includes external credit ratings which, under the previous argument, have already considered prospective information. Furthermore, credit ratings are also subject to rating outlooks which can modify the current credit ratings. Details are provided below. Rating outlooks are published by credit rating corporations and reflect the perspective of the potential long-term credit rating over the next 6 to 24 months.
| ● | If the Rating Outlook is categorized as “STABLE”, no adjustments in credit ratings are needed.
| ● | If the Rating Outlook is “POSITIVE”, PD will be adjusted as the average between the current PD and the applicable PD in the case credit rating improves one notch. However, this would only take place if the resulting PD is lower than the current PD.
| ● | If the Rating Outlook is “NEGATIVE”, PD will be adjusted as the average between the current PD and the applicable PD in the case credit rating deteriorates one notch. However, this would only take place if the resulting PD is higher than the current PD.
​ III. LGD – Loss given default LGD is a measure of the potential loss if a default scenario occurs. To establish the LGD, Grupo Aval’s methodology uses information published by Moody’s credit rating corporation. LGD is based on relevant external default data, such as the historical recovery rates, which is defined as the complement of LGD calculation. Moody’s computes Recovery Rates as the ratio between market prices after 30 days of the default or the debt swap price at the closing date, and the market price of the issuance at the beginning of the default. In the case of unavailable market prices, recovery rates will be the resulting ratio between present value of expected cash flows of the new instruments received with the debt swap and the present value of the initial instruments. Grupo Aval´s methodology assigns weights for recovery rates for Sovereigns Debt and Corporates Debt. Sovereign Debt recovery rates decreased from 53% to 50% in 2023, also Corporate Debt recovery rates decreased moderately from 47.4% in 2022 to 47.1% in 2023. Sovereign debt recovery rates remained at 53% in 2022, also Corporate debt recovery rates increased moderately from 46.9% in 2021 to 47.4% in 2022. Further information is available and published annually by Moody’s in the “Sovereign default and recovery rates 1983‑2022” and “Annual Default Study Corporate Default Moody´s 2022” reports. IV. EAD – Exposure at default EAD represents the amount owed from a counterparty at the time of a possible default and only for securities classified at amortized cost or FVOCI. See accounting policy in Note 2 (2.5 ix). For stage 1 and stage 3 financial assets, EAD will correspond to the full valuation of the assets at amortized cost. For stage 2 financial assets, EAD will consider the financial asset amortized scheme assuming no default in the previous years. In the case that financial assets present a guarantees or security collateral, these could reduce total EAD. This is a typical case of collateralized interbank loans. ​ Credit Risk Model: Other accounts receivable ​ Grupo Aval uses two approaches to estimate ECL of financial assets classified as other accounts receivables. The first one is the simplified approach where Grupo Aval uses an allowance matrix to measure the ECLs of trade receivables from individual customers, which comprise a very large number of small amounts. Loss rates are calculated using a ‘roll rate’ method based on the probability of a receivable progressing through successive stages of delinquency to write-off. Roll rates are calculated separately for exposures in different segments based on the following common credit risk characteristics like type of product purchased. Loss rates are based on the experience of real credit loss during a year and the balance of accounts receivable at the cut-off date for previously defined homogeneous segments. It takes into consideration elements such as: segmentation by type of receivable account, date of analysis, definition of loss, among others. Based on the characteristics of the short-term receivable accounts, these portfolios result from operations where there are no non-linear impacts, therefore, the application of macroeconomic scenarios is not considered. The second one is the general approach, it considers the methodologies explained above for loans and debt securities. For non-financial companies in the oil and gas sector, the loans methodology is considered, while the debt securities methodology is considered for government and other government related entities. ​ Loss allowance The table below shows the loss allowance balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ECL not | ​ | ECL | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | credit- | ​ | Simplified | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | approach |  | Total
Loan portfolio |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan commercial portfolio |  | Ps. | 612,441 |  | Ps. | 218,824 |  | Ps. | 4,463,335 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 5,294,600
Loan consumer portfolio |  |  | 1,141,997 |  |  | 993,268 |  |  | 2,172,181 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,307,446
Loan mortgage portfolio |  |  | 45,080 |  |  | 66,333 |  |  | 268,574 |  |  | — |  |  | 379,987
Loan microcredit portfolio |  |  | 12,068 |  |  | 6,366 |  |  | 35,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,660
Loan interbank and overnight founds portfolio |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22
Total loan portfolio |  | Ps. | 1,811,608 |  | Ps. | 1,284,791 |  | Ps. | 6,939,316 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 10,035,715
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost |  |  | 12,613 |  |  | 4,269 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,882
Other accounts receivable |  |  | 25,965 |  |  | 19,188 |  |  | 141,129 |  |  | 199,382 |  |  | 385,664
Total loss allowance financial assets at amortized cost |  | Ps. | 1,850,186 |  | Ps. | 1,308,248 |  | Ps. | 7,080,445 |  | Ps. | 199,382 |  | Ps. | 10,438,261
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI |  | Ps. | 12,972 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 12,972
Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 61,637 |  |  | 7,682 |  |  | 949 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,268
Total loss allowance |  | Ps. | 1,924,795 |  | Ps. | 1,315,930 |  | Ps. | 7,081,394 |  | Ps. | 199,382 |  | Ps. | 10,521,501
​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ECL not | ​ | ECL | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | credit- | ​ | Simplified | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | approach |  | Total
Loan portfolio |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan commercial portfolio |  | Ps. | 598,538 |  | Ps. | 515,202 |  | Ps. | 4,379,006 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 5,492,746
Loan consumer portfolio |  |  | 839,904 |  |  | 853,159 |  |  | 1,618,849 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,311,912
Loan mortgage portfolio |  |  | 48,763 |  |  | 52,639 |  |  | 251,039 |  |  | — |  |  | 352,441
Loan microcredit portfolio |  |  | 6,238 |  |  | 4,922 |  |  | 27,811 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,971
Loan interbank and overnight founds portfolio |  |  | 1,444 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,444
Total loan portfolio |  | Ps. | 1,494,887 |  | Ps. | 1,425,922 |  | Ps. | 6,276,705 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 9,197,514
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost |  |  | 28,563 |  |  | 8,367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,930
Other accounts receivable |  |  | 24,977 |  |  | 20,201 |  |  | 140,123 |  |  | 197,115 |  |  | 382,416
Total loss allowance financial assets at amortized cost |  | Ps. | 1,548,427 |  | Ps. | 1,454,490 |  | Ps. | 6,416,828 |  | Ps. | 197,115 |  | Ps. | 9,616,860
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI |  | Ps. | 12,686 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 12,686
Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 58,160 |  |  | 6,461 |  |  | 289 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,910
Total loss allowance |  | Ps. | 1,619,273 |  | Ps. | 1,460,951 |  | Ps. | 6,417,117 |  | Ps. | 197,115 |  | Ps. | 9,694,456
​ The table below presents impairment losses per portfolio: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2023 | ​ | As of December 31, 2022 | ​ | As of December 31, 2021
Commercial | Ps. | 203,061 | Ps. | 622,783 | Ps. | 1,468,182
Consumer | ​ | 4,426,014 | ​ | 2,498,699 | ​ | 2,813,445
Mortgage | ​ | 65,856 | ​ | (25,202) | ​ | 170,176
Microcredit | ​ | 31,901 | ​ | 5,497 | ​ | 17,524
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | (1,422) | ​ | (942) | ​ | 1,535
Total loan portfolio | Ps. | 4,725,410 | Ps. | 3,100,835 | Ps. | 4,470,862
Other receivables | ​ | 76,664 | ​ | 78,641 | ​ | 80,298
Net portfolio provision impact on income statement (1) | Ps. | 4,802,074 | Ps. | 3,179,476 | Ps. | 4,551,160
(1) Includes net of loss allowance presented as part of “Costs and expenses of sales goods and services” as of December 2023 Ps. (51,035) as of December 2022 Ps. (59,073) and as of December Ps. (51,064). ​ The table below shows for loans stage 3 individually assessed for ECL the gross amount and loss allowance balances as of December 31, 2023, and 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Gross Amount Registered |  | Collateral Guarantees |  | Allowance Recognized
Without recognized provision |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | Ps. | 240,358 |  | Ps. | 239,937 |  | Ps. | —
Repos, interbank loans portfolio |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Subtotal |  | Ps. | 240,358 |  | Ps. | 239,937 |  | Ps. | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
With recognized provision |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | Ps. | 7,080,758 |  | Ps. | 1,075,446 |  | Ps. | 3,196,800
Consumer |  |  | 3,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,959
Residential mortgage |  |  | 12,515 |  |  | 1,970 |  |  | 10,507
Repos, interbank loans portfolio |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Subtotal |  | Ps. | 7,096,417 |  | Ps. | 1,077,416 |  | Ps. | 3,209,266
Totals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  | 7,321,116 |  |  | 1,315,383 |  |  | 3,196,800
Consumer |  |  | 3,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,959
Residential mortgage |  |  | 12,515 |  |  | 1,970 |  |  | 10,507
Repos, interbank loans portfolio |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total |  | Ps. | 7,336,775 |  | Ps. | 1,317,353 |  | Ps. | 3,209,266
​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | Gross Amount Registered |  | Collateral Guarantees |  | Allowance Recognized
Without recognized provision |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | Ps. | 143,728 |  | Ps. | 138,324 |  | Ps. | —
Repos, interbank loans portfolio |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Subtotal |  | Ps. | 143,728 |  | Ps. | 138,324 |  | Ps. | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
With recognized provision |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | Ps. | 7,444,017 |  | Ps. | 1,554,672 |  | Ps. | 3,332,063
Consumer |  |  | 5,913 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 2,337
Residential mortgage |  |  | 10,983 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,170
Repos, interbank loans portfolio |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Subtotal |  | Ps. | 7,460,914 |  | Ps. | 1,554,951 |  | Ps. | 3,340,570
Totals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  | 7,587,745 |  |  | 1,692,996 |  |  | 3,332,063
Consumer |  |  | 5,913 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 2,337
Residential mortgage |  |  | 10,983 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,170
Repos, interbank loans portfolio |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total |  | Ps. | 7,604,642 |  | Ps. | 1,693,275 |  | Ps. | 3,340,570
​ The difference between the value of the loan and the guarantees disclosed in the table above corresponds to unsecured loans valued under the discounted cash flow method. When using this method, it is implied that it is possible for the customer to make future payments. The loss allowance recognized in the period is impacted by a variety of factors, as described below:
| ● | Transfers between Stage 1 and Stages 2 or 3 due to financial instruments experiencing significant increases (or decreases) in credit risk or becoming credit-impaired in the period, and the consequent "step up" (or "step down") between 12-month and lifetime ECL;
| ● | Additional allowances for new financial instruments recognized during the period, as well as releases for financial instruments de-recognized in the period;
| ● | Impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made to models and assumptions;
| ● | Decrease within ECL due to the passage of time, as ECL is measured on a present value basis;
| ● | Foreign exchange retranslations for asset denominated in foreign currencies and other movements; and
| ● | Financial assets derecognized during the period and write-offs of allowances related to assets than were written off during the period.
​ The following tables show the reconciliations from the opening to the closing balance of the loss allowance by class of financial instrument. Total Loan portfolio ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 1,760,076 |  | Ps. | 3,039,056 |  | Ps. | 6,106,039 | ​ | Ps. | 10,905,171
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (202,725) |  |  | 202,725 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (61,953) |  |  | — |  |  | 61,953 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (811,072) |  |  | 811,072 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 151,978 |  |  | (151,978) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 207,626 |  |  | (207,626) |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 45,635 |  |  | — |  |  | (45,635) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (6) | ​ | ​ | (529,125) |  |  | 560,032 |  |  | 2,616,359 | ​ | ​ | 2,647,266
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 926,752 |  |  | 274,290 |  |  | 510,673 | ​ | ​ | 1,711,715
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (441,892) |  |  | (335,489) |  |  | (409,840) | ​ | ​ | (1,187,221)
Unwind of discount (3) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 440,451 | ​ | ​ | 440,452
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 5,140 |  |  | 14,524 |  |  | 9,488 | ​ | ​ | 29,152
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (274,758) | ​ | ​ | 583,619 | ​ | ​ | 990,241 | ​ | ​ | 1,299,102
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 461,534 |  |  | (570,239) |  |  | (915,249) | ​ | ​ | (1,023,954)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (71,864) |  |  | (198,682) |  |  | (3,275,525) | ​ | ​ | (3,546,071)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 1,824,446 |  | Ps. | 2,703,117 |  | Ps. | 6,748,049 | ​ | Ps. | 11,275,612
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (183,333) | ​ | ​ | 183,333 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (105,447) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 105,447 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (625,769) | ​ | ​ | 625,769 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 165,584 | ​ | ​ | (165,584) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 377,758 | ​ | ​ | (377,758) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 98,057 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (98,057) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (5) | ​ | ​ | (184,532) | ​ | ​ | 695,126 | ​ | ​ | 2,404,266 | ​ | ​ | 2,914,860
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 902,226 | ​ | ​ | 316,329 | ​ | ​ | 595,011 | ​ | ​ | 1,813,566
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (462,600) | ​ | ​ | (269,020) | ​ | ​ | (895,971) | ​ | ​ | (1,627,591)
Unwind of discount (3) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 28 | ​ | ​ | 550,935 | ​ | ​ | 550,963
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 3,449 | ​ | ​ | 28,302 | ​ | ​ | 26,477 | ​ | ​ | 58,228
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (3,843) | ​ | ​ | 14,798 | ​ | ​ | 253,502 | ​ | ​ | 264,457
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (640,049) | ​ | ​ | (1,003,291) | ​ | ​ | (1,197,326) | ​ | ​ | (2,840,666)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (131,245) | ​ | ​ | (404,857) | ​ | ​ | (2,675,813) | ​ | ​ | (3,211,915)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 1,494,887 |  | Ps. | 1,425,922 |  | Ps. | 6,276,705 |  | Ps. | 9,197,514
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (332,307) | ​ | ​ | 332,307 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (450,063) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 450,063 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (1,180,705) | ​ | ​ | 1,180,705 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 309,622 | ​ | ​ | (309,622) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 479,360 | ​ | ​ | (479,360) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 113,974 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (113,974) |  |  | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (4) |  |  | 327,913 | ​ | ​ | 1,284,696 | ​ | ​ | 2,815,219 |  |  | 4,427,828
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 809,886 | ​ | ​ | 307,919 | ​ | ​ | 693,438 |  |  | 1,811,243
Financial assets that have been derecognized |  |  | (501,840) | ​ | ​ | (157,015) | ​ | ​ | (854,806) |  |  | (1,513,661)
Sales of portfolio (7) | ​ | ​ | (2,369) | ​ | ​ | (1,809) | ​ | ​ | (357,202) | ​ | ​ | (361,380)
Unwind of discount (3) |  |  | 12 | ​ | ​ | 62 | ​ | ​ | 724,674 |  |  | 724,748
FX and other movements |  |  | (13,826) | ​ | ​ | (16,568) | ​ | ​ | (43,684) |  |  | (74,078)
Write-offs |  |  | (114,019) | ​ | ​ | (540,280) | ​ | ​ | (3,522,200) |  |  | (4,176,499)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 1,811,608 |  | Ps. | 1,284,791 |  | Ps. | 6,939,316 |  | Ps. | 10,035,715
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022.
(3) | The unwind of discount on Stage 3 financial assets is reported within "interest income" so that interest income is recognized on the amortized cost (after deducting the ECL allowance)
(4) | This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2023 versus parameters as of 2022 and the loan portfolio as of 2023.
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | 66,298 |  | Ps. | 35,139 |  | Ps. | (6,894) |  | Ps. | 94,543
​ ​ (5) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2022 versus parameters as of December 31,2021 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022. ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (171,007) |  | Ps. | 42 |  | Ps. | 73,226 |  | Ps. | (97,739)
​ (6) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2021 versus parameters as of December 31,2020 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2021
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (73,359) |  | Ps. | 588,507 |  | Ps. | 139,586 |  | Ps. | 654,734
| (7) | Sale of loan portfolio corresponds mainly to sale of impaired portfolio.
​ The following table further explains changes in the gross carrying amount of the loan portfolio to help explain their significance to the changes in the allowance for the same portfolio as discussed above. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Total portfolio as of January 1, 2021 |  | Ps. | 167,489,648 | ​ | Ps. | 26,588,199 | ​ | Ps. | 12,369,318 | ​ | Ps. | 206,447,165
Transfers: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (10,995,706) | ​ |  | 10,995,706 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (1,463,566) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,463,566 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (3,879,203) | ​ |  | 3,879,203 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 5,474,571 | ​ |  | (5,474,571) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 809,475 | ​ |  | (809,475) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 333,523 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (333,523) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 112,304,857 | ​ | ​ | 3,354,034 | ​ | ​ | 1,387,110 | ​ | ​ | 117,046,001
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (97,996,142) | ​ | ​ | (5,649,252) | ​ | ​ | (3,708,436) | ​ | ​ | (107,353,830)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | (2,094,986) | ​ | ​ | 723 | ​ | ​ | 2,228,841 | ​ | ​ | 134,578
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (71,864) | ​ | ​ | (198,682) | ​ | ​ | (3,275,525) | ​ | ​ | (3,546,071)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 5,034,757 |  |  | 866,278 |  |  | 308,754 | ​ | ​ | 6,209,789
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 9,531,734 |  |  | (1,103,917) |  |  | 130,807 | ​ | ​ | 8,558,624
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 3,272,295 | ​ |  | 589,783 | ​ |  | 215,103 | ​ | ​ | 4,077,181
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 190,819,121 | ​ | Ps. | 26,898,573 | ​ | Ps. | 13,855,743 |  | Ps. | 231,573,437
Transfers: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (8,276,152) | ​ | ​ | 8,276,152 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (1,659,371) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,659,371 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,939,477) | ​ | ​ | 2,939,477 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 8,288,205 | ​ | ​ | (8,288,205) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 646,995 | ​ | ​ | (646,995) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 367,294 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (367,294) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 138,932,725 | ​ | ​ | 2,450,770 | ​ | ​ | 1,294,360 | ​ | ​ | 142,677,855
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (104,212,015) | ​ | ​ | (6,284,621) | ​ | ​ | (4,053,745) | ​ | ​ | (114,550,381)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | (1,008,007) | ​ | ​ | 213,598 | ​ | ​ | 2,341,971 | ​ | ​ | 1,547,562
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (131,245) | ​ | ​ | (404,857) | ​ | ​ | (2,675,813) | ​ | ​ | (3,211,915)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 4,985,907 | ​ | ​ | (1,228,725) | ​ | ​ | (2,082,045) | ​ | ​ | 1,675,137
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (68,298,203) | ​ | ​ | (8,288,834) | ​ | ​ | (847,564) | ​ | ​ | (77,434,601)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 5,097,764 | ​ | ​ | 723,539 | ​ | ​ | 214,964 | ​ | ​ | 6,036,267
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 164,906,023 |  | Ps. | 11,774,908 |  | Ps. | 11,632,430 |  | Ps. | 188,313,361
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (10,951,993) | ​ | ​ | 10,951,993 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (2,059,976) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,059,976 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (3,372,104) | ​ | ​ | 3,372,104 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 9,137,025 | ​ | ​ | (9,137,025) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 865,781 | ​ | ​ | (865,781) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 509,414 | ​ | ​ | 11,192 | ​ | ​ | (520,606) |  |  | —
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 111,919,244 | ​ | ​ | 2,583,927 | ​ | ​ | 8,250,075 |  |  | 122,753,246
Financial assets that have been paid |  |  | (103,065,373) | ​ | ​ | (3,798,676) | ​ | ​ | (7,734,476) |  |  | (114,598,525)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables |  |  | 841,002 | ​ | ​ | 164,973 | ​ | ​ | 784,473 |  |  | 1,790,448
Write-offs |  |  | (114,019) | ​ | ​ | (540,280) | ​ | ​ | (3,522,200) |  |  | (4,176,499)
Sale of loan portfolio-loss allowance (3) | ​ | ​ | (2,369) | ​ | ​ | (1,809) | ​ | ​ | (357,202) | ​ | ​ | (361,380)
Sale of loan portfolio-cash (3) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (694) | ​ | ​ | (112,766) | ​ | ​ | (113,460)
Gain or loss on sale portfolio (3) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (59) | ​ | ​ | 3,390 | ​ | ​ | 3,331
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (6,594,417) | ​ | ​ | (388,080) | ​ | ​ | (424,255) | ​ | ​ | (7,406,752)
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 164,524,561 |  | Ps. | 9,114,047 |  | Ps. | 12,565,162 |  | Ps. | 186,203,770
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. (3) Sale of loan portfolio corresponds mainly to sale of impaired portfolio and/ or with an increase in credit risk. ​ The total loan portfolio is composed of commercial loans – client portfolio, consumer loans, mortgage loans, microcredit loans and interbank and overnight funds loan. The following tables show the movement in provision and gross amounts of these portfolios separately: ​ Commercial – Client portfolio ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 656,830 |  | Ps. | 805,097 |  | Ps. | 3,818,479 | ​ | Ps. | 5,280,406
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (46,649) | ​ |  | 46,649 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (8,714) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 8,714 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (210,321) | ​ |  | 210,321 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 48,748 | ​ |  | (48,748) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 64,201 | ​ |  | (64,201) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 20,081 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (20,081) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (6) | ​ | ​ | (274,271) | ​ |  | 275,616 | ​ |  | 1,050,553 | ​ | ​ | 1,051,898
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 403,839 | ​ |  | 137,181 | ​ |  | 280,899 | ​ | ​ | 821,919
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (196,873) | ​ |  | (105,018) | ​ |  | (347,386) | ​ | ​ | (649,277)
Unwind of discount (3) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 291,393 | ​ | ​ | 291,393
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 5,283 | ​ |  | 3,020 | ​ |  | 6,543 | ​ | ​ | 14,846
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (22,433) | ​ | ​ | 99,910 | ​ | ​ | 166,165 | ​ | ​ | 243,642
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 58,788 |  |  | (24,946) |  |  | (148,509) | ​ | ​ | (114,667)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (4,427) |  |  | (4,913) |  |  | (1,076,075) | ​ | ​ | (1,085,415)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 655,655 |  | Ps. | 1,006,822 |  | Ps. | 4,192,268 | ​ | Ps. | 5,854,745
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (33,511) |  |  | 33,511 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (33,401) |  |  | — |  |  | 33,401 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (88,123) |  |  | 88,123 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 61,402 |  |  | (61,402) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 93,285 |  |  | (93,285) |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 26,793 |  |  | — |  |  | (26,793) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (5) | ​ | ​ | (124,267) |  |  | (192,441) |  |  | 1,129,665 | ​ | ​ | 812,957
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 392,719 |  |  | 137,383 |  |  | 317,361 | ​ | ​ | 847,463
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (213,019) |  |  | (109,718) |  |  | (714,900) | ​ | ​ | (1,037,637)
Unwind of discount (3) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 405,090 | ​ | ​ | 405,104
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 10,954 |  |  | 9,586 |  |  | 21,774 | ​ | ​ | 42,314
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 12,101 | ​ | ​ | (2,612) | ​ | ​ | 3,496 | ​ | ​ | 12,985
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (185,786) |  |  | (244,715) |  |  | (268,521) | ​ | ​ | (699,022)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (2,985) |  |  | (2,622) |  |  | (740,556) | ​ | ​ | (746,163)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 598,538 |  | Ps. | 515,202 |  | Ps. | 4,379,006 |  | Ps. | 5,492,746
Transfers: |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (44,743) |  |  | 44,743 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (18,381) |  |  | — |  |  | 18,381 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — |  |  | (130,514) |  |  | 130,514 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,868 |  |  | (40,868) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 150,216 |  |  | (150,216) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 31,836 |  |  | — |  |  | (31,836) |  |  | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (4) |  |  | (148,865) |  |  | (99,159) |  |  | 678,828 |  |  | 430,804
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 320,101 |  |  | 61,148 |  |  | 155,464 |  |  | 536,713
Financial assets that have been derecognized |  |  | (262,000) |  |  | (51,476) |  |  | (450,980) |  |  | (764,456)
Sales of portfolio | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | — |  |  | (194,305) | ​ | ​ | (194,305)
Unwind of discount (3) |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | 517,513 |  |  | 517,529
FX and other movements |  |  | (10,958) |  |  | (9,657) |  |  | (35,823) |  |  | (56,438)
Write-offs |  |  | (3,303) |  |  | (2,131) |  |  | (662,559) |  |  | (667,993)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 612,441 |  | Ps. | 218,824 |  | Ps. | 4,463,335 |  | Ps. | 5,294,600
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022.
