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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ | Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended January 29, 2022

☐ | Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-32349

SIGNET JEWELERS LIMITED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Bermuda |  | Not Applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Clarendon House
2 Church Street
Hamilton HM11
Bermuda
(Address of principal executive offices)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (441) 296 5872
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
Common Shares of $0.18 each |  | SIG |  | The New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of voting common shares held by non-affiliates of the Registrant (based upon the closing sales price quoted on the New York Stock Exchange) as of July 31, 2021 was $3,348,799,396.
Number of common shares outstanding on March 11, 2022: 49,873,511
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The Registrant will incorporate by reference information required in response to Part III, Items 10-14, from its definitive proxy statement for its annual meeting of shareholders which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after January 29, 2022.

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SIGNET JEWELERS LIMITED
FISCAL 2022 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  |  | PAGE |
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS |  |  | 3 |
|  | PART I |  |  |  |
ITEM 1. |  | BUSINESS |  |  | 5 |
ITEM 1A. |  | RISK FACTORS |  |  | 18 |
ITEM 1B. |  | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |  |  | 32 |
ITEM 2. |  | PROPERTIES |  |  | 33 |
ITEM 3. |  | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS |  |  | 34 |
ITEM 4. |  | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE |  |  | 34 |
|  | PART II |  |  |  |
ITEM 5. |  | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES |  |  | 35 |
ITEM 6. |  | [RESERVED] |  |  | 36 |
ITEM 7. |  | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS |  |  | 37 |
ITEM 7A. |  | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |  |  | 55 |
ITEM 8. |  | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA |  |  | 58 |
ITEM 9. |  | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE |  |  | 112 |
ITEM 9A. |  | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES |  |  | 112 |
ITEM 9B. |  | OTHER INFORMATION |  |  | 112 |
ITEM 9 C. |  | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS |  |  | 114 |
|  | PART III |  |  |  |
ITEM 10. |  | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE |  |  | 115 |
ITEM 11. |  | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION |  |  | 115 |
ITEM 12. |  | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS |  |  | 115 |
ITEM 13. |  | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE |  |  | 115 |
ITEM 14. |  | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES |  |  | 115 |
|  | PART IV |  |  |  |
ITEM 15. |  | EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES |  |  | 116 |
ITEM 16. |  | FORM 10-K SUMMARY |  |  | 119 |

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REFERENCES
Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “Signet” or the “Company,” refer to Signet Jewelers Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to the “Parent Company” are to Signet Jewelers Limited.
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION
All references to “dollars,” “US dollars” and “$” are to the lawful currency of the United States of America (“US”). Signet prepares its financial statements in US dollars. All references to “British pound(s),” “pounds,” and “£” are to the lawful currency of the United Kingdom (“UK”). All references to “Canadian dollar” or “C$” are to the lawful currency of Canada.
Percentages in tables have been rounded and accordingly may not add up to 100%. Certain financial data may have been rounded. As a result of such rounding, the totals of data presented in this document may vary slightly from the actual arithmetical totals of such data.
Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, financial data has been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the US (“GAAP”). However, Signet provides certain additional non-GAAP measures in order to provide increased insight into the underlying or relative performance of the business. An explanation of each non-GAAP measure used can be found in Item 7.
Fiscal year, fourth quarter and Holiday Season
Signet’s fiscal year ends on the Saturday nearest to January 31. As used herein, “Fiscal 2023,” “Fiscal 2022,” “Fiscal 2021,” and “Fiscal 2020,” refer to the 52 week periods ending or ended January 28, 2023, January 29, 2022, January 30, 2021, and February 1, 2020. Fourth quarter references relate to the 13 weeks ended January 29, 2022 (“fourth quarter”) and January 30, 2021 (“prior year fourth quarter”).
As used herein, the “Holiday Season” consists of results for the months of November and December.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains statements which are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements, based upon management's beliefs and expectations as well as on assumptions made by and data currently available to management, appear in a number of places throughout this document and include statements regarding, among other things, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies and the industry in which Signet operates. The use of the words "expects," "intends," "anticipates," "estimates," "predicts," "believes," "should," "potential," "may," "preliminary," "forecast," "objective," "plan," or "target," and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties which could cause the actual results to not be realized, including, but not limited to: the negative impacts that the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and could have in the future, on Signet's business, financial condition, profitability and cash flows; the effect of steps we take in response to the pandemic; the severity, duration and potential resurgence of the pandemic (including through variants), including whether it is necessary to temporarily reclose our stores, distribution centers and corporate facilities or for our suppliers and vendors to temporarily reclose their facilities; the pace of recovery when the pandemic subsides and the heightened impact it has on many of the risks described herein, including without limitation risks relating to disruptions in our supply chain, our ability to attract and retain labor especially if COVID-19 vaccine mandates are implemented, consumer behaviors such as willingness to congregate in shopping centers and shifts in spending away from the jewelry category and the impact on demand of our products, our level of indebtedness and covenant compliance, availability of adequate capital, our ability to execute our business plans, our lease obligations and relationships with our landlords, and asset impairments; general economic or market conditions, including impacts of inflation or other pricing environment factors on the Company's commodity costs (including diamonds) or other operating costs; financial market risks; our ability to optimize Signet's transformation strategies; a decline in consumer spending or deterioration in consumer financial position, whether due to inflation or other factors; changes to regulations relating to customer credit; disruption in the availability of credit for customers and customer inability to meet credit payment obligations; our ability to achieve the benefits related to the outsourcing of the credit portfolio, including due to technology disruptions, future financial results and operating results and/or disruptions arising from changes to or termination of the relevant non-prime outsourcing agreement requiring transition to alternative arrangements through other providers or alternative payment options and our ability to successfully establish future arrangements for the forward-flow receivables; deterioration in the performance of individual businesses or of the Company's market value relative to its book value, resulting in impairments of long-lived assets or intangible assets or other adverse financial consequences; the volatility of our stock price; the impact of financial covenants, credit ratings or interest volatility on our ability to borrow; our ability to maintain adequate levels of liquidity for our cash needs, including debt obligations, payment of dividends, planned share repurchases (including execution of accelerated share repurchases) and capital expenditures as well as the ability of our customers, suppliers and lenders to access sources of liquidity to provide for their own cash needs; changes in our credit rating; potential regulatory changes, global economic conditions or other developments related to the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union; exchange rate fluctuations; the cost, availability of and demand for diamonds, gold and other precious metals; stakeholder reactions to disclosure regarding the source and use of certain minerals; seasonality of Signet's business; the merchandising, pricing and inventory policies followed by Signet and failure to manage inventory levels; Signet's
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relationships with suppliers including the ability to continue to utilize extended payment terms and the ability to obtain merchandise that customers wish to purchase; the failure to adequately address the impact of existing tariffs and/or the imposition of additional duties, tariffs, taxes and other charges or other barriers to trade or impacts from trade relations; the level of competition and promotional activity in the jewelry sector; our ability to optimize Signet's multi-year strategy to gain market share, expand and improve existing services, innovate and achieve sustainable, long-term growth; the maintenance and continued innovation of Signet's OmniChannel retailing and ability to increase digital sales, as well as management of its digital marketing costs; changes in consumer attitudes regarding jewelry and failure to anticipate and keep pace with changing fashion trends; changes in the supply and consumer acceptance of and demand for gem quality lab created diamonds and adequate identification of the use of substitute products in our jewelry; ability to execute successful marketing programs and manage social media; the ability to optimize Signet's real estate footprint; the ability to satisfy the accounting requirements for "hedge accounting," or the default or insolvency of a counterparty to a hedging contract; the performance of and ability to recruit, train, motivate and retain qualified team members - particularly in regions experiencing low unemployment rates; management of social, ethical and environmental risks; the reputation of Signet and its banners; inadequacy in and disruptions to internal controls and systems, including related to the migration to new information technology systems which impact financial reporting; security breaches and other disruptions to Signet's information technology infrastructure and databases; an adverse development in legal or regulatory proceedings or tax matters, including any new claims or litigation brought by employees, suppliers, consumers or shareholders, regulatory initiatives or investigations, and ongoing compliance with regulations and any consent orders or other legal or regulatory decisions; failure to comply with labor regulations; collective bargaining activity; changes in corporate taxation rates, laws, rules or practices in the US and jurisdictions in which Signet's subsidiaries are incorporated, including developments related to the tax treatment of companies engaged in Internet commerce or deductions associated with payments to foreign related parties that are subject to a low effective tax rate; risks related to international laws and Signet being a Bermuda corporation; difficulty or delay in executing or integrating an acquisition, including Diamonds Direct, or executing other major business or strategic initiatives; risks relating to the outcome of pending litigation; our ability to protect our intellectual property or physical assets; changes in assumptions used in making accounting estimates relating to items such as extended service plans and pensions; or the impact of weather-related incidents, natural disasters, strikes, protests, riots or terrorism, acts of war or another public health crisis or disease outbreak, epidemic or pandemic on Signet's business.
For a discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement, see the “Risk Factors” section in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Signet undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances, except as required by law.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
PURPOSE & STRATEGY
Signet Jewelers Limited’s (“Signet”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) purpose is “Inspiring Love” and its mission is to enable all people to “Celebrate Life and Express Love.” The Company’s vision is to be the world’s premier jeweler by engaging customers with superior shopping and ownership experiences, connecting with them seamlessly across channels, earning their trust, and providing superior expertise, value, products, and services to meet their lifetime jewelry needs and desires. Signet is the innovation and market share leader of the jewelry category with opportunity for additional growth as the Company leverages its core strengths and competitive advantages.
In Fiscal 2022, Signet successfully completed a three-year transformation plan —“Path to Brilliance”— which was designed to position the Company for reliable, sustainable long-term growth. Having achieved or exceeded its Path to Brilliance goals, the Company launched its next phase of growth — “Inspiring Brilliance” — in Fiscal 2022, focused on four where-to-play strategies: Win in Big Businesses; Expand Accessible Luxury and Value; Accelerate Services; and Lead Digital Commerce. The core objectives of “Inspiring Brilliance” are to grow operating margin and gain market share while driving annual revenues toward its longer-term goal of $9 billion.
Inspiring Brilliance
As described above, the foundations of “Inspiring Brilliance” are focused on four where-to-play strategies: Win in Big Businesses; Expand Accessible Luxury and Value; Accelerate Services; and Lead Digital Commerce. Below is the summary of the goals within these strategies, as well as the progress and accomplishments toward those goals during Fiscal 2022.
•Win in Big Businesses: Signet is investing in and keeping its largest businesses healthy and growing by differentiating and positioning Signet banners with the customers they serve best and by leading innovation that will help ensure they win. Signet’s banner value propositions are expanding the middle-market and attracting new and loyal customers across its entire portfolio. In this first year of Signet’s Inspiring Brilliance growth journey, the Company delivered revenue growth in each of its leading banners that is well ahead of the growth for the overall jewelry category. This early progress helped drive a 270 basis point gain to Signet’s market share, up from 6.6% in Fiscal 2021 to 9.3% in Fiscal 2022.
•Expand Accessible Luxury and Value: The Company is expanding the mid-market segment of the jewelry category by stretching the top of the mid-tier with greater focus on accessible luxury and the lower mid-tier with greater focus on value. At the top end of the market, Jared grew total revenue by 44% in Fiscal 2022, with its fastest growth reflected in products over $3,000. In addition, the Company acquired Diamonds Direct, an accessible luxury banner with a highly productive operating model. At the lower mid-tier, Signet’s goal of growing Banter by Piercing Pagoda (“Banter”) and outlets over time into billion-dollar businesses. Banter is on a growth trajectory with highly productive formats that delivered their seventh consecutive year of same store sales growth. Additionally, Banter opened a number of in-line formats, enabling banner access to shopping centers that do not allow Banter’s traditional kiosk format.
•Accelerate Services: Signet is positioned to create a $1 billion revenue stream through services, as well as expand its customer base and loyalty. Services carry higher margin profiles and Signet is focused on introducing consumer-driven services as well as enhancing its existing services. This past year, the Company strengthened its reputation as a preferred supplier of jewelry repair services with an enhanced and harmonized set of extended service agreements, increased repair customer satisfaction ratings, decreased repair times, and new services such as needle piercing and, through the acquisition of Rocksbox, jewelry rental. The Company also launched a loyalty program, Vault Rewards, that has already enrolled nearly 30,000 members since the pilot launched in November.
•Lead Digital Commerce: Digital innovation and capabilities are integral to the future of jewelry retail and is a cornerstone of Signet’s growth strategy. Signet now believes it has become the digital innovation leader in jewelry through focused investments and agile implementation. In Fiscal 2022, the Company implemented both customer-facing digital capabilities as well as operational technologies to strengthen its competitive advantages. Innovations included virtual try-on, asynchronous SMS texting between customers and jewelry consultants, and a range of flexible fulfillment options such as ship-from-store and same-day delivery. In the past year, roughly 25% of online orders utilized one of Signet’s flexible fulfillment capabilities, which contributed to more than a 50% improvement in inventory turn. In addition, the Company is leveraging artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine learning in many operational parts of its business such as inventory distribution, labor planning and real estate fleet optimization. For example, since starting its transformation four years ago, Signet has reduced its store fleet by roughly 20%, using data-driven insights, in order to deliver nearly 500 basis points of annual gross margin
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expansion. Further, the Company is enabling its team members to be social ambassadors. More than 2,500 team members, including 700 virtual jewelry consultants, have been trained as micro-influencers.
How to Win: The Company is executing these growth strategies with three “How to Win” priorities: a Consumer-Inspired mindset, Connected Commerce presence, and a Culture of Innovation and Agility.
•Consumer Inspired: The Company is growing its customer base by drawing inspiration from inside and outside the jewelry category to drive innovation. Signet’s ability to develop unique customer insights with highly precise data analytics is emerging as a clear and sustainable competitive advantage. For example, in Fiscal 2022, Signet identified a trend in consumer spending as customers began spending more on gifts for those closest to them. Through careful assortment and price architecture planning, the Company took advantage of this emerging trend to drive higher average transaction values across all its banners. This data-powered foresight allowed the Company to be staffed and stocked in a year in which supply chain issues were significant obstacles for many retailers, leading Signet to deliver the strongest holiday selling season in its history.
•Connected Commerce: As part of its Path to Brilliance transformation, Signet moved from a bricks-and-mortar-centric business model to an OmniChannel strategy. Now, through Inspiring Brilliance, the Company is positioning itself to win with connected commerce capabilities that transcend OmniChannel, enabling its banners to engage customers whenever, wherever and however they want to shop. No other jewelry retailer offers a comparable mix of stores and digital platforms to serve customers. In Fiscal 2022, nearly 20% of sales were completed online and 65% of customers reported that they used a banner website prior to completing their purchase, which indicates that Signet customers now use both online and in-store experiences as part of their shopping journey. These seamless, friction-free experiences lead to higher transaction values and stronger conversion rates than a traditional OmniChannel strategy.
•Culture of Innovation and Agility: Signet has transformed its culture – achieving two consecutive years of being named a Great Place to Work-Certified™ Company. The Signet team is operating with high engagement scores and enhanced productivity levels. In fact, 90% of team members surveyed via the Great Place To Work® Trust Index© Employee Survey responded, “When I look at what we accomplish, I feel a sense of pride.” With the most experienced and dedicated team in its category, Signet is committed to be the innovation leader of every business in which it competes and to operate with the agility required to learn, grow and lead. The Company will continue to encourage leadership and fast-paced iterative learning at every level, to empower agile work teams, to inspire Design Thinking approaches to problem solving, and to nurture an environment in which innovation, diversity and transformational productivity are signature characteristics of the Signet culture. The strength of Signet’s culture has become a competitive advantage as it attracts top talent, enables high retention and low attrition rates, and inspires peak performance at every level of the organization, all of which are reflected in the Company’s strong business performance.
With its Path to Brilliance transformation now complete - and industry-leading growth in the first year of its Inspiring Brilliance growth journey - Signet is demonstrating that it has the strategies, strengths and talent to consistently outpace the market and deliver reliable, long-term sustainable growth.
2030 Corporate Sustainability Goals
As a company with a Citizenship & Sustainability Committee focused on its Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) strategy, and a purpose-inspired business strategy in Inspiring Brilliance described above, Signet is committed to ongoing leadership in ESG initiatives as an important growth driver that is critical to the health of our business. To that end, the Company released its 2030 Corporate Sustainability Goals in Fiscal 2022, further strengthening Signet’s Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability leadership in the industry. Having already established its open-sourced Signet Responsible Sourcing Protocol which has become the industry standard for ethical and responsible sourcing, the Company now is committed to be the jewelry category leader in supply chain due diligence and reporting.
The Company’s Corporate Sustainability Goals are aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals in areas where Signet can have the most impact. Signet is a member of the UN Global Compact and adheres to its principles-based approach to responsible business. Leaders throughout the Company are engaged in every aspect of the Company’s Sustainability efforts. Banner leaders as well as functional leaders in Corporate Communications, Finance, Human Resources, Supply Chain, IT and Merchandising are responsible for achieving short-term and long-term goals. The Company has already achieved three of its Corporate Sustainability Goals while continuing to make steady progress towards its remaining goals.
The Company also launched the Signet Love Inspires Foundation (“Foundation”) to partner with and give grants to 501(c)(3) organizations that support underserved women and children, and social change advocacy, with the goal of creating a more equitable and sustainable world. With a focus on underserved woman and children the Foundation is able to support people during crisis with humanitarian aid.
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For more information about Signet’s Citizenship & Sustainability strategy and programs, please refer the Company’s corporate website at www.signetjewelers.com.
OVERVIEW
Signet is the world’s largest retailer of diamond jewelry. Signet is incorporated in Bermuda and its address and telephone number are shown on the cover of this document. The Company operated 2,854 stores and kiosks as of January 29, 2022, which when combined with the Company’s digital capabilities under its Connected Commerce strategy, provides customers the opportunity to use both online and in-store experiences as part of their shopping journey. Signet manages its business by geography, a description of which follows:
•The North America segment operated 2,506 locations in the US and 94 locations in Canada as of January 29, 2022.
◦In the US, the segment primarily operated in malls and off-mall locations under the following banners: Kay (Kay Jewelers and Kay Outlet); Zales (Zales Jewelers and Zales Outlet); Jared (Jared The Galleria Of Jewelry and Jared Vault); Diamonds Direct; JamesAllen.com; and Rocksbox. Additionally, in the US, the segment operated mall-based kiosks under the Banter by Piercing Pagoda banner.
◦In Canada, the segment primarily operated under the Peoples banner (Peoples Jewellers).
•The International segment operated 348 stores in the UK, Republic of Ireland and Channel Islands as of January 29, 2022, all under the H. Samuel and Ernest Jones banners.
Certain Company activities are managed in the “Other” segment for financial reporting purposes, including the Company’s diamond sourcing function and its diamond polishing factory in Botswana. See Note 5 of Item 8 for additional information regarding the Company’s reportable segments.
Competition and Signet Competitive Strengths
Jewelry retailing is highly fragmented and competitive. Signet competes against other specialty jewelers, as well as other retailers that sell jewelry, including department stores, mass merchandisers, discount stores, apparel and accessory fashion stores, brand retailers, online retail and auction sites, shopping clubs, home shopping television channels and direct home sellers. The jewelry category competes for customers’ share-of-wallet with other consumer sectors such as electronics, clothing and furniture, as well as travel and restaurants. This competition for consumers’ discretionary spending is particularly relevant to gift giving.
In addition to the core strengths noted above, Signet believes its competitive advantages include strong awareness for each banner, superior customer experience, branded differentiated and exclusive merchandise, data-driven marketing and advertising, diversified real estate portfolio, an efficient and flexible supply chain, and services including financing and lease purchase options, extended service plans, repair and customer design, and piercing, among others.
Connected commerce
As a specialty jeweler, Signet’s business differs from many other retailers such that a purchase of merchandise from any of Signet’s stores is not only viewed as an important experience but is also personal and intimate. Due to this dynamic, customers often invest time on Signet websites, through conversational commerce and on social media to experience the merchandise assortments prior to visiting brick-and-mortar stores to execute a purchase transaction. Particularly related to high value transactions, customers will supplement their online experience with an in-store visit prior to finalizing a purchase.
Through Signet’s banner websites, the Company educates customers about the jewelry category, and provides them with a source of information on products, brands, and available merchandise, as well as the ability to buy online. To effectively service the ever-evolving needs of its digitally connected customers, Signet’s websites are integrated with a customer’s local store, so that merchandise ordered online may be delivered to their store or at home. Banner websites continue to make an important and growing contribution to the customer experience, as well as to each banner’s marketing programs. Signet’s Connected Commerce strategy will continue to focus on:
•Investments in technologies and digital capabilities to enhance the customer journey. These include developing AI driven conversational commerce, the ability to virtually try on products, visual search tools, configuration capability, jewelry related services enhanced personalization / behavioral targeting, creative execution and brand differentiation. In addition, Signet will continue to focus on customer-first delivery options (such as buy online, pick up in store, “BOPIS”, same day delivery, curbside pickup, ship from store), creating a seamless customer experience between the websites, virtual and in-store selling, making it easier for customers whenever and however they choose to shop with Signet.
•The expansion of asynchronous messaging with intent recognition and the ability to route to the appropriate expert based on that intent recognition whether that be a sales expert for engagement rings, watches or other gifts, or service to an existing order or purchase.
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•The creation of a robust Customer Data Platform and Journey Analytics and Orchestration program to achieve a more comprehensive and personalized view of the customer, and also facilitate cookie-less data activation which is expected to allow the Company to follow up on previous purchases as well as anticipate their needs.
•Adding new capabilities to Signet’s digital customer clientele program, which enables the Company’s jewelry consultants to build a direct relationship with their customers to create a more personalized customer experience. In Fiscal 2022, this program was further enhanced with a newly created Digital In-Store Integration practice established to lead the integration of Digital into brick & mortar stores across Signet banners. This team partners closely with IT and Operations to harmonize and enhance existing applications and systems and use next generation training techniques to provide the right level of training and support to the field team.
Signet’s supplier relationships allow the Company to display suppliers’ inventories on the banner websites for sale to customers without holding the items in its inventory until the products are ordered by customers, which are referred to as “virtual inventory.” Virtual inventory expands the choice of merchandise available to customers both online and in-store and accounted for approximately 8% of North America sales and 49% of North America online sales in Fiscal 2022 (see further in the Products and merchandising section below).
Customer experience
Signet is committed to delivering an inspiring, innovative, full service, seamlessly connected customer experience for our clients regardless of their channel of choice. The Company considers this an essential element and competitive advantage in the success of its business. The ability to recruit, develop and retain qualified jewelry consultants is an important capability to deliver customer satisfaction. Signet has comprehensive recruitment, training and incentive programs in place, including annual training conferences in the spring and fall.
Signet continues to invest in capabilities to enhance the customer experience to make it more personalized and journey focused. In Fiscal 2019, Signet implemented a multi-phase Voice of the Customer program utilizing the Net Promoter System as a component of its Path to Brilliance transformation plan and customer first initiatives. The first phase focused on setting up the technology, establishing stable measurements throughout the shopping ecosystem for key customer journeys, and discovering how to effectively operationalize customer feedback. In Fiscal 2020, Signet expanded into phase two by providing all stores and digital properties localized access to Voice of the Customer data to manage the customer experience real-time as performance feedback is received. To further strengthen its engagement with customers, Signet also implemented a closed-loop program whereby field and customer care teams rapidly respond to customers directly about their feedback to ensure the Company is delivering the best possible experience. In Fiscal 2021, Signet continued to optimize the program through expanded measurements and listening posts, integrating Voice of the Customer with additional operational data sources to drive greater sophistication in its customer and employee experience management, and develop additional tools to infuse the stories its customers share into the culture and their daily activities. Further refinements were pursued in Fiscal 2022 to continue to equip jewelry consultants, digital, and banner personnel with robust customer feedback to enhance their customer offerings and experiences.
Banner operations
As noted above, the Company operates eight banners in North America and two banners in the UK, with the majority operating through both online and brick and mortar retail operations. Signet has specific operating and financial criteria that must be satisfied before investing in new stores or renewing leases on existing stores, including evaluation of the mall/trade area and market potential. The Company reduced its store fleet by roughly 20% since beginning its transformation in Fiscal 2019, driving nearly 500 basis points of gross margin leverage over that time. Substantially all of the stores operated by Signet are leased. Signet continues to reposition its store portfolio in a manner that it believes will drive greater store productivity. These efforts include development and implementation of innovative store concepts to improve the in-store shopping experience, execution of opportunistic store relocations and store closures aimed at exiting under-performing stores, reducing the Company’s mall-based exposure and exiting regional brands.
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The store activity was as follows for Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021:

|  | January 29, 2022 |  | Opened and acquired (1) (3) |  | Closures (1) |  | January 30, 2021 |  | Openings(1) |  | Closures (1) |  | February 1, 2020
North America segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mall (2) |  | 1,602 |  |  | 59 |  |  | (59) |  |  | 1,602 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (266) |  |  | 1,848 |
Off-mall and outlet |  | 904 |  |  | 45 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 879 |  |  | 33 |  |  | (63) |  |  | 909 |
Total North America segment store activity |  | 2,506 |  |  | 104 |  |  | (79) |  |  | 2,481 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (329) |  |  | 2,757 |
International segment store activity |  | 348 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 352 |  |  | — |  |  | (99) |  |  | 451 |
Signet total |  | 2,854 |  |  | 107 |  |  | (86) |  |  | 2,833 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (428) |  |  | 3,208 |
North America Total net selling square feet (thousands) (2) |  | 3,784 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,764 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,121 |
Increase (decrease) in net store selling space |  | 0.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (8.7) | % |  |  |  |  |  | (2.6) | %
International Total net selling square feet (thousands) |  | 405 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 408 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 478 |
Decrease in net store selling space |  | (0.7) | % |  |  |  |  |  | (14.6) | % |  |  |  |  |  | (4.2) | %

(1) Includes 12 store repositions in Fiscal 2022 and 33 repositions in Fiscal 2021.
(2) Includes mall-based kiosks for the Banter by Piercing Pagoda banner.
(3) Includes 22 Diamonds Direct off-mall locations acquired as described in Note 4 of Item 8.
Refer to Item 2 for additional information on the Company’s real estate portfolio.
North America Banners
The North America segment operates jewelry stores in malls, mall-based kiosks and off-mall locations throughout the US and Canada and online under national banners including Kay, Zales, Jared, Peoples, Banter by Piercing Pagoda and Diamonds Direct. Additionally, the Company operates online through JamesAllen.com and Rocksbox, as well as each of the individual banner websites.
Kay Jewelers (“Kay”)
Kay is the largest specialty retail jewelry brand in the US based on sales. Kay operates in shopping malls, off-mall centers, outlet malls and online. Kay is positioned as the champion of modern love and gratitude, the #1 US jeweler for bridal and all occasion-based gifting offering a broad assortment of fine jewelry including bridal, diamond solitaire, fashion jewelry and watches.
Kay accounted for 38% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: 38%).
Zales Jewelers (“Zales”)
Zales is the third largest specialty retail jewelry brand in the US, based on sales. Zales operates primarily in shopping malls, outlet malls, neighborhood power centers and online. Zales “The Diamond Store” is positioned as the style and self-expression fine jewelry authority, an emphasis on fashion oriented bridal, gifting and self-purchase consumers offering a broad range of bridal, diamond solitaire, fashion jewelry and watches.
Zales accounted for 22% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: 22%).
Jared The Galleria Of Jewelry (“Jared”)
Jared, which offers the broadest selection of merchandise, is the fourth largest US specialty retail jewelry brand by sales and is a leading off-mall destination specialty retail jewelry store chain. Jared is positioned with an “accessible luxury” assortment and additional services to appeal to a higher income customer and deliver higher average price points than Kay and Zales. Every Jared store has an on-site Design & Service Center where most repairs are completed within the same day.
Jared locations are normally free-standing sites with high visibility and traffic flow, positioned close to major roads within shopping developments. Jared stores primarily operate in retail centers that contain strong retail co-tenants, including big box, destination stores and some smaller specialty units.
Jared accounted for 17% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: 18%).
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Banter by Piercing Pagoda (“Banter”)
Banter, our curated jewelry and piercing services brand, empowers its customers to express themselves with affordably priced selections of basic and fashion gold, silver and diamond jewelry. The brand operates primarily online and through mall-based kiosks in high-traffic areas across the US that are easily accessible and visible in regional shopping malls. During Fiscal 2022, Piercing Pagoda tested a new name, Banter by Piercing Pagoda. Based on results, all stores were renamed to Banter by Piercing Pagoda by the end of Fiscal 2022. Banter opened 12 inline locations in Fiscal 2022 within shopping malls and outdoor lifestyle centers. The brand also offers virtual styling sessions, giving customers a new digital shopping experience. Banter has continued to expand its facial piercing offerings with the introduction of hollow needle piercing in select markets, seeing opportunity to leverage this growing trend.
Banter accounted for 7% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: 6%).
JamesAllen.com (“James Allen”)
James Allen is the world’s premier online retailer of fine diamond and bridal jewelry. During Fiscal 2019, the first James Allen concept store and showroom was launched in Washington D.C. featuring advances in digital technology and a millennial-inspired shopping experience. This store enables the Company to test new concepts and incorporate innovation in new store design plans for all of the Company’s banners.
James Allen accounted for 5% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: 6%).
Peoples Jewellers (“Peoples”)
Peoples is Canada’s largest specialty jewelry retailer and is positioned as “Canada’s #1 Diamond Store” emphasizing its diamond business while also offering a wide selection of gold jewelry, gemstone jewelry and watches. Peoples operates primarily in shopping malls and online.
Peoples accounted for 3% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: 3%).
Diamonds Direct
On November 17, 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Diamonds Direct USA Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Diamonds Direct”).
Diamonds Direct is an off-mall, destination jeweler in the US, with a highly productive, efficient operating model with demonstrated growth and profitability. Diamonds Direct’s strong value proposition, extensive bridal offering and customer-centric, high-touch shopping experience is destination for younger, luxury-oriented bridal shoppers. Diamonds Direct furthers Signet’s accessible luxury positioning with a distinct focus on bridal, appealing to a higher income customer and delivers higher average price points compared to other banners. Diamonds Direct’s stores are typically located in desirable off-mall sites proximate to high-end, destination centers alongside strong performing upscale retailers.
Diamonds Direct accounted for 2% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022.
Rocksbox
On March 29, 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Rocksbox Inc. (“Rocksbox”), a jewelry rental subscription business.
Rocksbox is a jewelry rental membership that allows members to discover new looks, trends or add classic styles to their jewelry collection. Rocksbox is direct to consumer, acquiring members primarily through digital advertising. For $21 / month members receive three pieces of jewelry in a set mailed to their door. There is no limit to the number of sets that can be received every month and the $21 monthly membership fee can be applied as a credit towards the purchase of any piece from their set. Rocksbox accounted for less than 1% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022.
International Banners
The International segment operates primarily in the UK and Republic of Ireland. The International segment transacts mainly in British pounds, as sales and the majority of operating expenses are incurred in that currency.
H.Samuel
H.Samuel has 150 years of jewelry heritage, with a target customer focused on lower-price point fashion-trend oriented, everyday jewelry. H.Samuel continues to focus on larger store formats in regional shopping centers.
H.Samuel accounted for 3% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: 3%).
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Ernest Jones
Ernest Jones serves the upper middle market, with a target customer focused on high-quality, timeless jewelry.
Ernest Jones accounted for 3% of Signet’s consolidated sales in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: 4%).
Products and merchandising
Signet believes that a competitive strength is its industry-leading merchandising. Merchandise selection, innovation, availability and value are all critical success factors. The range of merchandise offered and the appropriate level of inventory availability are supported centrally by extensive and continuous research and testing. Signet’s jewelry merchant teams are constantly evaluating global design trends, innovating, and developing new jewelry collections, including through strategic partnerships, that resonate with customers.
Suppliers
In Fiscal 2022, the five largest suppliers collectively accounted for approximately 19.6% of total purchases, with the largest supplier comprising 5.1%. Signet transacts business with suppliers on a worldwide basis at various stages of the supply chain with third party diamond cutting and jewelry manufacturing being predominantly carried out in Asia.
Merchandise
Details of merchandise mix by major product category (excluding repairs, extended service plans and other miscellaneous sales) are shown below:

| North America |  | International |  |  |  | Consolidated
Fiscal 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bridal | 47 | % |  | 47 | % |  |  |  | 47 | %
Fashion | 48 | % |  | 20 | % |  |  |  | 46 | %
Watches | 4 | % |  | 33 | % |  |  |  | 6 | %
Other | 1 | % |  | — | % |  |  |  | 1 | %
| 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  | 100 | %
Fiscal 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bridal | 51 | % |  | 34 | % |  |  |  | 49 | %
Fashion | 43 | % |  | 26 | % |  |  |  | 42 | %
Watches | 4 | % |  | 37 | % |  |  |  | 7 | %
Other | 2 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  | 2 | %
| 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  | 100 | %

The bridal category, which includes engagement, wedding and anniversary purchases, is predominantly diamond jewelry. All of our product categories are to an extent dependent on the economic environment as customers can trade up or down price points depending on their available budget. Bridal represented 47% of Signet’s total merchandise sales and the fashion category represents 46% of Signet’s total merchandise sales during Fiscal 2022.
Merchandise is categorized as non-branded, third party branded, and branded differentiated and exclusive. Non-branded merchandise includes items and styles such as bracelets, gold necklaces, solitaire diamond rings, and diamond stud earrings. Branded differentiated and exclusive merchandise are items that are branded and exclusive to Signet within its marketplaces, or that are not widely available from other jewelry retailers (e.g. Vera Wang Love®, Neil Lane®, Disney Enchanted®).
Signet believes that the development of branded differentiated and exclusive merchandise raises the profile of its banners, helps to drive sales and provides its well-trained jewelry consultants with a powerful selling proposition. Digital marketing and national television advertisements include elements that drive brand awareness and purchase intent. Signet’s scale and proven record of success in developing branded differentiated and exclusive merchandise attracts offers of such programs from jewelry manufacturers, designers and others ahead of competing retailers, and enables it to leverage its supply chain strengths.
Merchandise held on consignment is used to enhance product selection and test new designs. This minimizes exposure to changes in fashion trends and provides the flexibility to return non-performing merchandise. Virtually all of Signet’s consignment inventory is held in the US.
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Raw materials
The Company’s costs, as with the jewelry industry as a whole, are generally affected by fluctuations in the price and supply of diamonds, gold and, to a much lesser extent, other precious and semi-precious metals and stones. The cost of raw materials is only part of the costs involved in determining the retail selling price of jewelry, with labor costs and assembly costs from third-party vendors also being significant factors.
Diamond sourcing
Signet procures its diamonds mostly as finished jewelry and, to a smaller extent, as loose polished diamonds and rough diamonds which are in turn polished, primarily in Signet’s Botswana factory.
Signet purchases finished product where management has identified compelling value based on product design, cost and availability, among other factors. Under certain types of arrangements, this method of purchasing also provides the Company with the opportunity to reserve inventory held by vendors and to make returns or exchanges with suppliers, which reduces the risk of over- or under-purchasing. Signet’s scale, balance sheet and robust procurement systems enable it to purchase merchandise at advantageous prices and on favorable terms.
Signet purchases loose polished diamonds in global markets (e.g. India, Israel) from a variety of sources (e.g. polishers, traders). Signet mounts stones in settings purchased from manufacturers using third-parties and in-house resources. By using these approaches, the cost of merchandise is reduced and the consistency of quality is maintained enabling Signet to provide better value to customers. Buying loose diamonds helps allow Signet’s buyers to gain a detailed understanding of the manufacturing cost structures and, in turn, leverage that knowledge to negotiating better prices for the supply of finished products.
Signet continues to take steps to advance its vertical integration, which includes rough diamond sourcing and processing. Signet’s objective with this initiative is to secure additional, reliable and consistent supplies of diamonds for customers worldwide while achieving further efficiencies in the supply chain. Signet owns a diamond polishing factory in Gaborone, Botswana. The Company is a DeBeers sightholder, and receives contracted allocations of rough diamonds. Signet has also established a diamond liaison office in India and a diamond trading office in New York to further support its sourcing initiative.
Rough diamonds are purchased directly from the miners and then the stones are marked, cut and polished in Signet’s own polishing facility. Any stones deemed unsuitable for Signet’s needs are sold to third-parties on the open market.
Marketing and advertising
Marketing is one of Signet’s most critical investments. It generates customer awareness and purchase considerations, and over time strengthens its banners and drives share growth. Effective and efficient marketing investment is a competitive advantage in the jewelry industry, which involves a discretionary purchase where most of the merchandise is not branded, and the purchase cycle can stretch to years.
Signet’s marketing investment is allocated between the various options available (broadcast television, online video, connected television, programmatic radio, direct mail, digital marketing, social media, and in store materials), and the spend distribution evolves over time to align to change in consumer behavior.
As marketing activities are undertaken throughout the year, digital and data capabilities provide real-time insights into customer journeys, enabling personalized communications. Signet will continue to evolve its marketing model by re-balancing the timing and mix of its media investments, leveraging a more personalized journey-based approach, and modernizing its content and messaging in order to improve effectiveness and better align to shifts in consumer media consumption. Additionally, while the Company will maintain its strong presence during traditional time-based holidays (Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day, and the Holiday Season), Signet will also expand capabilities to grow its share of personal gifting occasions such as birthdays and anniversaries, and continue its emphasis in “always on” bridal messaging.
Signet will continue to optimize the effectiveness of its creative campaigns, building on banner differentiation strategies. The banners work with a portfolio of creative agencies and have built both internal and external data and media expertise.
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Details of gross advertising (i.e. advertising before vendor contributions) by segment is shown below:

|  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
(in millions) |  | Gross advertising spending |  | as a % of segment sales |  | Gross advertising spending |  | as a % of segment sales |  | Gross advertising spending |  | as a % of segment sales
North America |  | $ | 508.6 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | $ | 329.5 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | $ | 370.0 |  |  | 6.6 | %
International |  | 18.4 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 13.5 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 18.9 |  |  | 3.6 | %
Signet |  | $ | 527.0 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 343.0 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | $ | 388.9 |  |  | 6.3 | %

Other sales and services
The Company offers repair services to its customers that include both merchandise repairs and custom design services. These services represent less than 5% of consolidated sales; however, represent an important opportunity to build customer loyalty. The custom design and repair business has its own field management and training structure, and operates in Design & Service Centers located in Jared stores. These Design & Service Centers are staffed with skilled artisans who support the repair and custom business generated across all US banners. Signet’s custom jewelry sales use a proprietary computer selling system and in-store design capabilities.
The North America segment sells extended service plans covering lifetime repair service for jewelry and jewelry replacement plans. The Design & Service Centers also service the lifetime repair service plans for Kay, Zales and Jared, in addition to supporting the chargeable repairs and custom businesses. The lifetime repair service plans cover services such as ring sizing, refinishing and polishing, rhodium plating of white gold, earring repair, chain soldering and the resetting of diamonds and gemstones that arise due to the normal usage of the merchandise or a replacement option if the merchandise cannot be repaired. The extended service plans are a valuable part of the customer experience and product offerings. These plans provide the Company a higher rate of profitability than merchandise sales and are a significant component of Signet’s operating income. In Fiscal 2022, we introduced updated extended service agreements offering unique plans for both bridal and fashion merchandise, with additional benefits including engraving for bridal merchandise. Jewelry replacement plans require the issuance of new replacement merchandise if the original merchandise is determined to be defective or damaged within a defined period in accordance with the plan agreement. The North America segment also offers customers a two-year fine watch warranty. Refer to Note 3 in Item 8 for further information on these plans.
Customer finance
Several factors inherent in the US jewelry business support the circumstances through which Signet is positioned to generate profitable incremental business through its partner supported consumer payment programs. These factors include a high average transaction value and a significant population of customers seeking to finance merchandise, primarily in the bridal category. Signet’s financial service offerings are an integral part of its business and a major driver of customer loyalty. In North American markets, customers are offered revolving and promotional credit plans under Signet’s private label credit card programs, online payment options, a lease purchase option provided by Progressive Lease, and installment loan and split-payment options provided by Affirm, allowing Signet to offer payment options that meet each customer’s individual needs. In addition, the Company has partnerships with third-party providers who directly extend credit to its customers, and who also manage and service the customers’ accounts.
Below is a summary of the payment participation rate in North America which reflects activity for in-house and outsourced credit program customers in North America, for Kay, Jared, Zales and Banter customers, as well as lease purchase customers:

(dollars in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
Total North America sales (1) | $ | 6,700.2 |  | $ | 4,539.4
Credit, lease and Affirm purchase sales | $ | 2,739.9 |  | $ | 1,888.9
Credit, lease and Affirm purchase sales as % of total eligible North America sales (1) | 40.9 | % |  | 41.6 | %

(1) Excludes Diamonds Direct, James Allen, and Rocksbox, as these banners do not participate in the Company’s financing programs discussed above.
Through Signet’s partnerships, the Company is able to offer a range of financing, leasing, and payment opportunities across its banners. The Company continues to find and develop new options to meet its customer’s needs across the various merchandise price points. These offerings and partnerships allow the Company to focus on its core business of being the premier jewelry partner for its customers.
Comenity Bank provides credit and services to the Kay, Jared, Zales and Banter banners. Genesis Financial Solutions (“Genesis”) provides a second look program for applicants declined by Comenity Bank. During Fiscal 2022, the Comenity and Genesis program agreements were amended and restated to terminate in December 2025. Additionally, in Fiscal 2022 Signet entered into amended and restated purchase agreements with Carval, Castlelake, and Genesis (“Investors”) regarding the purchase of add-on receivables on such Investors’ existing accounts, as well as the purchase of the Signet-owned credit card receivables portfolio for accounts that had been originated through Fiscal 2021. Servicing of these non-prime add-on receivables, including operational interfaces and customer
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servicing, is provided by Genesis. As a result of the amended and restated agreements entered into with Comenity, Genesis, and the Investors during Fiscal 2022, Signet no longer retains any customer in-house finance receivables. In addition, on March 7, 2022, the Company entered into amended and restated receivable purchase agreements with CarVal and Castlelake regarding the purchase of add-on receivables on such Investors’ existing accounts. Under the amended and restated agreements, The Bank of Missouri will be the issuer for the add-on receivables on these existing accounts and CarVal and Castlelake will purchase the receivables from The Bank of Missouri.
HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Signet’s People First approach
At Signet, our approach to Human Capital management starts with our core value of “People First” and creating a truly inclusive, innovative, and collaborative company culture. We believe that thriving and engaged team members are integral to Signet’s success. The execution of our Inspiring Brilliance business strategy is supported by our confidence in the Signet team and our commitment to their overall success and personal growth. As a retail company, sales and customer relationships are at the core of our business model. Our success depends on our ability to attract, develop, and retain highly engaged and motivated team members. Our emphasis on rewarding our retail team members with competitive wages and benefits provides a compelling package. We invested significantly in the wages and overall compensation of our existing team members in the fall of Fiscal 2022 by raising the minimum wage to $15/hour for our US operations. For eligible jewelry consultants in the US, our total average hourly wage is $20.55.
In Fiscal 2022, Signet was again named a Great Place to Work-Certified™ Company for the second consecutive year which reflects the pride, engagement, and enthusiasm of our employees throughout our organization. We are proud and honored by this recognition and we attribute this accolade to our focus on transforming the Company’s culture, team member engagement and our overall human capital management strategy. In addition, Signet was named to the Bloomberg® Gender Equality Index for the fourth year in a row – the only specialty retail jeweler to do so. Signet was rated 85 out of 100 by the Human Rights Coalition Corporate Equality Index.
Vision for the Future
As noted in the Purpose and Strategy section, the Company released its 2030 Corporate Sustainability Goals in Fiscal 2022. The Company’s goals provide a roadmap for Signet’s commitment to sustainability. Under the heading “Love for Our Team,” The Chief People Officer is responsible for fifteen goals in the areas of Employer of Choice, Community of Inclusiveness, and Purpose and Appreciation. A full list of Signet’s goals is published on the Company’s corporate website and an annual progress report on the goals is included in the Company’s annual Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability report.
Employees and demographics
As of January 29, 2022, the number of global team members employed at Signet was 30,856 as compared to 26,749 at January 30, 2021. Approximately 88% of the Company’s workforce was employed in North America.

|  | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021 |  | February 1, 2020
North America |  | 27,162 |  |  | 23,700 |  |  | 28,835 |
UK |  | 3,239 |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 4,086 |
Other international |  | 455 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 165 |
Total |  | 30,856 |  |  | 26,749 |  |  | 33,086 |

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North America (1) |  | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Full-time |  | 15,395 |  |  | 14,800 |
Part-time |  | 11,174 |  |  | 8,900 |
Total |  | 26,569 |  |  | 23,700 |
By Gender |  |  |  |
Women |  | 19,613 |  |  | 17,750 |
Men |  | 6,601 |  |  | 5,822 |
Nonbinary or chose not to identify |  | 355 |  |  | 128 |
By Race/Ethnicity |  |  |  |
Number of Black or African American employees |  | 3,715 |  |  | 3,095 |
Number of American Indian and Alaska Native employees |  | 212 |  |  | 152 |
Number of Asian employees |  | 1,348 |  |  | 1,169 |
Number of Caucasian and White employees |  | 13,094 |  |  | 12,200 |
Number of Hispanic and Latino employees |  | 4,203 |  |  | 3,375 |
Number of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander employees |  | 114 |  |  | 104 |
Number of employees of two or more races |  | 976 |  |  | 822 |
Number of employees of unknown ethnicities |  | 2,907 |  |  | 2,783 |