(3) | The unwind of discount on Stage 3 financial assets is reported within "interest income" so that interest income is recognized on the amortized cost (after deducting the ECL allowance)
(4) | This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2023 versus parameters as of 2022 and the loan portfolio as of 2023.
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | 3,952 |  | Ps. | (20,629) |  | Ps. | 2,916 |  | Ps. | (13,761)
(5) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2022 versus parameters as of December 31,2021 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (51,598) |  | Ps. | 54,452 |  | Ps. | 83,149 |  | Ps. | 86,003
(6) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2021 versus parameters as of December 31,2020 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2021
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | 26,567 |  | Ps. | 539,703 |  | Ps. | 85,264 |  | Ps. | 651,534
​ The following table further explains changes in the gross carrying amount of the commercial portfolio to help explain their significance to the changes in the allowance for the same portfolio as discussed above. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Total portfolio as of January 1, 2021 |  | Ps. | 92,626,136 | ​ | Ps. | 9,843,700 | ​ | Ps. | 8,517,102 | ​ | Ps. | 110,986,938
Transfers: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (6,217,821) | ​ |  | 6,217,821 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (1,074,291) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,074,291 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (1,757,273) | ​ |  | 1,757,273 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 2,585,939 | ​ |  | (2,585,939) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 499,834 | ​ |  | (499,834) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 189,944 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (189,944) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 64,413,391 | ​ |  | 1,819,955 | ​ |  | 779,974 | ​ | ​ | 67,013,320
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (60,721,302) | ​ |  | (2,836,505) | ​ |  | (2,475,498) | ​ | ​ | (66,033,305)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | (841,693) | ​ |  | (42,188) | ​ |  | 1,210,120 | ​ | ​ | 326,239
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (4,427) | ​ |  | (4,913) | ​ |  | (1,076,075) | ​ | ​ | (1,085,415)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 1,592,033 |  |  | 161,627 |  |  | 137,064 | ​ | ​ | 1,890,724
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 5,333,890 |  |  | 236,162 |  |  | (9,177) | ​ | ​ | 5,560,875
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 2,976,581 | ​ |  | 195,694 | ​ |  | 196,153 | ​ | ​ | 3,368,428
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 100,858,380 | ​ | Ps. | 11,747,975 | ​ | Ps. | 9,421,449 |  | Ps. | 122,027,804
Transfers: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (3,412,530) | ​ | ​ | 3,412,530 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (1,183,677) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,183,677 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,259,406) | ​ | ​ | 1,259,406 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 3,502,330 | ​ | ​ | (3,502,330) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 311,858 | ​ | ​ | (311,858) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 152,800 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (152,800) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 76,419,265 | ​ | ​ | 1,177,731 | ​ | ​ | 723,459 | ​ | ​ | 78,320,455
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (60,407,178) | ​ | ​ | (3,742,642) | ​ | ​ | (3,106,059) | ​ | ​ | (67,255,879)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | (180,790) | ​ | ​ | 102,831 | ​ | ​ | 1,566,802 | ​ | ​ | 1,488,843
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (2,985) | ​ | ​ | (2,622) | ​ | ​ | (740,556) | ​ | ​ | (746,163)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 3,560,936 | ​ | ​ | 71,257 | ​ | ​ | (953,514) | ​ | ​ | 2,678,679
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (33,537,080) | ​ | ​ | (2,931,541) | ​ | ​ | 35,349 | ​ | ​ | (36,433,272)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 4,188,763 | ​ | ​ | 286,453 | ​ | ​ | 219,416 | ​ | ​ | 4,694,632
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 89,958,234 |  | Ps. | 5,672,094 |  | Ps. | 9,144,771 |  | Ps. | 104,775,099
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (3,831,869) | ​ | ​ | 3,831,869 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (979,725) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 979,725 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (986,422) | ​ | ​ | 986,422 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 4,428,540 | ​ | ​ | (4,428,540) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 327,479 | ​ | ​ | (327,479) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 216,849 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (216,849) |  |  | —
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 75,428,991 | ​ | ​ | 924,475 | ​ | ​ | 1,156,101 |  |  | 77,509,567
Financial assets that have been paid |  |  | (66,409,339) | ​ | ​ | (1,587,486) | ​ | ​ | (3,472,586) |  |  | (71,469,411)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables |  |  | 781,835 | ​ | ​ | 18,893 | ​ | ​ | 2,285,705 |  |  | 3,086,433
Write-offs |  |  | (3,303) | ​ | ​ | (2,131) | ​ | ​ | (662,559) |  |  | (667,993)
Sale of loan portfolio-loss allowance | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (194,305) | ​ | ​ | (194,305)
Sale of loan portfolio-cash | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (78,613) | ​ | ​ | (78,613)
Gain or loss on sale portfolio | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7,415) | ​ | ​ | (7,415)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (5,261,913) | ​ | ​ | (239,697) | ​ | ​ | (403,935) | ​ | ​ | (5,905,545)
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 94,328,300 |  | Ps. | 3,530,534 |  | Ps. | 9,188,983 |  | Ps. | 107,047,817
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. ​ ​ Consumer loan portfolio ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 1,013,071 |  | Ps. | 1,948,030 |  | Ps. | 1,977,870 | ​ | Ps. | 4,938,971
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (144,734) |  |  | 144,734 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (51,891) |  |  | — |  |  | 51,891 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (545,940) |  |  | 545,940 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 89,458 |  |  | (89,458) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 126,680 |  |  | (126,680) |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 18,283 |  |  | — |  |  | (18,283) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (6) | ​ | ​ | (233,642) |  |  | 222,504 |  |  | 1,482,010 | ​ | ​ | 1,470,872
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 493,695 |  |  | 131,386 |  |  | 222,117 | ​ | ​ | 847,198
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (223,040) |  |  | (211,872) |  |  | (54,758) | ​ | ​ | (489,670)
Unwind of discount (3) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,699 | ​ | ​ | 121,699
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (27) |  |  | 6,989 |  |  | 2,564 | ​ | ​ | 9,526
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | (212,651) | ​ | ​ | 450,272 | ​ | ​ | 747,424 | ​ | ​ | 985,045
Entity desconsolidation | ​ | ​ | 345,830 |  |  | (528,905) |  |  | (735,990) | ​ | ​ | (919,065)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (65,031) |  |  | (183,875) |  |  | (2,134,666) | ​ | ​ | (2,383,572)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 1,066,543 |  | Ps. | 1,396,101 |  | Ps. | 2,118,360 | ​ | Ps. | 4,581,004
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (142,762) | ​ | ​ | 142,762 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (70,964) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 70,964 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (498,736) | ​ | ​ | 498,736 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 92,189 | ​ | ​ | (92,189) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 211,028 | ​ | ​ | (211,028) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 55,658 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (55,658) |  |  | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (5) | ​ | ​ | (1,000) | ​ | ​ | 863,809 | ​ | ​ | 1,245,918 |  |  | 2,108,727
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 473,946 | ​ | ​ | 174,616 | ​ | ​ | 267,651 |  |  | 916,213
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (201,480) | ​ | ​ | (149,438) | ​ | ​ | (175,323) |  |  | (526,241)
Unwind of discount (3) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​ | ​ | 119,709 |  |  | 119,722
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (2,575) | ​ | ​ | 9,007 | ​ | ​ | 3,555 |  |  | 9,987
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (9,751) | ​ | ​ | 15,493 | ​ | ​ | 240,008 | ​ | ​ | 245,750
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (412,745) | ​ | ​ | (585,225) | ​ | ​ | (802,042) |  |  | (1,800,012)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (125,994) | ​ | ​ | (396,404) | ​ | ​ | (1,820,840) |  |  | (2,343,238)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 839,904 |  | Ps. | 853,159 |  | Ps. | 1,618,849 |  | Ps. | 3,311,912
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (276,858) | ​ | ​ | 276,858 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (429,739) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 429,739 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (1,004,192) | ​ | ​ | 1,004,192 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 257,854 | ​ | ​ | (257,854) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 300,775 | ​ | ​ | (300,775) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 71,599 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (71,599) |  |  | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (4) |  |  | 484,735 | ​ | ​ | 1,310,059 | ​ | ​ | 2,145,306 |  |  | 3,940,100
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 473,697 | ​ | ​ | 238,963 | ​ | ​ | 481,362 |  |  | 1,194,022
Financial assets that have been derecognized |  |  | (214,602) | ​ | ​ | (98,788) | ​ | ​ | (394,718) |  |  | (708,108)
Sales of portfolio | ​ | ​ | (2,369) | ​ | ​ | (1,809) | ​ | ​ | (162,897) | ​ | ​ | (167,075)
Unwind of discount (3) |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | 183,157 |  |  | 183,203
FX and other movements |  |  | (3,200) | ​ | ​ | (4,786) | ​ | ​ | (5,378) |  |  | (13,364)
Write-offs |  |  | (101,945) | ​ | ​ | (533,321) | ​ | ​ | (2,797,978) |  |  | (3,433,244)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 1,141,997 |  | Ps. | 993,268 |  | Ps. | 2,172,181 |  | Ps. | 4,307,446
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022.
(3) | The unwind of discount on Stage 3 financial assets is reported within "interest income" so that interest income is recognized on the amortized cost (after deducting the ECL allowance)
(4) | This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2023 versus parameters as of 2022 and the loan portfolio as of 2023.
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | 57,239 |  | Ps. | 51,135 |  | Ps. | (13,718) |  | Ps. | 94,656
​ (5) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2022 versus parameters as of December 31,2021 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022. ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (54,668) |  | Ps. | (37,148) |  | Ps. | (569) |  | Ps. | (92,385)
​ (6) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2021 versus parameters as of December 31,2020 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2021
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (97,455) |  | Ps. | 56,801 |  | Ps. | 15,669 |  | Ps. | (24,985)
​ The following table further explains changes in the gross carrying amount of the consumer portfolio to help explain their significance to the changes in the allowance for the same portfolio as discussed above. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Total portfolio as of January 1, 2021 |  | Ps. | 51,453,521 | ​ | Ps. | 11,382,726 | ​ | Ps. | 2,999,210 | ​ | Ps. | 65,835,457
Transfers: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (3,955,559) | ​ |  | 3,955,559 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (363,213) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 363,213 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (1,869,405) | ​ |  | 1,869,405 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 2,193,145 | ​ |  | (2,193,145) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 252,599 | ​ |  | (252,599) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 102,385 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (102,385) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 41,759,298 | ​ |  | 1,448,809 | ​ |  | 595,885 | ​ | ​ | 43,803,992
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (32,129,847) | ​ |  | (2,570,086) | ​ |  | (1,102,267) | ​ | ​ | (35,802,200)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | (1,170,836) | ​ |  | 15,274 | ​ |  | 921,205 | ​ | ​ | (234,357)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (65,031) | ​ |  | (183,875) | ​ |  | (2,134,666) |  |  | (2,383,572)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 2,732,637 | ​ | ​ | 506,255 | ​ | ​ | 133,900 | ​ | ​ | 3,372,792
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 3,256,691 | ​ | ​ | (1,111,052) | ​ | ​ | (48,484) | ​ | ​ | 2,097,155
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (1,451) | ​ |  | 195,067 | ​ |  | 6,262 | ​ | ​ | 199,878
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 63,811,740 | ​ | Ps. | 9,828,726 | ​ | Ps. | 3,248,679 |  | Ps. | 76,889,145
Transfers: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (3,939,985) | ​ | ​ | 3,939,985 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (456,120) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 456,120 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,433,947) | ​ | ​ | 1,433,947 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 2,810,585 | ​ | ​ | (2,810,585) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 258,837 | ​ | ​ | (258,837) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 146,229 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (146,229) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 34,459,205 | ​ | ​ | 1,219,507 | ​ | ​ | 564,562 | ​ | ​ | 36,243,274
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (22,753,127) | ​ | ​ | (2,332,167) | ​ | ​ | (826,367) | ​ | ​ | (25,911,661)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | (788,200) | ​ | ​ | 69,133 | ​ | ​ | 681,170 | ​ | ​ | (37,897)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (125,994) | ​ | ​ | (396,404) | ​ | ​ | (1,820,840) |  |  | (2,343,238)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 1,156,225 | ​ | ​ | (80,679) | ​ | ​ | (477,697) | ​ | ​ | 597,849
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (22,340,862) | ​ | ​ | (3,498,287) | ​ | ​ | (882,530) | ​ | ​ | (26,721,679)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 549,432 | ​ | ​ | 164,844 | ​ | ​ | (10,625) | ​ | ​ | 703,651
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 52,529,128 |  | Ps. | 4,928,963 |  | Ps. | 1,961,353 |  | Ps. | 59,419,444
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (5,701,009) | ​ | ​ | 5,701,009 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (1,029,073) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,029,073 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (2,089,300) | ​ | ​ | 2,089,300 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 3,616,500 | ​ | ​ | (3,616,500) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 469,333 | ​ | ​ | (469,333) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 212,519 | ​ | ​ | 11,192 | ​ | ​ | (223,711) |  |  | —
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 32,474,641 | ​ | ​ | 1,586,439 | ​ | ​ | 4,957,874 |  |  | 39,018,954
Financial assets that have been paid |  |  | (28,331,264) | ​ | ​ | (2,095,326) | ​ | ​ | (2,091,623) |  |  | (32,518,213)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables |  |  | 20,995 | ​ | ​ | 126,837 | ​ | ​ | (1,528,765) |  |  | (1,380,933)
Write-offs |  |  | (101,945) | ​ | ​ | (533,321) | ​ | ​ | (2,797,978) |  |  | (3,433,244)
Sale of loan portfolio-loss allowance | ​ | ​ | (2,369) | ​ | ​ | (1,809) | ​ | ​ | (162,897) | ​ | ​ | (167,075)
Sale of loan portfolio-cash | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (694) | ​ | ​ | (34,153) | ​ | ​ | (34,847)
Gain or loss on sale portfolio | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (59) | ​ | ​ | 10,805 | ​ | ​ | 10,746
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (832,014) | ​ | ​ | (77,989) | ​ | ​ | (5,218) | ​ | ​ | (915,221)
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 52,856,109 |  | Ps. | 4,408,775 |  | Ps. | 2,734,727 |  | Ps. | 59,999,611
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. ​ ​ ​ Mortgage loan portfolio ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 72,294 | ​ | Ps. | 225,889 | ​ | Ps. | 262,721 | ​ | Ps. | 560,904
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (5,944) |  |  | 5,944 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (322) |  |  | — |  |  | 322 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (26,501) |  |  | 26,501 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 10,387 |  |  | (10,387) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 14,441 |  |  | (14,441) |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 6,819 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,819) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (6) | ​ | ​ | (7,201) |  |  | 80,638 |  |  | 37,248 | ​ | ​ | 110,685
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 13,900 |  |  | 5,093 |  |  | 7,636 | ​ | ​ | 26,629
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (15,995) |  |  | (14,577) |  |  | (6,981) | ​ | ​ | (37,553)
Unwind of discount (3) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 13,944 | ​ | ​ | 13,945
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (116) |  |  | 4,515 |  |  | 381 | ​ | ​ | 4,780
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (39,674) | ​ | ​ | 33,437 | ​ | ​ | 76,652 | ​ | ​ | 70,415
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 56,916 | ​ | ​ | (16,388) | ​ | ​ | (30,750) | ​ | ​ | 9,778
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (1,996) |  |  | (7,094) |  |  | (18,086) | ​ | ​ | (27,176)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 93,122 | ​ | Ps. | 286,903 | ​ | Ps. | 352,382 | ​ | Ps. | 732,407
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (4,775) | ​ | ​ | 4,775 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (266) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 266 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (28,228) | ​ | ​ | 28,228 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,553 | ​ | ​ | (10,553) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 70,544 | ​ | ​ | (70,544) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 15,267 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (15,267) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (5) | ​ | ​ | (55,643) | ​ | ​ | 19,536 | ​ | ​ | 25,930 | ​ | ​ | (10,177)
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 12,837 | ​ | ​ | 4,133 | ​ | ​ | 9,982 | ​ | ​ | 26,952
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (27,664) | ​ | ​ | (8,938) | ​ | ​ | (5,375) | ​ | ​ | (41,977)
Unwind of discount (3) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 17,084 | ​ | ​ | 17,085
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (4,930) | ​ | ​ | 9,709 | ​ | ​ | 1,148 | ​ | ​ | 5,927
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (6,193) | ​ | ​ | 1,917 | ​ | ​ | 9,998 | ​ | ​ | 5,722
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (41,518) | ​ | ​ | (173,351) | ​ | ​ | (126,763) | ​ | ​ | (341,632)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (2,018) | ​ | ​ | (3,827) | ​ | ​ | (36,021) | ​ | ​ | (41,866)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 | ​ | Ps. | 48,763 | ​ | Ps. | 52,639 | ​ | Ps. | 251,039 | ​ | Ps. | 352,441
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (7,295) | ​ | ​ | 7,295 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (635) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 635 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (35,387) | ​ | ​ | 35,387 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 9,526 | ​ | ​ | (9,526) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 26,638 | ​ | ​ | (26,638) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 10,329 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,329) |  |  | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (4) |  |  | (14,157) | ​ | ​ | 63,399 | ​ | ​ | (21,731) |  |  | 27,511
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 9,654 | ​ | ​ | 7,711 | ​ | ​ | 56,558 |  |  | 73,923
Financial assets that have been derecognized |  |  | (20,196) | ​ | ​ | (6,486) | ​ | ​ | (8,896) |  |  | (35,578)
Unwind of discount (3) |  |  | 12 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 16,988 |  |  | 17,000
FX and other movements |  |  | 332 | ​ | ​ | (2,125) | ​ | ​ | (2,483) |  |  | (4,276)
Write-offs |  |  | (8,365) | ​ | ​ | (3,601) | ​ | ​ | (39,068) |  |  | (51,034)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 45,080 |  | Ps. | 66,333 |  | Ps. | 268,574 |  | Ps. | 379,987
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022.
(3) | The unwind of discount on Stage 3 financial assets is reported within "interest income" so that interest income is recognized on the amortized cost (after deducting the ECL allowance)
(4) | This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2023 versus parameters as of 2022 and the loan portfolio as of 2023.