(1) Excludes Diamonds Direct
Diversity, equity, and inclusion
We value building a diverse workforce, embracing different perspectives, and fostering an inclusive, empowering work environment for our team members and customers. Our diversity, equity and inclusion efforts transcend all levels of our Company, from our retail store team members through our leadership team and Board of Directors (“Board”). Currently, 58 percent of our Board are gender or ethnically diverse, including five female Board members and two ethnically diverse Board members. Approximately 42 percent of Vice Presidents and above are women and approximately 13 percent of Vice Presidents and above are ethnically diverse.
In response to the Fiscal 2022 Great Place to Work®Trust Index© Employee Survey, Signet team members responded positively to statements regarding fair treatment in our Company. Of team members surveyed, 91 percent of Signet team members responded, "People here are treated fairly regardless of race” and 93 percent of Signet team members responded, “People here are treated fairly regardless of sexual orientation.” Furthermore, we recognize our customer base's diversity and strive to have a workforce that is representative of such customers. In Fiscal 2022, approximately 69 percent of Signet’s new hires in North America were diverse candidates.
We are committed to advancing diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workplace. In Fiscal 2022, we provided team members the opportunity to select a third nonbinary option in addition to male and female in our HRIS software. This innovation invited team members to bring their whole selves to work. We expanded our thriving Business Resource Groups (“BRGs”), which are team member led volunteer groups to improve attraction, retention, inclusion, and engagement of a diverse workforce by developing programming and initiatives. We added two additional BRGs and, currently, we have eight: Veterans, Pride (LGBTQ+), Women, Black Employee Network, Young Professionals, Transforming Diversity Equity and Equality (“TIDE”), Diamante (Hispanic and Latinx) and Asian Pacific Employee Network. In addition, during Fiscal 2022 we continued a series of “Signet Speaks Out” town halls providing a safe, open forum for team members to have honest and candid discussions about important topics such as racism, allyship and inclusion. In addition, as part of our commitment to continued enhancements in our diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts, we require team members to undergo annual training on unconscious bias and microaggressions.
Training
In Fiscal 2022, Signet launched Brilliant University, a new platform for investing in team member training, leadership development and education. The platform gives team members access to training modules from their very first day of employment. Investments in our people, such as training, allows us to recruit exceptional candidates from other retailers and industries and efficiently provide them with new skills and experiences regarding Signet values, leadership traits and jewelry knowledge.
Brilliant University empowers team members to invest in learning their job, building new skills and growing their career. The Signet team member training experience is defined by Signet’s seven leadership traits (1) Vision and purpose (2) Critical thinking (3)
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Customer obsession (4) Employee Experience (5) Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (6) Innovative Action and (7) Performance Excellence. Our leadership traits are foundational to the success of each leader at Signet no matter the job title. We believe in “leadership at every level” and Brilliant University provides education and training for team members to learn more about what each trait looks like at different levels in the organization.
Board oversight
Signet’s Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee plays an active role in overseeing our human capital management efforts. The full Board has worked closely with the executive management team, particularly the Chief People Officer, in helping shape the succession plans and leadership development agenda. Board oversight activities in this area include review of CEO and executive officer succession planning, review of diversity and other employee metrics, employee experience, and review of the Company's annual employee engagement survey results. In addition to its compensation governance responsibilities, the Committee provides oversight on behalf of the Board to overall management of human capital including culture, diversity and inclusion, executive compensation programs, benefits and well-being strategy, talent management (attraction, development, and retention), performance management, and succession planning. The scope of this Committee underscores our focus on the quality, performance, retention and development of our team. Signet’s Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee, in collaboration with the Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability Committee, oversees diversity, equity and inclusion, employee engagement and employee experience practices, and Signet’s Love for Our Team Corporate Sustainability Goals. The Board supported the introduction of our newly defined employee experience where team members are: invited to be their best selves; introduced to new ideas that grow their passion, not just their jobs; and are inspired to inspire more love in the world.
Compensation and benefits
One of our primary retention strategies is focused on providing competitive wages as part of the overall team member experience. This fundamental approach to human capital management is intended to attract and retain a talented and diverse workforce, who provide significant value to our customers, Company, and stakeholders. We fully implemented our $15/hour minimum wage for our existing US operations in the fall of Fiscal 2022 ahead of schedule and ahead of our holiday recruiting. In addition, we announced holiday bonuses for all retail team members ahead of the holiday recruiting season. This strategy allowed us to attract and hire seasonal team members and meet all of our holiday sales goals.
Competitive benefits are critical to our success in identifying, recruiting, retaining, and incentivizing our existing and prospective team members.
•We design our benefit packages to be competitive in the marketplace and they meet or exceed local laws. Full-time hourly team members are eligible for health insurance, parental leave, paid time off, and tuition assistance.
•We provide our team members with access to flexible and convenient medical benefits programs intended to meet their needs and the needs of their families. In addition to standard medical coverage, we offer eligible team members dental and vision coverage, health savings, flexible spending accounts, paid time off, employee assistance programs, voluntary short-term and long-term disability insurance, term life insurance and a 401(k) Savings Plan in the US.
•Signet provides health plan benefits for same-sex domestic partners/spouses and LGBTQ team members. Health insurance and parental leave benefits include same-sex partners, and health insurance benefits include fertility coverage and adoption benefits for LGBTQ families. All parents, regardless of gender, are eligible for parental leave benefits. Transgender benefits were announced in Fiscal 2021 and were fully implemented in Fiscal 2022.
•Signet has not raised employee premiums on medical benefits for two years in a row.
Communications and employee sentiment
Communication efforts are one of our key strategies to engage, educate and unite our team members. Signet launched its “Inspiring Love” corporate purpose in Fiscal 2021, followed by the launch of the Team Member Experience in Fiscal 2022.
In Fiscal 2022, the Company integrated Purpose-driven messaging into the employee experience and brought purpose to life through all of our actions. The Signet Team Member Experience provides timely, relevant and consistent messaging and engages our team in common growth objectives to support the success of the organization. The Team Member Experience unifies the Company as a whole, creates a unique value proposition, allows us to differentiate ourselves as a retailer and as an employer of choice. In the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022, Signet launched a Voice of the Employee survey. The survey results reflected a renewed and clear sense of Purpose with nearly 90% of team members understanding how their work contributes to Signet's Purpose. Throughout the year employee engagement scores steadily increased resulting in an increase of Signet’s annual retention rate of seven percentage points from Fiscal 2021 to Fiscal 2022.
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Collective bargaining
We respect our employees' rights to organize and engage in bargaining in good faith to reach a collective agreement that meets team members’ needs. Our diamond polishing factory employees in Gaborone, Botswana are covered by a collective bargaining agreement (represents less than 1% of Signet’s total employees). None of our employees in the UK and North America are covered by collective bargaining agreements.
MARKETS
Signet operates in the US, Canada and UK markets.
US
Based on the average of the most recent market estimates published by Euromonitor in July 2021, Mintel in September 2021, and Statista in October 2021, the total US jewelry and watch market was approximately $69 billion in 2021. This implies a Signet jewelry and watch market share of 9.3%. Since 2010, the industry average annual growth rate is 2%. Around 90% of the market is represented by jewelry, with the balance being attributable to watches. According to the latest data from the US Labor Department, as of September 2021 there were approximately 19,100 jewelry stores in the country, down 1% from the prior year.
Canada
Prior to 2020, the jewelry and watch market in Canada, according to the latest data available to Signet from Euromonitor, grew steadily since 2014, rising to an estimated $6.8 billion USD in 2019. However, COVID-19 impacted growth in 2020 and the market is still recovering, reaching a Euromonitor estimated market size of $6.4 billion USD in 2021, an increase of 12% from the previous year. From 2022 through 2026, Euromonitor predicts jewelry will record a 7% current value compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) (a 4% value CAGR at constant 2021 prices).
UK
In the UK, the jewelry and watch market was estimated at about £7.2 billion in 2021, up approximately 16% from the prior year, according to Euromonitor. Beginning in 2022, Euromonitor estimates the jewelry is expected to record a 5% current value CAGR (3% CAGR at 2021 constant prices) to reach £9.4 billion in 2026.
TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES
Signet is not dependent on any material patents or licenses in any of its segments. Signet has several well-established trademarks and trade names which are significant in maintaining its reputation and competitive position in the jewelry retailing industry. Some of these trademarks and trade names include the following:
•Kay®; Kay Jewelers®; Kay Jewelers Outlet®; Jared®; Jared The Galleria Of Jewelry®; Jared Vault®; Jared Jewelry Boutique®; Every Kiss Begins with Kay®; Jared Eternity®; Celebrate Life Express Love®; Leo®; the Leo Diamond®; Hearts Desire®; Chosen®; Now and Forever®; Ever Us®; James Allen®; Long Live Love®; Dare to be Devoted®; Love + Be Loved®; Brilliant Moments®; Closer Together®; Luminous Cut™; Vibrant Shades™; Love’s Radiance®; Forever Connected™; Every Love™; Bold Reflections®; Diamonds Direct®; and Rocksbox®.
•Zales®; Zales Jewelers™; Zales the Diamond Store®; Zales Outlet®; Gordon’s Jewelers®; Peoples Jewellers®; Peoples the Diamond Store®; Peoples Outlet the Diamond Store®; Piercing Pagoda®; Banter™; Arctic Brilliance®; Arctic Brilliance Canadian Diamonds®; Brilliant Buy®; Brilliant Value®; Celebration Diamond®; Celebration Ideal™; From This Moment®; Let Love Shine®; The Celebration Diamond Collection®; Unstoppable Love®; Endless Brilliance®; Everything You Are®; Love’s Destiny®; Zales Private Collection™; and Elegant Reflections®.
•H.Samuel®; Ernest Jones®; Ernest Jones Outlet Collection TM; Commitment®; Forever Diamonds®; The Kiss Collection®; Princessa Collection®; Radiance®; Secrets of the Sea®; Viva Colour®; It Feels Good To Gift TM; With You Forever TM, The Eternal Diamond – Cut From The Stars® ; H Samuel Style to Make You Smile® ; and Celebrate Your Story®.
SEASONALITY
Signet’s business is seasonal, with the fourth quarter accounting for approximately 35-40% of annual sales, as well as accounts for a substantial portion of the annual operating profit. The “Holiday Season” consists of results for the months of November and December, with December being the highest volume month of the year.
REGULATION
As a company with both US and international operations, we are required to comply with numerous laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, covering areas such as consumer protection, consumer privacy, data protection, consumer credit, consumer credit insurance, health and safety, waste disposal, supply chain integrity, truth in advertising and employment. Signet monitors changes in these laws to maintain compliance with applicable requirements.
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CLIMATE CHANGE
Signet recognizes that climate change poses a systemic risk to business operations.
Adverse effects of climate change, such as extreme weather events, particularly over a prolonged period of time, could negatively impact the Company’s business and results of operations if such conditions limit our consumers ability to access our stores, cause our consumers to limit discretionary spending, or disrupt our supply chains or distribution channels.
Adverse effects of climate change may increase the costs of diamond mining and diamond processing including cutting and polishing. Signet sources diamonds from around the world, and some locations may be more vulnerable to climate change. If the costs of natural diamonds increase, Signet may reallocate sourcing to lab-grown diamonds in line with customer preferences for cost and quality.
In Fiscal 2022, Signet took the first steps required to prepare the Company for disclosure in line with Task Force on Climate Related Disclosures (“TCFD”). Signet has put a governance structure in place to monitor climate-change risks and adjust business operations accordingly. Two Board level committees at Signet are responsible for monitoring climate change risks (1) the Audit Committee supervises risks across the Company, and (2) the Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability Committee supervises enterprise-wide policy regarding Signet’s 2030 Corporate Sustainability Goals, including Signet’s goal to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. At the Company level, Signet formed the Climate Action and Sustainability Committee (“CASC”) in June 2021. CASC is a cross-functional committee with leaders across Signet’s business operations with the mandate of improving Signet’s data disclosures on climate and monitoring the progress of Signet’s climate-related Corporate Sustainability Goals. Signet’s greenhouse gas emission data is published in our annual Sustainability report, which is available on the Company’s website. Signet is also in the process of instituting the policies and procedures required to disclose financial grade greenhouse gas emissions data.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Signet files annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other information with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Such information, and amendments to reports previously filed or furnished, is available free of charge from the Company’s corporate website, www.signetjewelers.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are filed with or furnished to the SEC. The SEC also maintains an internet site at www.sec.gov that contains the Company’s filings.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and the trading price of our common shares are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below. Many of the risks listed below are, and will be, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and any worsening of the economic environment. The following risk factors, among others, could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results and from those expressed in forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf in filings with the SEC, press releases, communications with investors and oral statements.
Risks Related to Global and Economic Conditions
The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a significant adverse impact on our business, and this outbreak, as well as other public health crises or disease outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics, has and could continue to adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and could continue to exacerbate other risk factors.
A public health crisis or disease outbreak, epidemic or pandemic, such as COVID-19, or the threat or fear of such an event, has adversely impacted and could continue to adversely impact our business. COVID-19 significantly impacted consumer traffic and our retail sales during Fiscal 2021, due to the public health risk and government-imposed quarantines and restrictions of public gatherings and commercial activity to contain spread of the virus. In March 2020 we temporarily closed all of our stores in North America, our diamond operations in New York, our support centers in the US, and effective March 24, 2020, temporarily closed all of our stores in the UK. During the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021, both the UK and certain provinces of Canada re-established mandatory store closures. The shutdown of our New York diamond operations disrupted, to some extent, the growth of our eCommerce business. Our business may be further impacted if the economy deteriorates due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or if additional federal or state mandates order the shutdown of our stores, support centers or distribution centers. Further, due to COVID-19, we have recorded and may continue to record non-cash asset impairment charges, which may affect our operating results under US GAAP.
Additionally, there is significant uncertainty around our customers’ willingness to continue to visit retail stores, particularly if the community transmission rates or health implications of new COVID-19 variants, such as the Omicron variant, create heightened risks. Social distancing protocols, government mandated occupancy limitations and general consumer behaviors due to COVID-19 may negatively impact store traffic, which may negatively impact our sales. Such negative impacts may be exacerbated during peak traffic times such as the Holiday shopping season. Further, there is no guarantee that the safety protocols we have implemented will be effective or be perceived as effective, and any virus-related illnesses linked or alleged to be linked to our stores, whether accurate or not, may negatively affect our reputation, operating results and/or financial condition. The COVID-19 pandemic also has disrupted our
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global supply chain, and may cause additional disruptions to operations, including increased costs of production and distribution. In addition, there could be further adverse impacts if our employees become sick, continue to be quarantined, or are otherwise limited in their ability to work at Company locations or travel. We may experience increased operational challenges due to the implementation of work from home policies for both office employees and store employees whose stores are temporarily closed. Remote working arrangements may increase risks associated with our information systems such as the risk of cybersecurity incidents or system failures, which could have an adverse effect on our business.
The uncertainty around the duration of business disruptions; the possibility of additional periods of increases or spikes in the number of COVID-19 cases; the impact of vaccines across the globe; and the extent of the spread of the virus in the US and other areas of the world, could continue to adversely impact the national or global economy and negatively impact consumer spending, particularly discretionary spending, and our stock price. Additionally, any COVID-19 vaccine mandates by local or federal governments could negatively impact our ability to attract and retain team members. If we are unable to continue to recruit and retain quality team members, including store and distribution center personnel, it could hinder our long-term strategies and success, and negatively impact our growth and profitability.
In the event of a prolonged economic downturn or acute recession, significant inflation, or increased supply chain shortages impacting our customers, suppliers, employees, products, stores or the economy as a whole, consumer spending habits could be adversely affected, and we could experience lower than expected sales and profitability. Any of these factors could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results; our level of indebtedness and covenant compliance; our ability to raise additional capital; our ability to execute our business plans; our access to and cost of financing; our lease obligations and relationships with our landlords; asset impairments; and our ability to execute and capitalize on our strategies. The full extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our operations, financial performance, and liquidity, depends on future developments that are uncertain and unpredictable, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, its impact on capital and financial markets on a macro-scale and any new information that may emerge concerning the severity of the virus, its spread to other regions and the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, among others. Further, as the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, the pace of the economic recovery and shifts in consumer discretionary spending and gifting to other categories such as travel and restaurants may negatively impact our results of operations or cash flows.
To the extent that COVID-19 has affected and continues to adversely affect the US and global economy, our business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition, it has heightened, and may continue to heighten, other risks described within the “Risk Factors” section in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 30, 2021. See the COVID-19 Update within Part I, Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a discussion of the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business operations.
Global economic conditions and regulatory changes following the UK’s exit from the European Union could adversely impact Signet’s business and results of operations located in, or closely associated with, the UK.
The UK formally exited the European Union on January 31, 2020 (often referred to as Brexit). The ongoing uncertainty within the UK’s government and parliament on the future relationship between the UK and the European Union has had an adverse impact on the UK’s economy and likely will continue to do so until the practical application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement struck between the UK and European Union to administer post-Brexit trade and future EU-UK relations is fully realized and understood. This is most notably the case as it relates to that part of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement applicable to Northern Ireland (which, whilst part of the UK, continues to follow some EU rules under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement – the “Northern Ireland Protocol”) in order to keep an open land border with the EU). Though the UK left the EU’s Single Market and Customs Union on January 1, 2021, expected border checks on imports from the EU remain to be implemented by the UK as it seeks to both re-negotiate parts of the Northern Ireland Protocol with the EU and defer the impact of elements of the changes triggered by Brexit. reach a definitive resolution on the outstanding trade and legal matters. This deferral and the associated bilateral discussions prolong includes uncertainty with respect to the impact of laws and regulations, including regulations applicable to Signet’s business, that will apply in the UK going forward. Brexit has also given rise to calls for the governments of other European Union member states to consider a referendum on withdrawal from the European Union for their territory. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, could adversely impact global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets. Any of these factors could depress economic activity, which could adversely impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations especially those located in, or closely associated with, the UK. Brexit could lead to long-term volatility in the currency markets and there could be long-term adverse effects on the value of the British pound. Brexit could also impact other currencies. Signet uses foreign currency derivative instruments to hedge certain exposures to currency exchange rate risks. Brexit could result in significant volatility in currency exchange rate fluctuations and increase Signet’s exposure to foreign currency rate exchange risks and reduce its ability to effectively use certain derivative instruments as a way to hedge risks.
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A decline in consumer spending may unfavorably impact Signet’s future sales and earnings, particularly if such decline occurs during the Holiday shopping season.
Our financial performance is highly dependent on US consumer confidence and the health of the US economy. The economic conditions in the US, the UK and Europe could impact our future sales and earnings. Conditions in the Eurozone have a significant impact on the UK economy even though the UK is not a member of the Eurozone, which together with uncertainty regarding the final terms of the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union, could adversely impact trading in the International segment, as well as adversely impact the US economy.
The success of our operations depends to a significant extent upon a number of factors relating to discretionary consumer spending. These include economic conditions, and perceptions of such conditions by consumers, consumer confidence, level of customer traffic in shopping malls and other retail centers, employment, the level of consumers’ disposable income, business conditions, interest rates, consumer debt and asset values, availability of credit and levels of taxation for the economy as a whole and in international, regional and local markets where we operate. As our sales are highly seasonal, a change in any one of these economic conditions during the Holiday shopping season could have an increased adverse impact on our sales.
Consumer spending may be affected by many factors outside of our control, including general economic conditions; consumer disposable income; consumer confidence; wage and unemployment levels; unexpected trends in merchandise demand; significant competitive and promotional activity by other retailers; the availability, cost and level of consumer debt; inflationary pressures; the increase in general price levels; domestic and global supply chain issues; the costs of basic necessities and other goods; effects of weather and natural disasters, whether caused by climate change or otherwise; epidemics, contagious disease outbreaks, pandemics and other public health concerns, including those related to COVID-19 (including variants such as the Omicron variant); or lockdowns of our stores, support centers or distribution centers due to governmental mandates or social unrest. Any prior increase in consumer discretionary spending during times of crisis may be temporary, such as those related to government stimulus programs or remote-work environments, and consumer spending may decrease again now that the government has terminated such stimulates programs and businesses terminate the ability to work remotely. Such decreases in consumer discretionary spending could result in a decrease in consumer traffic, same store sales, and average transaction values and could cause us to increase promotional activities, which would have a negative impact on our operating margins, all of which could negatively affect our business, results of operations, cash flows or stock price, particularly if consumer spending levels are depressed for a prolonged period of time. Furthermore, we believe government economic stimulus measures have a positive impact on our sales and as it is removed it is uncertain if or how long associated benefits may last.
Jewelry purchases are discretionary and are dependent on the above factors relating to discretionary consumer spending, particularly as jewelry is often perceived to be a luxury purchase. Adverse changes in the economy and periods when discretionary spending by consumers may be under pressure could unfavorably impact sales and earnings. We may respond by increasing discounts or initiating marketing promotions to reduce excess inventory, which could also have a material adverse effect on our margins and operating results.
Our business has historically been highly seasonal, with a significant proportion of our sales and operating profit generated during our fourth quarter, which includes the Holiday shopping season. We expect to continue experiencing a seasonal fluctuation in sales and earnings. Therefore, there is limited ability for us to compensate for shortfalls in fourth quarter sales or earnings by changes in our operations and strategies in other quarters, or to recover from any extensive disruption during the fourth quarter due to any of the factors noted elsewhere in this risk factor, particularly if lockdowns or weather events have an impact on a significant number of stores in the last few days immediately before Christmas Day or disruptions to warehousing, store replenishment systems or our ability to fulfill orders during the Holiday shopping season.
In addition, other retail categories and other forms of expenditure, such as electronics, entertainment and travel, also compete for consumers’ discretionary spending, particularly during the Holiday shopping season. Therefore, the price of jewelry relative to other products influences the proportion of consumers’ expenditures that are spent on jewelry. If the relative price of jewelry increases, if our competitive position deteriorates, or if pent up demand due to COVID-19 restrictions causes consumers to shift spending to more experience-oriented categories such as travel, concerts, and restaurants, our sales and operating profits would be adversely impacted.
An increase in general price levels (due to inflationary pressure, domestic and global supply chain issues or other macroeconomic factors) could also result in a shift in consumer demand away from jewelry and related services, which would adversely affect our sales and, at the same time, increase our operating costs including but not limited to materials, labor, fulfillment and advertising. We may not be able to adequately increase our prices over time at price points that consumers are willing to pay to offset such increased costs. An inability to increase retail prices to reflect higher commodity, labor, advertising and other operating costs, would result in lower profitability.
Particularly sharp increases in commodity costs may result in a time lag before increased commodity costs are fully reflected in retail prices or have an impact to our results of operations. As we use an average cost inventory methodology, volatility in our commodity costs may also result in a time lag before cost increases are reflected in retail prices. Further, even if price increases are implemented, there is no certainty that such increases will be sustainable or acceptable to consumers. These factors may cause decreases in gross and
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operating margins and earnings. In addition, any sustained increases in the cost of commodities could result in the need to fund a higher level of inventory or changes in the merchandise available to the customer, which could increase costs, disrupt our sales levels and negatively impact liquidity.
Any deterioration in consumers’ financial position, changes to the regulatory requirements regarding the granting of credit to customers or disruption in the availability of credit to customers could adversely impact the Company’s sales and earnings.
More than 40% of Signet’s sales in the US and Canada utilize third-party customer financing or payment programs, with the additional purchases being made in cash or using third-party bank cards. Any significant deterioration in general economic conditions or increase in consumer debt levels may inhibit consumers’ use of credit and decrease consumers’ ability to satisfy Signet’s requirements for access to customer finance, which could in turn have an adverse effect on the Company’s sales. There is also a risk that if credit is extended to consumers during times when economic conditions are strong, and then economic conditions subsequently deteriorate, consumers may not meet their current payment obligations, but these impacts would be substantially mitigated by the complete outsourcing of the payment programs, and the associated contractual obligations of Signet’s financing partners.
Additionally, the ability of Signet’s customers to obtain credit from our private label credit card providers and the terms of such credit depends on many factors, including continued arrangements with the parties providing the credit financing and compliance with applicable laws and regulations in the US and Canada, any of which may change from time to time. As discussed further in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, Signet has outsourced its third-party credit programs, however, if any of those third-party credit providers were to terminate, Signet may need to enter into other arrangements with other third-parties. If Signet is unable to find other potential providers to supply a similar third-party credit program and alternative payment options, Signet’s ability to extend credit to customers could be impaired, which could have an adverse effect on Signet’s business.
Any new regulatory initiatives or investigations by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (“CFPB”) or other state authority, or ongoing compliance with the Consent Order entered into on January 16, 2019 with the CFPB and the Attorney General for the State of New York relating to the Company’s in-store credit practices, promotions, and payment protection products could impose additional costs and/or restrictions on credit practices of the North America segment, which could have an adverse effect on the conduct of its business.
Because of the highly seasonal nature of Signet’s sales, any one of these factors that occurs during the Holiday Season would have an increased adverse impact.
Fluctuations in foreign exchange rates could adversely impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
Signet publishes its consolidated annual financial statements in US dollars. At January 29, 2022, Signet held approximately 90% of its total assets in entities whose functional currency is the US dollar and generated approximately 91% of its sales in US dollars for the fiscal year then ended. All the remaining assets and sales are primarily in British pounds and Canadian dollars. Therefore, the Company’s results of operations and balance sheet are subject to fluctuations in the exchange rates between the US dollar and both the British pound and Canadian dollar. Accordingly, any decrease in the weighted average value of the British pound or Canadian dollar against the US dollar, including due to Brexit as discussed above, would decrease reported sales and operating income.
The monthly average exchange rates are used to prepare the income statement and are calculated based on the daily exchange rates experienced by the International segment and the Canadian subsidiaries of the North America segment in the fiscal month. If British pounds or Canadian dollars are held or used to fund the cash flow requirements of the business, any decrease in the weighted average value of the British pound or Canadian dollar against the US dollar would reduce the amount of cash and cash equivalents.
In addition, the prices of certain materials and products bought on the international markets by Signet are denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, Signet and its subsidiaries have exposures to exchange rate fluctuations on its cost of goods sold, as well as volatility of input prices if foreign manufacturers and suppliers are impacted by exchange rate fluctuations.
Our future results of operations may be adversely affected by input cost inflation.
Many aspects of our business have been, and may continue to be, directly affected by volatile commodity costs and other inflationary pressures. Our input costs, particularly for diamonds, began to increase significantly beginning in the latter part of fiscal year 2021, and we expect input cost inflation to continue into fiscal year 2022. Commodities are subject to price volatility which can be caused by commodity market fluctuations, changes in currency exchange rates, imbalances between supply and demand, and government programs and policies among other factors. Volatile fuel costs translate into unpredictable costs for the products and services we
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receive from our third-party providers. While we seek to offset increased input costs with a combination of price increases to our customers, purchasing strategies, cost savings initiatives and operating efficiencies, we may be unable to fully offset our increased costs or unable to do so in a timely manner. If we are unable to fully offset such cost increases, our financial results could be materially adversely affected.
Signet’s business could be adversely affected by extreme weather conditions, natural disasters, or terrorism and acts of war.
Extreme weather conditions in the areas in which the Company’s stores are located could negatively affect the Company’s business and results of operations. For example, frequent or unusually heavy snowfall, ice storms, or other extreme weather conditions, whether as a result of climate change or otherwise, over a prolonged period could make it difficult for the Company’s salesforce or customers to travel to its stores and thereby reduce the Company’s sales and profitability, particularly if such events occur during the Company’s Holiday Season. In addition, natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, or wildfires, or a combination of these or other factors, could damage or destroy the Company’s facilities or make it difficult for the salesforce or customers to travel to its stores, thereby negatively affecting the Company’s business and results of operations.
Terrorism, armed conflict, and acts of war (or the expectation of such events), both in the US and abroad, could also have a significant impact on Signet’s business and the worldwide economy. At times throughout the past several years, volatile conditions have characterized financial markets. Significant market volatility, and government actions taken in response, may exacerbate some of the risks we face. Conflicts abroad could cause decreased demand for the Company’s products as consumers’ attention and interests are diverted from jewelry and become focused on issues relating to these events. For instance, the Russia-Ukraine conflict could adversely impact, among other things, certain of our local markets and suppliers, global and local macroeconomic conditions, foreign exchange rates and financial markets, raw material, energy and transportation costs, and cause further supply chain disruptions. These actions have a significant effect on macroeconomic conditions, give rise to regional instability and result in heightened economic sanctions from the US and the international community in a manner that adversely affects our business, and on an individual level, may impact the Company’s ability to manufacture and ship its merchandise for sale to customers. Given that Signet’s control over such issues, including both weather disasters and large-scale violence, is extremely limited, the Company in such situations would not have a great ability to mitigate the impacts on its business and operations.
Risks Related to Our Operations and Seasonality
Fluctuations in the pricing and availability of commodities, particularly polished diamonds and gold, which account for the majority of Signet’s merchandise costs, could adversely impact its earnings and cash availability.
The jewelry industry generally is affected by fluctuations in the price and supply of natural diamonds, gold and, to a lesser extent, other precious and semi-precious metals and stones.
In Fiscal 2022, prices for the assortment of polished diamonds utilized by Signet decreased slightly compared to prior years. The mining, production and inventory policies followed by major producers of rough diamonds can have a significant impact on natural diamond prices and demand, as can the inventory and buying patterns of jewelry retailers and other parties in the supply chain. The demand for natural diamonds is uncertain and could decrease, which would have an adverse impact on the Company.
The availability of diamonds is significantly influenced by the political situation in diamond producing countries and by the Kimberley Process, an inter-governmental agreement for the international trading of rough diamonds. Until acceptable alternative sources of diamonds can be developed, any sustained interruption in the supply of diamonds from significant producing countries, or to the trading in rough and polished diamonds which could occur as a result of disruption to the Kimberley Process, could adversely affect Signet, as well as the retail jewelry market as a whole. In addition, the current Kimberley Process decision-making procedure is dependent on reaching a consensus among member governments, which can result in the protracted resolution of issues, and there is little expectation of significant reform over the long-term. The impact of this review process on the supply of diamonds, and consumers’ perception of the diamond supply chain, is unknown. In addition to the Kimberley Process, the supply of diamonds to the US is also impacted by governmental trade sanctions, such as those imposed on Zimbabwe.
The possibility of constraints in the supply of diamonds of a size and quality Signet requires to meet its merchandising requirements may result in changes in Signet’s supply chain practices, including for example its rough sourcing initiative. In addition, Signet may from time to time choose to hold more inventory, purchase raw materials at an earlier stage in the supply chain or enter into commercial agreements of a nature that it currently does not use. Such actions could require the investment of cash and/or additional management skills. Such actions may not resolve supply constraints or result in the expected returns and other projected benefits anticipated by management.
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Additionally, a material increase in the supply of gem quality lab-created diamonds, combined with increased consumer acceptance thereof, could impact the supply and pricing in the natural diamond supply chain, as well as retail pricing.
While jewelry manufacturing is the major final demand for gold, management believes that the cost of gold is predominantly impacted by investment transactions, which have resulted in significant volatility in the gold price in recent years. Signet’s cost of merchandise and potentially its earnings may be adversely impacted by investment market considerations that cause the price of gold to significantly escalate.
An inability to increase retail prices to reflect higher commodity costs would result in lower profitability. Particularly sharp increases in commodity costs may result in a time lag before increased commodity costs are fully reflected in retail prices. As Signet uses an average cost inventory methodology, volatility in its commodity costs may also result in a time lag before cost increases are reflected in retail prices. Further, even if price increases are implemented, there is no certainty that such increases will be sustainable. These factors may cause decreases in gross margins and earnings. In addition, any sustained increases in the cost of commodities could result in the need to fund a higher level of inventory or changes in the merchandise available to the customer, which could increase costs and disrupt Signet’s sales levels.
Alrosa supplies more than 30% of the world’s diamonds. Sanctions against them specifically or the Russian Oligarchs by the US government or other governments may severely limit the supply of diamonds in the world.
The world’s sources of rough diamonds are highly concentrated in a limited number of countries. Varying degrees of political and economic risk exist in these countries. As a consequence, the diamond business is subject to various sovereign risks beyond Signet’s control, such as changes in laws and policies affecting foreign trade and investment. In addition, Signet is subject to various political and economic risks, including the instability of foreign economies and governments, labor disputes, war and civil disturbances and other risks that could cause production difficulties or stoppages, restrict the movement of inventory or result in the deprivation or loss of contract rights or the taking of property by nationalization or expropriation without fair compensation. Signet’s direct purchases from Alrosa and its sourcing arrangement in Russia do not represent a significant part of its operations. However, any interruption in the total market supply of diamonds due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict or domestic or foreign government sanctions against Alrosa or Russian diamonds may impact the ability of Signet’s suppliers to provide Signet with responsibly sourced diamonds that were mined by other companies or in other countries. Any significant disruption of Signet’s sources of supply, or restriction of inventory movement could have a material adverse effect on Signet’s results of operations or cash flows.
Signet may voluntarily disclose, or pursuant to the Dodd Frank Act and SEC rules must file public disclosures regarding the country of origin of certain supplies and materials, which could damage Signet’s reputation or impact the Company’s ability to obtain merchandise if customers or other stakeholders react negatively to Signet’s disclosures.
In August 2012, the SEC, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, issued final rules, which require annual disclosure and reporting on the source and use of certain minerals, including gold, from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries. The gold supply chain is complex and, while management believes that the rules currently cover less than 1% of annual worldwide gold production (based upon recent estimates), the final rules require Signet and other affected companies that file with the SEC to make specified country of origin inquiries of Signet’s suppliers, and otherwise to exercise reasonable due diligence in determining the country of origin and certain other information relating to any of the statutorily designated minerals (gold, tin, tantalum and tungsten), that are used in products sold by Signet in the US and elsewhere.
There may be reputational risks associated with the potential negative response of Signet’s customers and other stakeholders to future disclosures by Signet in the event that, due to the complexity of the global supply chain, Signet is unable to sufficiently verify the origin of the relevant commodities. Also, if future responses to verification requests by suppliers of any of the materials used in Signet’s products are inadequate or adverse, Signet’s ability to obtain merchandise may be impaired and its compliance costs may increase. It is possible that other minerals, such as diamonds, could be subject to similar disclosure requirements or rules.
Signet’s sales, operating income, cash and inventory levels fluctuate on a seasonal basis.
Signet’s business is highly seasonal, with a significant proportion of its sales and operating profit generated during its fourth quarter, which includes the Holiday Season. Management expects Signet to continue to experience a seasonal fluctuation in its sales and earnings. Therefore, there is limited ability for Signet to compensate for shortfalls in fourth quarter sales or earnings by changes in its operations and strategies in other quarters, or to recover from any extensive disruption, for example, due to sudden adverse changes in consumer confidence, consumer spending ability, economic conditions, unexpected trends in merchandise demand, significant competitive and promotional activity by other retailers, inclement weather conditions having an impact on a significant number of stores in the last few days immediately before Christmas Day or disruption to warehousing and store replenishment systems.
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Additionally, in anticipation of increased sales activity in the Holiday Season, Signet incurs certain significant incremental expenses prior to and during peak selling seasons, including advertising and costs associated with hiring a substantial number of temporary employees to supplement the Company’s existing workforce. A significant shortfall in results for the fourth quarter of any fiscal year would therefore be expected to have a material adverse effect on the annual results of operations as well as cash and inventory levels. Disruption at lesser peaks in sales at Valentine’s Day and Mother’s Day would also be expected to adversely impact the results.
Failure to manage inventory levels or to obtain merchandise that customers wish to purchase on a timely basis could have a materially adverse impact on sales and earnings.
In order to operate its business successfully, Signet must maintain sufficient inventory levels. This requires forecasting, especially in the case of the Holiday Season, and a balance between meeting customer demand and avoiding accumulating excess inventory. If management misjudges expected customer demand, fails to identify changes in customer demand, or its supply chain does not respond in a timely manner, a shortage of merchandise or an accumulation of excess inventory could occur, which could adversely impact Signet’s results.
Other factors that could affect the Company’s inventory management and planning team’s ability to accurately forecast customer demand for its products include:
•a substantial increase or decrease in demand for products of Signet’s competitors;
•failure to accurately forecast trends and customer acceptance for new products;
•new product introductions, promotions or pricing strategies by competitors, particularly during holiday periods;
•changes in the Company’s product offerings including seasonal items and the Company’s ability to replenish these items in a timely manner;
•changes to the Company’s overall seasonal promotional cadence and the number and timing of promotional events and clearance sales;
•more limited historical store sales information for stores in newer markets;
•weakening of economic conditions or consumer confidence in the future, which could reduce demand for discretionary items, such as jewelry; and
•acts or threats of war or terrorism or epidemics, which could adversely affect consumer confidence and spending or interrupt production and distribution of Signet’s products and raw materials.
If the Company is unable to forecast demand accurately, it may encounter difficulties in filling customer orders or in liquidating excess inventory at discount prices and may experience significant write-offs and customers could opt to purchase jewelry from a competitor. These outcomes could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s brand image, sales, gross margins, cash flow, competitive advantage and profitability.
Any difficulty or delay in executing or integrating an acquisition, a business combination or a major business or strategic initiative may result in expected returns and other projected benefits from such an exercise not being realized.
Most recently Signet acquired Diamonds Direct during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022. There is always the potential for difficulty or delay in execution and integration of an acquisition, a business combination, a major business or strategic initiative including our direct diamond sourcing capabilities, or a strategic plan, such as our Inspiring Brilliance plan, that may prevent us from realizing expected returns and other projected benefits from such exercises during the anticipated timeframe or at all. The long-term growth of our business depends on the successful execution of our evolving business and strategic initiatives. Any number of factors could impact the success of these initiatives, many of which are out of our control, and there can be no assurance that they will be successful or deliver their anticipated benefits. Some initiatives may require us to devote significant management, financial and other resources and may expose us to new and unforeseen risks and challenges. We may also incur significant asset impairment and other charges in connection with any such initiative.
The acquisition of companies with operating margins lower than ours may cause an overall lower operating margin. Our current borrowing agreements place certain limited constraints on our ability to make an acquisition or enter into a business combination, and future borrowing agreements could place tighter constraints on such actions. Further, our ability to retain key employees of an acquired company, maintain pre-acquisition cultural dynamics and team morale, and foster the entrepreneurial spirit of an acquired company, particularly while implementing policies, procedures and compliance measures we require, may impact our ability to successfully integrate an acquisition. A significant transaction could also disrupt the operation of our current activities and divert
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significant management time and resources. If we are unable to execute or integrate an acquisition, business combination, a major business or strategic initiative or a transformation plan, this could have a significant adverse effect on our results of operations.
Long-term changes in consumer attitudes toward jewelry could be unfavorable and harm jewelry sales.
Consumer attitudes toward diamonds, gold and other precious metals and gemstones influence Signet’s sales. Attitudes could be affected by a variety of issues including concern over the source of raw materials; the impact of mining and refining of minerals on the environment; the local community and the political stability of the producing country; labor conditions in the supply chain; and the availability of and consumer attitudes about substitute products such as cubic zirconia, moissanite and lab-created diamonds. An inability to effectively address a rapid and significant increase in consumer acceptance of lab-created diamonds, as well as a negative change in consumer attitudes toward jewelry, could adversely impact Signet’s sales and earnings. In addition, transparency regarding substitute products such as lab-created diamonds is important to maintaining consumer confidence. If the Company does not appropriately and adequately identify the use of the substitute products in its jewelry, its reputation and results could be adversely impacted.
New tariffs, if imposed on goods that the Company imports, could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.
In March 2018, the US Government announced tariffs on certain steel and aluminum products imported into the US, which resulted in reciprocal tariffs from the European Union on goods imported from the US. In September 2018, the US Government placed additional tariffs of approximately $200 billion on goods imported from China. These tariffs, which took effect on September 25, 2018, were initially set at a level of 10% until the end of 2018, at which point the tariffs rose to 25%. On September 1, 2019, the US Government placed additional tariffs of approximately $300 billion on goods imported from China. Depending on the type of import, a new 15% tariff became effective on September 1, 2019, but upon the Phase One Economic and Trade Agreement signed in January 2020, which became effective in February 2020, between the US and China was reduced to 7.5%. The 7.5% tariff applies to jewelry that the Company imports from China. China has already imposed tariffs on a wide range of American products in retaliation, and additional tariffs could be imposed by China in further retaliation. There is also a concern that the imposition of additional tariffs by the US could result in the adoption of additional tariffs by other countries as well. The escalation of trade tensions could have a significant, adverse effect on world trade and the world economy. While the Company does not believe that the recently enacted tariffs will materially impact its business, the imposition of additional or increased tariffs on jewelry or other items imported by it from China or other countries, or the Company’s inability to successfully manage inventory from China, could require the Company to increase prices to its customers or, if unable to do so, result in lowering its gross margin on products sold.
Signet depends on manufacturers and suppliers to provide it with sufficient quantities of quality products timely.
Ultimate delivery of Signet’s merchandise is substantially dependent upon third-party manufacturers and suppliers. In Fiscal 2022, the five largest suppliers collectively accounted for 19.6% of total purchases, with the largest supplier comprising 5.1%. A manufacturer’s or supplier’s inability to manufacture or deliver a product on time and of appropriate quality would impair Signet’s ability to respond to consumer demand, which would put the Company at a competitive disadvantage and result in lost sales. Costs would also be increased if Signet were to attempt to engage replacement manufacturers to rush orders on items that the Company needed immediately. See the risk factor above titled “The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a significant adverse impact on our business, and this outbreak, as well as other public health crises or disease outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics, has and could continue to adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and could continue to exacerbate other risk factors.” regarding the potential adverse impact COVID-19 could have on the Company’s supply chain.
Signet has close commercial relationships with a number of suppliers and management holds regular reviews with major suppliers to sustain continuity of these relationships. However, government requirements regarding sources of commodities, such as those required by the Dodd-Frank Act or sanctions on Alrosa or its management, could result in Signet choosing to terminate relationships with suppliers in the future due to a change in a supplier’s sourcing practices or Signet’s compliance with laws and internal policies. Damage to, or loss of, any of these relationships could have an adverse effect on results.
In addition, luxury and prestige watch manufacturers and distributors normally grant agencies the right to sell their ranges on a store-by-store basis. An inability to obtain or retain watch agencies for a location could harm the performance of that particular store. The watch brands sold by Ernest Jones, and to a lesser extent Jared, help attract customers and build sales in all categories. In the case of Ernest Jones, the inability to gain additional prestige watch agencies is an important factor in, and may reduce the likelihood of, opening new stores, which could adversely impact sales growth.
The growth in importance of other branded merchandise within the jewelry market may adversely impact Signet’s sales and earnings if it is unable to obtain supplies of or further develop branded merchandise that the customer wishes to purchase. In addition, if Signet
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loses the distribution rights to an important branded jewelry range or is committed to continue to carry a brand that is no longer viewed as on trend, it could adversely impact sales and earnings.
Risks Related to Competition and Innovation
Signet’s pricing compared to competitors, the increased price transparency in the market and the highly fragmented competitive nature of the retail jewelry industry, may have an adverse impact on Signet’s performance.
Critical to maintaining an optimal customer experience is a multi-faceted value proposition focused on attractive brand and category assortments, availability of financing, deep customer service and relationship building with the Company’s guest service professionals, as well as competitive pricing. Although not a singular differentiator to the Company’s value proposition, if significant price increases are implemented by any segment or across a wide range of merchandise, the impact on earnings will depend on, among other factors, the pricing by competitors of similar products and the response by customers to higher prices. Such price increases may result in lower sales and adversely impact earnings.
The retail jewelry industry is competitive. Signet’s competitors are specialty jewelry retailers, as well as other jewelry retailers, including department stores, mass merchandisers, discount stores, apparel and accessory fashion stores, brand retailers, shopping clubs, home shopping television channels, direct home sellers, online retailers and auction sites. Aggressive discounting by competitors may adversely impact Signet’s performance in the short term. This is particularly the case for easily comparable pieces of jewelry, of similar quality, sold through stores that are situated near those that Signet operates. Signet faces significant competition from independent and regional specialty jewelry retailers that are able to adjust their competitive stance, for example on pricing, to local market conditions. This can put individual Signet stores at a competitive disadvantage as Signet segments have a national pricing strategy.
Consumers are increasingly shopping or starting their jewelry buying experience online, which makes it easier for them to compare prices and quality with other jewelry retailers. If Signet’s brands do not offer the same or similar item at the lowest price, or if competitors offer a better and more user-friendly website experience than Signet, or financing that is easier to access or provides better terms, consumers may purchase their jewelry from competitors, which would adversely impact the Company’s sales and results of operations.
An inability to successfully develop and maintain a relevant OmniChannel experience for customers, failure to anticipate changing fashion trends in the jewelry industry, and poor execution of marketing programs and management of social media could result in a loss of confidence by consumers in Signet’s brand names and have an adverse impact on sales.
Signet’s business has evolved from primarily an in-store experience to interaction with customers across numerous channels, including in-store, online, mobile and social media, among others. OmniChannel retailing is rapidly evolving and Signet must keep pace with changing customer expectations and new developments by its competitors. Signet’s customers are increasingly using computers, tablets, mobile phones and other devices to comparison shop, determine product availability and complete purchases online. Signet must compete and remain relevant by offering a consistent and convenient shopping experience for its customers regardless of the ultimate sales channel and by investing in, providing and maintaining digital tools for customers that have the right features and are reliable and easy to use.
The ability to differentiate Signet’s stores, services, online experience and merchandise from competitors by better designs, branding and category assortments and the level and quality of customer service and marketing and advertising programs, is an important factor in attracting consumers. In today’s market, this differentiation requires, among other factors, keeping pace with trends in design, as well as setting new jewelry trends, effectively implementing an OmniChannel experience, and targeting effective media campaigns, including an expansion of social media use and new social media platforms, in order to build and maintain customer confidence in the Company and in the brands it sells. As a result, the Company needs to continuously innovate and develop its OmniChannel experience and social media strategies in order to maintain broad appeal with customers and brand relevance. These initiatives may not be successful, resulting in expenses incurred without the benefit of higher revenues, increased employee engagement or brand recognition. In a distressed economic and retail environment, in which many of the Company’s competitors continue to engage in aggressive promotional activities, any failure on Signet’s part to react appropriately to changing consumer preferences and fashion trends, including the failure to plan in advance and invest in marketing and advertising campaigns, could have an adverse impact on sales.
In addition, adverse or inaccurate information concerning the Company or its brands may be posted on social media platforms at any time, and such information can quickly reach a wide audience. The harm may be immediate without affording the Company an
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opportunity for redress or correction, and it is challenging to monitor and anticipate developments on social media in order to respond in an effective and timely manner. The Company could also be exposed to these risks if it fails to use social media responsibly in its marketing efforts, including the improper disclosure of proprietary information, exposure of personally identifiable information, fraud, or out-of-date information. Regardless of its basis or validity, any unfavorable publicity could adversely affect public perception of Signet’s brands. These factors could have a material adverse effect on its business.
If Signet fails to make, improve, develop or acquire relevant customer-facing technology in a timely manner, fails to keep pace with trendsetting, or if the Company’s marketing and social media advertising and efforts are not to scale or miss the mark, the customer could lose confidence in any of Signet’s brands, which could materially and adversely impact sales and earnings.
Risks Related to Technology and Security
Inadequacies in and disruption to systems could result in lower sales and increased costs or adversely impact the reporting and control procedures.
Signet is dependent on the suitability, reliability and durability of its systems and procedures, including its accounting, information technology, data protection, warehousing and distribution systems, and those of its service providers. If support ceased for a critical externally supplied software package or system, management would have to implement an alternative software package or system or begin supporting the software internally. Disruption to parts of the business could result in lower sales and increased costs.
Signet is in the process of substantially modifying its enterprise resource planning systems and certain web platforms, which involves updating or replacing legacy systems with successor systems and migrating some systems, data and functionality to cloud provider servers. These system changes and upgrades can require significant capital investments and dedication of resources. When evaluating and making such changes, there can be no assurances that the Company will successfully implement such changes, that significant additional investments will not be required beyond the project budget, that such changes will occur without disruptions to its operations or maintenance of its internal control compliance programs or that the new or upgraded systems will achieve the desired business objectives. Any damage, disruption or shutdown of the Company’s information systems, or the failure to successfully implement new or upgraded systems, could have a material adverse effect on Signet’s results of operations.
Security breaches and other disruptions to Signet’s information technology infrastructure and databases and failure of Signet’s customer-facing technology to function as intended or in accordance with applicable law could interfere with Signet’s operations, and could compromise Signet’s and its customers’ and suppliers’ information or cause other harm, exposing Signet to possible business interruptions and liability, which would have a material adverse effect on Signet’s business and reputation.
Signet is increasingly using mobile devices, social media and other online activities to connect with customers, staff and other stakeholders. Therefore, in the ordinary course of business, Signet relies upon information technology networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities, including eCommerce sales, supply chain, merchandise distribution, customer invoicing and collection of payments.
Signet also uses information technology systems to record, process and summarize financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Signet collects and stores this financial and other sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, the propriety business information of its customers and suppliers, as well as personally identifiable information of Signet’s customers and employees, in data centers and on information technology networks. Although we seek to prevent and detect attempts by unauthorized users to gain access to our IT systems, and incur significant costs to do so, our information technology network infrastructure has in the past been and may in the future be vulnerable to attacks by hackers, including state-sponsored organizations with significant financial and technological resources, breaches due to employee error, fraud or malice or other disruptions (including, but not limited to, computer viruses and other malware, denial of service, and ransomware), which may involve a privacy breach requiring us to notify regulators, customers or employees and enlist identity theft protection.
The secure operation of these networks, and the processing and maintenance of this information is critical to Signet’s business operations and strategy. Despite security measures and business continuity plans, Signet may not timely anticipate evolving techniques used to effect security breaches that may result in damage, disruptions or shutdowns of Signet’s and its third-party vendors’ networks and infrastructure due to attacks by hackers, including phishing or other cyber-attacks, or breaches due to employee error or malfeasance, or other non-hostile disruptions during the process of upgrading or replacing computer software or hardware, power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures or natural disasters or other catastrophic events. The occurrence of any of these events could compromise Signet’s or the third-party’s networks and the information stored there, including personal,
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proprietary or confidential information about Signet, its customers or its third-party vendors, and personally identifiable information of Signet’s customers and employees could be accessed, manipulated, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen, exposing its customers to the risk of identity theft and exposing Signet or its third-party vendors to a risk of loss or misuse of this information.
Signet and its third-party vendors have experienced successful attacks and breaches from time to time, however to date, these attacks or breaches have not had a material impact on Signet’s business or operations. Any such malfunction, access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or regulatory penalties under laws protecting the privacy of personal information, significant breach-notification costs, lost sales and a disruption to operations (including the Company’s ability to process consumer transactions and manage inventories), media attention, and damage to Signet’s reputation, which could adversely affect Signet’s business. In addition, it could harm Signet’s reputation and ability to execute its business through service and business interruptions, management distraction and/or damage to physical infrastructure, which could adversely impact sales, costs and earnings. If Signet is the target of a material cybersecurity attack resulting in unauthorized disclosure of its customer data, the Company may be required to undertake costly notification and credit monitoring procedures. Compliance with these laws will likely increase the costs of doing business.
In addition, if Signet’s online activities or other customer-facing technology systems do not function as designed or are deemed to not comply with applicable state and federal regulations concerning automated outbound contacts such as text messages and the sale, advertisement and promotion of the jewelry it sells, the Company may experience a loss of customer confidence, data security breaches, regulatory fines, lawsuits, lost sales or be exposed to fraudulent purchases.
The regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and privacy is becoming increasingly demanding, with new and changing requirements applicable to Signet’s business, including the General Data Protection Regulation and the California Consumer Privacy Act, and compliance with those requirements could result in additional costs, such as costs related to organizational changes, implementing additional protection technologies, training employees and engaging consultants. In addition, the Company could be subject to claims, fines, penalties or other liabilities for a failure to comply.
Failure to manage these risks could have a material adverse effect on Signet’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Risks Related to Asset Management
The Company’s inability to optimize its real estate footprint could adversely impact sales and earnings.
The success of Signet’s stores, as part of its OmniChannel strategy, is dependent upon a number of factors. These include the availability of desirable property, placement of stores in easily accessible locations with high visibility, the demographic characteristics of the area around the store, the design and maintenance of the stores, the availability of attractive locations within the markets/trade areas that also meet the operational and financial criteria of management, the terms of leases and Signet’s relationship with major landlords. If Signet is unable to maintain a real estate portfolio that satisfies its strategic, operational and financial criteria, through cost-effective strategic store closings and targeted, limited store openings, or if there is a disruption in its relationship with its major landlords, sales could be adversely affected.
Substantially all of Signet’s retail locations are leased, requiring significant cash flow to satisfy the lease obligations. Given the typical length of retail leases, Signet is dependent upon the continued popularity of particular retail locations. Following the initial terms of each lease, it is possible that Signet will not be able to negotiate contract terms favorable to the Company for future leases. This would cause occupancy costs to rise, which would either decrease profit margins at each specific store or force Signet to close certain retail locations.
Many Signet stores are located within shopping malls or shopping centers and benefit from heavy consumer traffic in such locations. Due to the increase in online shopping, there has been a substantial decline in shopping mall and shopping center traffic. If the Company does not focus its locations in attractive areas and/or increase its online sales, this trend away from shopping mall and shopping center purchases could adversely impact Signet’s operations and financial condition. As Signet tests and develops new types of store locations and designs, there is no certainty as to their success.
The rate of store footprint optimization is dependent on a number of factors including obtaining suitable real estate, the capital resources of Signet, the availability of appropriate staff and management, estimated sales transference rate and the level of the financial return on investment required by management.
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The Company’s ability to protect our physical assets or intellectual property could have a material adverse impact on our brands, reputation and operating results.
Signet’s jewelry products carry high value with resale potential and are therefore subject to loss by theft by customers, organized crime or other third-parties. In addition, products held by us for repair or service are also subject to risk of loss or theft. We have experienced theft in the past and loss by theft may continue or increase in the future. In addition, the security measures we take may not be effective in reducing losses. Higher rates of theft including theft by organized retail crime networks that orchestrate burglaries, “smash and grabs,” looting or shoplifting operations could adversely impact our reputation, operations and ultimately, our overall financial condition. Furthermore, other costs and expenses resulting from criminal activity such as increased security costs and measures to prevent such activity, increased repair costs and increased costs to retain, replace or recruit team members that may be concerned about future crime impacting our stores or the shopping centers they operate in may also adversely impact our reputation, operations and financial condition.
Signet’s trade names, trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property are important assets and an essential element of our strategy. The unauthorized reproduction, theft or misappropriation of our intellectual property could diminish the value of our brands or reputation and cause a decline in sales. Protection of our intellectual property and maintenance of distinct branding are particularly important as they distinguish our products and services from those of our competitors. The costs of defending intellectual property may adversely affect our operating results. In addition, any infringement or other intellectual property claim made against us, whether or not it has merit, could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, cause product delays, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. As a result, any such claim could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
If the Company’s goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or long-lived assets become impaired, the Company may be required to record significant charges to earnings.
The Company has a substantial amount of goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets on its balance sheet. The Company reviews goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The impairment evaluation requires significant judgment and estimates by management, and unfavorable changes in these assumptions or other factors could result in future impairment charges and have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s reported earnings. Such factors include the operating performance and cash flows of the Company’s stores, lower than anticipated consumer traffic, changes in customer behavior post-pandemic, changes in discount rates, changes in the Company’s real estate strategy or other key business initiatives. Additionally, a general decline in the market valuation of the Company’s common shares, whether related to Signet’s business or overall market conditions, could adversely impact the assumptions used to perform the evaluation of its goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets.
For further information on Signet’s evaluation of impairment for goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets, see “Critical Accounting Estimates” under Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Indebtedness
Signet’s share price may be volatile due to Signet’s results and financial condition or factors impacting the market overall, which could have a short or long-term adverse impact on an investment in Signet stock.
Signet’s share price has fluctuated and may fluctuate substantially as a result of variations in the actual or anticipated results and financial conditions of Signet and other companies in the retail industry. In addition, the stock market has experienced, and may continue to experience, price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market price of many retail and other stocks, including Signet’s, in a manner unrelated, or disproportionate, to the operating performance of these companies.
Signet provides public guidance on its expected operating and financial results for future periods. Such guidance is comprised of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this report and in Signet’s other public filings and public statements. Signet’s actual results may be below the provided guidance or the expectations of Signet’s investors and analysts, especially in times of economic uncertainty. In the past, when the Company has reduced its outlook related to certain measures in its previously provided guidance, the market price of its common stock has declined. If, in the future, Signet’s operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet guidance or the expectations of investors and analysts or if Signet reduces its outlook related to certain measures in its guidance for future periods, the market price of its common stock may decline. In addition, if the analysts that regularly follow the Company’s stock lower their rating or lower their projections for future growth and financial performance, the Company’s stock price could decline.
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The Company’s ability to borrow is important to its operations and financial covenants, credit ratings and interest rate volatility could all impact the availability of such debt and could adversely impact the Company’s financial results.
The Company has a significant amount of debt and redeemable preferred securities, and its ability to borrow is necessary to sustain its operations, particularly given the seasonal fluctuations in inventory and staffing requirements and the concentration of sales in the fourth quarter. This debt requires maintaining sufficient cash flow to make continuing payment obligations. Because a large portion of its financing is asset-based and secured, the Company’s ability to draw funds is dependent on maintaining a sufficient borrowing base and it is subject to the risk of loss of such assets to foreclosure or sale to satisfy its debt obligations.
Signet’s borrowing agreements include various financial and other covenants. A material deterioration in its financial performance could result in a breach of these covenants. In the event of a breach, the Company would have to renegotiate terms with its current lenders or find alternative sources of financing if current lenders required cancellation of facilities or early repayment. In addition, these covenants, in some cases, limit the Company’s flexibility to adapt its operations to changing conditions. The Company’s credit agreement terms also include exposure to variable interest rate debt and volatility in benchmark interest rates could adversely impact the Company’s financial results.
Additionally, credit rating agencies periodically review Signet’s capital structure and the quality and stability of the Company’s earnings, and should Signet need to obtain more financing, a credit rating downgrade would make it more difficult, expensive and restrictive to do so. Changes in general credit market conditions could also affect Signet’s ability to access capital at rates and on terms determined to be attractive.
If Signet’s ability to access capital becomes constrained, it may not be able to adequately fund its ongoing operations, dividends and share repurchases or planned initiatives and the Company’s interest costs will likely increase, which could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Risks Related to Human Capital
The Company’s ability to recruit, train, motivate and retain suitably qualified sales associates could adversely impact sales and earnings.
Management regards the customer experience as an essential element in the success of its business. Competition for suitable sales associates or changes in labor and healthcare laws could require Signet to incur higher labor costs. A shortage of qualified individuals, higher labor costs and the execution of strategic initiatives, including those designed to improve the customer experience, could result in disruptions to the performance of sales associates and an inability to recruit, train, motivate and retain suitably qualified sales associates, which could adversely impact sales and earnings.
Signet’s success is dependent on the strength and effectiveness of its relationships with its various stakeholders whose behavior may be affected by its management of social, ethical and environmental risks.
Social, ethical and environmental matters influence Signet’s reputation, demand for merchandise by consumers, the ability to recruit staff, relations with suppliers and standing in the financial markets. Signet’s success is dependent on the strength and effectiveness of its relationships with its various stakeholders: customers, shareholders, employees and suppliers. In recent years, stakeholder expectations have increased, as these stakeholders expect businesses to consider social, ethical, and environmental impacts while making business decisions, and Signet’s success and reputation will depend on its ability to meet these higher expectations. Signet’s success also depends upon its reputation for integrity in sourcing its merchandise, which, if adversely affected could impact consumer sentiment and willingness to purchase Signet’s merchandise.
Collective bargaining activity could disrupt the Company’s operations, increase labor costs or interfere with the ability of management to focus on executing business strategies.
The employees of Signet’s diamond polishing factory in Gaborone, Botswana are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. If relationships with these employees become adverse, operations at the factory could experience labor disruptions such as strikes, lockouts, boycotts and public demonstrations, which could negatively impact the Company’s diamond supply, increase costs and cause negative publicity. Labor regulation and the negotiation of new or existing collective bargaining agreements could lead to higher wage and benefit costs, changes in work rules that raise operating expenses, legal costs and limitations on the Company’s ability to take cost-saving measures during economic downturns. Any of these cost increases and constraints on Signet’s operations could adversely impact its results of operations.
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Risks Related to Compliance
The Company’s exposure to legal proceedings, tax matters, and/or regulatory or other investigations could reduce earnings and cash, as well as negatively impact debt covenants, leverage ratios and its reputation and divert management attention.
Signet is involved in legal proceedings incidental to its business. Litigation is inherently unpredictable. Any actual or potential claims against us, whether meritorious or not, or regulatory or other investigations, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation or litigation settlements, require significant amounts of management time, negatively impact Signet’s reputation and result in the diversion of significant operational resources. In addition, while Signet maintains insurance to cover various types of liabilities and loss, such coverage may not be sufficient to cover the full extent of any damages and expenses and the timing of any reimbursement may not correspond to the liabilities accrued or incurred.
At any point in time, various tax years are subject to, or are in the process of, audit by various taxing authorities. To the extent that management’s estimates of settlements change, or the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact income tax in the period in which such determinations are made.
The Company’s ability to satisfy the accounting requirements for “hedge accounting,” or the default or insolvency of a counterparty to a hedging contract, as well as changes in estimates, assumptions or applications in other or new accounting policies, could adversely impact results.
Signet hedges a portion of its purchases of gold for both its North America and International segments and hedges the US dollar requirements of its International segment. The failure to satisfy the appropriate accounting requirements, or a default or insolvency of a counterparty to a contract, could increase the volatility of results and may impact the timing of recognition of gains and losses in the statement of operations, which could have a negative impact on Signet’s results. Other accounting principles and related accounting pronouncements, implementation guidelines and interpretations with regard to a wide range of matters that are relevant to the Company’s business, including but not limited to, revenue recognition for extended service plans and lifetime warranty agreements and pension accounting, are highly complex and involve many subjective assumptions, estimates and judgments by the Company. Changes in these rules or their interpretation or changes in underlying assumptions, estimates or judgments could significantly change our reported or expected financial performance.
Failure to comply with labor regulations could adversely affect the Company’s business.
Various state, federal and global laws and regulations govern Signet’s relationship with its employees. Some examples of these laws include requirements related to minimum wage, sick pay, overtime pay, paid time off, workers’ compensation rates, and healthcare reform. These laws and regulations change frequently, and the ultimate cost of compliance cannot be precisely estimated. Failure by Signet to comply with labor regulations could result in fines and legal actions. In addition, the ability to recruit and retain staff could be harmed. These consequences could adversely affect the Company’s business.
The Company’s ability to comply with laws and regulations and adapt to changes thereto could adversely affect its business.
Signet’s policies and procedures are designed to comply with applicable laws and regulations. Changing legal and regulatory requirements in the US and other jurisdictions in which Signet operates have increased the complexity of the regulatory environment in which the business operates and the cost of compliance. Failure to comply with the various regulatory requirements may result in damage to Signet’s reputation, civil and criminal proceedings and liability, fines and penalties, and further increase the cost of regulatory compliance.
Changes in existing taxation laws, rules or practices may adversely affect the Company’s financial results.
The Company operates through various subsidiaries in numerous countries throughout the world. Consequently, Signet is subject to changes in tax laws, treaties or regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof in the US or jurisdictions where any subsidiaries operate or are incorporated. Tax laws, treaties and regulations are highly complex and subject to interpretation. The Company’s income tax expense is based upon interpretation of the tax laws in effect in various countries at the time such expense was incurred. If these tax laws, treaties or regulations were to change or any tax authority were to successfully challenge Signet’s assessment of the effects of such laws, treaties and regulations in any country, this could result in a higher effective tax rate on the Company’s taxable earnings, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.
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In addition, the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (“OECD”) has published an action plan seeking multilateral cooperation to reform the taxation of multinational companies. Countries already have begun to implement some of these action items, and likely will continue to adopt more of them over the next several years. This may result in unilateral or uncoordinated local country application of the action items. Any such inconsistencies in the tax laws of countries where the Company operates or is incorporated may lead to increased uncertainty with respect to tax positions or otherwise increase the potential for double taxation. Proposals for US tax reform also potentially could have a significant adverse effect on us. In addition, the European Commission has conducted investigations in multiple countries focusing on whether local country tax legislation or rulings provide preferential tax treatment in violation of European Union state aid rules. Any impacts of these actions could increase the Company’s tax liabilities, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
The Parent Company (as defined in Item 5) is incorporated in Bermuda. The directors intend to conduct the Parent Company’s affairs such that, based on current law and practice of the relevant tax authorities, the Parent Company will not become resident for tax purposes in any other territory. At the present time, there is no Bermuda income or profits tax, withholding tax, capital gains tax, capital transfer tax, estate duty or inheritance tax payable by the Parent Company or by its shareholders in respect of its common shares. The Parent Company has obtained an assurance from the Minister of Finance of Bermuda under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966 that, in the event that any legislation is enacted in Bermuda imposing any tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, such tax shall not, until March 31, 2035, be applicable to it or to any of its operations or to its shares, debentures or other obligations except insofar as such tax applies to persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda or is payable by it in respect of real property owned or leased by it in Bermuda. Given the limited duration of the Minister of Finance’s assurance, the Parent Company cannot be certain that it will not be subject to Bermuda tax after March 31, 2035. In the event the Parent Company were to become subject to any Bermuda tax after such date, it could have a material adverse effect on the Parent Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
International laws and regulations and foreign taxes could impact Signet’s ability to continue sourcing and manufacturing materials for its products on a global scale.
Signet is engaged in sourcing and manufacturing on a global scale, and as such, could be impacted by foreign governmental laws and regulations, foreign duties, taxes, and other charges on importing products, and international shipping delays or disruptions. Signet’s global operations are also subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other such anti-corruption laws. Additionally, labor relations and general political conditions in the countries where Signet sources and manufactures its materials could impact the ultimate shipment and receipt of such supplies and products.
Stakeholders may face difficulties in enforcing proceedings against Signet Jewelers Limited as it is domiciled in Bermuda.
It is doubtful whether courts in Bermuda would enforce judgments obtained by investors in other jurisdictions, including the US, Canada and the UK, against the Parent Company or its directors or officers under the securities laws of those jurisdictions or entertain actions in Bermuda against the Parent Company or its directors or officers under the securities laws of other jurisdictions.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The following table provides the location, use and size of Signet’s corporate, distribution, and other non-retail facilities required to support the Company’s global operations as of January 29, 2022:

Location |  | Function |  | Approximate square footage |  | Lease or Own |  | Lease expiration
Akron, Ohio |  | Corporate and distribution |  | 460,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2048
Akron, Ohio |  | Credit (1) |  | 86,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2048
Akron, Ohio |  | Training facility |  | 11,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2032
Akron, Ohio |  | Repair facility |  | 38,000 |  |  | Own |  | N/A
Barberton, Ohio |  | Non-merchandise fulfillment |  | 135,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2032
Charlotte, North Carolina |  | Corporate and administrative |  | 8,900 |  |  | Lease |  | 2023
Dallas, Texas |  | Repair facility (2) |  | 31,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2029
Dallas, Texas |  | Administrative |  | 190,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2029
Frederick, Maryland |  | Customer service |  | 7,716 |  |  | Lease |  | 2022
New York City, New York |  | Administrative |  | 17,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2023
New York City, New York |  | Administrative |  | 8,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2027
New York City, New York |  | Distribution and fulfillment |  | 1,819 |  |  | Lease |  | 2024
San Francisco, California |  | Administrative |  | 6,178 |  |  | Lease |  | 2024
Markham, Ontario (Canada) |  | Distribution and fulfillment |  | 31,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2026
Birmingham, UK |  | Corporate, distribution and eCommerce fulfillment |  | 235,000 |  |  | Own |  | N/A
Watford, UK |  | Administrative |  | 20,500 |  |  | Lease |  | 2037
Gaborone, Botswana |  | Diamond polishing |  | 34,200 |  |  | Own |  | N/A
Mumbai, India |  | Diamond liaison |  | 3,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2026
Ramat-Gan, Israel |  | Technology center |  | 1,000 |  |  | Lease |  | 2023
Herzelia, Israel |  | Technology center |  | 12,700 |  |  | Lease |  | 2023

(1) The indicated property has been partially subleased to a third party service provider in conjunction with the Company’s outsourced credit program. See Note 13 of Item 8 for further details.
(2) The indicated property has a sublease option.
Sufficient distribution exists in all geographies to meet the respective needs of the Company’s operations.
Global retail property
Signet attributes great importance to the location and appearance of its stores. Accordingly, in each of Signet’s divisions, investment decisions on selecting sites and refurbishing stores are made centrally, and strict real estate and investment criteria are applied. Below is a summary of property details by geography for Signet’s retail operations as of January 29, 2022:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | North America segment |  |  |  |  |  | International segment |  | Signet
US |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,412 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,412 |
Canada |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |
UK |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 335 |  |  | 335 |
Republic of Ireland |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Channel Islands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,506 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 348 |  |  | 2,854 |

North America retail property
Signet’s North America segment operates stores and kiosks in the US and Canada, with substantially all of the locations being leased. In addition to a minimum annual rent cost, the majority of mall stores are also liable to pay rent based on sales above a specified base level. In Fiscal 2022, the majority of the mall stores and kiosks only made base rental payments. Under the terms of a typical lease, the Company is required to conform and maintain its usage to agreed standards, and is responsible for its proportionate share of expenses associated with common area maintenance, utilities and taxes of the mall.
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The initial term of a mall and off-mall store leases, excluding Jared and Diamonds Direct, are generally five years for North America, with off-mall leases also including various options for extension or renewal. New Banter locations generally have leases with terms ranging from three to five years. Towards the end of a lease, Signet evaluates whether to renew a lease and refit the store, using similar operational and investment criteria as for a new store. Where the Company is uncertain whether the location will meet its required return on investment, but the store is profitable, the leases may be renewed for one to two years, during which time the store’s performance is further evaluated. The Company not only monitors the stores’ performance but also monitors other factors such as trade area and mall grade. Jared and Diamonds Direct stores are normally opened with lease terms ranging from ten to twenty years with options to extend the lease, and rents are not sales related.
At January 29, 2022, the average unexpired lease term of leased premises for the North America segment was approximately two years for Kay and Zales mall locations and four years for off-mall Kay and Zales locations. Jared locations on average had five years remaining. Approximately 85% of leases for these banners had terms expiring within five years. Diamonds Direct had on average eight years remaining. Banter average lease term remaining is one year and all but two of these leases had terms expiring within five years.
The cost of a new Kay or Zales mall store is typically between $0.1 million and $0.8 million. The cost of a new Jared store is typically between $2.1 million and $3.3 million. The cost of a new Diamonds Direct store is approximately $1.5 million to $2.8 million. The cost of a new Banter kiosk is approximately $0.1 million, and the cost of a Banter Inline location is approximately $0.4 million. The cost of remodels and refurbishments can vary greatly by location and age of store.
In the US, the North America segment collectively leases approximately 17% of store and kiosk locations from a single lessor. In Canada, it leases approximately 50% of its store locations from four lessors, with no individual lessor relationship exceeding 15% of its store locations. The segment had no other relationship with any lessor relating to 10% or more of its locations.
During the past five fiscal years, the Company generally has been successful in renewing its store leases as they expire and has not experienced difficulty in securing suitable locations for its stores. No store lease is individually material to Signet’s operations.
International retail property
The International segment’s stores are generally leased under full repairing and insuring leases (equivalent to triple net leases in the US). Wherever possible, Signet is shortening the length of new leases that it enters into or including break clauses in order to improve the flexibility of its lease commitments. At January 29, 2022, the average unexpired lease term of International premises was six years, and a majority of leases had either break clauses or terms expiring within five years. Rents are usually subject to upward review every five years if market conditions so warrant. An increasing proportion of rents also have an element related to the sales of a store, subject to a minimum annual value.
At the end of the lease period, subject to certain limited exceptions, leaseholders in the UK generally have statutory rights to enter into a new lease of the premises on negotiated terms. As current leases expire, Signet believes that it will be able to renew leases, if desired, for present store locations or to obtain leases in equivalent or improved locations in the same general area. Signet has not experienced difficulty in securing leases for suitable locations for its International stores. No store lease is individually material to Signet’s operations.
A typical International segment store undergoes a remodel or refurbishment every 5-10 years. It is intended that these investments will be financed by cash from operating activities. The cost of remodeling a regular store is typically between $0.4 million and $0.8 million for both H. Samuel and Ernest Jones, while remodels in prestigious locations could exceed these amounts.
The International segment has no relationship with any lessor relating to 10% or more of its store locations.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
See discussion of legal proceedings in Note 28 of Item 8.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market and dividend information
The Company’s common shares (symbol: SIG) are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).
Future payments of quarterly dividends will be based on Signet’s ability to satisfy all applicable statutory and regulatory requirements and its continued financial strength. Any future payment of cash dividends will depend upon such factors as Signet’s earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, restrictions under Signet’s credit facility, legal restrictions and other risk factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors (“Board”). See Item 1A Risk Factors.
Number of common shareholders
As of March 11, 2022, there were approximately 6,734 shareholders of record of the Company’s common shares.
Repurchases of equity securities
The following table contains the Company’s repurchases of common shares in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022:

Period | Total number of shares purchased(1) |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs(2) |  | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
October 31, 2021 to November 27, 2021 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $183,922,862
November 28, 2021 to December 25, 2021 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $183,922,862
December 26, 2021 to January 29, 2022 | 2,758,878 |  |  | $ | 79.99 |  |  | 2,758,644 |  |  | $463,263,330
Total | 2,758,878 |  |  | $ | 79.99 |  |  | 2,758,644 |  |  | $463,263,330

(1) Includes 234 shares delivered to Signet by employees to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations due upon the vesting or payment of stock awards under share-based compensation programs. These are not repurchased in connection with any publicly announced share repurchase programs.
(2) In June 2017, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $600.0 million of Signet’s common shares (the “2017 Program”). The 2017 Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. In August 2021, the Board authorized the increase the remaining share repurchase under the 2017 Program of up to $225.0 million, and in January 2022, the Board further authorized an additional $500.0 million. On January 21, 2022, the Company entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement (“ASR”) with a large financial institution to repurchase $250 million of the Company’s common shares. In January 2022, the Company made a payment of $250 million and took delivery of 2.5 million shares based on a price of $80 per share, which is 80% of the total repurchase amount. The ASR provides for an additional delivery at the final settlement of the ASR such that the Company receives a total number of shares equal to $250 million divided by the per share purchase price determined under the ASR’s valuation provisions. The amount repurchased in Fiscal 2022 excludes $50 million related to the forward purchase contract of the ASR. In March 2022, the Company received an additional 0.8 million shares for the final settlement of the ASR.
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Performance graph
The following performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be filed with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent that Signet specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing.
Historical share price performance should not be relied upon as an indication of future share price performance. The following graph compares the cumulative total return to holders of Signet’s common shares against the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Specialty Retail Index for the five year period ended January 29, 2022. The comparison of the cumulative total returns for each investment assumes that $100 was invested in Signet’s common shares and the respective indices on January 28, 2017 through January 29, 2022.
Related Shareholder Matters
Signet Jewelers Limited (the “Parent Company”) is classified by the Bermuda Monetary Authority as a non-resident of Bermuda for exchange control purposes. Issues and transfers of the Parent Company’s common shares involving persons regarded as non-residents of Bermuda for exchange control purposes may be effected without specific consent under the Exchange Control Act 1972 of Bermuda and regulations thereunder for so long as the Parent Company’s common shares are listed on an appointed stock exchange (which includes the NYSE). Issues and transfers of common shares involving persons regarded as residents in Bermuda for exchange control purposes may require specific prior approval under the Exchange Control Act 1972 of Bermuda and regulations thereunder.
The owners of common shares who are non-residents of Bermuda are not subject to any restrictions on their rights to hold or vote their shares. Because the Parent Company is classified as a non-resident of Bermuda for exchange control purposes, there are no restrictions on its ability to transfer funds into and out of Bermuda or to pay dividends, other than in respect of local Bermuda currency.
There is no reciprocal tax treaty between Bermuda and the US regarding withholding taxes. Under existing Bermuda law, there is no Bermuda income or withholding tax on dividends paid by the Parent Company to its shareholders. Furthermore, under existing Bermuda law, no Bermuda tax is levied on the sale or transfer of Signet common shares.
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The discussion and analysis in this Item 7 are intended to provide the reader with information that will assist in understanding the significant factors affecting the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and information. The Company's actual results could materially differ from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this report, particularly in “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements.”
This management's discussion and analysis provides comparisons of material changes in the consolidated financial statements for Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021. For a comparison of Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020, refer to Item 7 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 30, 2021 filed with the SEC on March 19, 2021.
OVERVIEW
Impacts of COVID-19
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was identified in Wuhan, China. During Fiscal 2021, the Company experienced significant disruption to its business, specifically in its retail store operations through temporary closures during the first half of Fiscal 2021. By the end of the third quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company had re-opened substantially all of its stores. However, during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021, both the UK and certain Canadian provinces re-established mandated temporary closure of non-essential businesses. The UK stores began to reopen in April 2021 and Canadian stores began reopening in the second quarter of Fiscal 2022. To date, the Company’s operations have not been significantly impacted by the resurgence of COVID-19 or any variants that began emerging in the second quarter of Fiscal 2022. The Company continues to actively monitor and manage the situation related to its store and support center operations focusing on the health and safety of its employees, customers, suppliers and shareholders, and considering all guidelines from state and federal government and health organizations.
COVID-19 significantly altered the retail climate and the Company has been navigating that change by accelerating its application of the key strategic initiatives developed over the past few years including the Company’s focus on becoming an OmniChannel leader, focusing on the needs of its customers, removing non-customer facing costs, and optimizing its real estate footprint. The Company continues to maintain its cost diligence efforts as the Company executes on its Inspiring Brilliance strategy, as further described below and in the Purpose and Strategy section within Item 1 this Annual Report.
During the past two years, the Company also took numerous actions to maximize its financial flexibility, bolster its liquidity and strengthen its balance sheet, both strategically and as temporary measures as a result of COVID-19. Refer to the Liquidity and Capital
Resources section below for further information.
Outlook and strategy
Signet’s sales grew 28.6% during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022 compared to the same quarter of Fiscal 2021, as the Company’s organic growth this quarter was bolstered by the addition of Diamonds Direct USA Inc. (“Diamonds Direct”) to Signet’s portfolio on November 17, 2021. This growth also reflects sustainable enhancements to Signet’s connected commerce capabilities, digital marketing effectiveness, the strength of Signet’s banner differentiation and inventory management. The Company’s focus on its connected commerce shopping experience, both online and in-store, helped maintain strong conversion rates and improve average transaction values during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022. During Fiscal 2023, the Company will continue to execute the initiatives under its Inspiring Brilliance strategy, which is focused on the achievement of sustainable, industry leading growth. As described in the Purpose and Strategy section within Item 1 this Annual Report, through its Inspiring Brilliance strategy, the Company will focus on leveraging its core strengths that it developed over the past few years with the goal of creating a broader mid-market for jewelry and increasing Signet’s share of that larger market as the industry leader.
Although the Company has not experienced a significant impact to Fiscal 2022 results, Signet continues to expect some shift of consumer discretionary spending away from the jewelry category reflecting decelerating levels of consumer confidence and pent-up demand for experience-oriented categories in Fiscal 2023; however, the timing and magnitude of any shift is difficult to predict. Following a year of heightened growth, jewelry industry revenues are expected to flat to down slightly in the coming year. However, the Company believes that its banner value propositions, including the Diamonds Direct addition to Signet‘s portfolio, the strength of the Company’s product assortment and its investments in digital and flexible fulfillment methods are expected to continue fueling a strong response from customers across merchandise categories and banners in Fiscal 2023. Furthermore, the Company will continue its diligent and effective efforts to drive structural cost savings and mitigate supply chain disruption.
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The full extent of the COVID-19 pandemic impacts on the Company’s business in Fiscal 2023 or longer term, and whether the strong results in Fiscal 2022 will continue, remains unclear. Continued uncertainties exist that could impact the Company’s results of operations or cash flows, such as potential resurgence of COVID-19 in key trade areas, the ability to recruit and retain qualified team members, organized retail crime, extended duration of heightened unemployment in certain areas, pricing and inflationary environment changes impacting the Company (including, but not limited to, materials, labor, fulfillment and advertising costs) or the consumers’ ability to spend. In addition, although the Company believes economic stimulus measures have had a positive impact on current year results, it is uncertain how long this impact will continue.
Diamonds Direct acquisition
On November 17, 2021, the Company finalized its acquisition of Diamonds Direct for initial cash consideration of $501.2 million, net of cash acquired, and subject to customary post-closing adjustments per the Transaction Agreement (“Transaction Agreement”). Diamonds Direct is an off-mall, destination jeweler in the US operating in 22 retail locations with a highly productive, efficient operating model with demonstrated growth and profitability. Diamonds Direct was immediately accretive to Signet following the acquisition date. Diamonds Direct's strong value proposition, extensive bridal offering and customer centric, high-touch shopping experience is a destination for younger, luxury-oriented bridal shoppers. Diamonds Direct strategically expands Signet’s market in accessible luxury and bridal, provides access to a new customer base and furthers Signet’s opportunity to build lifetime customer relationships. Signet plans to grow Diamonds Direct while driving operating margin expansion over time through operating synergies in purchasing, targeted marketing and connected commerce.
Market and operating conditions
The Company faces a highly competitive and dynamic retail landscape throughout the geographies where it does business, as well as a challenging macro-economic and political environment in the UK market. Refer to Item 1 for further information on the Company’s business, markets and strategy.
Exchange translation impact
Monthly average exchange rates are used to prepare the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. In Fiscal 2023, it is anticipated a five percent movement in the British pound to US dollar exchange rate would impact the Company’s income before income taxes by approximately $0.7 million, while a five percent movement in the Canadian dollar to US dollar exchange rate would impact the Company’s income before income taxes by approximately $1.0 million.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Fiscal 2022 Overview
Similar to many other retailers, Signet follows the retail 4-4-5 reporting calendar. Both Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021 were 52 week reporting periods.
Same store sales
Management considers same store sales useful as it is a major benchmark used by investors to judge performance within the retail industry. Same store sales growth is calculated by comparison of sales in stores that were open in both the current and the prior fiscal year. Sales from stores that have been open for less than 12 months are excluded from the comparison until their 12-month anniversary. Sales from stores that were acquired during the period and have not been included in the Company’s results for both the current and prior period presented are also excluded from same store sales. Sales after the 12-month anniversary are compared against the equivalent prior period sales within the comparable store sales comparison. Stores closed in the current financial period are included up to the date of closure and the comparative period is correspondingly adjusted. Stores that have been relocated or expanded, but remain within the same local geographic area, are included within the comparison with no adjustment to either the current or comparative period. Stores that have been refurbished are also included within the comparison except for the period when the refurbishment was taking place, when those stores are excluded from the comparison both for the current year and for the comparative period. Same store sales are also impacted by certain accounting adjustments to sales, primarily related to the deferral of revenue from the Company’s extended service plans.
As discussed in the Overview section above, because of COVID-19, the Company temporarily closed all of its stores in the first quarter of Fiscal 2021, as well as certain stores in the UK and Canada during the fourth quarter. Same store sales as presented in the results of operations below for Fiscal 2021 have not been adjusted to remove the impact of these temporary store closures.
eCommerce sales include all sales with customers that originate online, including direct to customer, ship to store, and buy online, pick-up in store ("BOPIS"). eCommerce sales are included in the calculation of same store sales for the period and the comparative figures from the anniversary of the launch of the relevant website. Brick and mortar same store sales are calculated by removing the eCommerce sales from the same store sales calculation described above. Comparisons at the divisional level are made in local
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currency and consolidated comparisons are made at constant exchange rates and exclude the effect of exchange rate movements by recalculating the prior period results as if they had been generated at the weighted average exchange rate for the current period. Same store sales exclude the 53rd week in the fiscal year in which it occurs.
Cost of sales and gross margin
Cost of sales is mostly composed of merchandise costs (net of discounts and allowances). Cost of sales also contains:
•Occupancy costs such as rent, common area maintenance, depreciation and real estate taxes.
•Store operating expenses such as utilities, displays and third-party merchant credit costs.
•Distribution and warehousing costs including freight, processing, inventory shrinkage and related payroll.
As the classification of cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses varies from retailer to retailer, Signet’s gross margin percentage may not be directly comparable to other retailers.
Factors that influence gross margin include pricing, promotional environment, changes in merchandise costs, changes in non-merchandise components of cost of sales (as described above), changes in sales mix, foreign exchange, gold and currency hedges and the economics of services such as repairs and extended service plans. The price of diamonds varies depending on their size, cut, color and clarity. Signet uses gold and currency hedges to reduce its exposure to market volatility in the cost of gold and the British pound to the US dollar exchange rate, but it is not able to do so for diamonds. For gold and currencies, the hedging period can extend up to 24 months, although the majority of hedge contracts will normally be for a maximum of 12 months.
Signet uses an average cost inventory methodology and, as jewelry inventory turns slowly, the impact of movements in the cost of diamonds and gold takes time to be fully reflected in the gross margin. Signet’s inventory turns faster in the fourth quarter than in the other three quarters, therefore, changes in the cost of merchandise is more impactful on the gross margin in that quarter. Furthermore, Signet’s hedging activities result in movements in the purchase cost of merchandise taking some time before being reflected in the gross margin. An increase in inventory turn would accelerate the rate at which commodity costs impact gross margin.
Selling, general and administrative expense (“SG&A”)
SG&A expense primarily includes store staff and store administrative costs as well as advertising and promotional costs. It also includes field support center expenses such as information technology, finance, eCommerce and other operating expenses (including credit losses) not specifically categorized elsewhere in the consolidated statements of operations.
The primary drivers of staffing costs are the number of full-time equivalent employees and the level of compensation, taxes and other benefits paid. Management varies, on a store by store basis, the hours worked based on the expected level of selling activity, subject to minimum staffing levels required to operate the store. Non-store staffing levels are less variable. A significant element of compensation is performance-based and is primarily dependent on sales and operating profit.
The level of advertising expenditures can vary. The largest element of advertising expenditures has historically been national television advertising; however, Signet has continued to invest more on digital and social marketing in recent years as part of its transformational initiatives, in order to evolve its marketing allocations based on consumer habits, business needs, and maximize return on investment (“ROI”) on its advertising investments.
Other operating income (loss)
Other operating income (loss) primarily consists of miscellaneous operating income and expense items such as interest income from customer in-house finance receivables, litigation settlements, foreign currency gains and losses, and gains and losses from de-designated or undesignated derivative contracts. See Note 12 in Item 8 for further detail on the Company’s other operating income.
COMPARISON OF FISCAL 2022 TO FISCAL 2021
•Total sales: up 49.7%.
•Same store sales: up 48.5%.
•Diluted earnings (loss) per share: $12.22 compared to $(0.94) in Fiscal 2021.
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| Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  |
(in millions) | $ |  | % of sales |  | $ |  | % of sales |  |  |  |
Sales | $ | 7,826.0 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,226.9 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | (4,702.0) |  |  | (60.1) |  |  | (3,493) |  |  | (66.8) |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring charges - cost of sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Gross margin | 3,124.0 |  |  | 39.9 |  |  | 1,732.5 |  |  | 33.1 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (2,230.9) |  |  | (28.5) |  |  | (1,587.4) |  |  | (30.4) |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring charges | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | (46.2) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill and intangible impairments | (1.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (159.0) |  |  | (3.0) |  |  |  |  |
Other operating income | 8.5 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (loss) | 903.4 |  |  | 11.5 |  |  | (57.7) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | (16.9) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (32.0) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  |  |  |
Other non-operating loss, net | (2.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 884.4 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | (89.7) |  |  | (1.7) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (114.5) |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 74.5 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 769.9 |  |  | 9.8 | % |  | $ | (15.2) |  |  | (0.3) | % |  |  |  |