​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023 | ​
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | Total
Ps. | 5,207 |  | Ps. | 4,604 |  | Ps. | 3,914 |  | Ps. | 13,725 | ​
​ (5) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2022 versus parameters as of December 31,2021 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (63,752) |  | Ps. | (17,595) |  | Ps. | (9,268) |  | Ps. | (90,615)
​ (6) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2021 versus parameters as of December 31,2020 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2021
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | 7,918 |  | Ps. | (1,149) |  | Ps. | 38,678 |  | Ps. | 45,447
​ The following table further explains changes in the gross carrying amount of the mortgage portfolio to help explain their significance to the changes in the allowance for the same portfolio as discussed above. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Total portfolio as of January 1, 2021 |  | Ps. | 18,537,882 | ​ | Ps. | 5,217,872 | ​ | Ps. | 803,017 |  | Ps. | 24,558,771
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (773,274) |  |  | 773,274 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (18,990) |  |  | — |  |  | 18,990 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (164,767) |  |  | 164,767 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 657,398 |  |  | (657,398) |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 47,618 |  |  | (47,618) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 39,085 |  |  | — |  |  | (39,085) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 4,417,205 |  |  | 85,222 |  |  | 6,750 | ​ | ​ | 4,509,177
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (2,315,419) |  |  | (207,019) |  |  | (105,803) | ​ | ​ | (2,628,241)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | (99,596) |  |  | 22,411 |  |  | 76,779 | ​ | ​ | (406)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (1,996) |  |  | (7,094) |  |  | (18,086) |  |  | (27,176)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 708,558 | ​ | ​ | 198,396 | ​ | ​ | 37,790 | ​ | ​ | 944,744
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 1,548,735 | ​ | ​ | (229,027) | ​ | ​ | 188,468 | ​ | ​ | 1,508,176
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 43,561 |  |  | 199,022 |  |  | 12,688 | ​ | ​ | 255,271
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 22,743,149 | ​ | Ps. | 5,278,510 | ​ | Ps. | 1,098,657 |  | Ps. | 29,120,316
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (896,435) | ​ | ​ | 896,435 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (13,682) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 13,682 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (219,362) | ​ | ​ | 219,362 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 1,954,180 | ​ | ​ | (1,954,180) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 72,617 | ​ | ​ | (72,617) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 67,285 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (67,285) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 4,715,113 | ​ | ​ | 53,475 | ​ | ​ | 6,304 | ​ | ​ | 4,774,892
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (1,891,256) | ​ | ​ | (197,058) | ​ | ​ | (103,664) | ​ | ​ | (2,191,978)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | (130,620) | ​ | ​ | 39,252 | ​ | ​ | 83,758 | ​ | ​ | (7,610)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (2,018) | ​ | ​ | (3,827) | ​ | ​ | (36,021) | ​ | ​ | (41,866)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 268,497 | ​ | ​ | (1,219,303) | ​ | ​ | (650,834) | ​ | ​ | (1,601,640)
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (10,977,834) | ​ | ​ | (1,859,006) | ​ | ​ | (383) | ​ | ​ | (12,837,223)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 390,049 | ​ | ​ | 272,242 | ​ | ​ | 6,173 | ​ | ​ | 668,464
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 16,226,428 |  | Ps. | 1,159,795 |  | Ps. | 497,132 |  | Ps. | 17,883,355
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (1,382,946) | ​ | ​ | 1,382,946 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (40,569) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 40,569 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (271,352) | ​ | ​ | 271,352 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 1,082,759 | ​ | ​ | (1,082,759) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 66,023 | ​ | ​ | (66,023) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 79,530 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (79,530) |  |  | —
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 3,594,678 | ​ | ​ | 71,626 | ​ | ​ | 2,094,419 |  |  | 5,760,723
Financial assets that have been paid |  |  | (2,142,766) | ​ | ​ | (109,535) | ​ | ​ | (2,147,384) |  |  | (4,399,685)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables |  |  | 35,508 | ​ | ​ | 18,036 | ​ | ​ | 48,059 |  |  | 101,603
Write-offs |  |  | (8,365) | ​ | ​ | (3,601) | ​ | ​ | (39,068) |  |  | (51,034)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (723,260) | ​ | ​ | (70,394) | ​ | ​ | (15,102) | ​ | ​ | (808,756)
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 16,720,997 |  | Ps. | 1,160,785 |  | Ps. | 604,424 |  | Ps. | 18,486,206
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. ​ ​ Microcredit loan portfolio ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 17,089 |  | Ps. | 60,040 |  | Ps. | 46,910 | ​ | Ps. | 124,039
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (5,398) | ​ | ​ | 5,398 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (1,026) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,026 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (28,310) | ​ | ​ | 28,310 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,385 | ​ | ​ | (3,385) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 2,304 | ​ | ​ | (2,304) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 452 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (452) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (4) | ​ | ​ | (11,869) | ​ | ​ | (18,726) | ​ | ​ | 46,548 | ​ | ​ | 15,953
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 9,648 | ​ | ​ | 630 | ​ | ​ | 21 | ​ | ​ | 10,299
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (4,050) | ​ | ​ | (4,022) | ​ | ​ | (656) | ​ | ​ | (8,728)
Unwind of discount (1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 13,415 | ​ | ​ | 13,415
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (410) | ​ | ​ | (2,800) | ​ | ​ | (46,698) | ​ | ​ | (49,908)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 6,740 |  | Ps. | 13,291 |  | Ps. | 85,039 | ​ | Ps. | 105,070
Transfers: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (2,285) | ​ | ​ | 2,285 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (816) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 816 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,682) | ​ | ​ | 10,682 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,440 | ​ | ​ | (1,440) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 2,901 | ​ | ​ | (2,901) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 339 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (339) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (3) | ​ | ​ | (3,625) | ​ | ​ | 4,222 | ​ | ​ | 2,753 | ​ | ​ | 3,350
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 5,480 | ​ | ​ | 197 | ​ | ​ | 17 | ​ | ​ | 5,694
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (2,248) | ​ | ​ | (926) | ​ | ​ | (373) | ​ | ​ | (3,547)
Unwind of discount (1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,052 | ​ | ​ | 9,052
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (248) | ​ | ​ | (2,004) | ​ | ​ | (78,396) | ​ | ​ | (80,648)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 6,238 |  | Ps. | 4,922 |  | Ps. | 27,811 |  | Ps. | 38,971
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (3,411) | ​ | ​ | 3,411 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (1,308) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,308 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (10,612) | ​ | ​ | 10,612 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 1,374 | ​ | ​ | (1,374) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 1,729 | ​ | ​ | (1,729) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 210 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (210) |  |  | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (2) |  |  | 6,322 | ​ | ​ | 10,395 | ​ | ​ | 12,816 |  |  | 29,533
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 4,647 | ​ | ​ | 97 | ​ | ​ | 54 |  |  | 4,798
Financial assets that have been derecognized |  |  | (1,953) | ​ | ​ | (265) | ​ | ​ | (212) |  |  | (2,430)
Unwind of discount (1) |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,016 |  |  | 7,016
Write-offs |  |  | (406) | ​ | ​ | (1,227) | ​ | ​ | (22,595) |  |  | (24,228)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 12,068 |  | Ps. | 6,366 |  | Ps. | 35,226 |  | Ps. | 53,660
(1) | The unwind of discount on Stage 3 financial assets is reported within "interest income" so that interest income is recognized on the amortized cost (after deducting the ECL allowance)
(2) | This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2023 versus parameters as of December 31,2022 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (96) |  | Ps. | 29 |  | Ps. | (6) |  | Ps. | (73)
(3) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2022 versus parameters as of December 31,2021 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022. ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (378) |  | Ps. | 333 |  | Ps. | (86) |  | Ps. | (131)
​ (4) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2021 versus parameters as of December 31,2020 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2021
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (10,466) |  | Ps. | (6,848) |  | Ps. | (25) |  | Ps. | (17,339)
​ The following table further explains changes in the gross carrying amount of the microcredit portfolio to help explain their significance to the changes in the allowance for the same portfolio as discussed above. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Total portfolio as of January 1, 2021 |  | Ps. | 178,570 |  | Ps. | 143,901 |  | Ps. | 49,850 |  | Ps. | 372,321
Transfers: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (49,052) | ​ | ​ | 49,052 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (7,072) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,072 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (87,758) | ​ | ​ | 87,758 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 38,089 | ​ | ​ | (38,089) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,424 | ​ | ​ | (9,424) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 2,109 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,109) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 183,192 | ​ | ​ | 48 | ​ | ​ | 4,501 | ​ | ​ | 187,741
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (158,470) | ​ | ​ | (35,642) | ​ | ​ | (24,868) | ​ | ​ | (218,980)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | 463 | ​ | ​ | 5,226 | ​ | ​ | 20,876 | ​ | ​ | 26,565
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (410) | ​ | ​ | (2,800) | ​ | ​ | (46,698) | ​ | ​ | (49,908)
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 187,419 |  | Ps. | 43,362 |  | Ps. | 86,958 |  | Ps. | 317,739
Transfers: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (27,202) | ​ | ​ | 27,202 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (5,892) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,892 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (26,762) | ​ | ​ | 26,762 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 21,110 | ​ | ​ | (21,110) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,683 | ​ | ​ | (3,683) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 980 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (980) | ​ | ​ | —
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 219,226 | ​ | ​ | 57 | ​ | ​ | 34 | ​ | ​ | 219,317
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (177,589) | ​ | ​ | (12,754) | ​ | ​ | (17,655) | ​ | ​ | (207,998)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | 6,687 | ​ | ​ | 2,382 | ​ | ​ | 10,241 | ​ | ​ | 19,310
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (248) | ​ | ​ | (2,004) | ​ | ​ | (78,396) | ​ | ​ | (80,648)
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 224,491 |  | Ps. | 14,056 |  | Ps. | 29,173 |  | Ps. | 267,720
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (36,169) | ​ | ​ | 36,169 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (10,609) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,609 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (25,030) | ​ | ​ | 25,030 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 9,226 | ​ | ​ | (9,226) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 2,946 | ​ | ​ | (2,946) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 |  |  | 516 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (516) |  |  | —
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 214,273 | ​ | ​ | 1,387 | ​ | ​ | 41,681 |  |  | 257,341
Financial assets that have been paid |  |  | (178,828) | ​ | ​ | (6,329) | ​ | ​ | (22,883) |  |  | (208,040)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables |  |  | 4,054 | ​ | ​ | 1,207 | ​ | ​ | (20,525) |  |  | (15,264)
Write-offs |  |  | (406) | ​ | ​ | (1,227) | ​ | ​ | (22,595) |  |  | (24,228)
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 226,548 |  | Ps. | 13,953 |  | Ps. | 37,028 |  | Ps. | 277,529
​ Interbank and overnight funds ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 792 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 59 | ​ | Ps. | 851
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (3) | ​ | ​ | (2,142) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (2,142)
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 5,670 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 5,670
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (1,934) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (59) | ​ | ​ | (1,993)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 2,386 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 2,386
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (2) | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 17,244 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,244
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (18,189) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (18,189)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 1,444 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 1,444
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 2 | ​ | ​ | (2) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (1) |  |  | (122) | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (120)
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 1,787 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 1,787
Financial assets that have been derecognized |  |  | (3,089) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (3,089)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 22 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 22
(1) | This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2023 versus parameters as of December 31,2022 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023.
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (4) |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | (4)
​ (2) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2022 versus parameters as of December 31,2021 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (611) |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | (611)
​ (3) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2021 versus parameters as of December 31,2020 and the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2021
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | 77 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 77
​ ​ The following table further explains changes in the gross carrying amount of the interbank and overnight funds portfolio to help explain their significance to the changes in the allowance for the same portfolio as discussed above: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Total portfolio as of January 1, 2021 |  | Ps. | 4,693,539 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 139 |  | Ps. | 4,693,678
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 1,531,771 |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 1,531,771
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (2,671,104) |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (2,671,104)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | 16,676 |  |  | — |  |  | (139) | ​ | ​ | 16,537
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 1,529 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,529
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | (607,582) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (607,582)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 253,604 |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 253,604
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 3,218,433 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 3,218,433
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 23,119,916 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 23,119,917
Financial assets that have been paid | ​ | ​ | (18,982,865) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (18,982,865)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables | ​ | ​ | 84,916 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 84,916
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 249 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 249
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (1,442,427) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,442,427)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (30,480) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (30,480)
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 5,967,742 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 1 |  | Ps. | 5,967,743
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 206,661 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 206,661
Financial assets that have been paid |  |  | (6,003,176) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (6,003,176)
Net remeasurement of amortized cost and other receivables |  |  | (1,390) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1) |  |  | (1,391)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 222,770 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 222,770
Total portfolio as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 392,607 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 392,607
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. ​ The following table further explains changes in the movements in the allowance for the of investments in debt securities at FVOCI portfolio: Investments in debt securities at FVOCI ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 96,307 | ​ | Ps. | 179 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 96,486
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (5) | ​ | ​ | (1,829) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,829)
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 7,809 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,809
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (8,948) | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (8,946)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 16,821 | ​ | ​ | (180) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 16,641
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 12,702 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 12,703
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 1,116 | ​ | ​ | (2) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,114
Loss allowance balance as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 123,978 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 123,978
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (3) | ​ | ​ | (3,217) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,217)
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 4,409 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,409
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (4,870) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (4,870)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 2,935 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,935
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (111,358) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (111,358)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 809 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 809
Loss allowance balance as of December 31, 2022 | ​ | Ps. | 12,686 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 12,686
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (3) |  |  | (892) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (892)
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 6,470 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,470
Financial assets that have been derecognized |  |  | (4,342) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,342)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
FX and other movements |  |  | (950) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (950)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 12,972 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 12,972
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. (3) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2023 versus parameters as of December 31, 2022 and the investments portfolio as of December 31, 2023. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | (359) |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | (359)
(4) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2022 versus parameters as of December 31, 2021 and the investments portfolio as of December 31, 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022
​ | ​ |  | ​ | Stage 2 |  | ​ | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 12-month ECL | ​ | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | Total
Ps. | (1,056) |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | (1,056)
​ (5) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2021 versus parameters as of December 31, 2020 and the investments portfolio as of December 31, 2021. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2021
​ | ​ |  | ​ | Stage 2 |  | ​ | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 12-month ECL | ​ | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | Total
Ps. | (12,852) |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | (12,852)
​ The following table further explains changes in the movements in the allowance for of investments in debt securities at amortized cost portfolio: ​ Investments in debt securities at amortized cost ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance balance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 7,188 | ​ | Ps. | 7 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 7,195
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (1,796) | ​ | ​ | 1,796 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (4) | ​ | ​ | (2,443) | ​ | ​ | 4,069 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,626
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 2,179 | ​ | ​ | 1,443 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,622
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (1,622) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,622)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (1,087) | ​ | ​ | 5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,082)
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | (417) | ​ | ​ | (5) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (422)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 1,295 | ​ | ​ | 86 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,381
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 3,297 |  | Ps. | 7,401 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 10,698
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (3) | ​ | ​ | 19,761 | ​ | ​ | 547 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,308
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 2,198 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,198
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (1,015) | ​ | ​ | (1,090) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,105)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (85) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (85)
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (503) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (503)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 4,910 | ​ | ​ | 1,509 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,419
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 | ​ | Ps. | 28,563 |  | Ps. | 8,367 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 36,930
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 1,485 | ​ | ​ | (1,485) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance (3) | ​ | ​ | (14,315) | ​ | ​ | (996) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (15,311)
New financial assets originated or purchased | ​ | ​ | 2,669 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,669
Financial assets that have been derecognized | ​ | ​ | (1,466) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,466)
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (4,323) | ​ | ​ | (1,617) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (5,940)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 12,613 |  | Ps. | 4,269 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 16,882
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. (3) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2023 versus parameters as of December 31, 2022 and the investments portfolio as of December 31, 2023. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023
​ | ​ |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
Stage 1 | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
12-month ECL | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | Total
Ps. | 9,632 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | 9,632
​ (4) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2022 versus parameters as of December 31, 2021 and the investments portfolio as of December 31, 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022
​ | ​ |  | ​ | Stage 2 |  | ​ | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 12-month ECL | ​ | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | Total
Ps. | (70) |  | Ps. | 48 |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | (22)
(5) This amount includes impact of the measurement of ECL due to changes made in PDs/LGDs/EADs and changes made to model assumptions and methodologies from the opening to the closing balance. The following table shows the impact by stage estimated using all parameters as of December 31, 2021 versus parameters as of December 31, 2020 and the investments portfolio as of December 31, 2021. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2021
​ | ​ |  | ​ | Stage 2 |  | ​ | Stage 3 |  | ​ | ​
​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ​ | Lifetime ECL not | ​ | ​ | Lifetime ECL | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 12-month ECL | ​ | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | credit-impaired | ​ | ​ | Total
Ps. | (225) |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | — |  | Ps. | (225)
​ ​ Other accounts receivable General approach ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 18,136 |  | Ps. | 13,548 |  | Ps. | 107,471 | ​ | Ps. | 139,155
Net remeasurement of loss allowance | ​ | ​ | 2,378 |  |  | 2,865 |  |  | 41,515 | ​ | ​ | 46,758
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (49) |  |  | 358 |  |  | 1,223 | ​ | ​ | 1,532
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (1,526) |  |  | — |  |  | (20,760) | ​ | ​ | (22,286)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 18,939 |  | Ps. | 16,771 |  | Ps. | 129,449 | ​ | Ps. | 165,159
Net remeasurement of loss allowance | ​ | ​ | 7,680 | ​ | ​ | 2,190 | ​ | ​ | 48,003 | ​ | ​ | 57,873
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 1,748 | ​ | ​ | 1,240 | ​ | ​ | 177 | ​ | ​ | 3,165
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (3,390) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (37,506) | ​ | ​ | (40,896)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 24,977 |  | Ps. | 20,201 |  | Ps. | 140,123 |  | Ps. | 185,301
Net remeasurement of loss allowance |  |  | 4,389 | ​ | ​ | 257 | ​ | ​ | 46,867 |  |  | 51,513
FX and other movements |  |  | (1,789) | ​ | ​ | (1,270) | ​ | ​ | (2,464) |  |  | (5,523)
Write-offs |  |  | (1,612) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (43,397) |  |  | (45,009)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 25,965 |  | Ps. | 19,188 |  | Ps. | 141,129 |  | Ps. | 186,282
​ ​ Simplified approach ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Loss allowance
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 | ​ | Ps. | 203,902
Reclassification BAC (1)(2) | ​ | ​ | (1,157)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 8,659
Provision charged to profit or loss | ​ |  | 30,039
Recovery of partial payments from the clients | ​ |  | (5,157)
Write-offs | ​ |  | (25,951)
Exchange gains (losses) in foreign currency | ​ | ​ | 7,308
Transfer from general approach to simplified approach | ​ |  | —
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 217,643
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (33,024)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | 469
Entity liquidation |  |  | (1,592)
Provision charged to profit or loss |  |  | 27,519
Recovery for partial payments from the clients | ​ | ​ | (6,751)
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | (7,948)
Exchange gains (losses) in foreign currency |  |  | 799
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 197,115
Entity deconsolidation | ​ | ​ | (3,245)
Provision charged to profit or loss |  |  | 39,750
Recovery for partial payments from the clients |  |  | (14,599)
Write-offs |  |  | (18,516)
Exchange gains (losses) in foreign currency |  |  | (1,123)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 199,382
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. ​ Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Stage 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | Stage 3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stage 1 | ​ | ECL not | ​ | Lifetime | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 12-month | ​ | credit- | ​ | ECL credit- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ECL |  | impaired |  | impaired |  | Total
Loss allowance as of January 1, 2021 |  | Ps. | 57,226 |  | Ps. | 8,679 |  | Ps. | 1,488 |  | Ps. | 67,393
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (1,260) |  |  | 1,260 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (132) |  |  | — |  |  | 132 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (169) |  |  | 169 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | (36) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 4,585 |  |  | (4,585) |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 84 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (84) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance | ​ | ​ | (26,378) |  |  | 830 |  |  | (4,755) | ​ | ​ | (30,303)
New loan commitments and financial guarantees issued | ​ | ​ | 12,057 |  |  | 4,025 |  |  | 4,924 | ​ | ​ | 21,006
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | (264) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 | ​ | ​ | (263)
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (290) | ​ | ​ | (8) | ​ | ​ | 4,138 | ​ | ​ | 3,840
Reclassification BAC (1) (2) | ​ | ​ | 288 | ​ | ​ | 29 | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​ | ​ | 368
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2021 |  | Ps. | 45,916 |  | Ps. | 10,097 |  | Ps. | 6,028 |  | Ps. | 62,041
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | (558) | ​ | ​ | 558 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | (57) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 57 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (211) | ​ | ​ | 211 | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 34 | ​ | ​ | (34) | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 3,379 | ​ | ​ | (3,379) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 289 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (289) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance | ​ | ​ | (7,419) | ​ | ​ | (2,264) | ​ | ​ | (1,218) | ​ | ​ | (10,901)
New loan commitments and financial guarantees issued | ​ | ​ | 17,204 | ​ | ​ | 1,826 | ​ | ​ | (41) | ​ | ​ | 18,989
FX and other movements | ​ | ​ | 202 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 203