Year to date sales
In Fiscal 2022, Signet’s sales were $7.8 billion, up $2.6 billion or 49.7%, compared to $5.2 billion in Fiscal 2021. Total same store sales increased by 48.5%, compared to a decrease of 10.8% in Fiscal 2021. This growth reflects continued strong business momentum driven by the strength of Signet’s connected commerce capabilities and holiday shopping, as well as the traction from strategic initiatives such as new product launches. Furthermore, the Company’s “always-on” marketing strategy, combined with consumer inspired promotional events as well as the strength of the Company’s product assortment drove a strong response from customers across merchandise categories and banners during the fourth quarter.
eCommerce sales were $1.5 billion and 19.3% of total sales compared to $1.2 billion and 22.7% of total sales in Fiscal 2021. The increase in eCommerce sales reflects the enhanced eCommerce capabilities, digital first focus and connected commerce strategies that are resonating with customers. The Company’s focus on its connected commerce shopping experience, both online and in-store, helped maintain improved conversion rates and average transaction values during Fiscal 2022.
The breakdown of Signet’s sales performance during Fiscal 2022 is set out in the table below:

| Change from previous year |  |
Fiscal 2022 | Same store sales |  | Non-same store sales, net (2) |  |  |  | Total sales at constant exchange rate |  | Exchange translation impact |  | Total sales as reported |  | Total sales (in millions)
North America segment | 49.5 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  |  |  | 49.9 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 50.1 | % |  | $ | 7,264.8 |
International segment | 34.7 | % |  | (3.0) | % |  |  |  | 31.7 | % |  | 6.7 | % |  | 38.4 | % |  | $ | 492.4 |
Other segment (1) | nm |  | nm |  |  |  | nm |  | nm |  | nm |  | $ | 68.8 |
Signet | 48.5 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  |  |  | 49.0 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 49.7 | % |  | $ | 7,826.0 |

(1) Includes sales from Signet’s diamond sourcing initiative.
(2) Includes sales from acquired businesses from the date of acquisition through the end of the period.
nm Not meaningful.
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Average merchandise transaction value (“ATV”) is defined as net merchandise sales on a same store basis divided by the total number of customer transactions. As such, changes from the prior year do not recompute within the table below.

| Average Merchandise Transaction Value (1)(2) |  | Merchandise Transactions
| Average Value |  | Change from previous year |  | Change from previous year
Fiscal Year | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
North America segment | $ | 448 |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | 14.3 | % |  | — | % |  | 29.2 | % |  | (7.6) | %
International segment (3) | £ | 129 |  |  | £ | 153 |  |  | (17.3) | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 30.7 | % |  | (30.4) | %

(1) Net merchandise sales within the North America segment include all merchandise product sales, net of discounts and returns. In addition, excluded from net merchandise sales are sales tax in the US, repair, extended service plan, insurance, employee and other miscellaneous sales. As a result, the sum of the changes will not agree to change in same store sales.
(2) Net merchandise sales within the International segment include all merchandise product sales, including value added tax (“VAT”), net of discounts and returns. In addition, excluded from net merchandise sales are repairs, warranty, insurance, employee and other miscellaneous sales. As a result, the sum of the changes will not agree to change in same store sales.
(3) Amounts for the International segment are denominated in British pounds.
North America sales
The North America segment’s total sales were $7.3 billion compared to $4.8 billion in the prior year, up 50.1%. Same store sales increased 49.5% compared to a decrease of 9.5% in the prior year. North America’s ATV increased 14.3% and the number of transactions increased 29.2%. eCommerce sales increased 30.8% and brick and mortar sales increased 55.6% on a same store sales basis.
International sales
In Fiscal 2022, the International segment’s total sales were $492.4 million, up 38.4%, compared to $355.9 million in Fiscal 2021. Same store sales increased by 34.7% compared to a decrease of 25.0% in Fiscal 2021. ATV decreased 17.3% and the number of transactions increased 30.7%. eCommerce sales decreased 2.0% and brick and mortar sales increased 51.9% on a same store sales basis.
Fourth quarter sales
In the fourth quarter, Signet’s total sales were $2.8 billion, up $624.8 million or 28.6%, compared to an increase of 1.5% in the prior year fourth quarter. Same store sales were up 23.8% compared to an increase of 7.0% in the prior year fourth quarter. This growth reflects continued strong business momentum driven by the strength of Signet’s connected commerce capabilities and the level of early holiday shopping as well as the traction from strategic initiatives such as new product launches. Furthermore, the Company’s “always-on” marketing strategy, combined with consumer inspired promotional events as well as the strength of the Company’s product assortment drove a strong response from customers across merchandise categories and banners during the year.
eCommerce sales in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022 were $556.0 million or 19.8% of total sales, compared to $511.4 million or 23.4% of total sales in the prior year fourth quarter. The breakdown of the sales performance is set out in the table below.

| Change from previous year |  |
Fourth Quarter of Fiscal 2022 | Same store sales (1) |  | Non-same store sales, net |  |  |  | Total sales at constant exchange rate |  | Exchange translation impact |  | Total sales as reported |  | Total sales (in millions)
North America segment | 22.2 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  |  |  | 26.8 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 26.9 | % |  | $ | 2,606.9 |
International segment | 50.2 | % |  | (0.7) | % |  |  |  | 49.5 | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | 49.0 | % |  | $ | 183.4 |
Other segment (1) | nm |  | nm |  |  |  | nm |  | nm |  | nm |  | $ | 21.0 |
Signet | 23.8 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  |  |  | 28.5 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 28.6 | % |  | $ | 2,811.3 |

(1) Includes sales from Signet’s diamond sourcing initiative.
nm Not meaningful.

| Average Merchandise Transaction Value (1)(2) |  | Merchandise Transactions
| Average Value |  | Change from previous year |  | Change from previous year
Fourth Quarter | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
North America segment | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 380 |  |  | 16.8 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 9.9 | %
International segment (3) | £ | 141 |  |  | £ | 136 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 6.3 | % |  | 37.6 | % |  | (29.7) | %

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(1) Net merchandise sales within the North America segment include all merchandise product sales, net of discounts and returns. In addition, excluded from net merchandise sales are sales tax in the US, repair, extended service plan, insurance, employee and other miscellaneous sales. As a result, the sum of the changes will not agree to change in same store sales.
(2) Net merchandise sales within the International segment include all merchandise product sales, including VAT, net of discounts and returns. In addition, excluded from net merchandise sales are repairs, warranty, insurance, employee and other miscellaneous sales. As a result, the sum of the changes will not agree to change in same store sales.
(3) Amounts for the International segment are denominated in British pounds.
North America sales
The North America segment’s total sales were $2.6 billion compared to $2.1 billion in the prior year, up 26.9%. Same store sales increased 22.2% compared to an increase of 10.4% in the prior year. The North America segment’s ATV increased 16.8%, and the number of transactions increased 3.6%. eCommerce sales increased 14.0%, while brick and mortar same store sales increased 24.9%. All US banners achieved strong sales, demonstrating that the Company’s banner value propositions, product newness, always-on marketing and connected commerce experiences are resonating with customers. Signet experienced higher conversion rates and an increase in transaction value, both online and in-store, which also helped to drive overall sales performance during the fourth quarter.
International sales
The International segment’s total sales increased 49.0% to $183.4 million compared to $123.1 million in the prior year and increased 49.5% at constant exchange rates. Same store sales increased 50.2% compared to a decrease of 28.3% in the prior year. In the International segment’s ATV increased 2.2% and the number of transactions increased 37.6%. eCommerce sales decreased 30.8% and brick and mortar sales increased 128.8% on a same store sales basis. The number of transactions increasing reflects the reopening of all UK stores in April 2021. In the prior year, all UK stores temporarily closed on March 24, 2020 and began reopening in the second quarter of Fiscal 2021.
Gross margin
In Fiscal 2022, gross margin was $3.1 billion or 39.9% of sales compared to $1.7 billion or 33.1% of sales in Fiscal 2021. In the fourth quarter, gross margin was $1.2 billion or 41.0% of sales compared to $869.5 million or 39.8% of sales in the prior year fourth quarter. The increases were primarily driven by a strong business momentum boosting sales as well as providing leverage on fixed costs, such as occupancy, further enhanced by merchandise and inventory strategies. Overall margins also benefited from merchandise margin rate expansion through reduced clearance and favorable merchandise and services mix.
SG&A
Selling, general and administrative expenses for Fiscal 2022 were $2.2 billion or 28.5% of sales compared to $1.6 billion or 30.4% of sales in Fiscal 2021. In the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022, SG&A expense was $745.8 million or 26.5% of sales compared to $573.8 million or 26.2% of sales in the prior year fourth quarter. The increases were primarily due to advertising, payroll and investments in digital/IT, as well as increased variable costs such as store staffing costs and private label credit costs, which were higher as a result of the significant sales volume increase from the prior year as noted above. This was partially offset by the benefits of structural cost savings from the Company’s transformation activities, such as more efficient operating hours, contributing to the improvement in the current full year SG&A as a percentage of sales.
Restructuring charges
During the first quarter of Fiscal 2019, Signet launched a three-year comprehensive transformation plan, “Signet’s Path to Brilliance” (the “Plan”), to among other objectives, reposition the Company to be a share gaining, OmniChannel jewelry category leader. The Plan was substantially completed as of the end of Fiscal 2021. During Fiscal 2022, credits to restructuring expense of $3.3 million were recognized, related primarily to the adjustment of previously recognized Plan liabilities. In Fiscal 2021, restructuring charges of $46.2 million were recognized, $14.7 million of which were non-cash charges, primarily related to store closures, severance costs, and professional fees for legal and consulting services related to the Plan. See Note 6 of Item 8 for additional information regarding the Company’s restructuring activities.
Asset impairments, net
During Fiscal 2022, the Company recorded net non-cash, pre-tax asset impairments related to the impairment of long-lived assets of $1.5 million. During the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022, the Company recorded non-cash, pre-tax asset net gain on impairment of $0.5 million, all of which related to long-lived assets.
During Fiscal 2021, the Company recorded non-cash, pre-tax asset impairments related to the impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets of $10.7 million, $83.3 million and $65.0 million respectively. During the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company recorded non-cash, pre-tax asset impairment charges of $0.9 million, all of which related to long-lived assets.
See Note 17 and Note 19 of Item 8 for additional information on the asset impairments.
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Other operating income (loss)
In Fiscal 2022, other operating income was $8.5 million compared to other operating income of $2.4 million in Fiscal 2021. Fiscal 2022 primarily included interest income from the Company’s non-prime credit card portfolio and the receipt of UK government subsidies granted for restrictions imposed on non-essential businesses, partially offset by foreign exchange losses and charges related to previously disclosed litigation matters. Fiscal 2021 included a gain recognized as a result of the Company de-designating and liquidating derivative financial instruments primarily related to forecasted commodity purchases that were deemed no longer effective in light of the economic circumstances altered by COVID-19. That gain was offset by a charge, net of insurance recoveries, related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters.
In the fourth quarter, other operating loss was $4.7 million compared to $1.9 million in the prior year fourth quarter. The fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022 was primarily driven by foreign exchange losses and charges related to previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters. Fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021 was primarily driven by miscellaneous asset write-offs offset by interest income from the in-house credit program.
See Note 12, Note 21 and Note 28 of Item 8 for additional information on these matters.
Operating income (loss)
In Fiscal 2022, operating income was $903.4 million or 11.5% of sales compared to an operating loss of $57.7 million or (1.1)% of sales in Fiscal 2021. This increase reflects a significant sales volume increase from the prior year as described above, as well as the favorable impact of structural cost savings. This favorability was partially offset by higher advertising, payroll and investments in digital/IT, as well as higher variable costs such as store staffing costs and private label credit costs on the higher volume.
In the fourth quarter, operating income was $402.4 million or 14.3% of sales compared to $291.9 million or 13.4% of sales in prior year fourth quarter. The operating income increase reflected a combination of factors including the increase in sales, both online and in-store during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022 when compared to fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021 and the favorable impact of structural cost savings. This favorability was partially offset by higher advertising, payroll and investments in digital/IT, as well as higher variable costs such as store staffing costs and private label credit costs on the higher volume.

| Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
(in millions) | $ |  | % of sales |  | $ |  | % of sales
North America segment (1) | $ | 981.4 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | $ | 57.9 |  |  | 1.2 | %
International segment (2) | 14.4 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | (43.3) |  |  | (12.2) | %
Other segment (3) | (0.2) |  |  | nm |  | (0.3) |  |  | nm
Corporate and unallocated expenses (4) | (92.2) |  |  | nm |  | (72.0) |  |  | nm
Operating income (loss) | $ | 903.4 |  |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | (57.7) |  |  | (1.1) | %

(1) Fiscal 2022 includes: 1) $5.4 million of cost of sales associated with the fair value step-up of inventory acquired in the Diamonds Direct acquisition; 2) $6.4 million of acquisition-related expenses related to Diamonds Direct and Rocksbox; 3) net asset impairment charges of $2.0 million; 4) $1.4 million gain associated with the sale of customer in-house finance receivables; and 5) $1.0 million credit to restructuring expense, primarily related to adjustments to previously recognized restructuring liabilities.
Fiscal 2021 includes: 1) $1.6 million related to inventory charges recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; 2) $36.0 million primarily related to severance, professional fees and store closure costs recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; and 3) asset impairment charges of $136.7 million.
See Note 4, Note 6, Note 13, Note 17 and Note 19 for additional information.
(2) Fiscal 2022 includes net asset impairment gain of $0.5 million.
Fiscal 2021 includes 1) $9.7 million primarily related to severance and store closure costs recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; and 2) asset impairment charges of $22.3 million.
See Note 6 and Note 17 for additional information.
(3) Fiscal 2021 includes $0.2 million benefit recognized due to a change in inventory reserves previously recognized as part of the Company’s restructuring activities.
See Note 6 for additional information.
(4) Fiscal 2022 includes: 1) charges of $1.7 million related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters; and 2) $2.3 million credit to restructuring expense primarily related to adjustments to previously recognized restructuring liabilities.
Fiscal 2021 includes: 1) charges of $7.5 million related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters, net of expected insurance proceeds; and 2) $0.5 million related to charges recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities.
nm Not meaningful.
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| Fourth Quarter Fiscal 2022 |  | Fourth Quarter Fiscal 2021
(in millions) | $ |  | % of sales |  | $ |  | % of sales
North America segment (1) | $ | 408.3 |  |  | 15.7 | % |  | 296.2 |  |  | 14.4 | %
International segment (2) | 18.4 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | 9.3 |  |  | 7.6 | %
Other segment | 1.2 |  |  | nm |  | (1.1) |  |  | nm
Corporate and unallocated expenses (3) | (25.5) |  |  | nm |  | (12.5) |  |  | nm
Operating income (loss) | $ | 402.4 |  |  | 14.3 | % |  | $ | 291.9 |  |  | 13.4 | %

(1) Fiscal 2021 includes: 1) $1.3 million benefit recognized due to changes in severance and store closure liabilities recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; and 2) $0.2 million net gains on terminations or modifications of leases resulting from previously recorded impairments of the right of use assets in Fiscal 2021.
See Note 6, Note 19 and Note 17 for additional information.
(2) Fiscal 2021 includes 1) $2.1 million primarily related to severance and store closure costs recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; and 2) asset impairment charges of $1.1 million.
See Note 6 and Note 17 for additional information.
(3) Fiscal 2021 includes: 1) charges of $7.5 million related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters, net of expected insurance proceeds; and 2) $0.5 million related to charges recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities.
See Note 13, Note 28 and Note 6 for additional information.
nm Not meaningful.
Interest expense, net
In Fiscal 2022, interest expense, net was $16.9 million compared to $32.0 million in Fiscal 2021. In the fourth quarter, interest expense, net was $4.5 million compared to $6.4 million in the prior year fourth quarter. The decrease in Fiscal 2022 is primarily due to lower average borrowings compared to prior year. The only debt outstanding during Fiscal 2022 was the Company’s 4.7% Senior Unsecured Notes (“Senior Notes”), whereas the prior year included borrowings on the ABL Credit Facility. See Note 24 of Item 8 for additional information on the Company’s debt.
Other non-operating income, net
In Fiscal 2022, other non-operating income, net was $2.1 million compared to a net $0.0 million in Fiscal 2021. Fiscal 2022 includes primarily amortization of unrecognized actuarial losses related to the UK pension plan. Fiscal 2021 included amortization of unrecognized net prior service costs, offset by loss on debt extinguishment.
See Note 24 of Item 8 for additional information on the Company’s refinancing activities and Note 23 of Item 8 for additional information on the Company’s retirement plans.
Income taxes
Income tax expense for Fiscal 2022 was $114.5 million compared to a benefit of $74.5 million in Fiscal 2021, with an effective tax rate of 12.9% for Fiscal 2022 compared to 83.1% in Fiscal 2021. In Fiscal 2022, the Company’s effective tax rate was lower than the US federal income tax rate primarily due to the reversal of the valuation allowance recorded against certain state deferred tax assets, as well as additional benefits realized from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) and the benefits from global reinsurance arrangements. During Fiscal 2022, the Company evaluated evidence to consider the reversal of the valuation allowance on its state net deferred tax assets and determined that there was sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not its state deferred tax assets are realizable. In determining the likelihood of future realization of the state deferred tax assets, the Company considered both positive and negative evidence. As a result, the Company believed that the weight of the positive evidence, including the cumulative income position in the three most recent years and forecasts for a sustained level of future taxable income, was sufficient to overcome the weight of the negative evidence, and thus recorded a $49.8 million tax benefit to release the valuation allowance against the Company's state deferred tax assets during Fiscal 2022.
In Fiscal 2021, Signet’s effective tax rate was higher than the US federal income tax rate primarily due to the benefit from the CARES Act enacted on March 27, 2020, and the impact of Signet’s global reinsurance arrangement partially offset by the unfavorable impact of a valuation allowance recorded against certain state deferred tax assets and the impairment of goodwill which was nondeductible for tax purposes.
In the fourth quarter, income tax expense was $82.4 million, with an effective tax rate of 20.8%, compared to expense of $30.9 million, with an effective tax rate of 10.8% in the prior year fourth quarter. The fourth quarter Fiscal 2022 effective tax rate approximated the US federal income tax rate. The prior year fourth quarter tax expense and effective rate was favorably impacted by the benefit of the CARES Act, as well as by the mix of pre-tax earnings by jurisdiction.
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Refer to Note 11 of Item 8 for additional information.
NON-GAAP MEASURES
The discussion and analysis of Signet’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based upon the consolidated financial statements of Signet which are prepared in accordance with GAAP and should be read in conjunction with Signet’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Item 8. A number of non-GAAP measures are used by management to analyze and manage the performance of the business, and the required disclosures for these non-GAAP measures are shown below.
Signet provides such non-GAAP information in reporting its financial results to give investors additional data to evaluate its operations. Management does not, nor does it suggest investors should, consider such non-GAAP measures in isolation from, or in substitution for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.
1. Net cash (debt)
Net cash (debt) is a non-GAAP measure defined as the total of cash and cash equivalents less loans, overdrafts and long-term debt. Management considers this metric to be helpful in understanding the total indebtedness of the Company after consideration of liquidity available from cash and cash equivalents held by the Company.

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021 |  | February 1, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,418.3 |  |  | $ | 1,172.5 |  |  | $ | 374.5 |
Less: Loans and overdrafts | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95.6) |
Less: Long-term debt | (147.1) |  |  | (146.7) |  |  | (515.9) |
Net cash (debt) | $ | 1,271.2 |  |  | $ | 1,025.8 |  |  | $ | (237.0) |

2. Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow
Free cash flow is a non-GAAP measure defined as the net cash provided by operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment. Management considers this to be helpful in understanding how the business is generating cash from its operating and investing activities that can be used to meet the financing needs of the business. Free cash flow is an indicator used by management frequently in evaluating its overall liquidity and determining appropriate capital allocation strategies. Free cash flow does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary purposes. In Fiscal 2022, net cash provided by operating activities included $81.3 million in proceeds received in connection with the sale of the Company’s non-prime credit card receivable portfolio. See Note 13 of Item 8 for additional information regarding the sale of the in-house credit card receivable portfolio.

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 1,257.3 |  |  | $ | 1,372.3 |  |  | $ | 555.7 |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (129.6) |  |  | (83.0) |  |  | (136.3) |
Free cash flow | 1,127.7 |  |  | 1,289.3 |  |  | 419.4 |
Proceeds from sale of in-house finance receivables | (81.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted free cash flow | $ | 1,046.4 |  |  | $ | 1,289.3 |  |  | $ | 419.4 |

3. Non-GAAP operating income (loss)
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) is a non-GAAP measure defined as operating income (loss) excluding the impact of significant and unusual items which management believes are not necessarily reflective of operational performance during a period. Management finds the information useful when analyzing financial results in order to appropriately evaluate the performance of the business without the impact of significant and unusual items. In particular, management believes the consideration of measures that exclude such expenses can assist in the comparison of operational performance in different periods which may or may not include such expenses.
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(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Operating income (loss) | $ | 903.4 |  |  | $ | (57.7) |  |  | $ | 158.3 |
Credits (charges) related to transformation plan | (3.3) |  |  | 47.6 |  |  | 79.1 |
Asset impairments, net (1) | (0.9) |  |  | 159.0 |  |  | 47.7 |
Charges related to shareholder settlements | 1.7 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 33.2 |
Acquisition-related costs (2) | 8.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of in-house finance receivables | (1.4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) | $ | 908.1 |  |  | $ | 156.4 |  |  | $ | 318.3 |

(1) Includes ROU asset impairment gains, net recorded due to various impacts of COVID-19 to the Company’s business and related gains on terminations or modifications of leases, resulting from previously recorded impairments of the right of use assets in Fiscal 2021.
(2) Acquisition related costs include professional fees for direct transaction-related costs incurred for the acquisitions of Rocksbox and Diamonds Direct in Fiscal 2022, as well as includes the impact of the fair value step up for inventory from Diamonds Direct.
4. Leverage ratio
The leverage ratio is a non-GAAP measure calculated by dividing Signet’s adjusted debt by adjusted EBITDAR. Adjusted debt is a non-GAAP measure defined as debt recorded in the consolidated balance sheet, plus Series A redeemable convertible preferred shares, plus an adjustment for operating leases (5x annual rent expense). Adjusted EBITDAR, as revised by the Company in Fiscal 2021, is a non-GAAP measure, defined as earnings before interest and income taxes, depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation expense, non-operating income (expense) and certain non-GAAP accounting adjustments (“Adjusted EBITDA”) and further excludes minimum fixed rent expense for properties occupied under operating leases. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDAR are considered important indicators of operating performance as they exclude the effects of financing and investing activities by eliminating the effects of interest, depreciation and amortization costs and certain accounting adjustments. Management believes these financial measures are helpful to enhancing investors’ ability to analyze trends in Signet’s business and evaluate Signet’s performance.
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(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Adjusted debt: |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | $ | 147.1 |  |  | $ | 146.7 |  |  | $ | 515.9 |
Loans and overdrafts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95.6 |
Series A redeemable convertible preferred shares | 652.1 |  |  | 642.3 |  |  | 617.0 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
5x Rent expense | 2,216.5 |  |  | 2,263.0 |  |  | 2,398.5 |
Adjusted debt | $ | 3,015.7 |  |  | $ | 3,052.0 |  |  | $ | 3,627.0 |
Adjusted EBITDAR: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 769.9 |  |  | $ | (15.2) |  |  | $ | 105.5 |
Income taxes | 114.5 |  |  | (74.5) |  |  | 24.2 |
Interest expense, net | 16.9 |  |  | 32.0 |  |  | 35.6 |
Depreciation and amortization on property, plant and equipment (1) | 162.4 |  |  | 175.1 |  |  | 177.1 |
Amortization of definite-lived intangibles (1) | 1.1 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.9 |
Amortization of unfavorable contracts | (3.3) |  |  | (5.4) |  |  | (5.5) |
Share-based compensation | 45.8 |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | 16.9 |
Other non-operating expense, net | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other accounting adjustments (2) | 4.7 |  |  | 214.5 |  |  | 153.8 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,114.1 |  |  | $ | 341.9 |  |  | $ | 508.5 |
Rent expense | 443.3 |  |  | 452.6 |  |  | 479.7 |
Adjusted EBITDAR | $ | 1,557.4 |  |  | $ | 794.5 |  |  | $ | 988.2 |
Adjusted leverage ratio | 1.9x |  | 3.8x |  | 3.7x