Discontinued operations (1) | ​ | ​ | (45) | ​ | ​ | (63) | ​ | ​ | (133) | ​ | ​ | (241)
Loss of control in subsidiary (1) | ​ | ​ | (751) | ​ | ​ | (138) | ​ | ​ | (4,292) | ​ | ​ | (5,181)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2022 |  | Ps. | 58,160 |  | Ps. | 6,461 |  | Ps. | 289 |  | Ps. | 64,910
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 2 |  |  | (1,690) | ​ | ​ | 1,690 | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 1 to stage 3 |  |  | (218) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 218 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 3 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | (329) | ​ | ​ | 329 |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 2 |  |  | — | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | (4) |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 2 to stage 1 |  |  | 1,105 | ​ | ​ | (1,105) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | —
Transfer from stage 3 to stage 1 | ​ | ​ | 29 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (29) | ​ | ​ | —
Net remeasurement of loss allowance |  |  | (14,124) | ​ | ​ | (769) | ​ | ​ | 211 |  |  | (14,682)
New loan commitments and financial guarantees issued |  |  | 18,693 | ​ | ​ | 1,732 | ​ | ​ | (65) |  |  | 20,360
FX and other movements |  |  | (318) | ​ | ​ | (2) | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | (320)
Loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 |  | Ps. | 61,637 |  | Ps. | 7,682 |  | Ps. | 949 |  | Ps. | 70,268
(1) See note 1.1 “Discontinued operations of BAC Holding” (2) Correspond to reclassification for comparability of the movements of BAC Holding consider the deconsolidation of this entity during year 2022. ​ ​ 4.1.6 Concentrations of credit risk Loan portfolio Policies to prevent excessive credit-risk concentration In order to prevent excessive concentrations of credit risk at an individual, economic group, country or economic sectors level, each financial subsidiary of Grupo Aval maintains updated exposure thresholds to limit concentration. The exposure limit by a financial subsidiary of Grupo Aval to an individual client or economic group depends on the risk profile of the client (or economic group), the nature of the risk of the debtor and the experience of each financial subsidiary in a specific market or sector. Concentration risk control is key to the risk management process. Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries monitor the degree of credit risk concentration by sector and individual or group customer. In order to avoid credit risk concentration at Grupo Aval level, management relies on the financial subsidiaries Credit Risk Unit or its equivalent, which consolidates, and monitors the credit risk exposures of all financial subsidiaries, to determine the maximum levels of concentration. Pursuant to Colombian regulations, financial subsidiaries in Colombia cannot grant unsecured loans to borrowers, which on a combined basis exceed 10% of the financial subsidiary´s regulatory capital calculated according to the definitions of the Ministry of Finance. Loans maybe more than 10% of the regulatory capital of the financial subsidiary when they are secured by acceptable collateral and/or certain guarantees. Concentration by sector Below is the credit portfolio distribution of Grupo Aval by economic sector as of December 31, 2023, and 2022: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Sector |  | December 31, 2023 |  | % | ​ | December 31, 2022 |  | % | ​
Consumer services |  | Ps. | 84,358,141 |  | 45.3 | % | Ps. | 84,466,684 |  | 44.8 | %
Commercial services |  |  | 40,341,863 |  | 21.7 | % |  | 42,542,019 |  | 22.6 | %
Construction | ​ | ​ | 14,733,390 | ​ | 7.9 | % | ​ | 14,438,349 | ​ | 7.7 | %
Food, beverage and tobacco |  |  | 7,191,477 |  | 3.9 | % |  | 7,843,322 |  | 4.2 | %
Public services | ​ | ​ | 7,172,123 | ​ | 3.9 | % | ​ | 5,672,379 | ​ | 3.0 | %
Other industrial and manufacturing products | ​ | ​ | 6,410,022 | ​ | 3.4 | % | ​ | 7,006,245 | ​ | 3.7 | %
Transportation and communications |  |  | 6,283,172 |  | 3.4 | % |  | 6,567,477 |  | 3.5 | %
Chemical production |  |  | 5,414,605 |  | 2.9 | % |  | 5,422,364 |  | 2.9 | %
Government | ​ | ​ | 5,367,471 | ​ | 2.9 | % | ​ | 5,252,429 | ​ | 2.8 | %
Agricultural |  |  | 4,192,847 |  | 2.3 | % |  | 4,448,738 |  | 2.4 | %
Trade and tourism |  |  | 1,622,212 |  | 0.8 | % |  | 1,650,721 |  | 0.9 | %
Mining products and oil |  |  | 1,500,686 |  | 0.8 | % |  | 1,226,418 |  | 0.6 | %
Other | ​ | ​ | 1,615,761 | ​ | 0.8 | % | ​ | 1,776,216 | ​ | 0.9 | %
Total of each economic sector |  | Ps. | 186,203,770 |  | 100.0 | % | Ps. | 188,313,361 |  | 100.0 | %
​ Concentration by country The detail of credit risk at the level of Grupo Aval in the different geographic areas determined according to the domicile of the debtor, without taking into consideration loan loss provisions as of December 31, 2023, and 2022 is as follows:
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023 |  | Commercial |  | Consumer |  | Mortgages |  | Microcredit |  | Interbank and overnight funds |  | Total
Colombia | ​ | Ps. | 90,146,557 | ​ | Ps. | 56,659,813 | ​ | Ps. | 15,363,688 | ​ | Ps. | 277,529 | ​ | Ps. | 320,400 | ​ | Ps. | 162,767,987
Panamá | ​ |  | 7,881,116 | ​ |  | 3,339,663 | ​ |  | 3,122,518 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 21,512 | ​ |  | 14,364,809
United States | ​ | ​ | 5,857,040 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 50,089 | ​ | ​ | 5,907,129
Guatemala | ​ | ​ | 218,838 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 218,838
Costa Rica | ​ |  | 115,868 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 606 | ​ |  | 116,474
Honduras | ​ |  | 298,941 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 298,941
El Salvador | ​ | ​ | 6,704 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,704
Nicaragua | ​ | ​ | 605 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 605
Other countries | ​ |  | 2,522,148 | ​ |  | 135 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,522,283
Total gross loan portfolio | ​ | Ps. | 107,047,817 | ​ | Ps. | 59,999,611 | ​ | Ps. | 18,486,206 | ​ | Ps. | 277,529 | ​ | Ps. | 392,607 | ​ | Ps. | 186,203,770
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022 |  | Commercial |  | Consumer |  | Mortgages |  | Microcredit |  | Interbank and overnight funds |  | Total
Colombia |  | Ps. | 86,114,887 |  | Ps. | 55,387,762 |  | Ps. | 13,944,236 |  | Ps. | 267,720 |  | Ps. | 5,786,796 |  | Ps. | 161,501,401
Panamá |  |  | 10,318,304 |  |  | 4,030,766 |  |  | 3,936,629 |  |  | — |  |  | 177,090 |  |  | 18,462,789
United States | ​ | ​ | 5,063,368 | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,063,374
Guatemala | ​ | ​ | 225,105 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 225,105
Costa Rica | ​ | ​ | 212,701 | ​ | ​ | 829 | ​ | ​ | 2,490 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,857 | ​ | ​ | 219,877
Honduras |  |  | 77,035 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77,035
El Salvador |  |  | 56,066 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56,066
Nicaragua | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Other countries |  |  | 2,707,633 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,707,714
Total gross loan portfolio |  | Ps. | 104,775,099 |  | Ps. | 59,419,444 |  | Ps. | 17,883,355 |  | Ps. | 267,720 |  | Ps. | 5,967,743 |  | Ps. | 188,313,361
​ ​ Concentration by currency The classification of loan portfolio by type of currency is as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2023 |  | Colombian Pesos |  | Foreign currency |  | Total
Commercial |  | Ps. | 83,083,022 |  | Ps. | 23,964,795 |  | Ps. | 107,047,817
Consumer |  |  | 56,580,248 |  |  | 3,419,363 |  |  | 59,999,611
Residential mortgage |  |  | 15,363,549 |  |  | 3,122,657 |  |  | 18,486,206
Microcredit |  |  | 277,529 |  |  | — |  |  | 277,529
Interbank and overnight funds |  |  | 159,757 |  |  | 232,850 |  |  | 392,607
Total gross loan portfolio |  | Ps. | 155,464,105 |  | Ps. | 30,739,665 |  | Ps. | 186,203,770
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2022 |  | Colombian Pesos |  | Foreign currency |  | Total
Commercial |  | Ps. | 77,500,547 |  | Ps. | 27,274,552 |  | Ps. | 104,775,099
Consumer |  |  | 55,306,497 |  |  | 4,112,947 |  |  | 59,419,444
Residential mortgage |  |  | 13,944,125 |  |  | 3,939,230 |  |  | 17,883,355
Microcredit |  |  | 267,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 267,720
Interbank and overnight funds |  |  | 5,595,142 |  |  | 372,601 |  |  | 5,967,743
Total gross loan portfolio |  | Ps. | 152,614,031 |  | Ps. | 35,699,330 |  | Ps. | 188,313,361
​ As of December 31, 2023, the loan portfolio in foreign currency represents 16.5% of the total portfolio, equivalent to US$ 8,042 million. As of December 31, 2022, the loan portfolio in foreign currency represents 19.0%, equivalent to US$ 7,421 million. Investment debt securities Grupo Aval entities monitor concentrations of credit risk by sector and by geographic location. An analysis of concentrations of credit risk from investment securities is shown below. Concentration by sector Trading debt securities (see note 8.1) The balance of financial assets in investments in trading debt securities includes the following as of December 31, 2023, and 2022: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
In Colombian Pesos |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities issued or secured by Colombian Government |  | Ps. | 5,732,620 |  | Ps. | 2,743,473
Securities issued or secured by other Colombian Government entities |  |  | 155,737 |  |  | 194,150
Securities issued or secured by other financial entities |  |  | 902,652 |  |  | 607,368
Securities issued or secured by non-financial sector entities |  |  | 2,994 |  |  | 11,349
Others |  |  | 20,585 |  |  | 24,515
Total In Colombian Pesos |  | Ps. | 6,814,588 |  | Ps. | 3,580,855
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities issued or secured by Colombian Government |  | Ps. | 62,212 |  | Ps. | 77,928
Securities issued or secured by foreign Governments |  |  | 32,079 |  |  | 57,600
Securities issued or secured by other financial entities |  |  | 181,809 |  |  | 44,439
Securities issued or secured by non-financial sector entities | ​ | ​ | 3,412 | ​ | ​ | —
Others |  |  | 19,280 |  |  | 65
Total In foreign currency |  | Ps. | 298,792 |  | Ps. | 180,032
Total trading debt securities |  | Ps. | 7,113,380 |  | Ps. | 3,760,887
​ Investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL (see note 9.1) The balance of financial assets in investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL includes the following as of December 31, 2023, and 2022: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
In Colombian Pesos |  |  |  |  |  |
Others |  | Ps. | 1,889 |  | Ps. | 1,378
Total debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL |  | Ps. | 1,889 |  | Ps. | 1,378
​ ​ Investments in debt securities at FVOCI The balance of financial assets in investments in debt securities at FVOCI includes the following as of December 31, 2023, and 2022: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
In Colombian Pesos | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Securities issued or secured by Colombian Government |  | Ps. | 14,491,881 |  | Ps. | 13,025,432
Securities issued or secured by other Colombian Government entities | ​ | ​ | 325,588 | ​ | ​ | 278,335
Securities issued or secured by other financial entities | ​ | ​ | 918,788 | ​ | ​ | 707,630
Securities issued or secured by non-financial sector entities | ​ | ​ | 961 | ​ | ​ | 5,233
Others | ​ | ​ | 212,635 | ​ | ​ | 310,160
Total In Colombian Pesos |  | Ps. | 15,949,853 |  | Ps. | 14,326,790
In foreign currency | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |
Securities issued or secured by Colombian Government | ​ | Ps. | 2,298,912 |  | Ps. | 2,527,440
Securities issued or secured by other Colombian Government entities | ​ | ​ | 538,200 |  |  | 510,913
Securities issued or secured by foreign Governments | ​ | ​ | 2,507,038 |  |  | 3,396,455
Securities issued or secured by central banks | ​ | ​ | 145,489 |  |  | 194,098
Securities issued or secured by other financial entities | ​ | ​ | 1,223,859 |  |  | 915,274
Securities issued or secured by non-financial sector entities | ​ | ​ | 213,610 |  |  | 48,574
Others | ​ | ​ | 449,815 |  |  | 542,261
Total In foreign currency |  | Ps. | 7,376,923 |  | Ps. | 8,135,015
Total debt securities at FVOCI |  | Ps. | 23,326,776 |  | Ps. | 22,461,805
​ Investments in debt securities at amortized cost The balance of financial assets in investments in debt securities at amortized cost includes the following as of December 31, 2023, and 2022: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | December 31, |  | ​ | December 31,
In Colombian Pesos | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Securities issued or secured by Colombian Government | ​ | Ps. | 2,567,463 | ​ | Ps. | 2,299,618
Securities issued or secured by other Colombian Government entities |  | ​ | 5,112,355 |  | ​ | 4,509,839
Others |  |  | 36,635 |  |  | 38,756
Total In Colombian Pesos |  | Ps. | 7,716,453 |  | Ps. | 6,848,213
In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities issued or secured by foreign Governments |  | Ps. | 26,515 |  | Ps. | 33,453
Securities issued or secured by other financial entities | ​ | ​ | 2,082,993 | ​ | ​ | 2,618,656
Securities issued or secured by non-financial sector entities | ​ | ​ | 143,410 | ​ | ​ | 237,537
Others | ​ | ​ | 27,190 | ​ | ​ | 33,633
Total in foreign currency |  | Ps. | 2,280,108 |  | Ps. | 2,923,279
Total investments in debt securities at amortized cost |  | Ps. | 9,996,561 |  | Ps. | 9,771,492
​ ​ Concentration of investments in debt securities by location ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Colombia |  | Ps. | 33,713,283 |  | Ps. | 28,040,520
Panama |  | ​ | 3,952,223 |  | ​ | 4,381,752
USA |  | ​ | 1,421,010 |  | ​ | 2,213,308
Brazil |  | ​ | 114,879 |  | ​ | 264,073
Mexico |  | ​ | 410,599 |  | ​ | 221,754
Costa Rica |  | ​ | 95,643 |  | ​ | 143,513
Chile |  | ​ | 182,398 |  | ​ | 115,033
Peru |  | ​ | 177,096 |  | ​ | 102,190
Paraguay |  | ​ | 37,177 |  | ​ | 8,593
Total by country | ​ | Ps. | 40,104,308 | ​ | Ps. | 35,490,736
Bladex (Foreign Trade Bank of Latin America) |  | ​ | 225,642 |  | ​ | 277,501
Andean Development Corporation (Corporación Andina de Fomento) |  | ​ | 105,107 |  | ​ | 111,124
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 89,266
Inter-American Corporation for the Financing of Infrastructure | ​ | ​ | 3,549 | ​ | ​ | 26,935
Multilateral | ​ | Ps. | 334,298 | ​ | Ps. | 504,826
Total investments in debt securities |  | Ps. | 40,438,606 |  | Ps. | 35,995,562
​ Concentration by Sovereign Debt As a general rule, Grupo Aval considers sovereign risk to be the risk assumed in deposits with Central Banks (including the mandatory deposits), investments in debt issues of a Colombian Government. In addition, the risk arising from transactions with public sector entities that have the following features: their funds are obtained only from fiscal income, they are legally recognized as entities directly included in the government sector, and their activities are of a non-commercial nature. Sovereign risk exposure arises mainly from Grupo Aval’s banking subsidiaries obligations to maintain certain mandatory deposits in Central Banks and from the fixed-income portfolios held as part of the on-balance-sheet structural interest rate risk management strategy and in the trading books of the treasury department. Most of these exposures are denominated in pesos and are financed through peso denominated repurchase agreements or customer deposits. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the investment portfolio of financial assets in debt instruments is comprised mainly of securities issued or secured by entities of the Republic of Colombia and issued or secured by other Colombian Government entities, which represent 68.57% and 72.70%, respectively of the total portfolio. Below is the detail of Grupo Aval’s sovereign debt portfolio issued by Central Governments per country: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023 | ​ | December 31, 2022 |
​ |  |  |  |  | % |  | ​ | ​ |  | % |
Investment grade (1) | ​ |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Colombia | ​ | Ps. | 22,768,597 | ​ | 82.14 | % | Ps. | 17,942,244 |  | 74.26 | %
Panama | ​ |  | 1,077,656 | ​ | 3.89 | % | ​ | 1,126,942 |  | 4.66 | %
Chile | ​ | ​ | 3,768 | ​ | 0.01 | % | ​ | — | ​ | — | %
Mexico | ​ | ​ | 16,268 | ​ | 0.06 | % | ​ | 19,552 | ​ | 0.08 | %
United States of America | ​ |  | 1,371,842 | ​ | 4.95 | % | ​ | 2,213,308 |  | 9.16 | %
Total Investment grade | ​ | Ps. | 25,238,131 |  | 91.05 | % | Ps. | 21,302,046 |  | 88.16 | %
Speculative (2) | ​ |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Brazil | ​ | ​ | 27,643 | ​ | 0.10 | % | ​ | 32,834 | ​ | 0.14 | %
Colombia | ​ | ​ | 2,384,493 | ​ | 8.60 | % | ​ | 2,731,647 | ​ | 11.31 | %
Costa Rica | ​ |  | 68,454 | ​ | 0.25 | % | ​ | 94,871 |  | 0.39 | %
Total Speculative | ​ | Ps. | 2,480,590 |  | 8.95 | % | Ps. | 2,859,352 |  | 11.84 | %
​ | ​ | Ps. | 27,718,721 |  | 100.00 | % | Ps. | 24,161,398 |  | 100.00 | %
​ ​ Below is the detail of Grupo Aval’s debt portfolio issued by Central Banks: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023 | ​ | ​ | December 31, 2022 |
​ |  |  | ​ |  | % |  | ​ | ​ |  | % |
Investment Grade (1) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Panama (*) | ​ | Ps. | 145,489 |  | 100.00 | % | Ps. | 194,098 |  | 100.00 | %
Total Investment grade | ​ | Ps. | 145,489 | ​ | 100.00 | % | Ps. | 194,098 | ​ | 100.00 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total sovereign risk | ​ | Ps. | 27,864,210 |  | 100.00 | % | Ps. | 24,355,496 |  | 100.00 | %
(1) | Investment grade includes the risk rating of Fitch Ratings Colombia S.A o F1+ to F3, BRC of Colombia from BRC 1+ to BRC 3 and Standard & Poor’s from AAA to BBB-.
(2) | Speculative or non-investment grade level includes the risk rating of Fitch Ratings Colombia S.A. from B to E, BRC de Colombia from BRC 4 to BRC 6 and Standard & Poor’s from BB+ to D.
(*) These investments correspond to the National Bank of Panama, which is the official Bank and has the functions of a Central Bank, however, it does not have the power to issue banknotes or reserve requirements. ​ 4.1.7 Modified Financial Assets - troubled debt restructuring business process. Each financial subsidiary of Grupo Aval periodically carries out, at the request of the client, restructurings of obligations. Such restructurings generally consist of extensions of tenors, decrease of interest rates, partial write-off of indebtedness or payment with assets of the debtor or guarantor. Our banking subsidiaries follow highly rigorous definitions and policies in this management process, so that it is performed in accordance with the best practices and in strict compliance with regulatory requirements. In connection to this, Grupo Aval´s banking subsidiaries have a detailed policy with regard to the aforementioned transactions. The objective of granting such restructurings is to provide the client with a viable alternative to meet its obligations to the bank and to adapt to changing conditions. When a loan is restructured due to a debtor´s financial difficulties, the debt is flagged within the records of each bank as a restructured credit in accordance with the regulations of the Superintendency of Finance. The restructuring process has a negative impact on the debtor’s rating, which can only be improved when the client has complied during a prudent period with the terms of the restructurings, its financial condition has improved or when sufficient additional guarantees have been obtained. Restructured loans are included for impairment evaluation and determination of provisions. However, the marking of a credit as restructured does not necessarily imply its rating is impaired, because in some cases new guarantees are obtained supporting the obligation. The following is the balance of restructured loans as of December 31, 2023, and 2022: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Restructured loans |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Local currency | ​ | Ps. | 4,346,710 | ​ | Ps. | 3,081,868
Foreign currency | ​ |  | 1,646,876 | ​ |  | 1,647,947
Total restructured | ​ | Ps. | 5,993,586 | ​ | Ps. | 4,729,815
​ ​ 4.1.8 Foreclosed assets business process When persuasive collection processes or credit restructurings are not effective, a legal proceeding is carried out or an agreement is reached with the client for the receipt of assets as payment. Each subsidiary of the financial sector has clearly established policies for receiving assets and has a separate department specialized in the management of these cases and in charge of their eventual sale or liquidation. During the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, the following is the total of foreclosed assets received and sold during such periods: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Foreclosed assets received | ​ | Ps. | 76,116 | ​ | Ps. | 88,482
Foreclosed assets sold | ​ |  | 90,940 | ​ |  | 50,019
​ 4.1.9 Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts As part of our operations, Grupo Aval grants guarantees and letters of credit to its customers wherein Grupo Aval financial subsidiaries are irrevocably committed to make payments to third parties when customers do not comply with their obligations with such third parties. These products have the same policies for approval of disbursements of loans regarding client’s credit risk and guarantees required according to the circumstances of each client. The commitments for credit extension represent unused portions of authorizations to grant loans, use of credit cards, overdraft limits and letters of credit. With respect to credit risk over commitments to extend credit lines, Grupo Aval is potentially exposed to credit risk in an amount equal to the total amount of unused commitments, if the unused amount were to be withdrawn in whole. However, the amount of the loss is less that the total amount of commitments unused, since most commitments to extend credits are contingent on the customer maintaining specific credit risk standards. Pending unused credit lines and guarantees do not necessarily represent future cash out flows, because such facilities may expire and not be used whole or in part. Following is the detail of the guarantees, letters of credit and credit commitments on non-used credit lines as of December 31, 2023, and 2022. Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023 | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | Notional amount |  | Notional amount
Unused credit card limits | ​ | Ps. | 12,449,298 | ​ | Ps. | 11,861,422
Approved credits not disbursed | ​ | ​ | 4,818,508 | ​ | ​ | 5,037,950
Credit arrangements | ​ | ​ | 4,223,426 | ​ | ​ | 4,119,577
Guarantees | ​ | ​ | 3,052,607 | ​ | ​ | 4,679,653
Unused limits of overdrafts | ​ |  | 2,264,226 | ​ |  | 2,491,299
Unused letters of credit | ​ |  | 735,472 | ​ |  | 1,203,070
Other | ​ |  | 2,255,007 | ​ |  | 1,615,198
Total | ​ | Ps. | 29,798,544 | ​ | Ps. | 31,008,169
​ The following is the detail of the credit commitments by type of currency: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Colombian Pesos | ​ | Ps. | 25,821,105 | ​ | Ps. | 25,497,816
U.S. dollars |  | ​ | 3,962,607 |  | ​ | 5,480,746
Euro |  | ​ | 13,585 |  | ​ | 27,934
Other |  | ​ | 1,247 |  | ​ | 1,673
Total |  | Ps. | 29,798,544 |  | Ps. | 31,008,169
​ ​ 4.1.10 Offset of financial assets and financial liabilities The disclosures set out in the following tables include financial assets and liabilities that:
| ● | are offset in the Group’s statement of financial position; or
| ● | are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement that covers similar financial instruments, irrespective of whether they are offset in the statement of financial position.
The ‘similar agreements’ include derivative clearing agreements; global master repurchase agreements and global master securities lending agreements. Similar financial instruments include derivatives, sale-and-repurchase agreements, reverse sale-and-repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and lending agreements. Financial instruments such as loans and deposits are not disclosed in the following tables unless they are offset in the statement of financial position. The ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association) and similar master netting arrangements do not meet the criteria for offsetting in the statement of financial position. This is because they create for the parties to the agreement a right of set-off of recognized amounts that is enforceable only following an event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of Grupo Aval or of the counterparties or following other predetermined events. In addition, Grupo Aval and its counterparties do not intend to settle on a net basis or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously. Grupo Aval receives and gives collateral in the form of cash and marketable securities in respect of the following transactions:
| ● | Derivatives; and
| ● | Sale-and-repurchase, and reverse sale-and-repurchase agreements.
This collateral is subject to standard industry terms including, when appropriate, an ISDA credit support annex. This means that securities received/given as collateral can be pledged or sold during the term of the transaction but have to be returned on maturity of the transaction. The terms also give each party the right to terminate the related transactions on the counterparty’s failure to post collateral. The gross amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities and their net amounts disclosed in the above tables have been measured in the statement of financial position on the following bases:
| ● | Derivative assets and liabilities – fair value;
| ● | Assets and liabilities resulting from sale-and-repurchase agreements, reverse sale-and repurchase agreements and securities lending and borrowing – amortized cost;
The following is the detail of the financial instruments subject to offset contractually required as of December 31, 2023, and 2022: December 31, 2023 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross Amounts | ​ | Net Amounts of | ​ | Gross Amounts Not | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amounts of | ​ | Offset in the | ​ | Assets Presented in | ​ | Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Recognized | ​ | Consolidated | ​ | the Consolidated | ​ | Financial | ​ | Cash collateral | ​ | Net
​ | ​ | Assets | ​ | Balance Sheet | ​ | Balance Sheet | ​ | Instruments | ​ | Received | ​ | Exposure
Offsetting assets | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Derivatives | ​ | Ps. | 2,126,229 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 2,126,229 | ​ | Ps. | (1,911,903) | ​ | Ps. | (235,189) | ​ | Ps. | (20,863)
Repurchase agreements | ​ | ​ | 86,192 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 86,192 | ​ | ​ | (27,803) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 58,389
Total | ​ | Ps. | 2,212,421 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 2,212,421 | ​ | Ps. | (1,939,706) | ​ | Ps. | (235,189) | ​ | Ps. | 37,526
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross Amounts | ​ | Net Amounts of | ​ | Gross Amounts Not | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amounts of | ​ | Offset in the | ​ | Liabilities Presented in | ​ | Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Recognized | ​ | Consolidated | ​ | the Consolidated | ​ | Financial | ​ | Cash collateral | ​ | Net
​ |  | Liabilities | ​ | Balance Sheet | ​ | Balance Sheet | ​ | Instruments | ​ | Delivered | ​ | Exposure
Offsetting liabilities | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Derivatives | ​ | Ps. | 2,371,927 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 2,371,927 | ​ | Ps. | (313,095) | ​ | Ps. | (245,344) | ​ | Ps. | 1,813,488
Repurchase agreements | ​ | ​ | 14,366,933 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 14,366,933 | ​ | ​ | (16,874,942) | ​ | ​ | (1,025,691) | ​ | ​ | (3,533,700)
Total | ​ | Ps. | 16,738,860 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 16,738,860 | ​ | Ps. | (17,188,037) | ​ | Ps. | (1,271,035) | ​ | Ps. | (1,720,212)
​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross Amounts | ​ | Net Amounts of | ​ | Gross Amounts Not | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amounts of | ​ | Offset in the | ​ | Assets Presented in | ​ | Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Recognized | ​ | Consolidated | ​ | the Consolidated | ​ | Financial | ​ | Cash collateral | ​ | Net
​ |  | Assets |  | Balance Sheet |  | Balance Sheet |  | Instruments |  | Received |  | Exposure
Offsetting assets | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Derivatives | ​ | Ps. | 2,062,259 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 2,062,259 | ​ | Ps. | (1,509,856) | ​ | Ps. | (370,249) | ​ | Ps. | 182,154
Repurchase agreements | ​ | ​ | 5,343,325 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,343,325 | ​ | ​ | (4,882,569) | ​ | ​ | (47,169) | ​ | ​ | 413,587
Total | ​ | Ps. | 7,405,584 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 7,405,584 | ​ | Ps. | (6,392,425) | ​ | Ps. | (417,418) | ​ | Ps. | 595,741
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross Amounts | ​ | Net Amounts of | ​ | Gross Amounts Not | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amounts of | ​ | Offset in the | ​ | Liabilities Presented in | ​ | Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Recognized | ​ | Consolidated | ​ | the Consolidated | ​ | Financial | ​ | Cash collateral | ​ | Net
​ |  | Liabilities |  | Balance Sheet |  | Balance Sheet |  | Instruments |  | Delivered |  | Exposure
Offsetting liabilities | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Derivatives | ​ | Ps. | 1,761,174 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 1,761,174 | ​ | Ps. | (265,295) | ​ | Ps. | (316,446) | ​ | Ps. | 1,179,433
Repurchase agreements | ​ | ​ | 8,348,068 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 8,348,068 | ​ | ​ | (11,091,726) | ​ | ​ | (1,325,386) | ​ | ​ | (4,069,044)
Total | ​ | Ps. | 10,109,242 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 10,109,242 | ​ | Ps. | (11,357,021) | ​ | Ps. | (1,641,832) | ​ | Ps. | (2,889,611)
​
Disclosure of risk management, market risk [text block] | 4.2 Market Risk Market risk refers to the risk that a change in the level of one or more market prices, rates, indices, volatilities, correlations or other market factors, such as liquidity, will result in losses in a position or in the portfolio. Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries (namely Banco de Bogotá, Banco de Occidente, Banco Popular, Banco AV Villas, Corficolombiana, Porvenir and the trust companies of the financial subsidiaries) actively participate in money markets, foreign exchange markets and capital markets, for both of their books (for balance sheet risk management and trading book) and to provide financial services to their customers. This is done subject to established policies and risk limits. In that regard, they hold financial asset portfolios within the allowed limits and risk levels. Market risk arises from the positions of Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries in debt securities investment portfolios, derivatives and equity instruments. These risks are created by changes in factors such as interest rates, inflation, foreign currency exchange rates, share prices, credit margins of instruments and their volatility, as well as the liquidity in the markets where Grupo Aval operates. Our business units and trading desks are responsible for ensuring that market risk exposures are well-managed and prudent. The risk management groups and our business unit management ensure that these risks are measured and closely monitored. A variety of limits and controls are designed to manage price and liquidity risk. Market risk is monitored through various mechanisms such as: statistically analysis (using Value-at-Risk models and related analytical measures), risk factor sensitivity analysis, and routine stress testing, conducted in collaboration with the business units by the Market Risk Unit. The material risks identified by these processes are summarized in reports produced by the Market Risk Unit that are circulated to, and discussed with, senior management. 4.2.1 Trading Book Risk Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries trade financial instruments for various reasons, mainly:
| ● | To offer products tailored to specific customer needs. Some of these products are designed to hedge the financial risks of customers.
| ● | To take advantage of arbitrage opportunities among different yield curves, assets and markets, obtaining returns with an adequate use of capital.
| ● | To hedge asset and liability risk positions on proprietary positions, to act on behalf of customers or to take advantage of arbitrage opportunities mainly in foreign exchange and interest rates in both local and foreign markets.