(1) Total amount of depreciation and amortization reflected on the consolidated statement of cash flows for Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020 equals $163.5 million, $176 million and $178.0 million, respectively, which includes $1.1 million, $0.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively, related to the amortization of definite-lived intangibles, primarily favorable leases and trade names.
(2) Fiscal 2022 includes: 1) $0.9 million of net asset impairments gain related to long-lived assets; 2) $3.3 million credit to restructuring expense, primarily related to adjustments to previously recognized restructuring liabilities in connection with the Company’s transformation plan; 3) $1.7 million related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters; 4) $8.6 million of charges related to professional fees for direct transaction-related costs incurred for the acquisitions of Rocksbox and Diamonds Direct in Fiscal 2022, as well as includes the impact of the fair value step up for inventory from Diamonds Direct; and 5) $1.4 million gain associated with the sale of customer in-house finance receivables.
Fiscal 2021 includes: 1) $159.0 million in asset impairments related to goodwill, intangible assets, and long-lived assets; 2) $47.6 million related to charges in connection with the Company’s transformation plan; 3) $7.5 million related to charges related to settlement of shareholder litigation, net of insurance proceeds; and 4) $0.4 million related to cost of extinguishment of debt.
Fiscal 2020 includes: 1) $47.7 million related to an immaterial out of period goodwill impairment adjustment; 2) $79.1 million related to charges in connection with the Company’s transformation plan; 3) charges of $33.2 million related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters, net of expected insurance proceeds; and 4) a $6.2 million gain on extinguishment of debt.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Overview and capital strategy
The Company’s primary sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash provided by operations and availability under its ABL Revolving Facility (defined below). As of January 29, 2022, the Company had $1.4 billion of cash and cash equivalents and $147.7 million of outstanding debt. The Company believes that cash on hand, cash flows from operations and available borrowings under the ABL Revolving Facility will be sufficient to meet its ongoing business requirements for at least the 12 months following the date of this report, including funding working capital needs, projected investments in the business (including capital expenditures), debt service, and returns to shareholders through dividends or share repurchases.
The tenets of Signet’s capital strategy are: 1) investing in its business to drive growth in line with the Company’s overall business strategy; 2) ensuring adequate liquidity through a strong cash position and financial flexibility under its debt arrangements; and 3) returning excess cash to shareholders. Over time, Signet’s strategy is to sustain an adjusted leverage ratio below 3.0x. Refer to discussion of the adjusted leverage ratio in the Non-GAAP measures section above.
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Investing in growth
Since the Company’s transformation strategies began in Fiscal 2019, the Company delivered substantially against its strategic priorities to establish the Company as the OmniChannel jewelry category leader and position its business for sustainable long-term growth. The investments and new capabilities built during the past three years laid the foundation for stronger than expected results during Fiscal 2022, including prioritizing digital investments in both technology and talent, enhancing its new and modernized eCommerce platform and optimizing a connected commerce shopping journey for its customers. The Company’s cash discipline has also led to more efficient working capital, through both the extension of payment days with the Company’s vendor base, as well through continued inventory reduction efforts. In addition, structural cost reductions since the Company’s transformation strategy began in Fiscal 2019 have generated annual structural costs savings of over $400 million.
As the Company continues to implement and execute on the next phase of its strategy, Inspiring Brilliance, it will continue to focus on working capital efficiency, optimizing its real estate footprint, and prioritizing transformational productivity to drive future cost savings opportunities, all of which are expected to be used to fuel strategic investments, grow the business, and enhance liquidity. In addition, the Company invested over $190 million for capital investments in Fiscal 2022, which included approximately $130 million for capital expenditures and approximately $60 million related to investments in digital and cloud IT.
In addition, during Fiscal 2022, the Company made two acquisitions in line with its “Inspiring Brilliance” strategy. On March 29, 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Rocksbox Inc. (“Rocksbox”), a jewelry rental subscription business, for cash consideration of $14.6 million, net of cash acquired. The acquisition was driven by Signet's initiatives to accelerate growth in its services offerings. On November 17, 2021, the Company acquired Diamonds Direct USA Inc. (“Diamonds Direct”) for initial cash consideration of $501.2 million, net of cash acquired, and subject to customary post-closing adjustments per the Transaction Agreement. The acquisition of Diamonds Direct accelerates the Company’s growth through expansion of the Company’s market in accessible luxury and bridal. See Note 4 of Item 8 for more details.
Liquidity and financial flexibility
During Fiscal 2022, the Company made significant progress in line with its Inspiring Brilliance growth strategy through two key financial milestones. First, the Company renegotiated its $1.5 billion ABL Facility, as further described in Note 24 of Item 8, to extend the maturity until 2026 and allow overall greater financial flexibility to grow the business and provide an additional option to address the 2024 maturities for its 4.70% senior unsecured notes (“Senior Notes”) and Preferred Shares, if necessary.
Second, as described in Note 13 of Item 8, the Company entered into amended and restated receivable purchase agreements with CarVal and Castlelake regarding the purchase of add-on receivables on such Investors’ existing accounts, as well as the purchase of the Company-owned credit card receivables portfolio for accounts that had been originated through Fiscal 2021. These agreements provide Signet with improved terms for the next two years, as well as remove consumer credit risk from the balance sheet. During the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, Signet received cash proceeds of $57.8 million for the sale of these customer in-house finance receivables to the Investors. Additionally, during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, the Company received $23.5 million from the Investors for the payment obligation of the remaining 5% of the receivables previously purchased in June 2018.
Returning excess cash to shareholders
During Fiscal 2022 the Company remained committed to its goal to return excess cash to shareholders. The Company has declared the Fiscal 2022 preferred share dividends payable in cash, and beginning in the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, elected to reinstate the dividend program on its common shares. On August 23, 2021, the Board authorized a reinstatement of repurchases under the 2017 Program, as well as an increase in the remaining amount of shares authorized for repurchase under the 2017 Program from $165.6 million to $225 million. In January 2022, the Board increased its authorized share repurchase program by $500 million, bringing the total authorization for the 2017 Program to $1.2 billion. On January 21, 2022, the Company entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement (“ASR”) with HSBC to repurchase the Company’s common shares for an aggregate amount of $250 million. As of January 29, 2022, the Company had received 2.5 million shares based on a price of $80 per share, which is 80% of the total prepayment amount. On March 14, 2022, the Company received an additional 0.8 million shares, representing the remaining 20% of the total prepayment and final settlement of the ASR. Altogether, the Company invested $311.8 million during Fiscal 2022 for share repurchases. See Note 8 of Item 8 for more details.
Primary sources and uses of operating cash flows
Operating activities provide the primary source of cash for the Company and are influenced by a number of factors, the most significant of which are operating income and changes in working capital items, such as:
•changes in the level of inventory as a result of sales and other strategic initiatives (i.e. store count);
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•changes and timing of accounts payable and accrued expenses, including variable compensation; and
•changes in deferred revenue, reflective of the revenue from performance of extended service plans.
Signet derives most of its operating cash flows through the sale of merchandise and extended service plans. As a retail business, Signet receives cash when it makes a sale to a customer or when the payment has been processed by Signet or the relevant bank if the payment is made by third-party credit or debit card. As discussed further in Note 13 of Item 8, the Company has outsourced its entire credit card portfolio, and it receives cash from its outsourced financing partners (net of applicable fees) generally within two days of the customer sale. Offsetting these receipts, the Company’s largest operating expenses are the purchase of inventory, store occupancy costs (including rent), and payroll and payroll-related benefits.
Summary cash flows
The following table provides a summary of Signet’s cash flow activity for Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 1,257.3 |  |  | $ | 1,372.3 |  |  | $ | 555.7 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (642.7) |  |  | (77.8) |  |  | (140.8) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (366.6) |  |  | (498.6) |  |  | (237.0) |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents | 248.0 |  |  | 795.9 |  |  | 177.9 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 1,172.5 |  |  | 374.5 |  |  | 195.4 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents | 248.0 |  |  | 795.9 |  |  | 177.9 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (2.2) |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 1.2 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,418.3 |  |  | $ | 1,172.5 |  |  | $ | 374.5 |

Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $1.3 billion compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $1.4 billion in the prior year comparable period. The Company’s cash flow from operating activities in Fiscal 2022 was primarily due to the Company’s strong revenue growth, ongoing cost control and working capital management initiatives. In Fiscal 2021, cash flows were negatively affected by the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s operating results, however, these impacts were offset by temporary measures in place to manage liquidity as a result of the impacts of the pandemic and the Company’s ongoing working capital management initiatives.
•Net income was $769.9 million compared to a net loss of $15.2 million in the prior year period, an increase of $785.1 million.
•Net income included non-cash share-based compensation costs of $45.8 million compared to $14.5 million in the prior year period. The higher share-based compensation expense in the current year was driven by improved Company operating results. See Note 27 of Item 8 for more information.
•Deferred taxes were a source of $0.1 million compared to a source of $141.8 million in the prior year period offset by current income taxes of a use of $6.7 million compared to a use of $45.5 million in the prior year. The prior year amount was primarily the result of the net operating loss carryback filed in accordance with the provisions of the CARES Act, offset by an increase in the valuation allowance related to certain deferred tax assets in the US. During Fiscal 2021, the Company collected $183.4 million related to the loss carryback and other credits filed in Fiscal 2021 under the provisions of the CARES Act, whereas in Fiscal 2022, the Company paid cash for income taxes of $120.7 million. Refer to Note 11 of Item 8 for additional information.
•Non-cash asset impairment charges were $1.5 million compared to $159.0 million in the prior year period. See Note 17 of Item 8 for additional information regarding the impairments recognized in each period.
•Cash provided by accounts receivable totaled $12.4 million compared to a use of $50.1 million in the prior year comparable period. The prior year cash usage was driven by the portion of the non-prime in-house credit card portfolio that was retained by the Company beginning in the second quarter of Fiscal 2021. See Note 14 of Item 8 for additional information.
•During the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, the Company sold its existing customer in-house finance receivables, as well as collected the payment obligation of the remaining 5% of the receivables previously sold in June 2018. This resulted in cash proceeds of $81.3 million. See Note 13 of Item 8 for further information.
•Cash provided by inventory was $198.3 million compared to $308.0 million in Fiscal 2021. The inventory reductions in both periods were driven by the Company’s continued inventory management initiatives.
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•Cash provided by accounts payable was $35.7 million compared to $577.8 million in Fiscal 2021. The prior year result was driven by the Company’s aggressive working capital management initiatives throughout Fiscal 2021, which included the extension of time to pay with numerous vendors. The Company has been successful in maintaining these terms throughout Fiscal 2022 with its strong vendor relationships.
•Cash provided by other assets and other receivables was $181.9 million in the prior year period and was driven primarily by the collection of insurance proceeds related to the shareholder litigation settlement described in Note 28 of Item 8. Offsetting these cash proceeds was the payment of the settlement amount during the prior year period, which resulted in cash used by accrued expenses and other liabilities of $185.8 million.
•Cash used by changes in operating leases was $64.1 million, compared to a source of $31.2 million in the prior year period, driven by the Company’s deferral of rent payments due beginning in April 2020, a substantial portion of which was repaid in Fiscal 2022. See Note 18 of Item 8 for more information.
•Cash provided by deferred revenue was $100.5 million compared to $73.1 million in the prior year period, primarily due to increased warranty plan sales associated with higher overall sales volume. See Note 3 of Item 8 for further information.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $642.7 million compared to $77.8 million in the prior period. Fiscal 2022 included $515.8 million for the acquisitions of Diamonds Direct and Rocksbox (see Note 4 of Item 8 for more information). Capital additions were $129.6 million and $83.0 million in Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021, respectively. Capital additions in each period were primarily associated with new stores and remodels of existing stores, as well as capital investments in IT. The Company reduced capital expenditures in Fiscal 2021 due to uncertainty around COVID-19.
Stores opened and closed in Fiscal 2022:

Store count by segment |  | January 30, 2021 |  | Opened and acquired (2) (3) |  | Closed (2) |  | January 29, 2022
North America segment (1) |  | 2,481 |  |  | 104 |  |  | (79) |  |  | 2,506 |
International segment (1) |  | 352 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 348 |
Signet |  | 2,833 |  |  | 107 |  |  | (86) |  |  | 2,854 |

(1) The net change in selling square footage for Fiscal 2022 for the North America and International segments was 0.5% and (0.7)%, respectively.
(2) Includes 12 store repositions in Fiscal 2022.
(3) Includes 22 Diamonds Direct locations acquired as described in Note 4 of Item 8.
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities in Fiscal 2022 was $366.6 million, consisting primarily of $43.6 million for dividend payments on common and preferred shares and common share repurchases of $311.8 million. See Note 8 of Item 8 for more information.
Net cash used in financing activities in Fiscal 2021 was $498.6 million, comprised primarily of $27.2 million for dividend payments on common and preferred shares, $370.0 million for net debt repayments, and a decrease in bank overdrafts of $87.4 million. See further information on debt movements below.
Movement in Cash and Indebtedness
Cash and cash equivalents at January 29, 2022 were $1.4 billion compared to $1.2 billion as of January 30, 2021. Signet has significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents invested in various ‘AAA’ rated liquidity funds and at a number of financial institutions. The amount invested in each liquidity fund or at each financial institution takes into account the credit rating and size of the liquidity fund or financial institution and is invested for short-term durations.
During Fiscal 2020, the Company entered into (i) a revolving credit facility in an aggregate committed amount of $1.5 billion (“ABL Revolving Facility”) and (ii) a first-in last-out term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million (the “FILO Term Loan Facility” and, together with the ABL Revolving Facility, the “ABL Facility”). Refer to Note 24 of Item 8 for further information.
At January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, Signet had $147.7 million and $147.6 million, respectively, of outstanding debt, consisting entirely of the Senior Notes.
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During Fiscal 2021, the Company borrowed $900 million and paid down $1.2 billion, on the ABL Revolving Facility. Borrowings were made to fund short-term cash needs and as a prudent measure in response to COVID-19 to increase the Company’s financial flexibility and bolster its cash position. In January 2021, the Company fully repaid the $100 million FILO Term Loan Facility.
The Company had stand-by letters of credit on the ABL Revolving Facility of $20.1 million as of January 29, 2022 that reduced remaining borrowing availability. Available borrowings under the ABL Revolving Facility were $1.2 billion as of January 29, 2022.
Net cash was $1.3 billion as of January 29, 2022 compared to net cash of $1.0 billion as of January 30, 2021. Refer to Non-GAAP Measures above.
As of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants.
Capital availability
Signet’s level of borrowings and cash balances fluctuates during the year reflecting the seasonality of its cash flow requirements and business performance. Management believes that cash balances and the committed borrowing facilities (including the ABL Facility described more fully in Note 24 of Item 8) currently available to the business are sufficient for both its present and near-term requirements. The following table provides a summary of these items as of January 29, 2022, January 30, 2021 and February 1, 2020:

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021 |  | February 1, 2020
Working capital (1) | $ | 1,659.7 |  |  | $ | 1,583.3 |  |  | $ | 1,502.2 |
Capitalization: |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | 147.1 |  |  | 146.7 |  |  | 515.9 |
Series A redeemable convertible preferred shares | 652.1 |  |  | 642.3 |  |  | 617.0 |
Shareholders’ equity | 1,564.0 |  |  | 1,190.3 |  |  | 1,222.6 |
Total capitalization | 2,363.2 |  |  | 1,979.3 |  |  | 2,355.5 |
Additional amounts available under credit agreements | $ | 1,245.9 |  |  | $ | 1,320.8 |  |  | $ | 1,158.1 |

(1) Includes cash and cash equivalents
If the excess availability under the ABL Revolving Facility falls below the threshold specified in the ABL Facility agreement, the Company will be required to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.00 to 1.00. As of January 29, 2022, the threshold related to the fixed coverage ratio was approximately $119 million. The ABL Facility places certain restrictions upon the Company’s ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, grant liens and make certain loans, investments and divestitures. The ABL Facility contains customary events of default (including payment defaults, cross-defaults to certain of the Company’s other indebtedness, breach of representations and covenants and change of control). The occurrence of an event of default under the ABL Facility would permit the lenders to accelerate the indebtedness and terminate the ABL Facility.
Credit ratings
The following table provides Signet’s credit ratings as of January 29, 2022:

Rating Agency | Corporate | Senior Unsecured Notes
Standard & Poor’s | BB- | BB-
Moody’s | Ba3 | B2
Fitch | BB | BB

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
Merchandise held on consignment
Signet held $533.2 million of consignment inventory which is not recorded on the balance sheet at January 29, 2022, as compared to $387.4 million at January 30, 2021. The principal terms of the consignment agreements, which can generally be terminated by either party, are such that Signet can return any, or all of, the inventory to the relevant supplier without financial or commercial penalty.
Contingent property liabilities
At January 29, 2022, 11 property leases had been assigned by Signet to third-parties (and remained unexpired and occupied by assignees at that date) and six additional properties were sub-let at that date. Should the assignees or sub-tenants fail to fulfill any obligations in respect of those leases or any other leases which have at any other time been assigned or sub-let, Signet or one of its UK
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subsidiaries may be liable for those defaults. The number of such claims arising to date has been small, and the liability, which is charged to the consolidated statements of operations as it arises, has not been material.
IMPACT OF INFLATION
During the past three years, Signet does not believe that inflation has had a significant impact on consumer discretionary spending or Signet’s sales and results. Jewelry purchases are discretionary and are often perceived to be a luxury purchase. As such, if inflation negatively impacts consumer discretionary spending, it may also negatively impact Signet’s sales and results in the future.
The costs of commodities such as diamonds, gemstones and precious metals in merchandise Signet purchases from its suppliers generally increase over time, and Signet has historically been able to increase retail prices to offset such cost increases. Diamond and gold costs began to increase more than usual in January 2022 but did not have a meaningful impact on Signet’s merchandise costs in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022. Diamond and gold costs continued to rise into February and March at a rate that Signet believes was similar to consumer price indexes over the same time periods. Signet intends to leverage its supply chain and flexible fulfillment capabilities, as well as its product and assortment capabilities in order to minimize Fiscal 2023 retail prices increases that may otherwise be necessary to offset such cost increases. Refer to Item 1A, Risk Factors, for further information on the potential impacts and risk associated with inflation.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Critical accounting policies covering areas of greater complexity that are subject to the exercise of judgment due to the reliance on key estimates are listed below. A comprehensive listing of Signet’s significant accounting policies is set forth in Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Revenue recognition for extended service plans and lifetime warranty agreements (“ESP”)
The Company recognizes revenue related to ESP sales in proportion to when the expected costs will be incurred. The deferral periods for ESP sales are determined from patterns of claims costs, including estimates of future claims costs expected to be incurred. Management reviews the trends in historical claims to assess whether changes are required to the revenue and cost recognition rates utilized. A significant change in estimates related to the time period or pattern in which warranty-related costs are expected to be incurred could materially impact revenues. All direct costs associated with the sale of these plans are deferred and amortized in proportion to the revenue recognized and disclosed as either other current assets or other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. These direct costs primarily include sales commissions and credit card fees. Amortization of deferred ESP selling costs is included within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
The North America segment sells ESP, subject to certain conditions, to perform repair work over the life of the product. Customers generally pay for ESP at the store or online at the time of merchandise sale. Revenue from the sale of the lifetime ESP is recognized consistent with the estimated patterns of claim costs expected to be incurred by the Company in connection with performing under the ESP obligations. Lifetime ESP revenue is deferred and recognized over a maximum of 14 years after the sale of the warranty contract. Although claims experience varies between the Company’s national banners, thereby resulting in different recognition rates, approximately 55% to 60% of revenue is recognized within the first two years on a weighted average basis.
As noted above, the Company utilizes historical claims data to estimate the expected future patterns of claims cost and the related revenue recognition rates utilized. These claims patterns are subject to change based primarily on revisions to the Company’s ESP product offerings and changes in customer behavior over time. The Company periodically refreshes its analysis of the claims pattern on at least an annual basis, or more often if circumstances dictate such a review is required (such as occurred as a result of the disruption from COVID-19). A significant change in either the overall claims pattern or the life over which the Company is expected to fulfil its obligation under the warranty, could result in material change to revenues.
Goodwill and intangibles
In a business combination, the Company estimates and records the fair value of all assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including identifiable intangible assets and liabilities. The fair value of these intangible assets and liabilities is estimated based on management’s assessment, including selection of appropriate valuation techniques, inputs and assumptions in the determination of fair value. Significant estimates in valuing intangible assets and liabilities acquired include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows associated with the acquired asset or liability, expected life and discount rates. The excess purchase price over the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. Goodwill is recorded by the Company’s reporting units based on the acquisitions made by each.
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as indefinite-lived trade names, are evaluated for impairment annually as of the beginning of the fourth reporting period. Additionally, if events or conditions were to indicate the carrying value of a reporting unit or an indefinite-lived intangible asset may be greater than its fair value, the Company would evaluate the asset for impairment at that time. Impairment testing compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit or other intangible assets with its fair value. When the carrying amount of the reporting unit or other intangible assets exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recorded.
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The impairment test for goodwill involves estimating the fair value of the reporting unit through either estimated discounted future cash flows or market-based methodologies. The impairment test for other indefinite-lived intangible assets involves estimating the fair value of the asset, which is typically performed using the relief from royalty method for indefinite-lived trade names.
The fair value methodologies used by the Company in testing goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets include assumptions related to sales trends, discount rates, royalty rates and other assumptions that are judgmental in nature. If future economic conditions are different than those projected by management in its most recent impairment tests for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, future impairment charges may be required. See Note 19 for further details.
Long-lived assets
Long-lived assets of the Company consist primarily of property and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets and operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Potentially impaired assets or asset groups are identified by reviewing the undiscounted cash flows of individual stores. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the store asset group, based on the Company’s internal business plans. If the undiscounted cash flow for the store asset group is less than its carrying amount, the long-lived assets are measured for potential impairment by estimating the fair value of the asset group, and recording an impairment loss for the amount that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. The Company primarily utilizes the replacement cost method to estimate the fair value of its property and equipment, and the income capitalization method to estimate the fair value of its ROU assets, which incorporates historical store level sales, internal business plans, real estate market capitalization and rental rates, and discount rates.
The uncertainty of the COVID-19 impact to the Company’s business could continue to further negatively affect the operating performance and cash flows of the Company’s stores, including the magnitude and potential resurgence of COVID-19 (including variants), occupancy restrictions in the Company’s stores, the inability to achieve or maintain cost savings initiatives included in the business plans, changes in real estate strategy or macroeconomic factors which influence consumer behavior. In addition, key assumptions used to estimate fair value, such as sales trends, capitalization and market rental rates, and discount rates could impact the fair value estimates of the store-level assets in future periods.
Income taxes
Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized by applying statutory tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences between the financial reporting and tax filing bases of existing assets and liabilities are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, based on management’s evaluation of all available evidence, both positive and negative, including reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and results of recent operations. The Company has a valuation allowance of $27.9 million and $83.9 million, as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, respectively, due to uncertainties related to the Company’s ability to utilize certain of its deferred tax assets, primarily consisting of net operating losses, foreign tax credits and capital losses carried forward.
The annual effective tax rate is based on annual income, statutory tax rates and tax planning strategies available in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. The Company does not recognize tax benefits related to positions taken on certain tax matters unless the position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. At any point in time, various tax years are subject to or are in the process of being audited by various taxing authorities. The Company records a reserve for uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties. To the extent that management’s estimates of settlements change, or the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the income tax provision in the period in which such determinations are made. See Note 11 in Item 8 for additional information regarding deferred tax assets and unrecognized tax benefits.
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Leases
Signet occupies certain properties and holds machinery and vehicles under operating leases. Signet determines if an arrangement is a lease at the agreement’s inception. Certain operating leases include predetermined rent increases, which are charged to store occupancy costs within cost of sales on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including any construction period or other rental holiday. Other variable amounts paid under operating leases, such as taxes and common area maintenance, are charged to selling, general and administrative expenses as incurred. Premiums paid to acquire short-term leasehold properties and inducements to enter into a lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In addition, certain leases provide for contingent rent based on a percentage of sales in excess of a predetermined level. Further, certain leases provide for variable rent increases based on indexes specified within the lease agreement. The variable increases based on an index are initially measured as part of the operating lease liability using the index at the commencement date. Contingent rent and subsequent changes to variable increases based on indexes will be recognized in the variable lease cost and included in the determination of total lease cost when it is probable that the expense has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets and current and non-current operating lease liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental secured borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date, including the underlying term and currency of the lease, in measuring the present value of lease payments. Lease terms, which include the period of the lease that cannot be canceled, may also include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The operating lease ROU asset may also include initial direct costs, prepaid and/or accrued lease payments and the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. ROU assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable in accordance with the Company’s long-lived asset impairment assessment policy.
Payments arising from operating lease activity, as well as variable and short-term lease payments not included within the operating lease liability, are included as operating activities on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. Operating lease payments representing costs to ready an asset for its intended use (i.e. leasehold improvements) are represented within investing activities within the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.
SUPPLEMENTAL GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The Company and certain of its subsidiaries, which are listed on Exhibit 22.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, have guaranteed obligations under the 4.70% senior unsecured notes due in 2024 (the “Senior Notes”).
The Senior Notes were issued by Signet UK Finance plc (the “Issuer”). The Senior Notes rank senior to the Preferred Shares (as defined in Note 7 of Item 8) and Common Shares. The Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to our existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the assets securing that indebtedness. The Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by the Company, as the parent entity ( the “Parent”) of the Issuer, and certain of its subsidiary guarantors (each, a “Guarantor” and collectively, the “Guarantors”).
The Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future debt and other liabilities, including trade payables, of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Senior Notes (the “Non-Guarantors”). The Non-Guarantors will have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay amounts due under the Senior Notes or to make funds available to pay those amounts. Certain Non-Guarantors may be limited in their ability to remit funds to us by means of dividends, advances or loans due to required foreign government and/or currency exchange board approvals or limitations in credit agreements or other debt instruments of those subsidiaries.
The Guarantors jointly and severally, irrevocably and unconditionally guarantee on a senior unsecured basis the performance and full and punctual payment when due of all obligations of Issuer, as defined in the Indenture, in accordance with the Senior Notes and the related Indentures, as supplemented, whether for payment of principal of or interest on the Senior Notes when due and any and all costs and expenses incurred by the trustee or any holder of the Senior Notes in enforcing any rights under the guarantees (collectively, the “Guarantees”). The Guarantees and Guarantors are subject to release in limited circumstances only upon the occurrence of certain customary conditions.
Although the Guarantees provide the holders of Senior Notes with a direct unsecured claim against the assets of the Guarantors, under US federal bankruptcy law and comparable provisions of US state fraudulent transfer laws, in certain circumstances a court could cancel a Guarantee and order the return of any payments made thereunder to the Guarantor or to a fund for the benefit of its creditors.
A court might take these actions if it found, among other things, that when the Guarantors incurred the debt evidenced by their Guarantee (i) they received less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration for the incurrence of the debt and (ii) any one of the following conditions was satisfied:
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•the Guarantor entity was insolvent or rendered insolvent by reason of the incurrence;
•the Guarantor entity was engaged in a business or transaction for which its remaining assets constituted unreasonably small capital; or
•the Guarantor entity intended to incur or believed (or reasonably should have believed) that it would incur, debts beyond its ability to pay as those debts matured.
In applying the above factors, a court would likely find that a Guarantor did not receive fair consideration or reasonably equivalent value for its Guarantee, except to the extent that it benefited directly or indirectly from the issuance of the Senior Notes. The determination of whether a Guarantor was or was not rendered insolvent when it entered into its Guarantee will vary depending on the law of the jurisdiction being applied. Generally, an entity would be considered insolvent if the sum of its debts (including contingent or unliquidated debts) is greater than all of its assets at a fair valuation or if the present fair salable value of its assets is less than the amount that will be required to pay its probable liability on its existing debts, including contingent or unliquidated debts, as they mature.
If a court canceled a Guarantee, the holders of the Senior Notes would no longer have a claim against that Guarantor or its assets.
Each Guarantee is limited, by its terms, to an amount not to exceed the maximum amount that can be guaranteed by the applicable Guarantor without rendering the Guarantee, as it relates to that Guarantor, voidable under applicable law relating to fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally.
Each Guarantor is a consolidated subsidiary of Parent at the date of each balance sheet presented. The following tables present summarized financial information for Parent, Issuer, and the Guarantors on a combined basis after elimination of (i) intercompany transactions and balances among Parent, Issuer, and the Guarantors and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in any Non-Guarantor.

|  | Summarized Balance Sheets
(in millions) |  | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Total current assets |  | $ | 3,507.0 |  |  | $ | 3,799.6 |
Total non-current assets |  | 2,245.3 |  |  | 2,475.9 |
Total current liabilities |  | 2,309.3 |  |  | 2,357.1 |
Total non-current liabilities |  | 3,407.0 |  |  | 3,578.7 |
Redeemable preferred shares |  | 652.1 |  |  | 642.3 |
Total due from Non-Guarantors (1) |  | 311.4 |  |  | 395.9 |
Total due to Non-Guarantors (1) |  | 1,666.9 |  |  | 1,695.0 |

(1) Amounts included in asset and liability subtotals above.

|  | Summarized Statements of Operations
(in millions) |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
Sales |  | $ | 7,188.9 |  |  | $ | 4,894.8 |
Gross margin |  | 3,014.9 |  |  | 1,681.7 |
Income before income taxes (2) |  | 939.7 |  |  | 161.1 |
Net income (2) |  | 827.9 |  |  | 240.1 |

(2) Includes income from intercompany transactions with Non-Guarantors of $49.8 million for Fiscal 2022, and income of $231.2 million for Fiscal 2021. Intercompany transactions primarily include intercompany dividends and interest.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Signet is exposed to market risk arising from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and precious metal prices, which could affect its consolidated financial position, earnings and cash flows. Signet monitors and manages these market exposures as a fundamental part of its overall risk management program, which recognizes the volatility of financial markets and seeks to reduce the potentially adverse effects of this volatility on Signet’s operating results. Signet manages its exposure to market risk through its regular operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. Signet uses derivative financial instruments as risk management tools and not for trading purposes.
As certain of the International segment’s purchases are denominated in US dollars and its net cash flows are in British pounds, Signet’s policy is to enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts and foreign currency swaps to manage the exposure to the US dollar. Signet may enter into derivative transactions to hedge a significant portion of forecasted merchandise purchases using
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commodity forward purchase contracts, options, net zero premium collar arrangements, or some combination thereof. Additionally, the North America segment enters into forward foreign currency exchange contracts to manage the currency fluctuations associated with the Company’s Canadian operations. These contracts are entered into with large, reputable financial institutions, thereby minimizing the credit exposure from the Company’s counterparties.
Signet has significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents invested at several financial institutions. The amount invested at each financial institution takes into account the long-term credit rating and size of the financial institution. The interest rates earned on cash and cash equivalents will fluctuate in line with short-term interest rates.
MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY
A committee of the Board is responsible for the implementation of market risk management policies within the treasury policies and guidelines framework, which are deemed to be appropriate by the Board for the management of market risk.
Signet’s exposure to market risk is managed by Signet’s Treasury Committee. Where deemed necessary to achieve the objective of reducing market risk volatility on Signet’s operating results, certain derivative instruments are entered into after review and approval by the Treasury Committee. Signet uses derivative financial instruments for risk management purposes only.
A description of Signet’s accounting policies for derivative instruments is included in Note 1 of Item 8. Signet’s current portfolio of derivative financial instruments consists entirely of forward foreign currency exchange contracts. An analysis quantifying the fair value change in derivative financial instruments held by Signet to manage its exposure to foreign exchange rates is detailed in Note 21 of Item 8.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
Approximately 90% of Signet’s total assets were held in entities whose functional currency is the US dollar at January 29, 2022 and generated approximately 91% of its sales in US dollars in Fiscal 2022. All remaining assets and sales are in British pounds and Canadian dollars.
In translating the results of the International segment and the Canadian subsidiary of the North America segment, Signet’s results are subject to fluctuations in the exchange rates between the US dollar and both the British pound and Canadian dollar. Any depreciation in the weighted average value of the US dollar against the British pound or Canadian dollar could increase reported revenues and operating profit and any appreciation in the weighted average value of the US dollar against the British pound or Canadian dollar could decrease reported revenues and operating profit.
The International segment buys certain products and materials on international markets that are priced in US dollars, and therefore has an exposure to exchange rates on the cost of goods sold. Signet uses certain derivative financial instruments to hedge a portion of this exposure within treasury guidelines approved by the Board. In Fiscal 2022, approximately 35% of the International segment’s goods purchased were transacted in US dollars (Fiscal 2021: 35%).
Signet holds a fluctuating amount of British pounds reflecting the cash generating characteristics of the International segment. Signet’s objective is to minimize net foreign exchange exposure to the consolidated statements of operations on British pound denominated items through managing this level of cash, British pound denominated intercompany balances and US dollar to British pound swaps. In order to manage the foreign exchange exposure and minimize the level of British pound cash held by Signet, the British pound denominated subsidiaries periodically pay dividends as needed to their immediate holding companies and excess British pounds are sold in exchange for US dollars.
Commodity Price Risk
Signet’s results are subject to fluctuations in the cost of diamonds, gold and certain other precious metals which are key raw material components of the products sold by Signet.
When deemed appropriate by management, it is Signet’s policy to minimize the impact of precious metal commodity price volatility on operating results through the use of commodity forward purchase contracts, or by entering into either purchase options or net zero premium collar arrangements, within treasury guidelines approved by the Board. It is not possible to hedge against fluctuations in the cost of diamonds.
Interest Rate Risk
Signet’s interest income and expense is exposed to volatility in interest rates. This exposure is driven by both the currency denomination of the cash or debt, the mix of fixed and floating rate debt used, the type of cash investments and the total amount of cash and debt outstanding. As of January 29, 2022, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would result in no additional annual interest expense since all of the Company’s variable rate debt has been repaid.
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Sensitivity Analysis
Management has used a sensitivity analysis technique that measures the change in the fair value of Signet’s financial instruments from hypothetical changes in market rates as shown in the table below.
Fair value gains (losses) arising from:

(in millions) | Fair Value January 29, 2022 |  |  |  | 10% depreciation of $ against £ |  | 10% depreciation of $ against C$ |  | 10% depreciation of gold prices |  | Fair Value January 30, 2021
Foreign exchange contracts | $ | (1.0) |  |  |  |  | $ | 7.3 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.2) |
Commodity contracts | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |

The amounts generated from the sensitivity analysis quantify the impact of market risk assuming that certain adverse market conditions, specified in the table above, occur. They are not forward-looking estimates of market risk. Actual results in the future are likely to differ materially from those projected due to changes in the portfolio of financial instruments held and actual developments in the global financial markets.
Any changes in the portfolio of financial instruments held and developments in the global financial markets may cause fluctuations in interest rates, exchange rates and precious metal prices to exceed the hypothetical amounts disclosed in the table above. The sensitivity scenarios are intended to allow an expected risk measure to be applied to the scenarios, as opposed to the scenarios themselves being an indicator of the maximum expected risk.
The fair value of derivative financial instruments is determined based on market value equivalents at period end, taking into account the current foreign currency forward rates.
The estimated changes in the fair value for foreign exchange rates are based on a 10% depreciation of the US dollar against British pound and Canadian dollar from the levels applicable at January 29, 2022 with all other variables remaining constant.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Signet Jewelers Limited:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Signet Jewelers Limited and subsidiaries (the Company) as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and shareholders’ equity for each of the 52 week periods ended January 29, 2022 (fiscal year 2022), January 30, 2021, and February 1, 2020, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 29, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the 52 week periods ended January 29, 2022, January 30, 2021, and February 1, 2020 in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of January 29, 2022 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
The Company acquired Rocksbox Inc. and Diamonds Direct USA Inc. during fiscal year 2022, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 29, 2022, Rocksbox Inc.’s and Diamonds Direct USA Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting associated with 10% of total assets and 2% of total sales included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended January 29, 2022. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Rocksbox Inc. and Diamonds Direct USA Inc.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the
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company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Revenue recognition related to extended service plans
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognized revenue related to the extended service plans (ESP) of $441.3 million. ESP revenue is recognized in proportion to when the expected costs will be incurred. To determine the amount of revenue to recognize, the Company estimates the deferral periods and patterns of future claims costs.
We identified the evaluation of revenue recognition related to ESP as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate the estimated deferral periods and patterns of future claims costs used to recognize ESP revenue, which included assessing the historical claims trends by year of contract sale and estimates of future claims, because a change in these estimates could materially impact revenues. In addition, valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the Company’s models used to estimate the deferral periods and patterns of future claims costs.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s revenue recognition process, including controls related to the development of assumptions used to estimate the deferral periods and patterns of future claims costs. We evaluated the historical claims trends used by the Company in estimating the future claims costs on a sample basis by selecting claims and tracing them back to the original proof of sale. We assessed the calculations used by the Company to determine ESP revenue recognized for consistency with the estimated deferral periods and patterns of future claim costs. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted by evaluating the Company’s models used to develop the deferral periods and patterns of future claims costs by (1) developing parallel models to estimate the deferral periods and patterns of future claims costs, and (2) comparing the results to the Company’s estimated deferral periods and patterns of future claims costs.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2011.
Cleveland, Ohio
March 17, 2022
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SIGNET JEWELERS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in millions, except per share amounts) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020 |  | Notes
Sales | $ | 7,826.0 |  |  | $ | 5,226.9 |  |  | $ | 6,137.1 |  |  | 3
Cost of sales | (4,702.0) |  |  | (3,493.0) |  |  | (3,904.2) |  |  |
Restructuring charges - cost of sales | — |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | (9.2) |  |  | 6
Gross margin | 3,124.0 |  |  | 1,732.5 |  |  | 2,223.7 |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (2,230.9) |  |  | (1,587.4) |  |  | (1,918.2) |  |  |
Restructuring charges | 3.3 |  |  | (46.2) |  |  | (69.9) |  |  | 6
Asset impairments, net | (1.5) |  |  | (159.0) |  |  | (47.7) |  |  | 17
Other operating income (loss) | 8.5 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | (29.6) |  |  | 12
Operating income (loss) | 903.4 |  |  | (57.7) |  |  | 158.3 |  |  | 5
Interest expense, net | (16.9) |  |  | (32.0) |  |  | (35.6) |  |  |
Other non-operating (loss) income | (2.1) |  |  | — |  |  | 7.0 |  |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 884.4 |  |  | (89.7) |  |  | 129.7 |  |  |
Income taxes | (114.5) |  |  | 74.5 |  |  | (24.2) |  |  | 11
Net income (loss) | 769.9 |  |  | (15.2) |  |  | 105.5 |  |  |
Dividends on redeemable convertible preferred shares | (34.5) |  |  | (33.5) |  |  | (32.9) |  |  | 8
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | $ | 735.4 |  |  | $ | (48.7) |  |  | $ | 72.6 |  |  |
Earnings (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 14.01 |  |  | $ | (0.94) |  |  | $ | 1.40 |  |  | 9
Diluted | $ | 12.22 |  |  | $ | (0.94) |  |  | $ | 1.40 |  |  | 9
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 52.5 |  |  | 52.0 |  |  | 51.7 |  |  | 9
Diluted | 63.0 |  |  | 52.0 |  |  | 51.8 |  |  | 9

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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SIGNET JEWELERS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

|  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
(in millions) |  | Pre-tax amount |  | Tax (expense) benefit |  | After-tax amount |  | Pre-tax amount |  | Tax (expense) benefit |  | After-tax amount |  | Pre-tax amount |  | Tax (expense) benefit |  | After-tax amount
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 769.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (15.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 105.5 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | $ | (5.4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5.4) |  |  | $ | 11.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11.2 |  |  | $ | (1.7) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.7) |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain |  | (0.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2) |
Reclassification adjustment for losses to earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | 14.8 |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | 11.2 |
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) to earnings |  | 1.0 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (16.8) |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | (12.6) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (2.7) |
Pension plan: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Actuarial (loss) gain |  | (71.4) |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | (57.9) |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 0.4 |
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of actuarial losses to earnings |  | 2.1 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 1.0 |
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of net prior service costs to earnings |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (73.3) |  |  | $ | 12.9 |  |  | $ | (60.4) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | 12.2 |  |  | $ | (3.2) |  |  | $ | 9.0 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 709.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (11.9) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 114.5 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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SIGNET JEWELERS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in millions, except par value per share amount) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021 |  | Notes
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,418.3 |  |  | $ | 1,172.5 |  |  | 1
Accounts receivable, net | 19.9 |  |  | 88.7 |  |  | 14
Other current assets | 208.6 |  |  | 236.6 |  |  |
Income taxes | 23.2 |  |  | 51.7 |  |  |
Inventories | 2,060.4 |  |  | 2,032.5 |  |  | 15
Total current assets | 3,730.4 |  |  | 3,582.0 |  |  |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 575.9 |  |  | 605.5 |  |  | 16
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 1,206.6 |  |  | 1,362.2 |  |  | 18
Goodwill | 484.6 |  |  | 238.0 |  |  | 19
Intangible assets, net | 314.2 |  |  | 179.0 |  |  | 19
Other assets | 226.1 |  |  | 195.8 |  |  |
Deferred tax assets | 37.3 |  |  | 16.4 |  |  | 11
Total assets | $ | 6,575.1 |  |  | $ | 6,178.9 |  |  |
Liabilities, Redeemable convertible preferred shares, and Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 899.8 |  |  | $ | 812.6 |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 501.6 |  |  | 494.1 |  |  | 25
Deferred revenue | 341.3 |  |  | 288.7 |  |  | 3
Operating lease liabilities | 300.0 |  |  | 377.3 |  |  | 18
Income taxes | 28.0 |  |  | 26.0 |  |  |
Total current liabilities | 2,070.7 |  |  | 1,998.7 |  |  |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | 147.1 |  |  | 146.7 |  |  | 24
Operating lease liabilities | 1,005.1 |  |  | 1,147.3 |  |  | 18
Other liabilities | 117.6 |  |  | 111.1 |  |  | 26
Deferred revenue | 857.6 |  |  | 783.3 |  |  | 3
Deferred tax liabilities | 160.9 |  |  | 159.2 |  |  | 11
Total liabilities | 4,359.0 |  |  | 4,346.3 |  |  |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  | 28
Series A redeemable convertible preferred shares of $0.01 par value: 500 shares authorized, 0.625 shares outstanding | 652.1 |  |  | 642.3 |  |  | 7
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |
Common shares of $0.18 par value: authorized 500 shares, 49.9 shares outstanding (2021: 52.3 shares outstanding) | 12.6 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 8
Additional paid-in capital | 231.2 |  |  | 258.8 |  |  |
Other reserves | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |
Treasury shares at cost: 20.1 shares (2021: 17.7 shares) | (1,206.7) |  |  | (980.2) |  |  | 8
Retained earnings | 2,877.4 |  |  | 2,189.2 |  |  |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (350.9) |  |  | (290.5) |  |  | 10
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,564.0 |  |  | 1,190.3 |  |  |
Total liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred shares and shareholders’ equity | $ | 6,575.1 |  |  | $ | 6,178.9 |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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SIGNET JEWELERS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 769.9 |  |  | $ | (15.2) |  |  | $ | 105.5 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 163.5 |  |  | 176.0 |  |  | 178.0 |
Amortization of unfavorable contracts | (3.3) |  |  | (5.4) |  |  | (5.5) |
Share-based compensation | 45.8 |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | 16.9 |
Deferred taxation | 0.1 |  |  | 141.8 |  |  | 21.5 |
Asset impairments | 1.5 |  |  | 159.0 |  |  | 47.7 |
Restructuring charges | — |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 25.9 |
Net loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (6.2) |
Other non-cash movements | 4.8 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (4.3) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable | 12.4 |  |  | (50.1) |  |  | (15.2) |
Proceeds from sale of in-house finance receivables | 81.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
(Increase) decrease in other assets and other receivables | (39.9) |  |  | 181.9 |  |  | (184.2) |
Decrease in inventories | 198.3 |  |  | 308.0 |  |  | 48.8 |
Increase in accounts payable | 35.7 |  |  | 577.8 |  |  | 77.2 |
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities | (30.1) |  |  | (185.8) |  |  | 232.9 |
Change in operating lease assets and liabilities | (64.1) |  |  | 31.2 |  |  | (9.4) |
Increase in deferred revenue | 100.5 |  |  | 73.1 |  |  | 30.8 |
Changes in income tax receivable and payable | (6.7) |  |  | (45.5) |  |  | 0.6 |
Pension plan contributions | (12.4) |  |  | (4.4) |  |  | (5.3) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,257.3 |  |  | 1,372.3 |  |  | 555.7 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (129.6) |  |  | (83.0) |  |  | (136.3) |
Proceeds from sale of assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |
Purchase of available-for-sale securities | (1.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (13.3) |
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities | 3.7 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 8.3 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (515.8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (642.7) |  |  | (77.8) |  |  | (140.8) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid on common shares | (19.0) |  |  | (19.4) |  |  | (77.4) |
Dividends paid on redeemable convertible preferred shares | (24.6) |  |  | (7.8) |  |  | (31.2) |
Repurchase of common shares | (311.8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from term loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100.0 |
Repayments of term loans | — |  |  | (100.0) |  |  | (294.9) |
Settlement of Senior Notes, including third party fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | (241.5) |
Proceeds from revolving credit facilities | — |  |  | 900.0 |  |  | 858.3 |
Repayments of revolving credit facilities | — |  |  | (1,170.0) |  |  | (588.3) |
Payment of debt issuance costs | (3.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (9.3) |
Increase (decrease) of bank overdrafts | — |  |  | (87.4) |  |  | 47.5 |
Other financing activities | (7.3) |  |  | (14.0) |  |  | (0.2) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (366.6) |  |  | (498.6) |  |  | (237.0) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 1,172.5 |  |  | 374.5 |  |  | 195.4 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents | 248.0 |  |  | 795.9 |  |  | 177.9 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (2.2) |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 1.2 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,418.3 |  |  | $ | 1,172.5 |  |  | $ | 374.5 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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SIGNET JEWELERS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in millions) | Common shares at par value |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Other reserves |  | Treasury shares |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Total shareholders’ equity
Balance at February 2, 2019 | $12.6 |  | $236.5 |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | (1,027.3) |  |  | $2,282.2 |  | $ | (302.8) |  |  | $ | 1,201.6 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 105.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 105.5 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 9.0 |
Dividends on common shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (77.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (77.4) |
Dividends on redeemable convertible preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (32.9) |
Net settlement of equity based awards | — |  |  | (8.0) |  |  | — |  |  | 42.4 |  |  | (34.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16.9 |
Balance at February 1, 2020 | $12.6 |  | $245.4 |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | (984.9) |  |  | $2,242.9 |  | $ | (293.8) |  |  | $ | 1,222.6 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (15.2) |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.3 |
Dividends on redeemable convertible preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (33.5) |
Net settlement of equity based awards | — |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | — |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | (5.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.4) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14.5 |
Balance at January 30, 2021 | $12.6 |  | $258.8 |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | (980.2) |  |  | $2,189.2 |  | $ | (290.5) |  |  | $ | 1,190.3 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 769.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 769.9 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60.4) |  |  | (60.4) |
Dividends on common shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (28.0) |
Dividends on redeemable convertible preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (34.5) |
Repurchase of common shares | — |  |  | (50.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (261.8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (311.8) |
Net settlement of equity based awards | — |  |  | (23.4) |  |  | — |  |  | 35.3 |  |  | (19.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (7.3) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 45.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45.8 |
Balance at January 29, 2022 | $12.6 |  | $231.2 |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | (1,206.7) |  |  | $2,877.4 |  | $ | (350.9) |  |  | $ | 1,564.0 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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SIGNET JEWELERS LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Organization and summary of significant accounting policies
Signet Jewelers Limited (“Signet” or the “Company”), a holding company incorporated in Bermuda, is the world’s largest retailer of diamond jewelry. The Company operates through its 100% owned subsidiaries with sales primarily in the United States (“US”), United Kingdom (“UK”) and Canada. Signet manages its business as three reportable segments: North America, International, and Other. The “Other” reportable segment consists of subsidiaries involved in the purchasing and conversion of rough diamonds to polished stones. See Note 5 for additional discussion of the Company’s reportable segments.
Signet’s business is seasonal, with the fourth quarter accounting for approximately 35-40% of annual sales, as well as accounts for a substantial portion of the annual operating profit. The “Holiday Season” consists of results for the months of November and December, with December being the highest volume month of the year.
The Company has evaluated and determined that there were no additional events or transactions subsequent to January 29, 2022 for potential recognition or disclosure through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued. There are no material related party transactions. The following accounting policies have been applied consistently in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
(a) Basis of preparation
The consolidated financial statements of Signet are prepared in accordance with US generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP” or “GAAP”) and include the results for the 52 week period ended January 29, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”), as Signet’s fiscal year ends on the Saturday nearest to January 31. The comparative periods are for the 52 week period ended January 30, 2021 (“Fiscal 2021”) and the 52 week period ended February 1, 2020 (“Fiscal 2020”). Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Signet has reclassified certain prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation.
(b) Risks and uncertainties - COVID-19
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was identified in Wuhan, China. As a result, the Company experienced significant disruption to its business, specifically in its retail store operations through temporary closures during the first half of Fiscal 2021. By the end of the third quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company had re-opened substantially all of its stores. However, during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021, both the UK and certain Canadian provinces re-established mandated temporary closure of non-essential businesses. The UK stores began to reopen in April 2021, while the Canadian stores began reopening in the second quarter of Fiscal 2022.
While there has been no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements during Fiscal 2022, the full extent and duration of the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s operations and financial performance is currently unknown and depends on future developments that are uncertain and unpredictable, including the duration and possible resurgence of COVID-19 (including through variants), the success of the vaccine rollout globally, its impact on the Company’s global supply chain, and the uncertainty of customer behavior and potential shifts in discretionary spending. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on its business, results of operations and cash flows throughout Fiscal 2023, including the potential impacts on various estimates and assumptions inherent in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements.
(c) Use of estimates
The preparation of these consolidated financial statements, in conformity with US GAAP and US Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regulations, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are primarily made in relation to the valuation of accounts receivables, inventories, deferred revenue, derivatives, employee benefits, income taxes, contingencies, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, asset impairments for goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible and long-lived assets and the depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets.
(d) Foreign currency translation
The financial position and operating results of certain foreign operations, including the International segment and the Canadian operations of the North America segment, are consolidated using the local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rates of exchange on the consolidated balance sheet date, and revenues and expenses are translated at the monthly average rates of exchange during the period. Resulting translation gains or losses are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”). Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included within other operating income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations, whereas translation adjustments and gains or losses related to intercompany loans of a long-term investment nature are recognized as a component of AOCI.
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See Note 10 for additional information regarding the Company’s foreign currency translation.
(e) Revenue recognition
The Company applies a five-step approach in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with a customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the corresponding performance obligation is satisfied.
See Note 3 for additional discussion of the Company’s revenue recognition.
(f) Cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses
Cost of sales includes merchandise costs, net of discounts and allowances; distribution and warehousing costs; and store operating and occupancy costs. Store operating and occupancy costs include utilities, rent, real estate taxes, common area maintenance charges and depreciation. Distribution and warehousing costs including freight, processing, inventory shrinkage and related compensation and benefits.
Selling, general and administrative expenses include store staff and store administrative costs; centralized administrative expenses, including information technology; third-party credit costs and credit loss expense; advertising and promotional costs and other operating expenses not specifically categorized elsewhere in the consolidated statements of operations.
Compensation and benefits costs included within cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses totaled $1,447.7 million in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: $996.1 million; Fiscal 2020: $1,196.6 million).
(g) Store opening costs
The opening costs of new locations are expensed as incurred and included within selling, general and administrative expenses.
(h) Advertising and promotional costs
Advertising and promotional costs are expensed within selling, general and administrative expenses. Production costs are expensed at the first communication of the advertisements, while communication expenses are recognized each time the advertisement is communicated. For catalogs and circulars, costs are all expensed at the first date they can be viewed by the customer. Point of sale promotional material is expensed when first displayed in the stores. Gross advertising costs totaled $527.0 million in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: $343.0 million; Fiscal 2020: $388.9 million).
(i) Income taxes
Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized by applying statutory tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences between the financial reporting and tax filing bases of existing assets and liabilities are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, based on management’s evaluation of all available evidence, both positive and negative, including reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and results of recent operations.
The Company does not recognize tax benefits related to positions taken on certain tax matters unless the position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. At any point in time, various tax years are subject to or are in the process of being audited by various taxing authorities. The Company records a reserve for uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties. To the extent that management’s estimates of settlements change, or the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the income tax provision in the period in which such determinations are made.
See Note 11 for additional discussion of the Company’s income taxes.
(j) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, money market deposits and amounts placed with external fund managers with an original maturity of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost which approximates fair value. In addition, receivables from third-party credit card issuers typically converted to cash within five days of the original sales transaction are considered cash equivalents.
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The following table summarizes the details of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents:

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents held in money markets and other accounts | $ | 1,362.4 |  |  | $ | 1,122.2 |
Cash equivalents from third-party credit card issuers | 54.4 |  |  | 48.8 |
Cash on hand | 1.5 |  |  | 1.5 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,418.3 |  |  | $ | 1,172.5 |

The Company’s supplemental cash flow information was as follows:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Non-cash investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures in accounts payable | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 14.8 |  |  | $ | 30.5 |  |  | $ | 34.7 |
Income tax paid (refunded), net (1) | $ | 120.7 |  |  | $ | (176.0) |  |  | $ | 5.7 |

(1) Includes $183.4 million refunded under the CARES Act in Fiscal 2021. See Note 11 for further details.
(k) Accounts receivable
In June 2018, the Company completed the sale of the remaining North America customer in-house finance receivables (see Note 13). Subsequent to the completion of this transaction, receivables issued by the Company but pending transfer are classified as “held for sale” and recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet. See Note 22 for additional information regarding the assumptions utilized in the calculation of fair value of the finance receivables held for sale.
See Note 14 for discussion of the Company’s accounts receivable and current expected credit losses subsequent to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326 (as further described in Note 14).
(l) Inventories
Inventories are primarily held for resale and are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using weighted-average cost, on a first-in first-out basis, for all inventories except for inventories held in the Company’s diamond sourcing operations, where cost is determined using specific identification. Cost includes charges directly related to bringing inventory to its present location and condition. Such charges would include warehousing, security, distribution and certain buying costs. Net realizable value is defined as estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Inventory reserves are recorded for obsolete, slow moving or defective items and shrinkage. Inventory reserves for obsolete, slow moving or defective items are calculated as the difference between the cost of inventory and its estimated net realizable value based on targeted inventory turn rates, future demand, management strategy and market conditions. Due to the inventory primarily consisting of precious stones and metals including gold, the age of the inventory has a limited impact on the estimated net realizable value. Inventory reserves for shrinkage are estimated and recorded based on historical physical inventory results, expectations of future inventory losses and current inventory levels. Physical inventories are taken at least once annually for all store locations and distribution centers.
See Note 15 for additional discussion of the Company’s inventories.
(m) Vendor contributions
Contributions are received from vendors through various programs and arrangements including cooperative advertising. Where vendor contributions related to identifiable promotional events are received, contributions are matched against the costs of promotions. Vendor contributions received as general contributions and not related to specific promotional events are recognized as a reduction of inventory costs.
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(n) Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment charges. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are recognized on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as follows:

Buildings |  | Ranging from 30 – 40 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Remaining term of lease, not to exceed 10 years
Furniture and fixtures |  | Ranging from 3 – 10 years
Equipment and software |  | Ranging from 3 – 7 years

Computer software purchased or developed for internal use is stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Signet’s policy provides for the capitalization of external direct costs of materials and services associated with developing or obtaining internal use computer software. In addition, Signet also capitalizes certain payroll and payroll-related costs for employees directly associated with internal use computer projects. Amortization is charged on a straight-line basis over periods from three to seven years.
Capitalized amounts for cloud computing arrangements accounted for as service contracts are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to expense over the life of the service contract. The carrying amount of these assets as of January 29, 2022 was $80.7 million (January 30, 2021: $4.1 million).
See Note 16 for additional discussion of the Company’s property, plant and equipment, and Note 17 for the Company’s policy for long-lived asset impairment.
(o) Goodwill and intangibles
In a business combination, the Company estimates and records the fair value of all assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including identifiable intangible assets and liabilities. The fair value of these intangible assets and liabilities is estimated based on management’s assessment, including selection of appropriate valuation techniques, inputs and assumptions in the determination of fair value. Significant estimates in valuing intangible assets and liabilities acquired include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows associated with the acquired asset or liability, expected life and discount rates. The excess purchase price over the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. Goodwill is recorded by the Company’s reporting units based on the acquisitions made by each.
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as indefinite-lived trade names, are evaluated for impairment annually as of the beginning of the fourth reporting period. Additionally, if events or conditions were to indicate the carrying value of a reporting unit or an indefinite-lived intangible asset may be greater than its fair value, the Company would evaluate the asset for impairment at that time. Impairment testing compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit or other intangible assets with its fair value. When the carrying amount of the reporting unit or other intangible assets exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recorded.
Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows related to the asset are less than the carrying amount, the Company recognizes an impairment charge equal to the difference between the carrying value and the estimated fair value, usually determined by the estimated discounted future cash flows of the asset.
See Note 19 for additional discussion of the Company’s goodwill and intangibles.
(p) Derivatives and hedge accounting
The Company enters into various types of derivative instruments to mitigate certain risk exposures related to changes in commodity costs and foreign exchange rates. Derivative instruments are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, as either assets or liabilities, with an offset to net income or other comprehensive income (“OCI”), depending on whether the derivative qualifies as an effective hedge.
If a derivative instrument meets certain criteria, the Company designates it as a cash flow hedge within the fiscal quarter it is entered into. For effective cash flow hedge transactions, the changes in fair value of the derivative instrument is recognized directly in equity as a component of AOCI and is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in the same period(s) and on the same financial statement line in which the hedged item affects net income. Gains and losses on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized immediately in other operating income (loss).
In the normal course of business, the Company may terminate cash flow hedges prior to the occurrence of the underlying forecasted transaction. For cash flow hedges terminated prior to the occurrence of the underlying forecasted transaction, management monitors the probability of the associated forecasted cash flow transactions to assess whether any gain or loss recorded in AOCI should be immediately recognized in net income. Cash flows from derivative contracts are included in net cash provided by operating activities.
See Note 21 for additional discussion of the Company’s derivatives and hedge activities.
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(q) Employee benefits
The funded status of the defined benefit pension plan in the UK (the “UK Plan”) is recognized on the consolidated balance sheets, and is the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation measured at the balance sheet date. Gains or losses and prior service costs or credits that arise and are not included as components of net periodic pension cost are recognized, net of tax, in OCI.
Signet also operates a defined contribution plan in the UK, a defined contribution retirement savings plan in the US, and an executive deferred compensation plan in the US. Contributions made by Signet to these benefit arrangements are charged primarily to selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred.
See Note 23 for additional discussion of the Company’s employee benefits.
(r) Debt issuance costs
Borrowings include primarily interest-bearing bank loans and bank overdrafts. Direct debt issuance costs on borrowings are capitalized and amortized into interest expense over the contractual term of the related loan.
See Note 24 for additional discussion of the Company’s debt issuance costs.
(s) Share-based compensation
Signet measures share-based compensation cost for awards classified as equity at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognizes the cost as an expense on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period of employees. Certain share awards under the Company’s plans include a condition whereby vesting is contingent on Company performance exceeding a given target, and therefore awards granted with this condition are considered to be performance-based awards.
Signet estimates fair value using a Black-Scholes model for awards granted under the Omnibus Plan and the binomial valuation model for awards granted under the Share Saving Plans. Deferred tax assets for awards that result in deductions on the income tax returns of subsidiaries are recorded by Signet based on the amount of compensation cost recognized and the subsidiaries’ statutory tax rate in the jurisdiction in which it will receive a deduction.
Share-based compensation is primarily recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations, consistent with the relevant salary cost.
See Note 27 for additional discussion of the Company’s share-based compensation plans.
(t) Contingent liabilities
Provisions for contingent liabilities are recorded for probable losses when management is able to reasonably estimate the loss or range of loss. When it is reasonably possible that a contingent liability may result in a loss or additional loss, the range of the potential loss is disclosed.
See Note 28 for additional discussion of the Company’s contingencies.
(u) Dividends
Dividends on common shares are reflected as a reduction of retained earnings in the period in which they are formally declared by the Board of Directors (the “Board”). In addition, the cumulative dividends on preferred shares are reflected as a reduction of retained earnings in the period in which they are declared by the Board, as are the deemed dividends resulting from the accretion of issuance costs related to the preferred shares.
See Note 7 and Note 8 for additional information related to the Company’s equity, including the preferred shares.
2. New accounting pronouncements
The following section provides a description of new accounting pronouncements ("Accounting Standard Update" or "ASU") issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") that are applicable to the Company.
New accounting pronouncements recently adopted
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (“Topic 805”): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. This ASU requires that an acquirer recognize and measure customer contract assets and liabilities in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if the acquirer had originated the contracts, rather than under Topic 805. Under prior guidance with Topic 805, a liability for deferred revenue was generally recognized at fair value in an acquirer’s financial statements as if it represented a legal obligation. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The
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Company elected to early adopt this ASU effective October 31, 2021 on a retrospective basis. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
New accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted
There are no new accounting pronouncements issued that are expected to have a material impact to the Company in future periods.
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3. Revenue recognition
The following tables provide the Company’s total sales, disaggregated by banner, for Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020:

|  | Fiscal 2022
(in millions) |  | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by banner: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kay |  | $ | 2,985.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,985.8 |
Zales |  | 1,624.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,624.8 |
Jared |  | 1,326.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,326.3 |
Banter by Piercing Pagoda |  | 553.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 553.4 |
Diamonds Direct (2) |  | 132.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132.5 |
James Allen |  | 422.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 422.8 |
Peoples |  | 206.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 206.2 |
International segment banners |  | — |  |  | 492.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 492.4 |
Other (1) |  | 13.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 68.8 |  |  | 81.8 |
Total sales |  | $ | 7,264.8 |  |  | $ | 492.4 |  |  | $ | 68.8 |  |  | $ | 7,826.0 |
|  | Fiscal 2021
(in millions) |  | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by banner: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kay |  | $ | 2,008.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,008.6 |
Zales |  | 1,121.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,121.6 |
Jared |  | 920.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 920.9 |
Banter by Piercing Pagoda |  | 337.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 337.5 |
James Allen |  | 301.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 301.4 |
Peoples |  | 150.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150.9 |
International segment banners |  | — |  |  | 355.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 355.9 |
Other (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30.1 |  |  | 30.1 |
Total sales |  | $ | 4,840.9 |  |  | $ | 355.9 |  |  | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | 5,226.9 |
|  | Fiscal 2020
(in millions) |  | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by banner: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kay |  | $ | 2,414.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,414.0 |
Zales |  | 1,276.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,276.8 |
Jared |  | 1,088.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,088.1 |
Banter by Piercing Pagoda |  | 331.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 331.7 |
James Allen |  | 250.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250.6 |
Peoples |  | 204.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 204.6 |
International segment banners |  | — |  |  | 518.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 518.0 |
Other (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53.3 |  |  | 53.3 |
Total sales |  | $ | 5,565.8 |  |  | $ | 518.0 |  |  | $ | 53.3 |  |  | $ | 6,137.1 |

(1) Includes sales from Signet’s diamond sourcing initiative and Rocksbox.
(2) Includes Diamonds Direct sales since the date of acquisition on November 17, 2021. See Note 4 for further details..
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The following tables provide the Company’s total sales, disaggregated by major product, for Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020:

| Fiscal 2022
(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by product: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bridal | $ | 3,087.6 |  |  | $ | 222.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,310.4 |
Fashion | 3,130.1 |  |  | 92.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,222.8 |
Watches | 241.8 |  |  | 157.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 399.6 |
Other (1) | 805.3 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 68.8 |  |  | 893.2 |
Total sales | $ | 7,264.8 |  |  | $ | 492.4 |  |  | $ | 68.8 |  |  | $ | 7,826.0 |
| Fiscal 2021
(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by product: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bridal | $ | 2,140.5 |  |  | $ | 166.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,306.9 |
Fashion | 1,987.9 |  |  | 69.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,057.1 |
Watches | 145.6 |  |  | 108.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 254.1 |
Other (1) | 566.9 |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 30.1 |  |  | 608.8 |
Total sales | $ | 4,840.9 |  |  | $ | 355.9 |  |  | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | 5,226.9 |
| Fiscal 2020
(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by product: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bridal | $ | 2,403.4 |  |  | $ | 214.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,617.7 |
Fashion | 2,131.0 |  |  | 110.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,241.5 |
Watches | 214.9 |  |  | 169.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 384.0 |
Other (1) | 816.5 |  |  | 24.1 |  |  | 53.3 |  |  | 893.9 |
Total sales | $ | 5,565.8 |  |  | $ | 518.0 |  |  | $ | 53.3 |  |  | $ | 6,137.1 |

(1) Other revenue primarily includes gift and other miscellaneous jewelry sales, extended service plans, repairs, subscriptions, and other miscellaneous non-jewelry sales.
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The following tables provide the Company’s total sales, disaggregated by channel, for Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020:

| Fiscal 2022
(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Store | $ | 5,867.9 |  |  | $ | 377.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,245.6 |
eCommerce | 1,396.9 |  |  | 114.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,511.6 |
Other (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68.8 |  |  | 68.8 |
Total sales | $ | 7,264.8 |  |  | $ | 492.4 |  |  | $ | 68.8 |  |  | $ | 7,826.0 |
| Fiscal 2021
(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Store | $ | 3,772.9 |  |  | $ | 238.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,011.8 |
eCommerce | 1,068.0 |  |  | 117.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,185.0 |
Other (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30.1 |  |  | 30.1 |
Total sales | $ | 4,840.9 |  |  | $ | 355.9 |  |  | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | 5,226.9 |
| Fiscal 2020
(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Sales by channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Store | $ | 4,880.2 |  |  | $ | 453.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,333.4 |
eCommerce | 685.6 |  |  | 64.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 750.4 |
Other (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53.3 |  |  | 53.3 |
Total sales | $ | 5,565.8 |  |  | $ | 518.0 |  |  | $ | 53.3 |  |  | $ | 6,137.1 |