In carrying out these operations, Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries take risks, within predetermined limits. These risks are mitigated with the use of derivative products and other financial instruments within limits that are permanently monitored by risk. The following is a breakdown of Grupo Aval’s financial assets and liabilities exposed to trading risk held at December 31, 2023 and 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Account |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Financial assets | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Debt financial assets | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | Ps. | 7,113,380 | ​ | Ps. | 3,760,887
Investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | 1,889 | ​ | ​ | 1,378
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | ​ | 23,326,776 | ​ | ​ | 22,461,805
Total debt securities | ​ | Ps. | 30,442,045 | ​ | Ps. | 26,224,070
Derivative assets instruments | ​ | Ps. | 2,077,567 | ​ | Ps. | 2,041,405
Hedging derivatives assets | ​ | ​ | 48,662 | ​ | ​ | 20,854
​ | ​ | ​ | 2,126,229 | ​ | ​ | 2,062,259
Total financial assets | ​ | Ps. | 32,568,274 | ​ | Ps. | 28,286,329
Liabilities | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Derivative liabilities instruments | ​ | ​ | 2,154,361 | ​ | ​ | 1,757,606
Hedging derivatives liabilities | ​ | ​ | 217,566 | ​ | ​ | 3,568
Total financial liabilities | ​ | ​ | 2,371,927 | ​ | ​ | 1,761,174
Net position | ​ | Ps. | 30,196,347 | ​ | Ps. | 26,525,155
​ 4.2.2 Description of Objectives, Policies and Processes to Manage Trading Risk Our financial subsidiaries participate in money markets, foreign exchange markets and capital markets to meet their needs and those of their customers, subject to established policies and risk levels. In this respect, they manage different portfolios of financial assets within the limits and risk levels allowed. The risks assumed by Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries in transactions related to the trading or treasury book are consistent with the overall trading strategy, considering the market depth for each instrument, its impact on risk-weighted assets and regulatory capital, the profit budget established for each business unit, and the balance sheet structure. Trading strategies are established on the basis of approved limits, in an effort to balance the risk / return relationship. Moreover, there is a structure of limits consistent with Grupo Aval’s general philosophy and is based on capital levels, earnings performance and risk appetite. The Market Risk Management System (SARM in Spanish) allows Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries to identify, measure, control and monitor the market risk they are exposed to in carrying out their operations. There are several scenarios in which Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries are exposed to trading risks.
| ● | Interest Rate Risk
Grupo Aval’s financial subsidiaries are exposed to interest rate risk as a result of its market-making activities and proprietary trading in interest rate sensitive financial instruments (e.g., risk arising from changes in the level or implied volatility of interest rates, the timing of mortgage prepayments, the shape of the yield curve and credit spreads for credit sensitive instruments). This risk includes the risk of repricing of floating rates. Additionally, as part of the interest rate risk management, asset and liability management committees have been established to monitor the execution of these strategies.
| ● | Foreign Exchange Risk
Grupo Aval’s financial subsidiary’s portfolios are exposed to foreign exchange rate and implied volatility risk as a result of market making negotiation in foreign currencies and from maintaining foreign exchange positions.
| ● | Equity Price Risk and Mutual Fund Risk
Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries are exposed to equity price risk in specific investments and are exposed to mutual fund risk. 4.2.2.1 Risk Management Grupo Aval financial subsidiaries manage their trading positions by employing a variety of risk mitigation strategies. These strategies include diversification of risk exposures and hedging through the purchase or sale of positions in related securities and financial instruments, including a variety of derivative products (e.g., futures, forwards, swaps and options). The financial subsidiaries manage their market risk associated with its trading activities on a decentralized basis. Our corporate risk unit supervises the level of risk taken in order to ensure that its global exposure limits are observed. Senior management and the Boards of Directors of our banks and their financial subsidiaries play an active role in managing and controlling market risk. They do so by analyzing established reports and through committees that comprehensively monitor - both technically and fundamentally - the different variables that influence domestic and foreign markets. This process is intended to support strategic trading and portfolio decisions. Analyzing and monitoring the market risks that Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries take in their operations is essential for decision making and to assess potential effects on their financial position. An ongoing analysis of macroeconomic conditions is necessary in order to achieve an ideal combination of market risk, return and liquidity. The risks assumed in financial operations are reflected in a limit structure that includes different types of instruments, specific trading strategies, the market depth in which Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries operate, the impact on risk-weighted assets and regulatory capital, as well as the balance sheet structure. These limits are monitored daily and reported regularly to the Board of Directors of Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries. In order to minimize interest rate and exchange rate risks in specific positions and transactions, Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries manage hedging strategies by taking positions in derivative instruments such as non-deliverable forwards (NDF) related to securities, money market transactions and foreign exchange forwards. 4.2.2.2 Methods Used to Measure Market Risk The Market Risk areas independently reviews the Company’s trading portfolios on a regular basis from a market risk perspective utilizing Value at Risk (VaR) internal and regulatory models, and other quantitative and qualitative risk measures and analyses. Each trading business and the market risk areas also use, as appropriate, measures such as sensitivity to changes in interest rates, prices, and implied volatilities to monitor and report market risk exposures. Stress testing, which measures the impact on the value of existing portfolios of specified changes in market factors for certain products, is performed periodically and reviewed by our risk and trading areas. Reports summarizing material risk exposures are produced by the market risk areas and are provided to senior management for their review and challenge. The Boards of Directors and the Risk Committees of Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries approve a framework of limits based on the value-at-risk related to the annual budget. Regulatory VaR (regulatory calculation) The Regulatory VaR calculation is primarily used for the Superintendency of Finance’s solvency ratio calculations. Each bank has standard models for capital purposes; however, they also maintain internal models in order to manage their day-to- day risk and profit decisions. The Superintendency of Finance methodology is based on the Basel II model. This model applies only to the financial subsidiaries’ investment portfolio and excludes investments not classified as trading. Total market risk is calculated on a daily basis by aggregating the VaR for each risk exposure category on a ten-day horizon, based on risk factors calculated under extreme market stress scenarios. VaR at month-end is part of the capital adequacy ratio calculation (as set forth in Decree 2555 of 2010). The Superintendency of Finance’s rules require the financial subsidiaries to calculate VaR for the following risk factors: interest rate risk, foreign exchange rate risk, equity price risk and fund risk. Correlations between risk factors are not considered. The fluctuations in the portfolio’s VaR depend on sensitivity factors determined by the Superintendency of Finance, modified duration and changes in balances outstanding. The ten-day horizon is defined as the average time in which an entity could sell a trading position in the market. The VaR calculation includes all the portfolios of the entities and their financial subsidiaries and is estimated under the methodology defined by the Superintendency of Finance of Colombia. These VaR calculation models are used to determine the occurrence of potential losses among the different business units. The methods also allow comparisons of activities in different markets and identification of the riskiest positions in treasury activities. These tools are also used to determine limits on traders’ positions and to promptly review positions and trading strategies in response to changes in market conditions. VaR models have inherent limitations, partially because they rely on historical data, which may not be an indicative of future market conditions. VaR models could overestimate or underestimate the value at risk if market conditions vary significantly and they do not calculate the greatest possible loss. That’s why each company uses additional measurement tools in order to compensate for the VaR limitations. Expected Shortfall analysis, stress test and back tests are part of the risk measurement tools in the financial subsidiaries. The methods used to measure VaR are assessed regularly and backtested to check their efficiency. Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries have tools to carry out portfolio stress and/or sensitivity tests, using extreme scenario simulations. Additionally, there are limits according to the "risk type" associated with each of the instruments comprising the different portfolios. These limits are related to sensitivity or impact on the value of the portfolio as a result of fluctuations of specific risk factors such as: interest rate (Rho), exchange rate (Delta) and volatility (Vega). Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries have counterparty and trading limits for each trader in the trading platforms for the markets where they operate. Trading limits are controlled daily by the back and middle offices of each entity. Trading limits for individual traders are assigned based upon the individual´s level in the organization, market and trading experience and product and portfolio management knowledge. There is also a process to monitor the prices of fixed-income securities traded in foreign markets published by investment price providers for those jurisdictions. In addition, fixed income securities are subject to a qualitative liquidity analysis to determine the market depth for those instruments. Finally, the daily transaction monitoring process includes controlling different aspects of trading, such as terms of negotiation, non-conventional or off-market transactions, and related party transactions. According to the standard model, the market value-at-risk (VaR) for Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries consolidated at their level of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023 | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | ​ |  | Basis points of |  | ​ |  | Basis points of
Entity | ​ | Value at Risk | ​ | regulatory capital | ​ | Value at Risk | ​ | regulatory capital
Banco Bogotá S.A. | Ps. | 639,228 | ​ | 111 | Ps. | 759,624 | ​ | 116
Banco de Occidente S.A. |  | 218,355 | ​ | 67 |  | 272,515 | ​ | 90
Banco AV Villas S.A. |  | 47,004 | ​ | 55 |  | 96,711 | ​ | 105
Banco Popular S.A. (1) |  | 336,718 | ​ | 185 |  | 147,685 | ​ | 116
Corficolombiana S.A. (1) |  | 240,068 | ​ | 519 |  | 190,534 | ​ | 484
Porvenir S.A. |  | 10,927 | ​ | 92 |  | 13,808 | ​ | 148
(1) The market value at risk information for 2023 corresponds to Banco Popular's consolidated information. Corficolombiana's information is presented separately, due to its materiality. ​ The following tables show the VaR calculation relating to each of the risk factors described above and based on the Superintendency of Finance Methodology (Regulatory VaR) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, for a ten-day horizon for each of our Colombian banking subsidiaries. The minimum, maximum and average levels are determined based on end-of-month calculations, using 12 data points between January and December. ​ Banco de Bogotá S.A ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2023
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 423,347 | ​ | 428,765 | ​ | 440,804 | ​ | 440,804
Exchange rate |  | 105,390 | ​ | 138,671 | ​ | 175,945 | ​ | 160,165
Shares |  | 3,891 | ​ | 12,573 | ​ | 37,830 | ​ | 37,830
Mutual funds |  | 106 | ​ | 3,860 | ​ | 13,085 | ​ | 429
​ ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2022
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 426,736 | ​ | 441,281 | ​ | 460,435 | ​ | 440,531
Exchange rate |  | 87,497 | ​ | 133,241 | ​ | 179,646 | ​ | 171,517
Shares |  | 3,759 | ​ | 4,182 | ​ | 4,650 | ​ | 3,870
Mutual funds |  | 108,165 | ​ | 118,107 | ​ | 143,705 | ​ | 143,705
​ Banco de Bogota´s market risk weighted assets remained on average 6.7% of the total risk-weighted assets during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 8.1% in the year ended December 31, 2022. ​ Banco de Occidente S.A ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2023
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 179,858 | ​ | 205,998 | ​ | 251,416 | ​ | 217,031
Exchange rate |  | 717 | ​ | 3,662 | ​ | 11,894 | ​ | 717
Mutual funds |  | 569 | ​ | 15,259 | ​ | 85,455 | ​ | 607
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2022
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 173,355 | ​ | 196,810 | ​ | 243,326 | ​ | 173,355
Exchange rate |  | 99 | ​ | 3,354 | ​ | 15,681 | ​ | 15,681
Mutual funds |  | 75,869 | ​ | 80,639 | ​ | 83,479 | ​ | 83,479
​ Banco de Occidente´s market risk weighted assets remained on average 5.2% of the total risk-weighted assets during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 7.0% for the year ended December 31, 2022. ​ Banco Comercial AV Villas S.A ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2023
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 46,209 | ​ | 65,592 | ​ | 86,967 | ​ | 46,209
Exchange rate |  | 1 | ​ | 46 | ​ | 153 | ​ | 10
Mutual funds |  | 221 | ​ | 6,930 | ​ | 14,175 | ​ | 785
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2022
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 82,312 | ​ | 99,727 | ​ | 120,545 | ​ | 84,749
Exchange rate |  | 9 | ​ | 48 | ​ | 106 | ​ | 98
Mutual funds |  | 158 | ​ | 2,090 | ​ | 11,864 | ​ | 11,864
​ ​ Banco AV Villas’ market risk weighted assets remained on average 4.5% of the total risk-weighted assets during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 8.7% in the year ended December 31, 2022. ​ Banco Popular S.A ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2023
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 82,783 | ​ | 114,642 | ​ | 299,985 | ​ | 299,985
Exchange rate |  | 5,050 | ​ | 6,783 | ​ | 7,759 | ​ | 7,221
Shares |  | 148 | ​ | 687 | ​ | 6,586 | ​ | 6,586
Mutual funds |  | 7,255 | ​ | 16,714 | ​ | 22,926 | ​ | 22,926
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2022
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 121,194 | ​ | 130,739 | ​ | 144,932 | ​ | 121,194
Exchange rate |  | 4,290 | ​ | 5,618 | ​ | 6,711 | ​ | 5,796
Shares |  | 140 | ​ | 143 | ​ | 148 | ​ | 147
Mutual funds |  | 12,209 | ​ | 15,952 | ​ | 20,548 | ​ | 20,548
​ Banco Popular´s market risk weighted assets remained on average 8.8% of the total risk-weighted assets during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 7.7% in the year ended December 31, 2022. Corficolombiana S.A ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2023
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 190,139 | ​ | 209,769 | ​ | 227,913 | ​ | 221,409
Exchange rate |  | 4,381 | ​ | 16,757 | ​ | 24,799 | ​ | 4,381
Shares |  | 7,086 | ​ | 7,501 | ​ | 8,007 | ​ | 7,221
Mutual funds |  | 7,057 | ​ | 8,187 | ​ | 9,856 | ​ | 7,057
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2022
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 148,170 | ​ | 172,466 | ​ | 185,935 | ​ | 160,195
Exchange rate |  | 3,828 | ​ | 15,882 | ​ | 40,422 | ​ | 23,090
Shares |  | 6,017 | ​ | 9,308 | ​ | 13,350 | ​ | 6,557
Mutual funds |  | 692 | ​ | 1,087 | ​ | 1,609 | ​ | 692
​ Corficolombiana’s market risk weighted assets remained on average 10.2% of the total risk-weighted assets during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 8.9% on the year ended December 31, 2022. As Corficolombiana does not have a relevant number of loans or other significant risk weighted assets, the ratio of the market risk weighted assets to total risk weighted assets is higher than in the banks. As a pension fund, Porvenir has a value-at-risk measurement methodology that differs from credit establishments and is established by the Superintendency of Finance. The following tables show the VaR calculation relating to each of the risk factors described above and based on that Methodology (Regulatory VaR) for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, for a ten-day horizon. Porvenir S.A ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2023
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 12,190 | ​ | 24,500 | ​ | 38,914 | ​ | 18,822
Exchange rate |  | 115 | ​ | 978 | ​ | 2,900 | ​ | 597
Shares |  | 1,710 | ​ | 2,347 | ​ | 3,091 | ​ | 1,973
Mutual funds |  | 457 | ​ | 2,650 | ​ | 5,829 | ​ | 3,094
​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maximum, Minimum and Average VaR Values
December 31, 2022
​ |  | Minimum |  | Average |  | Maximum |  | Period end
Interest rate | Ps. | 25,698 | ​ | 40,927 | ​ | 61,686 | ​ | 29,363
Exchange rate |  | 93 | ​ | 577 | ​ | 1,682 | ​ | 976
Shares |  | 1,404 | ​ | 2,579 | ​ | 3,379 | ​ | 2,541
Mutual funds |  | 788 | ​ | 5,504 | ​ | 15,922 | ​ | 788
​ ​ Porvenir’ market risk weighted assets remained on average 13.7% of the total risk-weighted assets during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 16.9% in the year ended December 31, 2022. Investment Price Risk in Equity Instruments Equity Investments Variations in equity price risk measured based on the regulatory VaR methodology include both equity securities held for trading through profit or losses and non-strategic holdings. In addition, it does not discriminate between listed and unlisted equity investments or between those which consolidate and those which do not. It includes investments in non-financial institutions. Holding periods for many of Corficolombiana’s equity investments exceed ten years. Its largest investments have remained in the portfolio for several years and are intended to remain as permanent investments. Therefore, no value at risk is estimated. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the only investments subject to regulatory VaR were holdings in Mineros S.A. The following table breaks down our investments subject to regulatory VaR by time since initial investments at December 31, 2023 and 2022. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | ​ | 2022 |
​ |  | Investment |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Investment |  | ​ |  | ​ |
​ | ​ | subject to | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percentage | ​ | ​ | subject to | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Regulatory | ​ | Regulatory | ​ | of | ​ | ​ | Regulatory | ​ | Regulatory | ​ | Percentage of |
​ | ​ | VaR | ​ | VaR | ​ | portfolio | ​ | ​ | VaR | ​ | VaR | ​ | portfolio |
More than 36 months | Ps. | 43,765 | Ps. | 6,433 | ​ | 100 | % | Ps. | 44,122 | Ps. | 6,486 | ​ | 100 | %
Total | Ps. | 43,765 | Ps. | 6,433 |  | 100 | % | Ps. | 44,122 | Ps. | 6,486 |  | 100 | %
​ ​ 4.2.3 Structural foreign exchange risk Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries have agencies and subsidiaries offshore and have assets and liabilities in foreign currencies and are thus exposed to changes in the exchange rates, primarily the United States Dollar. Foreign exchange risk is present when there are assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency, when investments are made in foreign subsidiaries and branches and when we extend loans or take funds in foreign currency. Foreign exchange risk is also present in foreign currency off- balance sheet transactions. Subsidiaries of the financial sector in Colombia are authorized by the country’s central bank (Banco de la República) to trade currencies and maintain balances in foreign currency in accounts abroad. Colombian law allows banks to maintain a net daily asset or liability position in foreign currency, determined as the difference in foreign currency denominated rights and foreign currency denominated obligations, including both on and off-balance sheet positions. On an entity individual basis, the average of this difference over three business days cannot exceed twenty percent (20%) of the entity’s regulatory capital. On a consolidated basis, the average of this difference over three business days (positive or negative) cannot exceed forty percent (40%) of the consolidated entity´s regulatory capital. The maximum and minimum total foreign currency position and the spot foreign currency position are determined according to each entity´s regulatory capital. The regulatory capital that is used in the calculations, corresponds to the regulatory capital of the last business day of the previous two-months. The exchange rate used in the calculation is the average of the exchange rate of the previous month set by the Superintendency of Finance. A substantial amount of Grupo Aval’s foreign currency assets and liabilities are in U.S. dollars. Details of the assets and liabilities in foreign currency held by Grupo Aval as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are shown below: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31,2023 | ​ | ​ |  | Other currencies | ​ | Total in
​ | ​ | U.S. dollars | ​ | converted to U.S. | ​ | Colombian pesos
Account |  | (Millions) |  | dollars (Millions) |  | (Millions)
Financial assets | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | 1,248 | ​ | 60 | Ps. | 4,996,706
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | 78 | ​ | — | ​ | 298,792
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | 1,930 | ​ | — | ​ | 7,376,923
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | 597 | ​ | — | ​ | 2,280,108
Loan portfolio financial assets at amortized cost | ​ | 8,043 | ​ | — | ​ | 30,739,665
Derivative financial assets held for trading | ​ | 544 | ​ | — | ​ | 2,077,567
Derivative financial assets held for hedging | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 687
Trade receivable | ​ | 719 | ​ | — | ​ | 2,748,599
Total financial assets | ​ | 13,159 | ​ | 60 | Ps. | 50,519,047
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | Other currencies |  | Total in
​ | ​ | U.S. dollars | ​ | converted to U.S. | ​ | Colombian pesos
Account | ​ | (Millions) | ​ | dollars (Millions) | ​ | (Millions)
Financial liabilities | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |
Derivative financial liabilities held for trading | ​ | 564 | ​ | — | Ps. | 2,154,361
Derivative financial liabilities held for hedging | ​ | 53 | ​ | — | ​ | 204,202
Customer deposits | ​ | 7,048 | ​ | 34 | ​ | 27,070,411
Financial obligations | ​ | 8,072 | ​ | 1 | ​ | 30,857,352
Accounts payable | ​ | 242 | ​ | — | ​ | 921,552
Total financial liabilities | ​ | 15,979 | ​ | 35 | ​ | 61,207,878
Net financial asset (liability) position | ​ | (2,820) | ​ | 25 | Ps. | (10,688,831)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31,2022 | ​ | ​ |  | Other currencies | ​ | Total in
​ | ​ | U.S. dollars | ​ | converted to U.S. | ​ | Colombian pesos
Account |  | (Millions) |  | dollars (Millions) |  | (Millions)
Financial assets | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | 1,208 | ​ | 34 | Ps. | 5,972,792
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | 37 | ​ | — | ​ | 180,032
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | 1,691 | ​ | — | ​ | 8,135,015
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | 608 | ​ | — | ​ | 2,923,279
Loan portfolio financial assets at amortized cost | ​ | 7,421 | ​ | 1 | ​ | 35,699,330
Derivative financial assets held for trading | ​ | 314 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,512,459
Derivative financial assets held for hedging | ​ | 1 | ​ | — | ​ | 4,829
Trade receivable | ​ | 705 | ​ | 63 | ​ | 3,694,659
Total financial assets | ​ | 11,985 | ​ | 98 | Ps. | 58,122,395
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | Other currencies |  | Total in
​ |  | U.S. dollars |  | converted to U.S. |  | Colombian pesos
Account | ​ | (Millions) |  | dollars (Millions) |  | (Millions)
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities held for trading | ​ | 237 | ​ | — | Ps. | 1,141,963
Derivative financial liabilities held for hedging | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 1,553
Customer deposits | ​ | 6,482 | ​ | 19 | ​ | 31,269,619
Financial obligations | ​ | 9,097 | ​ | 5 | ​ | 43,779,895
Accounts payable | ​ | 122 | ​ | — | ​ | 587,589
Total financial liabilities |  | 15,938 |  | 24 |  | 76,780,619
Net financial asset (liability) position |  | (3,953) |  | 74 | Ps. | (18,658,224)
​ ​ Grupo Aval’s financial subsidiaries hedge their foreign exchange exposure using derivatives instruments, especially forwards. The net foreign currency position of each subsidiary is monitored on a daily basis. Grupo Aval has a number of investments in foreign subsidiaries and branches whose net assets are exposed to foreign exchange risk because of the translation of gains or losses for the purpose of consolidating their financial statements. The exposure arising from net assets in foreign operations is hedged primarily with financial obligations, bonds and foreign exchange derivative instruments. The following table presents sensitivities of profit or loss before taxes and equity (OCI) to reasonably possible changes in exchange rates applied at the end of the reporting period relative to the functional currency of the respective Group entities, with all other variables held constant: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31,2023 |  | Increase |  | Decrease
​ | ​ | Ps.100 per U.S. | ​ | Ps.100 per U.S.
​ | ​ | dollar | ​ | dollar
Equity (mainly OCI) |  | Ps. | 2,840 |  | Ps. | (2,840)
Profit and loss before taxes |  |  | (174,869) |  |  | 174,869
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31,2022 |  | Increase |  | Decrease
​ | ​ | Ps.100 per U.S. | ​ | Ps.100 per U.S.
​ | ​ | dollar | ​ | dollar
Equity (mainly OCI) |  | Ps. | 13,538 |  | Ps. | (13,538)
Profit and loss before taxes |  |  | (156,263) |  |  | 156,263
​ The sensitivity in equity considers mainly assets and liabilities of entities with functional currencies different from the Group’s presentation currency compensated with derivatives and financial labilities designated to hedge net investments in foreign operations. The sensitivity in profit or loss was calculated for monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entities of the Group, including intercompany balances which are not hedged. The Group’s exposure to currency risk at the end of the reporting period is not representative of the typical exposure during the year. ​ 4.2.4 Structural Interest Rate Risk Non-trading instruments consist primarily of loans and deposits. The net interest margin of our financial subsidiaries may be affected by changes in interest rates. Losses can result from unexpected movements in interest rates. For this reason, our financial subsidiaries monitor the interest rate risk daily and set limits on asset and liability mismatches. Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries monitor their interest rate risk daily and set limits to repricing mismatches between assets and liabilities. They analyze their interest rate exposure in a dynamic way. Scenario modelling considers renewal of existing positions, financing alternatives, and hedges. Considering these scenarios, the financial subsidiaries calculate the profit and loss impact of changes in interest rates. The following table shows interest rates exposure for assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022. In this table, fixed rate instruments are classified according to their maturity date and floating rate instruments are classified according to their repricing date. The following analysis includes the interest rate exposure of non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing assets and liabilities by maturity bucket for our financial subsidiaries: ​ ​ December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Less than |  | From one to |  | From six to |  | More than a |  | Non- |  | ​ | ​
Assets | ​ | one month | ​ | six months | ​ | twelve months | ​ | year | ​ | interest | ​ | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | Ps. | 5,563,358 | ​ | Ps. | 854 | ​ | Ps. | 1,684 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 13,031,965 | ​ | Ps. | 18,597,861
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | ​ | 41,179 | ​ | ​ | 251,925 | ​ | ​ | 539,012 | ​ | ​ | 6,281,264 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,113,380
Investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 439 | ​ | ​ | 1,450 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,889
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | ​ | 110,939 | ​ | ​ | 720,636 | ​ | ​ | 3,727,517 | ​ | ​ | 18,767,684 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 23,326,776
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 927,454 | ​ | ​ | 3,402,597 | ​ | ​ | 3,389,804 | ​ | ​ | 2,276,706 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,996,561
Trade receivable at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,830,916 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,830,916
Commercial loans | ​ | ​ | 12,496,990 | ​ | ​ | 48,530,829 | ​ | ​ | 11,530,367 | ​ | ​ | 34,489,631 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 107,047,817
Consumer loans | ​ | ​ | 4,014,604 | ​ | ​ | 3,485,355 | ​ | ​ | 1,627,002 | ​ | ​ | 50,872,650 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 59,999,611
Mortgages loans | ​ | ​ | 3,369,639 | ​ | ​ | 218,540 | ​ | ​ | 6,817 | ​ | ​ | 14,891,210 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 18,486,206
Microcredit loans | ​ | ​ | 23,946 | ​ | ​ | 11,431 | ​ | ​ | 33,079 | ​ | ​ | 209,073 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 277,529
Interbank and overnight founds | ​ | ​ | 247,668 | ​ | ​ | 144,939 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 392,607
Trade receivable | ​ | ​ | 12,346 | ​ | ​ | 4,380 | ​ | ​ | 3,207 | ​ | ​ | 1,704,180 | ​ | ​ | 20,447,860 | ​ | ​ | 22,171,973
Total Assets | ​ | Ps. | 26,808,123 | ​ | Ps. | 56,771,486 | ​ | Ps. | 20,858,928 | ​ | Ps. | 133,324,764 | ​ | Ps. | 33,479,825 | ​ | Ps. | 271,243,126
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Less than |  | From one to |  | From six to |  | More than a |  | Non- |  |
Liabilities | ​ | one month | ​ | six months | ​ | twelve months | ​ | year | ​ | interest | ​ | Total
Checking accounts | ​ | Ps. | 4,746,654 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | ​ | 11,904,157 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,159,048 | ​ | Ps. | 23,809,859
Time deposits | ​ | ​ | 8,037,475 | ​ | ​ | 39,999,744 | ​ | ​ | 21,559,845 | ​ | ​ | 17,000,396 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 86,597,460
Saving deposits | ​ | ​ | 71,149,883 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 71,149,883
Other deposits | ​ | ​ | 12,379 | ​ | ​ | 15,455 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 402,360 | ​ | ​ | 430,194
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 13,298,927 | ​ | ​ | 1,762,116 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,877 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 15,081,920
Leases contracts | ​ | ​ | 3,962 | ​ | ​ | 55,871 | ​ | ​ | 77,762 | ​ | ​ | 2,654,153 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,791,748
Borrowing from banks and similar | ​ | ​ | 2,001,170 | ​ | ​ | 6,011,525 | ​ | ​ | 2,710,163 | ​ | ​ | 8,703,854 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 19,426,712
Long-term debt | ​ | ​ | 58,142 | ​ | ​ | 4,053,694 | ​ | ​ | 565,465 | ​ | ​ | 18,750,525 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 23,427,826
Borrowing from development entities | ​ | ​ | 2,441,548 | ​ | ​ | 1,082,184 | ​ | ​ | 165,940 | ​ | ​ | 1,123,461 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,813,133
Total Liabilities | ​ | Ps. | 101,750,140 | ​ | Ps. | 52,980,589 | ​ | Ps. | 36,983,332 | ​ | Ps. | 48,253,266 | ​ | Ps. | 7,561,408 | ​ | Ps. | 247,528,735
​ December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than | ​ | From one to | ​ | From six to | ​ | More than a | ​ | Non- | ​ |
Assets | ​ | one month | ​ | six months | ​ | twelve months | ​ | year | ​ | interest | ​ | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | Ps. | 6,066,944 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 10,965,913 | ​ | Ps. | 17,032,857
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | ​ | 75,943 | ​ | ​ | 715,117 | ​ | ​ | 107,442 | ​ | ​ | 2,862,385 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,760,887
Investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,378 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,378
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | ​ | 280,301 | ​ | ​ | 2,912,007 | ​ | ​ | 700,112 | ​ | ​ | 18,569,385 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 22,461,805
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 967,123 | ​ | ​ | 5,543,804 | ​ | ​ | 294,035 | ​ | ​ | 2,966,530 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,771,492
Trade receivable at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,507,231 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,507,231
Commercial loans | ​ | ​ | 14,928,623 | ​ | ​ | 43,243,207 | ​ | ​ | 9,111,072 | ​ | ​ | 37,492,197 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 104,775,099
Consumer loans | ​ | ​ | 4,310,303 | ​ | ​ | 3,698,330 | ​ | ​ | 1,321,030 | ​ | ​ | 50,089,781 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 59,419,444
Mortgages loans | ​ | ​ | 4,124,086 | ​ | ​ | 84,730 | ​ | ​ | 12,666 | ​ | ​ | 13,661,873 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,883,355
Microcredit loans | ​ | ​ | 19,228 | ​ | ​ | 10,989 | ​ | ​ | 31,573 | ​ | ​ | 205,930 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 267,720
Interbank and overnight founds | ​ | ​ | 5,669,519 | ​ | ​ | 298,224 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,967,743
Trade receivable | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 162 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,947,806 | ​ | ​ | 18,307,790 | ​ | ​ | 20,255,758
Total Assets | ​ | Ps. | 36,442,070 | ​ | Ps. | 56,506,570 | ​ | Ps. | 11,577,930 | ​ | Ps. | 131,304,496 | ​ | Ps. | 29,273,703 | ​ | Ps. | 265,104,769
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Less than |  | From one to |  | From six to |  | More than a |  | Non- |  | ​
Liabilities | ​ | one month | ​ | six months | ​ | twelve months | ​ | year | ​ | interest | ​ | Total
Checking accounts | ​ | Ps. | 5,926,936 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 20,005,117 | ​ | Ps. | 25,932,053
Time deposits | ​ | ​ | 7,008,761 | ​ | ​ | 33,911,426 | ​ | ​ | 19,107,280 | ​ | ​ | 12,246,230 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 72,273,697
Saving deposits | ​ | ​ | 74,293,894 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 74,293,894
Other deposits | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 841,505 | ​ | ​ | 841,505
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 7,608,690 | ​ | ​ | 835,124 | ​ | ​ | 77,463 | ​ | ​ | 566,644 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,087,921
Leases contracts | ​ | ​ | 3,417 | ​ | ​ | 48,775 | ​ | ​ | 91,354 | ​ | ​ | 2,192,398 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,335,944
Borrowing from banks and similar | ​ | ​ | 2,262,503 | ​ | ​ | 14,698,824 | ​ | ​ | 3,877,438 | ​ | ​ | 7,134,649 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 27,973,414
Long-term debt | ​ | ​ | 633,431 | ​ | ​ | 5,875,058 | ​ | ​ | 543,176 | ​ | ​ | 21,310,556 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 28,362,221
Borrowing from development entities | ​ | ​ | 2,386,311 | ​ | ​ | 708,979 | ​ | ​ | 39,901 | ​ | ​ | 1,222,084 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,357,275
Total Liabilities | ​ | Ps. | 100,123,943 | ​ | Ps. | 56,078,186 | ​ | Ps. | 23,736,612 | ​ | Ps. | 44,672,561 | ​ | Ps. | 20,846,622 | ​ | Ps. | 245,457,924
​ As part of their interest rate risk management process, our financial subsidiaries analyze the interest rate mismatches between their interest-earning assets and their interest-earning liabilities. This sensitivity analysis, based on hypothetical changes, assumes that the composition of Grupo Aval´s statement of financial position remains constant over the period being measured. The following analysis estimates the impact of an accounting sensitivity of outstanding balances of financial assets and financial liabilities to variations in interest rates at December 31, 2023. The analysis assumes constant market parameters, without including the effects of discretional customer decisions and changes in macroeconomic fundamentals over financial assets and liabilities. In Colombia, the information referring to what is known as interest-rate risk in the banking book regulations (IRRBB) will come into effect in December 2024, in the meantime, as indicated, an accounting sensitivity exercise is performed. As a result, if interest rates were to increase 100 basis points, assuming no asymmetrical movement in yield curves and a constant structure of the Statement of Financial Position (no changes in maturities and assuming simultaneous repricing), net income before income tax expense for the year 2023 would have been Ps. 254,981 higher, which represent a 4% of the Net interest income of 2023 (2022: Ps. 353,827 represent a 4.6% of the Net interest income of 2022). Other comprehensive income in equity would have been Ps. 518,156 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: Ps. 538,385, mainly because of a decrease in the fair value of fixed rate financial assets classified as fair value through OCI. The following is a breakdown of non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing assets and liabilities by interest rate type and by maturity, as at December 31, 2023 and 2022. December 31, 2023 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Under one year | ​ | Over one year | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​ | ​
Assets |  | Variable |  | Fixed |  | Variable |  | Fixed |  | interest |  | Total
Cash due from banks and Central Bank | ​ | Ps. | 2,799,607 | ​ | Ps. | 2,766,289 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 13,031,965 | ​ | Ps. | 18,597,861
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | ​ | 319,900 | ​ | ​ | 512,216 | ​ | ​ | 109,777 | ​ | ​ | 6,171,487 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,113,380
Investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 439 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,450 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,889
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | ​ | 132,430 | ​ | ​ | 4,426,662 | ​ | ​ | 1,016,347 | ​ | ​ | 17,751,337 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 23,326,776
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 5,112,355 | ​ | ​ | 2,607,500 | ​ | ​ | 133,704 | ​ | ​ | 2,143,002 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,996,561
Trade receivable at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,830,916 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,830,916
Commercial loans | ​ | ​ | 45,221,180 | ​ | ​ | 11,797,765 | ​ | ​ | 43,030,934 | ​ | ​ | 6,997,938 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 107,047,817
Consumer loans | ​ | ​ | 929,574 | ​ | ​ | 9,750,154 | ​ | ​ | 5,516,791 | ​ | ​ | 43,803,092 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 59,999,611
Mortgages loans | ​ | ​ | 53,719 | ​ | ​ | 811,497 | ​ | ​ | 3,498,709 | ​ | ​ | 14,122,281 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 18,486,206
Microcredit loans | ​ | ​ | 1,170 | ​ | ​ | 161,497 | ​ | ​ | 696 | ​ | ​ | 114,166 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 277,529
Interbank and overnight founds | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 392,607 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 392,607
Trade receivable | ​ | ​ | 18,707 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 325,016 | ​ | ​ | 1,380,390 | ​ | ​ | 20,447,860 | ​ | ​ | 22,171,973
Total Assets | ​ | Ps. | 54,588,642 | ​ | Ps. | 33,226,626 | ​ | Ps. | 57,462,890 | ​ | Ps. | 92,485,143 | ​ | Ps. | 33,479,825 | ​ | Ps. | 271,243,126
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Under one year | ​ | ​ | Over one year | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​
Liabilities |  | Variable |  | Fixed |  | Variable |  | Fixed |  | interest |  | Total
Checking accounts | ​ | Ps. | 1,857,769 | ​ | Ps. | 14,793,042 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 7,159,048 | ​ | Ps. | 23,809,859
Time deposits | ​ | ​ | 13,167,807 | ​ | ​ | 53,716,494 | ​ | ​ | 5,711,093 | ​ | ​ | 14,002,066 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 86,597,460
Saving deposits | ​ | ​ | 8,492,708 | ​ | ​ | 62,657,175 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 71,149,883
Other deposits | ​ | ​ | 12,379 | ​ | ​ | 15,455 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 402,360 | ​ | ​ | 430,194
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 1,023,612 | ​ | ​ | 14,037,431 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,877 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 15,081,920
Leases contracts | ​ | ​ | 2,989 | ​ | ​ | 115,379 | ​ | ​ | 356,454 | ​ | ​ | 2,316,926 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,791,748
Borrowing from banks and other | ​ | ​ | 6,089,836 | ​ | ​ | 4,531,168 | ​ | ​ | 7,158,457 | ​ | ​ | 1,647,251 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 19,426,712
Long-term debt | ​ | ​ | 812,106 | ​ | ​ | 771,189 | ​ | ​ | 7,133,109 | ​ | ​ | 14,711,422 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 23,427,826
Borrowing from development entities | ​ | ​ | 417,219 | ​ | ​ | 133,720 | ​ | ​ | 3,340,632 | ​ | ​ | 921,562 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,813,133
Total Liabilities | ​ | Ps. | 31,876,425 | ​ | Ps. | 150,771,053 | ​ | Ps. | 23,699,745 | ​ | Ps. | 33,620,104 | ​ | Ps. | 7,561,408 | ​ | Ps. | 247,528,735
​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Under one year | ​ | Over one year | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​
Assets |  | Variable |  | Fixed |  | Variable |  | Fixed |  | interest |  | Total
Cash due from banks and Central Bank | ​ | Ps. | 2,682,724 | ​ | Ps. | 3,384,220 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 10,965,913 | ​ | Ps. | 17,032,857
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | ​ | 337,636 | ​ | ​ | 425,970 | ​ | ​ | 134,897 | ​ | ​ | 2,862,384 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,760,887
Investments in debt securities mandatorily at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,378 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,378
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | ​ | 861,729 | ​ | ​ | 2,609,594 | ​ | ​ | 1,254,542 | ​ | ​ | 17,735,940 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 22,461,805
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 4,555,437 | ​ | ​ | 2,326,296 | ​ | ​ | 243,662 | ​ | ​ | 2,646,097 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,771,492
Trade receivable at FVTPL | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,507,231 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,507,231
Commercial loans | ​ | ​ | 42,226,647 | ​ | ​ | 9,808,684 | ​ | ​ | 47,072,091 | ​ | ​ | 5,667,677 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 104,775,099
Consumer loans | ​ | ​ | 1,006,251 | ​ | ​ | 8,380,874 | ​ | ​ | 6,199,484 | ​ | ​ | 43,832,835 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 59,419,444
Mortgages loans | ​ | ​ | 44,520 | ​ | ​ | 708,435 | ​ | ​ | 4,166,107 | ​ | ​ | 12,964,293 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,883,355
Microcredit loans | ​ | ​ | 1,296 | ​ | ​ | 154,055 | ​ | ​ | 1,001 | ​ | ​ | 111,368 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 267,720
Interbank and overnight founds | ​ | ​ | 47,128 | ​ | ​ | 5,920,615 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,967,743
Trade receivable | ​ | ​ | 162 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 305,684 | ​ | ​ | 1,642,122 | ​ | ​ | 18,307,790 | ​ | ​ | 20,255,758
Total Assets | ​ | Ps. | 51,763,530 | ​ | Ps. | 33,718,743 | ​ | Ps. | 62,884,699 | ​ | Ps. | 87,464,094 | ​ | Ps. | 29,273,703 | ​ | Ps. | 265,104,769
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Under one year | ​ | Over one year | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​
Liabilities |  | Variable |  | Fixed |  | Variable |  | Fixed |  | interest |  | Total
Checking accounts | ​ | Ps. | 735,536 | ​ | Ps. | 5,191,400 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 20,005,117 | ​ | Ps. | 25,932,053
Time deposits | ​ | ​ | 14,474,525 | ​ | ​ | 40,361,808 | ​ | ​ | 5,887,596 | ​ | ​ | 11,549,768 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 72,273,697
Saving deposits | ​ | ​ | 10,472,330 | ​ | ​ | 62,653,236 | ​ | ​ | 1,168,328 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 74,293,894
Other deposits | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 841,505 | ​ | ​ | 841,505
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 2,611,592 | ​ | ​ | 1,978,380 | ​ | ​ | 4,497,949 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,087,921
Leases contracts | ​ | ​ | 897,471 | ​ | ​ | 181,509 | ​ | ​ | 244,062 | ​ | ​ | 1,012,902 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,335,944
Borrowing from banks and other | ​ | ​ | 8,862,681 | ​ | ​ | 13,195,008 | ​ | ​ | 1,987,704 | ​ | ​ | 3,928,021 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 27,973,414
Long-term debt | ​ | ​ | 3,600,832 | ​ | ​ | 5,662,371 | ​ | ​ | 4,556,550 | ​ | ​ | 14,542,468 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 28,362,221
Borrowing from development entities | ​ | ​ | 313,459 | ​ | ​ | 171,581 | ​ | ​ | 3,121,907 | ​ | ​ | 750,328 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,357,275
Total Liabilities | ​ | Ps. | 41,968,426 | ​ | Ps. | 129,395,293 | ​ | Ps. | 21,464,096 | ​ | Ps. | 31,783,487 | ​ | Ps. | 20,846,622 | ​ | Ps. | 245,457,924
​
Disclosure of risk management, liquidity risk [text block] | 4.3 Liquidity Risk Liquidity risk management has always been a basic element of Grupo Aval’s business strategy and a fundamental cornerstone, together with capital, on which the strength of its balance sheet rests. Liquidity risk is related to the inability of Grupo Aval´s subsidiaries to fulfill their obligations with customers, financial market counterparties, lenders, suppliers, authorities or other stakeholders at any given moment, in any currency and in any location. Structural liquidity management aims to finance the recurring nature of a company’s activities under optimal terms of time and cost, avoiding taking unwanted liquidity risks. At Grupo Aval, the financing and liquidity model is decentralized and based on autonomous subsidiaries that are responsible for covering their own liquidity needs. Therefore, each entity reviews its available resources on a daily basis in order to control its liquidity risk. The financial subsidiaries of Grupo Aval are responsible for complying with the regulatory liquidity requirements, as well as meeting the obligations arising from their current and future activity. In consequence, they will either take deposits from their customers, or by resorting to the wholesale markets where they operate. Grupo Aval’s financial subsidiaries have a strong capacity as well as to raise funds in the wholesale markets. Financial subsidiaries comply with the requirements for liquidity risk management of the jurisdictions in which they operate. They define policies that govern the functions of identification, measurement, control and monitoring required to manage daily liquidity requirements, comply with minimum liquidity buffers and establish liquidity contingency plans to deal with any unexpected situation. Financial subsidiaries controlled by Grupo Aval, in Colombia, are required to maintain adequate liquidity positions based on the Superintendency of Finance’s liquidity parameters, using a short-term liquidity index (Indicador de Riesgo de Liquidez), or “IRL,” that measures liquidity for different time horizons from 1 to 90 days. This index is defined as the difference between adjusted liquid assets and net liquidity requirements.
| • | Liquid assets include total debt securities adjusted by market liquidity and exchange rate, excluding investment securities at amortized cost different from mandatory investments, Central Bank deposits and available cash.
| • | Net liquidity requirements are the difference between expected contractual asset and contractual and non-contractual liability cash flows. Cash flows from past due loans are not included in this calculation.
During 2020, as part of its convergence towards Basel III standards, the Superintendency of Finance incorporates the segmentation by type of deposits in the calculation of non-contractual liability cash flows. The methodology segments saving deposits in eight categories, according with their balance and the type of customer, then calculates the run-off rate for each category and finally multiplies both to determine the non-contractual reserve. Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries assess the volatility of deposits, debt levels, the asset and liability structure, the liquidity of different asset types, the availability of lines of credit and the effectiveness of asset and liability management. The objective is to have adequate liquidity to manage possible stress scenarios. The quantification of appropriate money market funding levels is an integral part of the liquidity measurement carried out by each entity. Based on statistical analysis, primary and secondary sources of liquidity are identified in order to ensure funding stability and diversification, and to minimize concentration. Financial subsidiaries in Colombia must maintain cash on hand and in Central Banks deposits in order to comply with reserve requirements. The calculation of the reserve requirement is based on the daily average of the different types of deposits every two weeks. This requirement is 8% for sight and savings deposits, and 3.5% for term deposits of up to 18 months. For term deposits with terms greater than 18 months, the legal reserve was kept at 0%. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, all of Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries comply with reserve requirements. ​ There are no reserve requirements for our subsidiaries located in Panamá because there is no Central Bank to regulate such requirements. The following table presents liquid assets as of the cut-off date and their depletion for each of the time horizons established in the regulatory liquidity risk methodology (1 to 7 days, 1 to 30 days and 31 to 90 days), based on separate figures of our financial subsidiaries in Colombia at December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, 2023 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Liquid assets |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | available at the end | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | From 31 to 90
Bank | ​ | of the year (1) | ​ | From 1 to 7 days (2) | ​ | From 1 to 30 days (2) | ​ | days (2)
Banco de Bogota | Ps. | 11,924,823 | Ps. | 9,811,253 | Ps. | 2,568,828 | Ps. | (15,278,208)
Banco Occidente |  | 8,638,565 | ​ | 6,727,345 | ​ | 2,531,186 | ​ | (8,473,508)
Banco Popular |  | 4,896,134 | ​ | 4,641,802 | ​ | 1,525,529 | ​ | (5,458,950)
Banco AV Villas |  | 2,328,186 | ​ | 2,027,630 | ​ | 992,892 | ​ | (2,408,230)
Corficolombiana |  | 2,073,055 | ​ | 1,138,855 | ​ | 222,748 | ​ | (893,740)
​ December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Liquid assets |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
​ |  | available at the end |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | From 31 to 90
Bank |  | of the year (1) | ​ | From 1 to 7 days (2) | ​ | From 1 to 30 days (2) | ​ | days (2)
Banco de Bogota | Ps. | 11,749,890 | Ps. | 10,865,287 | Ps. | 6,445,745 | Ps. | (15,602,231)
Banco Occidente |  | 7,858,675 | ​ | 6,955,066 | ​ | 3,243,471 | ​ | (5,830,252)
Banco Popular |  | 5,283,312 | ​ | 4,141,163 | ​ | 1,588,642 | ​ | (5,038,168)
Banco AV Villas |  | 2,299,072 | ​ | 1,828,016 | ​ | 487,831 | ​ | (3,202,904)
Corficolombiana |  | 2,204,574 | ​ | 1,595,742 | ​ | 729,790 | ​ | (358,231)
(1) | Liquid assets are the sum of assets that are easily convertible into cash. Fixed income investments at amortized cost and financial investments pledged as collateral or subject to any other type of encumbrance, preventive measure or of any nature, that prevent their free assignment or transfer, as well as those that have been transferred under repurchase agreements, simultaneous or temporary transfer of securities are excluded. Liquid assets are measured at fair value (market prices on the evaluation date).
(2) | This amount is the remaining value of the liquid assets in the specified time period, or the IRL, that is calculated as the difference between liquid assets and liquid assets requirement, according to the IRL methodology, the liquidity requirement is the difference of contractual cash inflows and contractual and non-contractual cash outflows during a given period.
The following tables show the individual IRL Ratio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 for each of our banks in Colombia and Corficolombiana, expressed in Ps billions and as a percentage: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31,
​ | ​ | Banco de Bogotá |  | Banco de Occidente |  | Banco Popular |  | Banco AV Villas |  | Corficolombiana
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (in Ps)
IRL – 7 days | ​ | 9,811 | ​ | 10,865 | ​ | 5,610 | ​ | 5,338 | ​ | 4,642 | ​ | 4,141 | ​ | 2,028 | ​ | 1,828 | ​ | 1,207 | ​ | 1,542
IRL – 30 days | ​ | 2,569 | ​ | 6,446 | ​ | 1,816 | ​ | 1,921 | ​ | 1,526 | ​ | 1,589 | ​ | 993 | ​ | 488 | ​ | 661 | ​ | 866
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31,
​ |  | Banco de Bogotá |  | Banco de Occidente |  | Banco Popular |  | Banco AV Villas |  | Corficolombiana
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (in percentages)
IRL – 7 days | ​ | 564 | ​ | 1,328 | ​ | 419 | ​ | 744 | ​ | 1,925 | ​ | 463 | ​ | 775 | ​ | 488 | ​ | 255 | ​ | 358
IRL – 30 days | ​ | 127 | ​ | 222 | ​ | 133 | ​ | 145 | ​ | 145 | ​ | 143 | ​ | 174 | ​ | 127 | ​ | 150 | ​ | 168
​ Supervised entities are required to calculate and report to the SFC on a weekly basis an indicator of short-term liquidity risk. The IRL is calculated in periods of 7 and 30 days and must be at least 100 percent. During 2023, Grupo Aval's Colombian banks met the minimum regulatory requirement. The liquidity calculations described above assume normal liquidity conditions, according to the contractual flows and historical experience of each of the financial subsidiaries. for extreme liquidity events caused by unusual deposit withdrawals, the financial subsidiaries have contingency plans that include available credit lines with other financial institutions and access to special lines of credit with Colombia´s Central Bank, in accordance with current regulations. These lines of credit are granted when required, and are collateralized by Colombian government securities or by a portfolio of high-quality loans, as specified in the Central Bank regulations. Grupo Aval´s financial subsidiaries did not access the Central Bank special lines of credit during the years ended at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The banks in each country are responsible for their liquidity position on a stand-alone basis. They have access to funding mechanisms with their central banks, and to funding through credit lines. Short-term credits are offered by correspondent banks and financing is granted by multilateral organizations, among others. The following is a breakdown shows the contractual undiscounted cash flows of the financial assets and liabilities including contractual interest receivable and payable at December 31, 2023 and 2022. December 31, 2023 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than | ​ | From one to six | ​ | From six to twelve | ​ | More than | ​ |  | ​
Assets |  | one month |  | months |  | months |  | a year |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | Ps. | 18,602,500 | ​ | Ps. | 857 | ​ | Ps. | 1,684 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 18,605,041
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | ​ | 280,749 | ​ | ​ | 291,449 | ​ | ​ | 702,337 | ​ | ​ | 7,344,266 | ​ | ​ | 8,618,801
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | ​ | 142,920 | ​ | ​ | 1,192,286 | ​ | ​ | 3,861,978 | ​ | ​ | 20,682,574 | ​ | ​ | 25,879,758
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 693,748 | ​ | ​ | 2,693,803 | ​ | ​ | 2,947,927 | ​ | ​ | 2,434,713 | ​ | ​ | 8,770,191
Commercial loans | ​ | ​ | 11,914,475 | ​ | ​ | 30,973,505 | ​ | ​ | 21,141,485 | ​ | ​ | 64,172,735 | ​ | ​ | 128,202,200
Consumer loans | ​ | ​ | 2,158,202 | ​ | ​ | 7,770,536 | ​ | ​ | 8,209,258 | ​ | ​ | 63,814,118 | ​ | ​ | 81,952,114
Mortgages loans | ​ | ​ | 343,857 | ​ | ​ | 978,325 | ​ | ​ | 1,013,632 | ​ | ​ | 33,229,142 | ​ | ​ | 35,564,956
Microcredit loans | ​ | ​ | 38,412 | ​ | ​ | 87,318 | ​ | ​ | 86,420 | ​ | ​ | 146,971 | ​ | ​ | 359,121
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 392,679 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 392,679
Trading derivatives | ​ | ​ | 1,172,036 | ​ | ​ | 640,291 | ​ | ​ | 111,538 | ​ | ​ | 110,978 | ​ | ​ | 2,034,843
Hedging derivatives | ​ | ​ | 47,977 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 685 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 48,662
Trade receivable | ​ | ​ | 3,127,198 | ​ | ​ | 113,763 | ​ | ​ | 29,350 | ​ | ​ | 22,733,228 | ​ | ​ | 26,003,539
Other assets | ​ | ​ | 156,961 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5 | ​ | ​ | 720,429 | ​ | ​ | 877,395
Total Assets | ​ | Ps. | 39,071,714 | ​ | Ps. | 44,742,133 | ​ | Ps. | 38,106,299 | ​ | Ps. | 215,389,154 | ​ | Ps. | 337,309,300
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than | ​ | From one to six | ​ | From six to twelve | ​ | More than | ​ |  | ​
Liabilities |  | one month |  | months |  | months |  | a year |  | Total
Checking accounts | ​ | Ps. | 23,809,859 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 23,809,859
Time Deposits | ​ | ​ | 14,800,170 | ​ | ​ | 35,683,285 | ​ | ​ | 24,156,548 | ​ | ​ | 21,322,829 | ​ | ​ | 95,962,832
Saving deposits | ​ | ​ | 71,149,882 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 71,149,882
Other deposits | ​ | ​ | 374,711 | ​ | ​ | 54,195 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,287 | ​ | ​ | 430,193
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 13,305,891 | ​ | ​ | 1,788,786 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,877 | ​ | ​ | 15,115,554
Leases contracts | ​ | ​ | 13,938 | ​ | ​ | 106,429 | ​ | ​ | 120,495 | ​ | ​ | 3,078,016 | ​ | ​ | 3,318,878
Borrowing from banks and other | ​ | ​ | 1,663,276 | ​ | ​ | 6,250,680 | ​ | ​ | 3,090,588 | ​ | ​ | 11,827,108 | ​ | ​ | 22,831,652
Long-term debt | ​ | ​ | 121,155 | ​ | ​ | 1,272,012 | ​ | ​ | 1,344,746 | ​ | ​ | 26,135,181 | ​ | ​ | 28,873,094
Borrowing from development entities | ​ | ​ | 837,304 | ​ | ​ | 657,920 | ​ | ​ | 689,454 | ​ | ​ | 10,664,762 | ​ | ​ | 12,849,440
Trading derivatives | ​ | ​ | 1,263,315 | ​ | ​ | 522,915 | ​ | ​ | 155,907 | ​ | ​ | 176,630 | ​ | ​ | 2,118,767
Hedging derivatives | ​ | ​ | 204,251 | ​ | ​ | 305 | ​ | ​ | 5,252 | ​ | ​ | 6,722 | ​ | ​ | 216,530
Other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 5,278,275 | ​ | ​ | 330,995 | ​ | ​ | 189,229 | ​ | ​ | 1,951,625 | ​ | ​ | 7,750,124
Total Liabilities | ​ | Ps. | 132,822,027 | ​ | Ps. | 46,667,522 | ​ | Ps. | 29,752,219 | ​ | Ps. | 75,185,037 | ​ | Ps. | 284,426,805
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than one | ​ | From one to | ​ | From six to | ​ | More than a | ​ | ​ | ​
Commitments Loans | ​ | month | ​ | six months | ​ | twelve months | ​ | year | ​ | Total
Guarantees | ​ | Ps. | 1,813,970 | ​ | Ps. | 80,012 | ​ | Ps. | 30,320 | ​ | Ps. | 497,844 | ​ | Ps. | 2,422,146
Standby letters of credit | ​ | ​ | 606,747 | ​ | ​ | 89,801 | ​ | ​ | 925 | ​ | ​ | 39,000 | ​ | ​ | 736,473
Overdraft facility | ​ | ​ | 2,264,226 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,264,226
Standby credit card facility | ​ | ​ | 11,917,268 | ​ | ​ | 112,006 | ​ | ​ | 84,005 | ​ | ​ | 336,019 | ​ | ​ | 12,449,298
Undrawn approved loans | ​ | ​ | 4,002,210 | ​ | ​ | 218,112 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,220,322
Others | ​ | ​ | 2,686,426 | ​ | ​ | 70,360 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,756,786
Total Commitments Loans | ​ | Ps. | 23,290,847 | ​ | Ps. | 570,291 | ​ | Ps. | 115,250 | ​ | Ps. | 872,863 | ​ | Ps. | 24,849,251
​ December 31, 2022 ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than one | ​ | From one to | ​ | From six to | ​ | More than a | ​ | ​ | ​
Assets |  | month |  | six months |  | twelve months |  | year |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | Ps. | 17,032,854 | ​ | Ps. | 3 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 17,032,857
Trading investments in debt securities | ​ | ​ | 418,517 | ​ | ​ | 342,829 | ​ | ​ | 543,610 | ​ | ​ | 3,327,753 | ​ | ​ | 4,632,709
Investments in debt securities at FVOCI | ​ | ​ | 2,019,842 | ​ | ​ | 2,008,753 | ​ | ​ | 5,356,480 | ​ | ​ | 18,078,127 | ​ | ​ | 27,463,202
Investments in debt securities at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 837,574 | ​ | ​ | 3,332,038 | ​ | ​ | 3,352,039 | ​ | ​ | 3,060,353 | ​ | ​ | 10,582,004
Commercial loans | ​ | ​ | 10,636,895 | ​ | ​ | 29,541,405 | ​ | ​ | 18,415,847 | ​ | ​ | 63,675,959 | ​ | ​ | 122,270,106
Consumer loans | ​ | ​ | 2,189,168 | ​ | ​ | 7,398,698 | ​ | ​ | 7,879,319 | ​ | ​ | 64,072,652 | ​ | ​ | 81,539,837
Mortgages loans | ​ | ​ | 272,343 | ​ | ​ | 857,162 | ​ | ​ | 867,775 | ​ | ​ | 29,404,640 | ​ | ​ | 31,401,920
Microcredit loans | ​ | ​ | 33,737 | ​ | ​ | 83,934 | ​ | ​ | 82,723 | ​ | ​ | 140,790 | ​ | ​ | 341,184
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 5,966,991 | ​ | ​ | 68 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,967,059
Trading derivatives | ​ | ​ | 1,242,228 | ​ | ​ | 367,115 | ​ | ​ | 199,530 | ​ | ​ | 254,096 | ​ | ​ | 2,062,969
Hedging derivatives | ​ | ​ | 15,335 | ​ | ​ | 1,886 | ​ | ​ | 2,387 | ​ | ​ | 1,246 | ​ | ​ | 20,854
Trade receivable | ​ | ​ | 2,510,396 | ​ | ​ | 161 | ​ | ​ | 15,517 | ​ | ​ | 21,234,935 | ​ | ​ | 23,761,009
Other assets | ​ | ​ | 298,780 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 50,200 | ​ | ​ | 1,524,369 | ​ | ​ | 1,873,349
Total Assets | ​ | Ps. | 43,474,660 | ​ | Ps. | 43,934,052 | ​ | Ps. | 36,765,427 | ​ | Ps. | 204,774,920 | ​ | Ps. | 328,949,059
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than one | ​ | From one to | ​ | From six to | ​ | More than a | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities |  | month |  | six months |  | twelve months |  | year |  | Total
Checking accounts | ​ | Ps. | 25,932,054 | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | 25,932,054
Time Deposits | ​ | ​ | 9,555,229 | ​ | ​ | 31,700,316 | ​ | ​ | 20,831,413 | ​ | ​ | 17,911,277 | ​ | ​ | 79,998,235
Saving deposits | ​ | ​ | 74,293,894 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 74,293,894
Other deposits | ​ | ​ | 538,387 | ​ | ​ | 301,996 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,124 | ​ | ​ | 841,507
Interbank and overnight funds | ​ | ​ | 6,179,455 | ​ | ​ | 771,719 | ​ | ​ | 77,350 | ​ | ​ | 2,182,987 | ​ | ​ | 9,211,511
Leases contracts | ​ | ​ | 12,387 | ​ | ​ | 90,521 | ​ | ​ | 140,578 | ​ | ​ | 2,200,644 | ​ | ​ | 2,444,130
Borrowing from banks and other | ​ | ​ | 2,118,373 | ​ | ​ | 11,036,815 | ​ | ​ | 6,878,016 | ​ | ​ | 10,172,835 | ​ | ​ | 30,206,039
Long-term debt | ​ | ​ | 356,759 | ​ | ​ | 3,550,122 | ​ | ​ | 1,144,997 | ​ | ​ | 31,041,844 | ​ | ​ | 36,093,722
Borrowing from development entities | ​ | ​ | 178,136 | ​ | ​ | 1,439,502 | ​ | ​ | 485,447 | ​ | ​ | 6,426,663 | ​ | ​ | 8,529,748
Trading derivatives | ​ | ​ | 860,852 | ​ | ​ | 579,886 | ​ | ​ | 230,643 | ​ | ​ | 278,889 | ​ | ​ | 1,950,270
Hedging derivatives | ​ | ​ | 1,531 | ​ | ​ | 516 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,352 | ​ | ​ | 5,399
Other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 4,155,257 | ​ | ​ | 145,183 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,993,490 | ​ | ​ | 6,293,930
Total Liabilities | ​ | Ps. | 124,182,314 | ​ | Ps. | 49,616,576 | ​ | Ps. | 29,788,444 | ​ | Ps. | 72,213,105 | ​ | Ps. | 275,800,439
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than one | ​ | From one to | ​ | From six to | ​ | More than a | ​ | ​ | ​
Commitments Loans |  | month |  | six months |  | twelve months |  | year |  | Total
Guarantees | ​ | Ps. | 2,129,962 | ​ | Ps. | 142,987 | ​ | Ps. | 61,140 | ​ | Ps. | 1,218,215 | ​ | Ps. | 3,552,304
Standby letters of credit | ​ | ​ | 947,723 | ​ | ​ | 714 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 18 | ​ | ​ | 948,455
Overdraft facility | ​ | ​ | 2,491,299 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,491,299
Standby credit card facility | ​ | ​ | 11,263,240 | ​ | ​ | 125,933 | ​ | ​ | 94,450 | ​ | ​ | 377,799 | ​ | ​ | 11,861,422
Undrawn approved loans | ​ | ​ | 3,133,043 | ​ | ​ | 98,505 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,231,548
Others | ​ | ​ | 1,023,527 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,023,527
Total Commitments Loans | ​ | Ps. | 20,988,794 | ​ | Ps. | 368,139 | ​ | Ps. | 155,590 | ​ | Ps. | 1,596,032 | ​ | Ps. | 23,108,555
​
Disclosure of risk management, regulatory capital management [text block] | 4.4 Regulatory capital management Grupo Aval Financial Conglomerate As a result of Colombian Law 1870 of 2017 (also known as the Financial Conglomerates Law), that came in effect on February 6, 2019, Grupo Aval has become subject to the inspection and supervision of the Superintendency of Finance (SFC, for its acronym in Spanish). This law created the legal categories of financial holding companies and of financial conglomerates, and gives the Colombian Finance minister the power, to impose capital adequacy requirements on the financial conglomerates on an aggregate/consolidated basis, among others. In compliance with Decree 774 issued on May 8th, 2018 by the Colombian Government that came in effect on 8th of November 2019 and the External Circular 012 of June 5, 2019 (in Spanish Circular Externa 012 del 5 de junio de 2019) issued by the Superintendency of Finance (SFC), Grupo Aval is subject to minimum capital requirements. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, Grupo Aval as a Financial Conglomerate, complied with regulatory capital requirements. ​ Grupo Aval’s financial subsidiaries Decree 2555 of 2010 (as modified by Decree 1771 of 2012, Decree 1648 of 2014, Decree 2392 of 2015, Decrees 1477 of 2018 and 1421 of 2019) sets forth capital adequacy requirements for Colombian credit institutions. Starting on January 1, 2021, technical capital for Colombian credit institutions consisted of the sum of total Core Equity Tier I (CET1 or patrimonio básico ordinario), Additional Tier I capital (AT1 or patrimonio básico adicional), and Tier II capital (Tier II or patrimonio adicional). Tier I capital consist of the sum of CET1 (patrimonio básico ordinario) and AT1 (patrimonio básico adicional). Tier I and Tier II, as defined herein, may differ to the manner in which these terms are used in other jurisdictions. Pursuant to Decrees 1477 of 2018 and 1421 of 2019 Basel III principles were introduced to estimate adequate capital in credit institutions as follows:
| ● | Total solvency ratio is defined as the value of the technical capital (CET1, AT1 and T2) calculated under the terms of the Decree 1477 of 2018 and the Decree 1421 of 2019, divided by risk-weighted assets by level of credit, market and operational risk, at a minimum of 9%. Pursuant to Decree 2555 of 2010 (as amended), the Superintendency of Finance must grant prior approval of the eligibility of a debt, equity or hybrid instrument in order to be classified as AT1;
| ● | A minimum CET1 of 4.5%;
| ● | A minimum Tier I of 6%;
| ● | A capital conservation buffer of 1.5% consisting of CET1;
| ● | A systemic risk buffer of 1.0% for systemically important financial institutions (SIFIS) consisting of CET1; and
| ● | In addition, these Decrees established a minimum leverage ratio of 3%.
​ These indicators (with the exception of the leverage ratio) must be achieved gradually from January 2021 to January 2024, in accordance with the transition plan established in the regulation. Banco de Bogotá is considered one of the systemically important financial institutions, according to Carta Circular 75 of November 30, 2023 and Carta Circular 72 of November 30, 2021 issued by the Superintendency of Finance, and therefore had to comply with the systemic buffer (explained above) during 2023 and 2022. ​ The following chart presents the statutory transition period as set forth in the Decrees 1477 of 2018 and 1421 of 2019: ​ ​ (1)Requires highest quality of capital. (2)Only apply to SIFIs as defined by the Superintendency of Finance. Banco de Bogotá is the only systemic bank among our Colombian banking subsidiaries, in accordance with the methodology defined for the identification of entities with systemic importance (External Circular 030 of 2019 issued by the same Superintendency). In addition to compliance with minimum regulatory capital requirements, Grupo Aval’s entities aim to maintain capital positions that foster investor, creditor, and market confidence and to sustain future growth of their respective businesses. The capital allocation decision guards that there is balance between a more aggressive structure that can deliver higher returns on equity and a more conservative approach that encourages excess capitalization. Capital allocation decisions also considers each subsidiary’s long-term strategic objectives. The agreement detailed on Note 1 “Reporting Entity” Banco Popular S.A section, combined with the application of the provisions of Article 2.1.1.1.11 (“Deducciones del Patrimonio Básico Ordinario” or Deductions from Core Equity Tier 1) of the Colombian Decree 2555 of 2010, had a positive effect on the technical capital and capital adequacy of Banco de Bogotá S.A., Banco de Occidente S.A., and Banco Popular S.A. As of December 31 2023, and 2022, all of Grupo Aval´s individually regulated operations have complied with the minimum regulatory capital requirements. The following tables show the separate and consolidated (where applicable) capitalization information of our main direct and indirect subsidiaries: ​ Banco de Bogotá S.A.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | Separate basis | ​ | ​ | Consolidated basis
​ | ​ | At December 31, | ​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 | ​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022
Subscribed and paid-in capital | Ps. | 3,553 | ​ | Ps. | 3,553 | ​ | Ps. | 3,553 | ​ | Ps. | 3,553
Reserves and retained earnings |  | 14,635,826 | ​ |  | 13,507,497 | ​ |  | 14,988,657 | ​ |  | 13,301,448
Other comprehensive income |  | 8,114 | ​ |  | 51,008 | ​ |  | (122,944) | ​ |  | 41,828
Net income for the period | ​ | 1,024,884 | ​ | ​ | 2,251,716 | ​ | ​ | 954,173 | ​ | ​ | 2,804,925
Non-controlling interests | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Deductions: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Unconsolidated financial sector investments |  | — | ​ |  | (3,364,280) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (3,261,888)
Goodwill and other intangibles |  | (1,220,146) | ​ |  | (1,054,448) | ​ |  | (1,504,225) | ​ |  | (1,416,196)
Deferred tax assets |  | (815,194) | ​ |  | (1,306,888) | ​ |  | (672,813) | ​ |  | (1,035,857)
Other |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,431) | ​ |  | (111)
Common Equity Tier One Capital - CET1 | Ps. | 13,637,037 | ​ | Ps. | 10,088,159 | ​ | Ps. | 13,644,969 | ​ | Ps. | 10,437,701
Hybrid instruments recognized as additional primary capital | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Other | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
AT1 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Tier I | Ps. | 13,637,037 | ​ | Ps. | 10,088,159 | ​ | Ps. | 13,644,969 | ​ | Ps. | 10,437,701
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subordinated instruments |  | 2,573,696 | ​ |  | 3,135,871 | ​ |  | 2,573,696 | ​ |  | 3,135,871
Plus/minus others |  | 160,637 | ​ |  | 424,829 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Tier II capital |  | 2,734,333 | ​ |  | 3,560,700 | ​ |  | 2,573,696 | ​ |  | 3,135,871
Other deductions from technical capital |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Technical capital | Ps. | 16,371,370 | ​ | Ps. | 13,648,858 | ​ | Ps. | 16,218,665 | ​ | Ps. | 13,573,572
Risk-weighted assets |  | 76,811,668 | ​ |  | 68,771,856 | ​ |  | 91,625,712 | ​ |  | 88,898,130
Market risk |  | 491,571 | ​ |  | 495,392 | ​ |  | 639,228 | ​ |  | 759,624
Market risk exposure (1) |  | 5,461,900 | ​ |  | 5,504,360 | ​ |  | 7,102,531 | ​ |  | 8,440,262
Operational risk | ​ | 521,135 | ​ | ​ | 527,420 | ​ | ​ | 612,546 | ​ | ​ | 577,099
Operational risk exposure (1) | ​ | 5,790,384 | ​ | ​ | 5,860,219 | ​ | ​ | 6,806,068 | ​ | ​ | 6,412,206
Risk-weighted assets including regulatory market risk and operational risk | Ps. | 88,063,952 | ​ | Ps. | 80,136,435 | ​ | Ps. | 105,534,310 | ​ | Ps. | 103,750,598
CET1 solvency ratio |  | 15.49% | ​ |  | 12.59% | ​ |  | 12.93% | ​ |  | 10.06%
AT1 contribution to solvency ratio | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00%
Tier 1 capital solvency ratio | ​ | 15.49% | ​ | ​ | 12.59% | ​ | ​ | 12.93% | ​ | ​ | 10.06%
Tier II contribution to solvency ratio |  | 3.10% | ​ |  | 4.44% | ​ |  | 2.44% | ​ |  | 3.02%
Total solvency ratio (2) |  | 18.59% | ​ |  | 17.03% | ​ |  | 15.37% | ​ |  | 13.08%
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital measure | Ps. | 13,637,037 | ​ | Ps. | 10,088,159 | ​ | Ps. | 13,644,969 | ​ | Ps. | 10,437,701
Exposure measure | ​ | 120,114,582 | ​ | ​ | 106,717,652 | ​ | ​ | 141,766,918 | ​ | ​ | 136,096,623
Leverage ratio | ​ | 11.35% | ​ | ​ | 9.45% | ​ | ​ | 9.62% | ​ | ​ | 7.67%
(1) Regulatory value at risk consists of value at risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. Regulatory operational risk consists of operational risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. (2) Solvency ratio is calculated as technical capital to risk-weighted assets, including regulatory value at risk and regulatory operational risk. ​ Banco de Occidente S.A.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Separate basis | ​ | ​ | Consolidated basis
​ | ​ | At December 31, | ​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 | ​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022
Subscribed and paid-in capital | Ps. | 4,677 | ​ | Ps. | 4,677 | ​ | Ps. | 4,677 | ​ | Ps. | 4,677
Reserves and retained earnings |  | 4,782,349 | ​ |  | 4,525,930 | ​ |  | 4,996,111 | ​ |  | 4,791,295
Other comprehensive income |  | 28,731 | ​ |  | (124,708) | ​ |  | 176,033 | ​ |  | (65,254)
Net income for the period | ​ | 430,603 | ​ | ​ | 502,643 | ​ | ​ | 473,554 | ​ | ​ | 452,493
Non-controlling interests | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 11,843 | ​ | ​ | —
Deductions: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Unconsolidated financial sector investments |  | — | ​ |  | (224,184) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (226,950)
Goodwill and other intangibles |  | (643,350) | ​ |  | (586,129) | ​ |  | (594,581) | ​ |  | (533,300)
Deferred tax assets |  | (251,878) | ​ |  | (144,581) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Other |  | (2,867) | ​ |  | (4,190) | ​ |  | (2,867) | ​ |  | (4,190)
CET1 | Ps. | 4,348,265 | ​ | Ps. | 3,949,457 | ​ | Ps. | 5,064,770 | ​ | Ps. | 4,418,771
Hybrid instruments recognized as additional primary capital | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Other | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
AT1 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Tier I | Ps. | 4,348,265 | ​ | Ps. | 3,949,457 | ​ | Ps. | 5,064,770 | ​ | Ps. | 4,418,771
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subordinated instruments |  | 649,305 | ​ |  | 834,895 | ​ |  | 649,305 | ​ |  | 834,895
Plus/minus others |  | 26,190 | ​ |  | 85,332 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Tier II capital |  | 675,495 | ​ |  | 920,227 | ​ |  | 649,305 | ​ |  | 834,895
Other deductions from technical capital |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Technical capital | Ps. | 5,023,760 | ​ | Ps. | 4,869,684 | ​ | Ps. | 5,714,075 | ​ | Ps. | 5,253,666
Risk-weighted assets |  | 38,073,928 | ​ |  | 34,616,008 | ​ |  | 41,324,390 | ​ |  | 37,591,858
Market risk |  | 184,778 | ​ |  | 229,199 | ​ |  | 218,356 | ​ |  | 272,515
Market risk exposure (1) |  | 2,053,092 | ​ |  | 2,546,656 | ​ |  | 2,426,174 | ​ |  | 3,027,946
Operational risk | ​ | 235,639 | ​ | ​ | 203,225 | ​ | ​ | 236,239 | ​ | ​ | 227,231
Operational risk exposure (1) | ​ | 2,618,213 | ​ | ​ | 2,258,057 | ​ | ​ | 2,624,877 | ​ | ​ | 2,524,786
Risk-weighted assets including regulatory market risk and operational risk | Ps. | 42,745,234 | ​ | Ps. | 39,420,721 | ​ | Ps. | 46,375,441 | ​ | Ps. | 43,144,590
CET1 solvency ratio |  | 10.17% | ​ |  | 10.02% | ​ |  | 10.92% | ​ |  | 10.24%
AT1 contribution to solvency ratio | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00%
Tier 1 capital solvency ratio | ​ | 10.17% | ​ | ​ | 10.02% | ​ | ​ | 10.92% | ​ | ​ | 10.24%
Tier II contribution to solvency ratio |  | 1.58% | ​ |  | 2.33% | ​ |  | 1.40% | ​ |  | 1.94%
Total solvency ratio (2) |  | 11.75% | ​ |  | 12.35% | ​ |  | 12.32% | ​ |  | 12.18%
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital measure | Ps. | 4,348,265 | ​ | Ps. | 3,949,457 | ​ | Ps. | 5,064,770 | ​ | Ps. | 4,418,771
Exposure measure | ​ | 65,855,871 | ​ | ​ | 56,629,015 | ​ | ​ | 70,759,147 | ​ | ​ | 62,211,737
Leverage ratio | ​ | 6.60% | ​ | ​ | 6.97% | ​ | ​ | 7.16% | ​ | ​ | 7.10%
(1) Regulatory value at risk consists of value at risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. Regulatory operational risk consists of operational risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. (2) Solvency ratio is calculated as technical capital to risk-weighted assets, including regulatory value at risk and regulatory operational risk. ​ ​ Banco Comercial AV Villas S.A.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Separate basis
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022
Subscribed and paid-in capital | Ps. | 22,297 | ​ | Ps. | 22,297
Reserves and retained earnings |  | 1,658,248 | ​ |  | 1,524,474
Other comprehensive income |  | 57,285 | ​ |  | (30,491)
Net income for the period | ​ | (117,126) | ​ | ​ | 112,035
Non-controlling interests | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Deductions: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Unconsolidated financial sector investments |  | — | ​ |  | —
Goodwill and other intangibles |  | (159,586) | ​ |  | (124,474)
Deferred tax assets |  | (10,239) | ​ |  | —
Other |  | (123,976) | ​ |  | (153,441)
CET1 | Ps. | 1,326,904 | ​ | Ps. | 1,350,401
Hybrid instruments recognized as additional primary capital | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Other | ​ | 176 | ​ | ​ | 176
AT1 | ​ | 176 | ​ | ​ | 176
Tier I | Ps. | 1,327,079 | ​ | Ps. | 1,350,576
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subordinated instruments |  | — | ​ |  | —
Plus/minus others |  | 24,471 | ​ |  | 25,317
Tier II capital |  | 24,471 | ​ |  | 25,317
Other deductions from technical capital |  | — | ​ |  | —
Technical capital | Ps. | 1,351,551 | ​ | Ps. | 1,375,893
Risk-weighted assets |  | 10,054,415 | ​ |  | 10,419,661
Market risk |  | 47,003 | ​ |  | 96,711
Market risk exposure (1) |  | 522,254 | ​ |  | 1,074,571
Operational risk | ​ | 95,732 | ​ | ​ | 81,824
Operational risk exposure (1) | ​ | 1,063,689 | ​ | ​ | 909,158
Risk-weighted assets including regulatory market risk and operational risk | Ps. | 11,640,358 | ​ | Ps. | 12,403,391
CET1 solvency ratio |  | 11.40% | ​ |  | 10.89%
AT1 contribution to solvency ratio | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00%
Tier 1 capital solvency ratio | ​ | 11.40% | ​ | ​ | 10.89%
Tier II contribution to solvency ratio |  | 0.21% | ​ |  | 0.20%
Total solvency ratio (2) |  | 11.61% | ​ |  | 11.09%
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital measure | Ps. | 1,327,079 | ​ | Ps. | 1,350,576
Exposure measure | ​ | 18,873,410 | ​ | ​ | 19,487,267
Leverage ratio | ​ | 7.03% | ​ | ​ | 6.93%
(1) Regulatory value at risk consists of value at risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. Regulatory operational risk consists of operational risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. (2) Solvency ratio is calculated as technical capital to risk-weighted assets, including regulatory value at risk and regulatory operational risk. ​ ​ Banco Popular S.A.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Separate basis | ​ | ​ | Consolidated basis
​ | ​ | At December 31, | ​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 | ​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022
Subscribed and paid-in capital | Ps. | 77,253 | ​ | Ps. | 77,253 | ​ | Ps. | 77,253 | ​ | Ps. | 77,253
Reserves and retained earnings |  | 2,839,567 | ​ |  | 2,751,656 | ​ |  | 2,981,939 | ​ |  | 2,876,025
Other comprehensive income |  | 79,481 | ​ |  | 68,673 | ​ |  | 222,322 | ​ |  | 198,193
Net income for the period | ​ | (347,409) | ​ | ​ | 73,035 | ​ | ​ | (402,676) | ​ | ​ | 80,210
Non-controlling interests | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,794,087 | ​ | ​ | 29,714
Deductions: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Unconsolidated financial sector investments |  | — | ​ |  | (355,124) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (355,124)
Goodwill and other intangibles |  | (361,170) | ​ |  | (288,139) | ​ |  | (446,032) | ​ |  | (293,825)
Deferred tax assets |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Other |  | (87,539) | ​ |  | (157,747) | ​ |  | (89,253) | ​ |  | (157,747)
CET1 | Ps. | 2,200,184 | ​ | Ps. | 2,169,608 | ​ | Ps. | 9,137,641 | ​ | Ps. | 2,454,700
Hybrid instruments recognized as additional primary capital | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Other | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
AT1 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Tier I | Ps. | 2,200,184 | ​ | Ps. | 2,169,608 | ​ | Ps. | 9,137,641 | ​ | Ps. | 2,454,700
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subordinated instruments |  | 327,018 | ​ |  | 177,147 | ​ |  | 77,018 | ​ |  | 177,147
Plus/minus others |  | 20,775 | ​ |  | 25,697 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Tier II capital |  | 347,793 | ​ |  | 202,844 | ​ |  | 77,018 | ​ |  | 177,147
Other deductions from technical capital |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (36,876) | ​ |  | —
Technical capital | Ps. | 2,547,976 | ​ | Ps. | 2,372,452 | ​ | Ps. | 9,177,782 | ​ | Ps. | 2,631,847
Risk-weighted assets |  | 16,670,146 | ​ |  | 18,453,236 | ​ |  | 36,166,365 | ​ |  | 18,473,302
Market risk |  | 83,118 | ​ |  | 136,503 | ​ |  | 336,718 | ​ |  | 147,685
Market risk exposure (1) |  | 923,539 | ​ |  | 1,516,695 | ​ |  | 3,741,309 | ​ |  | 1,640,943
Operational risk | ​ | 136,419 | ​ | ​ | 112,786 | ​ | ​ | 462,427 | ​ | ​ | 115,899
Operational risk exposure (1) | ​ | 1,515,762 | ​ | ​ | 1,253,181 | ​ | ​ | 5,138,073 | ​ | ​ | 1,287,767
Risk-weighted assets including regulatory market risk and operational risk | Ps. | 19,109,447 | ​ | Ps. | 21,223,112 | ​ | Ps. | 45,045,747 | ​ | Ps. | 21,402,012
CET1 solvency ratio |  | 11.51% | ​ |  | 10.22% | ​ |  | 20.29% | ​ |  | 11.47%
AT1 contribution to solvency ratio | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00%
Tier 1 capital solvency ratio | ​ | 11.51% | ​ | ​ | 10.22% | ​ | ​ | 20.29% | ​ | ​ | 11.47%
Tier II contribution to solvency ratio |  | 1.82% | ​ |  | 0.96% | ​ |  | 0.17% | ​ |  | 0.83%
Total solvency ratio (2) |  | 13.33% | ​ |  | 11.18% | ​ |  | 20.37% | ​ |  | 12.30%
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital measure | Ps. | 2,200,184 | ​ | Ps. | 2,169,608 | ​ | Ps. | 9,137,641 | ​ | Ps. | 2,454,700
Exposure measure | ​ | 29,393,566 | ​ | ​ | 32,226,919 | ​ | ​ | 56,066,107 | ​ | ​ | 32,249,192
Leverage ratio | ​ | 7.49% | ​ | ​ | 6.73% | ​ | ​ | 16.30% | ​ | ​ | 7.61%
(1) Regulatory value at risk consists of value at risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. Regulatory operational risk consists of operational risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. (2) Solvency ratio is calculated as technical capital to risk-weighted assets, including regulatory value at risk and regulatory operational risk. ​ ​ Corficolombiana S.A. Starting November 22, 2023, Corficolombiana is consolidated under Banco Popular as a result of the shareholders’ agreement mentioned above. Notwithstanding the above, Corficolombiana has to comply with minimum capital requirements on a separate and consolidated basis.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Separate basis | ​ | ​ | Consolidated basis
​ | ​ | At December 31, | ​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 | ​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022
Subscribed and paid-in capital | Ps. | 3,464 | ​ | Ps. | 3,464 | ​ | Ps. | 3,464 | ​ | Ps. | 3,464
Reserves and retained earnings |  | 11,233,257 | ​ |  | 9,929,403 | ​ |  | 10,829,636 | ​ |  | 9,587,611
Other comprehensive income |  | (76,643) | ​ |  | (383,161) | ​ |  | 366,032 | ​ |  | 47,709
Net income for the period | ​ | 808,982 | ​ | ​ | 1,774,040 | ​ | ​ | 886,012 | ​ | ​ | 1,713,807
Non-controlling interests | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,380 | ​ | ​ | 1,210
Deductions: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Unconsolidated financial sector investments |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Goodwill and other intangibles |  | (99,130) | ​ |  | (90,578) | ​ |  | (78,011) | ​ |  | (66,553)
Deferred tax assets |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5,191)
Other |  | (1,480) | ​ |  | (1,350) | ​ |  | (5,964) | ​ |  | (5,847)
CET1 | Ps. | 11,868,451 | ​ | Ps. | 11,231,819 | ​ | Ps. | 12,002,549 | ​ | Ps. | 11,276,209
Hybrid instruments recognized as additional primary capital | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Other | ​ | 192 | ​ | ​ | 192 | ​ | ​ | 192 | ​ | ​ | 192
AT1 | ​ | 192 | ​ | ​ | 192 | ​ | ​ | 192 | ​ | ​ | 192
Tier I | Ps. | 11,868,643 | ​ | Ps. | 11,232,011 | ​ | Ps. | 12,002,741 | ​ | Ps. | 11,276,401
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subordinated instruments |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Plus/minus others |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Tier II capital |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Other deductions from technical capital |  | (36,876) | ​ |  | (44,131) | ​ |  | (36,876) | ​ |  | (44,131)
Technical capital | Ps. | 11,831,767 | ​ | Ps. | 11,187,880 | ​ | Ps. | 11,965,865 | ​ | Ps. | 11,232,270
Risk-weighted assets |  | 19,894,398 | ​ |  | 18,323,118 | ​ |  | 20,189,704 | ​ |  | 18,238,986
Market risk |  | 235,605 | ​ |  | 185,978 | ​ |  | 240,068 | ​ |  | 190,534
Market risk exposure (1) |  | 2,617,835 | ​ |  | 2,066,426 | ​ |  | 2,667,427 | ​ |  | 2,117,047
Operational risk | ​ | 290,604 | ​ | ​ | 259,287 | ​ | ​ | 298,733 | ​ | ​ | 303,453
Operational risk exposure (1) | ​ | 3,228,933 | ​ | ​ | 2,880,964 | ​ | ​ | 3,319,258 | ​ | ​ | 3,371,697
Risk-weighted assets including regulatory market risk and operational risk | Ps. | 25,741,166 | ​ | Ps. | 23,270,508 | ​ | Ps. | 26,176,390 | ​ | Ps. | 23,727,731
CET1 solvency ratio |  | 46.11% | ​ |  | 48.27% | ​ |  | 45.85% | ​ |  | 47.52%
AT1 contribution to solvency ratio | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00% | ​ | ​ | 0.00%
Tier 1 capital solvency ratio | ​ | 46.11% | ​ | ​ | 48.27% | ​ | ​ | 45.85% | ​ | ​ | 47.52%
Tier II contribution to solvency ratio |  | 0.00% | ​ |  | 0.00% | ​ |  | 0.00% | ​ |  | 0.00%
Total solvency ratio (2) |  | 45.96% | ​ |  | 48.08% | ​ |  | 45.71% | ​ |  | 47.34%
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital measure | Ps. | 11,868,643 | ​ | Ps. | 11,232,011 | ​ | Ps. | 12,002,741 | ​ | Ps. | 11,276,401
Exposure measure | ​ | 27,068,698 | ​ | ​ | 24,099,107 | ​ | ​ | 27,699,079 | ​ | ​ | 24,589,959
Leverage ratio | ​ | 43.85% | ​ | ​ | 46.61% | ​ | ​ | 43.33% | ​ | ​ | 45.86%
(1) Regulatory value at risk consists of value at risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. Regulatory operational risk consists of operational risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. (2) Solvency ratio is calculated as technical capital to risk-weighted assets, including regulatory value at risk and regulatory operational risk. ​ ​ Porvenir S.A. ​ Likewise, Porvenir has adequately complied with the capital requirements established for pensions fund administrators in Colombia. The following is the detail of the capital requirements defined for this type of financial institution: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Separate basis
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022
Subscribed and paid-in capital | Ps. | 109,211 | ​ | Ps. | 109,211
Reserves and retained earnings |  | 2,265,587 | ​ |  | 2,312,131
Deductions: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Others |  | (50,626) | ​ |  | (50,626)
Primary capital | Ps. | 2,324,172 | ​ | Ps. | 2,370,715
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized gains/losses on securities available for sale(1) |  | (8,474) | ​ |  | (31,628)
Secondary capital (Tier II) | Ps. | (8,474) | ​ | Ps. | (31,628)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deductions: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Value of the stabilization reserve | ​ | (1,911,568) | ​ | ​ | (1,781,676)
Technical capital | Ps. | 404,130 | ​ | Ps. | 557,412
Risk-weighted assets |  | 886,689 | ​ |  | 907,164
Market risk |  | 10,927 | ​ |  | 13,808
Market risk exposure (1) |  | 121,408 | ​ |  | 153,419
Operational risk | ​ | 122,398 | ​ | ​ | 127,819
Operational risk exposure (1) | ​ | 1,359,975 | ​ | ​ | 1,420,213
Risk-weighted assets including regulatory market risk and operational risk | Ps. | 2,368,072 | ​ | Ps. | 2,480,795
Solvency ratio (3) |  | 17.07% | ​ | ​ | 22.47%
​ (1) Unrealized gains/losses on securities available for sale do not flow through the Statement of Income until such securities are disposed of and the gain or loss is realized. (2) Regulatory value at risk consists of value at risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. Regulatory operational risk consists of operational risk multiplied by (100/9) as required by the Superintendency of Finance. (3) Solvency ratio is calculated as technical capital to risk-weighted assets, including regulatory value at risk and regulatory operational risk.

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