(1) Includes sales from Signet’s diamond sourcing initiative and Rocksbox.
The Company recognizes revenues when control of the promised goods and services are transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods. Transfer of control generally occurs at the time merchandise is taken from a store, or upon receipt of the merchandise by a customer for an eCommerce shipment. The Company excludes all taxes assessed by government authorities and collected from a customer from its reported sales. The Company’s revenue streams and their respective accounting treatments are further discussed below.
Merchandise sales and repairs
Store sales are recognized when the customer receives and pays for the merchandise at the store with cash, private label credit card programs, a third-party credit card or a lease purchase option. For online sales shipped to customers, sales are recognized at the estimated time the customer has received the merchandise. Amounts related to shipping and handling that are billed to customers are reflected in sales and the related costs are reflected in cost of sales. Revenues on the sale of merchandise are reported net of anticipated returns and sales tax collected. Returns are estimated based on previous return rates experienced. Any deposits received from a customer for merchandise are deferred and recognized as revenue when the customer receives the merchandise. Revenues derived from providing replacement merchandise on behalf of insurance organizations are recognized upon receipt of the merchandise by the customer. Revenues on repair of merchandise are recognized when the service is complete and the customer collects the merchandise at the store.
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Extended service plans (“ESP”)
The Company recognizes revenue related to ESP sales in proportion to when the expected costs will be incurred. The deferral periods for ESP sales are determined from patterns of claims costs, including estimates of future claims costs expected to be incurred. Management reviews the trends in historical claims to assess whether changes are required to the revenue and cost recognition rates utilized. The Company periodically refreshes its analysis of the claims patterns on at least an annual basis, or more often if circumstances dictate such a review is required (such as occurred as a result of the disruption from COVID-19). A significant change in either the overall claims pattern or the life over which the Company is expected to fulfil its obligation under the warranty, could result in material change to revenues. These changes have not had a material impact on revenue during Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 or Fiscal 2020.
The North America segment sells ESP, subject to certain conditions, to perform repair work over the life of the product. Customers generally pay for ESP at the store or online at the time of merchandise sale. Revenue from the sale of the lifetime ESP is recognized consistent with the estimated patterns of claim costs expected to be incurred by the Company in connection with performing under the ESP obligations. Lifetime ESP revenue is deferred and recognized over a maximum of 14 years after the sale of the warranty contract. Although claims experience varies between the Company’s national banners, thereby resulting in different recognition rates, approximately 55% to 60% of revenue is recognized within the first two years on a weighted average basis.
Signet also sells warranty agreements in the capacity of an agent on behalf of a third-party. The commission that Signet receives from the third-party is recognized at the time of sale less an estimate of cancellations based on historical experience.
Deferred selling costs
All direct costs associated with the sale of the ESP plans are deferred and amortized in proportion to the revenue recognized and disclosed as either other current assets or other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. These direct costs primarily include sales commissions and credit card fees. Amortization of deferred ESP selling costs is included within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Amortization of deferred ESP selling costs was $41.7 million, $26.3 million and $29.5 million in Fiscal 2022, and Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020, respectively.
Unamortized deferred selling costs as of Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021 were as follows:

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Deferred selling costs |  |  |
Other current assets | $ | 28.4 |  |  | $ | 26.2 |
Other assets | 87.8 |  |  | 85.1 |
Total deferred selling costs | $ | 116.2 |  |  | $ | 111.3 |

Consignment inventory sales
Sales of consignment inventory are accounted for on a gross sales basis as the Company maintains control of the merchandise through the point of sale as well as provides independent advice, guidance and after-sales service to customers. Supplier products are selected at the discretion of the Company, and the Company is responsible for determining the selling price and for physical security of the products. The products sold from consignment inventory are similar in nature to other products that are sold to customers and are sold on the same terms.
Deferred revenue
Deferred revenue consists primarily of ESP and other deferred revenue as follows:

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
ESP deferred revenue | $ | 1,116.5 |  |  | $ | 1,028.9 |
Other deferred revenue (1) | 82.4 |  |  | 43.1 |
Total deferred revenue | $ | 1,198.9 |  |  | $ | 1,072.0 |
Disclosed as: |  |  |
Current liabilities | $ | 341.3 |  |  | $ | 288.7 |
Non-current liabilities | 857.6 |  |  | 783.3 |
Total deferred revenue | $ | 1,198.9 |  |  | $ | 1,072.0 |

(1) Other deferred revenue includes primarily revenue collected from customers for custom orders and eCommerce orders, for which control has not yet transferred to the customer.
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(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
ESP deferred revenue, beginning of period | $ | 1,028.9 |  |  | $ | 960.0 |
Plans sold (1) | 528.9 |  |  | 337.4 |
Revenue recognized (2) | (441.3) |  |  | (268.5) |
ESP deferred revenue, end of period | $ | 1,116.5 |  |  | $ | 1,028.9 |

(1) Includes impact of foreign currency translation.
(2) During Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021, the Company recognized sales of approximately $244.1 million and $163.5 million, respectively, related to deferred revenue that existed at the beginning of the year in respect to ESP. Additionally, no ESP revenue was recognized beginning on March 23, 2020 due to the temporary closure of the Company’s stores and service centers as a result of COVID-19. As the Company began reopening stores and service centers during the second quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company resumed recognizing service revenue as it fulfilled its performance obligations under the ESP.
4. Acquisitions
Rocksbox
On March 29, 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Rocksbox Inc. (“Rocksbox”), a jewelry rental subscription business, for cash consideration of $14.6 million, net of cash acquired. The acquisition was driven by Signet's "Inspiring Brilliance" strategy and its initiatives to accelerate growth in its services offerings. Based on a preliminary purchase price allocation, net assets acquired primarily consist of goodwill and intangible assets (see Note 19 for details). In connection with closing the acquisition, the Company incurred approximately $1.4 million of acquisition-related costs for professional services during Fiscal 2022, which were recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
The results of Rocksbox subsequent to the acquisition date are reported as a component of the North America segment. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented, as the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial results was not material.
Diamonds Direct
On November 17, 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Diamonds Direct USA Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Diamonds Direct”) for cash consideration of $501.2 million, net of cash acquired of $14.2 million. Diamonds Direct is an off-mall, destination jeweler in the US, operating in 22 retail locations with a highly productive, efficient operating model with demonstrated growth and profitability which is expected to immediately contribute to Signet’s “Inspiring Brilliance” strategy to accelerate growth and expand the Company’s market in accessible luxury and bridal. Diamonds Direct’s strong value proposition, extensive bridal offering and customer-centric, high-touch shopping experience is a destination for younger, luxury-oriented bridal shoppers.
The information included herein has been prepared based on the allocation of the purchase price using estimates of the fair value and useful lives of assets acquired and liabilities assumed which were determined by management using a combination of income and cost approaches, including the relief from royalty method and comparable market prices. The purchase price allocation is subject to further adjustment until all pertinent information regarding the assets and liabilities acquired are fully evaluated by the Company.
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The following table presents the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed from Diamonds Direct at the date of acquisition:

(in millions) |
Inventories | $ | 229.1 |
Property, plant and equipment | 32.3 |
Right-of-use assets | 56.9 |
Intangible assets | 126.0 |
Other assets | 6.7 |
Identifiable assets acquired | 451.0 |
Accounts payable | 46.8 |
Deferred revenue | 26.1 |
Operating lease liabilities | 57.6 |
Deferred taxes | 33.6 |
Other liabilities | 27.6 |
Liabilities assumed | 191.7 |
Identifiable net assets acquired | 259.3 |
Goodwill | 241.9 |
Net assets acquired | $ | 501.2 |

The Company recorded acquired intangible assets of $126.0 million, consisting entirely of an indefinite-lived trade name.
Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the acquisition, and represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. The amount allocated to goodwill associated with the Diamonds Direct acquisition is primarily the result of expected synergies resulting from combining the activities such as marketing and digital effectiveness, expansion of connected commence capabilities, and sourcing savings. The Company allocated goodwill to its North America reportable segment. None of the goodwill associated with this transaction is deductible for income tax purposes.
In connection with the acquisition, the Company incurred $5.0 million of acquisition-related costs during Fiscal 2022, which were recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
The results of Diamonds Direct subsequent to the acquisition date are reported as a component of the North America reportable segment. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented, as the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial results was not material.
5. Segment information
Financial information for each of Signet’s reportable segments is presented in the tables below. Signet’s chief operating decision maker utilizes segment sales and operating income, after the elimination of any inter-segment transactions, to determine resource allocations and performance assessment measures. Signet aggregates operating segments with similar economic and operating characteristics. Signet manages its business as three reportable segments: North America, International, and Other. Signet’s sales are derived from the retailing of jewelry, watches, other products and services as generated through the management of its reportable segments. The Company allocates certain support center costs between operating segments, and the remainder of the unallocated costs are included with the corporate and unallocated expenses presented.
The North America reportable segment operates across the US and Canada. Its US stores operate nationally in malls and off-mall locations principally as Kay (Kay Jewelers and Kay Jewelers Outlet), Zales (Zales Jewelers and Zales Outlet), Jared (Jared The Galleria Of Jewelry and Jared Vault), Diamonds Direct, James Allen, Banter by Piercing Pagoda, which primarily operates through mall-based kiosks, and Rocksbox. Its Canadian stores operate as the Peoples Jewellers store banner.
The International reportable segment operates stores in the UK, Republic of Ireland and Channel Islands. Its stores operate in shopping malls and off-mall locations (i.e. high street) principally as H.Samuel and Ernest Jones.
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The Other reportable segment consists of subsidiaries involved in the purchasing and conversion of rough diamonds to polished stones.

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Sales: |  |  |  |  |
North America segment (1) | $ | 7,264.8 |  |  | $ | 4,840.9 |  |  | $ | 5,565.8 |
International segment | 492.4 |  |  | 355.9 |  |  | 518.0 |
Other segment | 68.8 |  |  | 30.1 |  |  | 53.3 |
Total sales | $ | 7,826.0 |  |  | $ | 5,226.9 |  |  | $ | 6,137.1 |
Operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
North America segment (2) | $ | 981.4 |  |  | $ | 57.9 |  |  | $ | 284.9 |
International segment (3) | 14.4 |  |  | (43.3) |  |  | 9.0 |
Other segment (4) | (0.2) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (15.9) |
Corporate and unallocated expenses (5) | (92.2) |  |  | (72.0) |  |  | (119.7) |
Total operating income (loss) | 903.4 |  |  | (57.7) |  |  | 158.3 |
Interest expense | (16.9) |  |  | (32.0) |  |  | (35.6) |
Other non-operating (loss) income | (2.1) |  |  | — |  |  | 7.0 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 884.4 |  |  | $ | (89.7) |  |  | $ | 129.7 |
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |
North America segment | $ | 149.2 |  |  | $ | 163.7 |  |  | $ | 159.9 |
International segment | 14.0 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 17.8 |
Other segment | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 163.5 |  |  | $ | 176.0 |  |  | $ | 178.0 |
Capital additions: |  |  |  |  |
North America segment | $ | 112.6 |  |  | $ | 79.0 |  |  | $ | 128.3 |
International segment | 16.6 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Other segment | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total capital additions | $ | 129.6 |  |  | $ | 83.0 |  |  | $ | 136.3 |

(1) Sales include sales of $206.2 million, $150.9 million and $204.6 million generated by Canadian operations in Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020, respectively.
(2) Fiscal 2022 includes: 1) $5.4 million of cost of sales associated with the fair value step-up of inventory acquired in the Diamonds Direct acquisition; 2) $6.4 million of acquisition-related expenses related to Diamonds Direct and Rocksbox; 3) net asset impairment charges of $2.0 million; 4) $1.4 million of gains associated with the sale of customer in-house finance receivables; and 5) $1.0 million credit to restructuring expense, primarily related to adjustments to previously recognized restructuring liabilities.
Fiscal 2021 includes: 1) $1.6 million related to inventory charges recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; 2) $36.0 million primarily related to severance, professional fees and store closure costs recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; and 3) asset impairment charges of $136.7 million.
Fiscal 2020 includes: 1) $6.0 million related to inventory charges recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; 2) $42.1 million primarily related to severance, professional fees and store closure costs recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; and 3) asset impairment charges of $47.7 million.
See Note 4, Note 6, Note 13, Note 17 and Note 19 for additional information.
(3) Fiscal 2022 includes net asset impairment gains of $0.5 million.
Fiscal 2021 includes 1) $9.7 million primarily related to severance and store closure costs recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities; and 2) asset impairment charges of $22.3 million.
Fiscal 2020 includes $7.0 million primarily related to severance and store closure costs recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities.
See Note 6 and Note 17 for additional information.
(4) Fiscal 2021 includes $0.2 million benefit recognized due to a change in inventory reserves previously recognized as part of the Company’s restructuring activities.
Fiscal 2020 includes $3.2 million related to inventory charges recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities.
See Note 6 for additional information.
(5) Fiscal 2022 includes: 1) charges of $1.7 million related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters; and 2) $2.3 million credit to restructuring expense primarily related to adjustments to previously recognized restructuring liabilities.
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Fiscal 2021 includes: 1) charges of $7.5 million related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters, net of expected insurance proceeds; and 2) $0.5 million related to charges recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities.
Fiscal 2020 includes: 1) charges of $33.2 million related to the settlement of previously disclosed shareholder litigation matters, inclusive of expected insurance proceeds; and 2) $20.8 million related to charges recorded in conjunction with the Company’s restructuring activities.
See Note 6 and Note 28 for additional information.

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Total assets: |  |  |
North America segment | $ | 5,540.1 |  |  | $ | 5,101.9 |
International segment | 438.2 |  |  | 514.2 |
Other segment | 81.2 |  |  | 44.9 |
Corporate and unallocated | 515.6 |  |  | 517.9 |
Total assets | $ | 6,575.1 |  |  | $ | 6,178.9 |
Total long-lived assets (1): |  |  |
North America segment | $ | 1,328.4 |  |  | $ | 978.1 |
International segment | 43.4 |  |  | 41.6 |
Other segment | 2.9 |  |  | 2.8 |
Total long-lived assets | $ | 1,374.7 |  |  | $ | 1,022.5 |

(1) Includes property, plant and equipment; goodwill; and other intangible assets.
6. Restructuring Plans
Signet Path to Brilliance Plan
During the first quarter of Fiscal 2019, Signet launched a three-year comprehensive transformation plan, the “Signet Path to Brilliance” plan (the “Plan”) to reposition the Company to be the OmniChannel jewelry category leader. Restructuring activities related to the Plan were substantially completed in Fiscal 2021. During Fiscal 2022, Signet recorded credits to restructuring expense of $3.3 million, primarily related to adjustments to previously recognized Plan liabilities.
Restructuring charges and other Plan-related costs are classified in the consolidated statements of operations as follows:

(in millions) | Statement of operations location |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Inventory charges | Restructuring charges - cost of sales |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 9.2 |
Other Plan related expenses | Restructuring charges |  | (3.3) |  |  | 46.2 |  |  | 69.9 |
Total Signet Path to Brilliance Plan expenses |  |  | $ | (3.3) |  |  | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 79.1 |

The composition of restructuring charges the Company incurred during Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020, as well as the cumulative amount incurred through January 29, 2022, were as follows:

(in millions) |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020 |  | Cumulative amount
Inventory charges |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 9.2 |  |  | $ | 72.8 |
Termination benefits |  | (1.1) |  |  | 24.1 |  |  | 16.1 |  |  | 48.8 |
Store closure and other costs |  | (2.2) |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | 53.8 |  |  | 127.7 |
Total Signet Path to Brilliance Plan expenses |  | $ | (3.3) |  |  | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 79.1 |  |  | $ | 249.3 |

Plan liabilities of $1.9 million were recorded within accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Plan liabilities of $2.1 million were recorded within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet as of January 29, 2022. The remaining Plan liabilities primarily represent store closure liabilities.
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The following table summarizes the activity related to the Plan liabilities between periods:

(in millions) |  | Termination benefits |  | Store closure and other costs |  | Consolidated
Balance at February 2, 2019 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12.6 |  |  | $ | 12.6 |
Payments and other adjustments |  | (14.1) |  |  | (65.2) |  |  | (79.3) |
Charged to expense |  | 16.1 |  |  | 63.0 |  |  | 79.1 |
Balance at February 1, 2020 |  | 2.0 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 12.4 |
Payments and other adjustments |  | (24.0) |  |  | (25.8) |  |  | (49.8) |
Charged to expense |  | 24.1 |  |  | 23.5 |  |  | 47.6 |
Balance at January 30, 2021 |  | 2.1 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 10.2 |
Payments and other adjustments |  | (1.0) |  |  | (1.9) |  |  | (2.9) |
Charged to expense |  | (1.1) |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | (3.3) |
Balance at January 29, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |

7. Redeemable preferred shares
On October 5, 2016, the Company issued 625,000 preferred shares to Green Equity Investors VI, L.P., Green Equity Investors Side VI, L.P., LGP Associates VI-A LLC and LGP Associates VI-B LLC, all affiliates of Leonard Green & Partners, L.P., (together, the “Investors”) for an aggregate purchase price of $625.0 million, or $1,000 per share (the “Stated Value”) pursuant to the investment agreement dated August 24, 2016. The Company's preferred shares are classified as temporary equity within the consolidated balance sheets.
In connection with the issuance of the preferred shares, the Company incurred direct and incremental expenses of $13.7 million, including financial advisory fees, closing costs, legal expenses and other offering-related expenses. These direct and incremental expenses originally reduced the preferred shares carrying value, and are accreted through retained earnings as a deemed dividend from the date of issuance through the first possible known redemption date, November 2024. Accumulated accretion relating to these fees of $9.0 million was recorded in the consolidated balance sheet as of January 29, 2022 (January 30, 2021: $7.3 million).
Dividend rights: The preferred shares rank senior to the Company’s common shares, with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets on any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company. The liquidation preference for preferred shares is equal to the greater of (a) the Stated Value per share, plus all accrued but unpaid dividends and (b) the consideration holders would have received if preferred shares were converted into common shares immediately prior to the liquidation. Preferred shareholders are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 5% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears, commencing on February 15, 2017, either in cash or by increasing the Stated Value at the option of the Company. In addition, preferred shareholders were entitled to receive dividends or distributions declared or paid on common shares on an as-converted basis, other than the Company’s regularly declared quarterly cash dividends not in excess of 130% of the arithmetic average of the regular, quarterly cash dividends per common share, if any, declared by the Company during the preceding four calendar quarters.
On November 2, 2016, the Board approved certain changes to the rights of the preferred shareholders, including the following: (a) elimination of the right of preferred shareholders to receive dividends or other distributions declared on the Company’s common shares and inclusion of adjustments to the conversion rate in the event of any dividend, distribution, spin-off or certain other events or transactions in respect of the common shares; and (b) addition of a requirement for approval by the holders of the majority of the issued preferred shares for the declaration or payment by the Company of any dividends or other distributions on the common shares other than (i) regularly declared quarterly cash dividends paid on the issued common shares in any calendar quarter in an amount per share that is not more than 130% of the arithmetic average of the regular, quarterly cash dividends per common share, if any, declared by the Company during the preceding four calendar quarters for such quarter and (ii) any dividends or other distributions which are paid or distributed at the same time on the common shares and the preferred shares, provided that the amount paid or distributed to the preferred shares is based on the number of common shares into which such preferred shares could be converted on the applicable record date for such dividends or other distributions.
Conversion features: Preferred shares are convertible at the option of the holders at any time into common shares at the then applicable conversion rate. The conversion rate is subject to certain anti-dilution and other adjustments, including stock split / reverse stock split transactions, regular dividends declared on common shares, share repurchases (excluding amounts through open market transactions or accelerated share repurchases) and issuances of common shares or other securities convertible into common shares. The initial issuance did not include a beneficial conversion feature as the conversion price used to set the conversion ratio at the time of issuance was greater than the Company’s common stock price.
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At any time on or after October 5, 2018, all or a portion of outstanding preferred shares are convertible at the option of the Company if the closing price of common shares exceeds 175% of the then applicable conversion price for at least 20 consecutive trading days.
The following table presents certain conversion measures as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021:

(in millions, except conversion rate and conversion price) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Conversion rate | 12.2297 |  |  | 12.2297 |
Conversion price | $ | 81.7682 |  |  | $ | 81.7682 |
Potential impact of preferred shares if-converted to common shares | 8.0 |  |  | 7.9 |
Liquidation preference | $ | 665.1 |  |  | $ | 656.8 |

Redemption rights: At any time after November 15, 2024, the Company will have the right to redeem any or all, and the holders of the preferred shares will have the right to require the Company to repurchase any or all, of the preferred shares for cash at a price equal to the Stated Value plus all accrued but unpaid dividends. Upon certain change of control or delisting events involving the Company, preferred shareholders can require the Company to repurchase, subject to certain exceptions, all or any portion of its preferred shares at (a) an amount in cash equal to 101% of the Stated Value plus all accrued but unpaid dividends or (b) the consideration the holders would have received if they had converted their preferred shares into common shares immediately prior to the change of control event.
Voting rights: Preferred shareholders are entitled to vote with the holders of common shares on an as-converted basis. Holders of preferred shares are entitled to a separate class vote with respect to certain designee(s) for election to the Company’s Board, amendments to the Company’s organizational documents that have an adverse effect on the preferred shareholders and issuances by the Company of securities that are senior to, or equal in priority with, the preferred shares.
Registration rights: Preferred shareholders have certain customary registration rights with respect to the preferred shares and the shares of common shares into which they are converted, pursuant to the terms of a registration rights agreement.
8. Common shares, treasury shares, and dividends
Common shares
The par value of each Common Share is 18 cents. There have been no issuance of common shares in Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021, or Fiscal 2020.
Treasury shares
Signet may from time to time repurchase common shares under various share repurchase programs authorized by Signet’s Board. Repurchases may be made in the open market, through block trades, accelerated share repurchase agreements or otherwise. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined by the Company at its discretion, and will be subject to economic and market conditions, stock prices, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The repurchase programs are funded through Signet’s existing cash reserves and liquidity sources. Repurchased shares may be held as treasury shares and used by Signet primarily for issuance of share based awards (refer to Note 27), or for general corporate purposes.
Treasury shares represent the cost of shares that the Company purchased in the market under the applicable authorized repurchase program, shares forfeited under the Omnibus Incentive Plan and those previously held by the Employee Stock Ownership Trust (“ESOT”) to satisfy options under the Company’s share option plans.
On August 23, 2021, the Board authorized a reinstatement of repurchases under the 2017 Program, as well as an increase in the remaining amount of shares authorized for repurchase under the 2017 Program from $165.6 million to $225 million. In January 2022, the Board increased its authorized share repurchase program by $500 million, bringing the total authorization for the 2017 Program to $1.2 billion.
On January 21, 2022, the Company entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement (“ASR”) with a large financial institution to repurchase the Company’s common shares for an aggregate amount of $250 million. As of January 29, 2022, the Company has made a prepayment of $250 million and took delivery of 2.5 million shares based on a price of $80 per share, which is 80% of the total prepayment amount. On March 14, 2022, the Company received an additional 0.8 million shares, representing the remaining 20% of the total prepayment and final settlement of the ASR. The number of shares received at final settlement was based on the average of the daily volume-weighted average prices of the Company’s common stock during the term of the ASR.
The ASR was accounted for as a purchase of common shares and a forward purchase contract. The Company reflected shares delivered as treasury shares as of the date the shares were physically delivered in computing the weighted average common shares outstanding for both basic and diluted earnings per share. The forward stock purchase contract was determined to be indexed to the Company’s own stock and met all of the applicable criteria for equity classification and was reflected as additional paid in capital as of January 29, 2022.
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The share repurchase activity is outlined in the table below:

|  |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
(in millions, expect per share amounts) | Amount authorized |  | Shares repurchased |  | Amount repurchased (2) |  | Average repurchase price per share |  | Shares repurchased |  | Amount repurchased |  | Average repurchase price per share |  | Shares repurchased |  | Amount repurchased |  | Average repurchase price per share
2017 Program (1) | $ | 1,159.4 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 261.8 |  |  | $ | 81.16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 0.00 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.00 |

(1) The 2017 Program had $413.2 million remaining as of January 29, 2022.
(2) The amount repurchased in Fiscal 2022 excludes $50 million related to the forward purchase contract in the ASR.
Shares were reissued in the amounts of 2.5 million, 0.0 million and 0.4 million, net of taxes and forfeitures, in Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020, respectively, to satisfy awards outstanding under existing share-based compensation plans. During Fiscal 2022, there were no retirements of common shares previously held as treasury shares in the consolidated balance sheets.
Dividends on common shares
As a result of COVID-19, Signet’s Board elected to temporarily suspend the dividend program on common shares, effective in the first quarter of Fiscal 2021. The Board elected to reinstate the dividend program on common shares beginning in second quarter of Fiscal 2022.

| Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
(in millions, except per share amounts) | Cash dividend per share |  | Total dividends |  | Cash dividend per share |  | Total dividends |  | Cash dividend per share |  | Total dividends
First quarter | $ | 0.00 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 19.3 |
Second quarter | 0.18 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 0.00 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.37 |  |  | 19.3 |
Third quarter | 0.18 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 0.00 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.37 |  |  | 19.4 |
Fourth quarter (1) | 0.18 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 0.00 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.37 |  |  | 19.4 |
Total | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 28.0 |  |  | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 77.4 |

(1) Signet’s dividend policy results in the dividend payment date being a quarter in arrears from the declaration date. As of January 29, 2022 there was $9.0 million recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets reflecting the cash dividends declared for the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022. There were no dividends declared or accrued as of January 30, 2021.
.
Dividends on preferred shares

| Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
(in millions) | Total dividends |  | Total dividends |  | Total dividends
First quarter | $ | 8.2 |  |  | $ | 7.8 |  |  | $ | 7.8 |
Second quarter | 8.2 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 7.8 |
Third quarter | 8.3 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 7.8 |
Fourth quarter (1) | 8.2 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 7.8 |
Total | $ | 32.9 |  |  | $ | 31.8 |  |  | $ | 31.2 |

(1) Signet’s dividend policy results in the preferred share dividend payment date being a quarter in arrears from the declaration date. As a result, as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, $8.2 million and $8.1 million, respectively, has been recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets reflecting the dividends on preferred shares declared for the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021. As disclosed in Note 7, the Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021 dividends were paid in cash and “in-kind”, respectively.
There were no cumulative undeclared dividends on the preferred shares that reduced net income attributable to common shareholders during Fiscal 2022. In addition, deemed dividends of $1.7 million related to accretion of issuance costs associated with the preferred shares were recognized in Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020.
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9. Earnings (loss) per common share (“EPS”)
Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The computation of basic EPS is outlined in the table below:

(in millions, except per share amounts) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | $ | 735.4 |  |  | $ | (48.7) |  |  | $ | 72.6 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 52.5 |  |  | 52.0 |  |  | 51.7 |
EPS – basic | $ | 14.01 |  |  | $ | (0.94) |  |  | $ | 1.40 |

The dilutive effect of share awards represents the potential impact of outstanding awards issued under the Company’s share-based compensation plans, including restricted shares, restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units, and stock options issued under the Omnibus Plan and stock options issued under the Share Saving Plans. The dilutive effect of performance share units represents the number of contingently issuable shares that would be issuable if the end of the period was the end of the contingency period and is based on the actual achievement of performance metrics through the end of the current period. The dilutive effect of preferred shares represents the potential impact for common shares that would be issued upon conversion. Potential common share dilution related to share awards and preferred shares is determined using the treasury stock and if-converted methods, respectively. Under the if-converted method, the preferred shares are assumed to be converted at the beginning of the period, and the resulting common shares are included in the denominator of the diluted EPS calculation for the entire period being presented, only in the periods in which such effect is dilutive. Additionally, in periods in which preferred shares are dilutive, cumulative dividends and accretion for issuance costs associated with the preferred shares are added back to net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders. See Note 7 for additional discussion of the Company’s preferred shares.
The computation of diluted EPS is outlined in the table below:

(in millions, except per share amounts) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | $ | 735.4 |  |  | $ | (48.7) |  |  | $ | 72.6 |
Add: Dividends on preferred shares | 34.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Numerator for diluted EPS | $ | 769.9 |  |  | $ | (48.7) |  |  | $ | 72.6 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 52.5 |  |  | 52.0 |  |  | 51.7 |
Plus: Dilutive effect of share awards(1) | 2.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Plus: Dilutive effect of preferred shares | 8.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding | 63.0 |  |  | 52.0 |  |  | 51.8 |
EPS – diluted | $ | 12.22 |  |  | $ | (0.94) |  |  | $ | 1.40 |

(1) For Fiscal 2022, the estimate dilutive effect of share awards includes 2.0 million contingently issuable performance share awards. No such contingently issuable performance share awards were included in the dilutive effect for Fiscal 2021 or Fiscal 2020.
The calculation of diluted EPS excludes the following items for each respective period on the basis that their effect would be anti-dilutive.

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Share awards | — |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.9 |
Potential impact of preferred shares | — |  |  | 7.8 |  |  | 7.6 |
Potential impact of accelerated share repurchase | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total anti-dilutive shares | 0.6 |  |  | 9.6 |  |  | 8.5 |

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10. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
The following tables present the changes in AOCI by component and the reclassifications out of AOCI, net of tax:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Pension plan |  |
(in millions) | Foreign currency translation |  | Gain (losses) on available-for-sale securities, net |  | Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges |  | Actuarial gains (losses) |  | Prior service credits (costs) |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Balance at February 2, 2019 | $ | (248.4) |  |  | $ | (0.5) |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | (53.8) |  |  | $ | (4.1) |  |  | $ | (302.8) |
OCI before reclassifications | (1.7) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 9.7 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | (2.7) |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.7) |
Net current period OCI | (1.7) |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 9.0 |
Balance at February 1, 2020 | $ | (250.1) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 12.5 |  |  | $ | (52.4) |  |  | $ | (4.1) |  |  | $ | (293.8) |
OCI before reclassifications | 11.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12.6) |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (11.7) |
Net current period OCI | 11.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (13.4) |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 3.3 |
Balance at January 30, 2021 | $ | (238.9) |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (0.9) |  |  | $ | (47.2) |  |  | $ | (4.0) |  |  | $ | (290.5) |
OCI before reclassifications | (5.4) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (57.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (63.0) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 2.6 |
Net current period OCI | (5.4) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | (56.1) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (60.4) |
Balance at January 29, 2022 | $ | (244.3) |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | (103.3) |  |  | $ | (3.9) |  |  | $ | (350.9) |

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The amounts reclassified from AOCI were as follows:

|  | Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |
(in millions) |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020 |  | Statement of operations caption
Losses (gains) on cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.1) |  |  | Cost of sales (1)
De-designated foreign currency contracts |  | — |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | — |  |  | Other operating income (loss) (2)
Interest rate swaps |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | Interest expense, net (1)
Commodity contracts |  | 0.4 |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | Cost of sales (1)
De-designated commodity contracts |  | — |  |  | (9.3) |  |  | — |  |  | Other operating income (loss) (2)
Total before income tax |  | 1.0 |  |  | (16.8) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  |
Income taxes |  | (0.3) |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |
Net of tax |  | 0.7 |  |  | (12.6) |  |  | (2.7) |  |  |
Defined benefit pension plan items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of unrecognized actuarial losses |  | 2.1 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | Other non-operating income, net (3)
Amortization of unrecognized net prior service credits |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | Other non-operating income, net (3)
Total before income tax |  | 2.2 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |
Income taxes |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  |
Net of tax |  | 1.9 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate equity securities, before income tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | Other operating income (loss) (4)
Income taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |
Total reclassifications, net of tax |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | (11.7) |  |  | $ | (0.7) |  |  |

(1) See Note 21 for additional information.
(2) The Company’s cash flow hedges were de-designated during the first quarter of Fiscal 2021. See Note 21 for additional information.
(3) These items are included in the computation of net periodic pension benefit (cost). See Note 23 for additional information.
(4) See Note 20 for additional information.
11. Income taxes

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Income (loss) before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
– US | $ | 665.9 |  |  | $ | (173.4) |  |  | $ | 32.3 |
– Foreign | 218.5 |  |  | 83.7 |  |  | 97.4 |
Total income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 884.4 |  |  | $ | (89.7) |  |  | $ | 129.7 |
Current taxation: |  |  |  |  |
– US | $ | 108.1 |  |  | $ | (222.2) |  |  | $ | 3.0 |
– Foreign | 7.6 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.9 |
Deferred taxation: |  |  |  |  |
– US | 8.4 |  |  | 158.4 |  |  | 17.0 |
– Foreign | (9.6) |  |  | (11.4) |  |  | 2.3 |
Total income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 114.5 |  |  | $ | (74.5) |  |  | $ | 24.2 |

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As the statutory rate of corporation tax in Bermuda is 0%, the differences between the US federal income tax rate and the effective tax rates for Signet have been presented below:

| Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
US federal income tax rates | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
US state income taxes | 3.3 | % |  | 4.1 | % |  | 3.1 | %
Differences between US federal and foreign statutory income tax rates | (0.1) | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 1.3 | %
Expenditures permanently disallowable for tax purposes, net of permanent tax benefits | — | % |  | (4.7) | % |  | 3.3 | %
Impact of global reinsurance arrangements | (2.2) | % |  | 14.1 | % |  | (20.3) | %
Impact of global financing arrangements | (0.6) | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Impairment of goodwill | — | % |  | (2.4) | % |  | 7.5 | %
CARES Act | (1.4) | % |  | 111.9 | % |  | — | %
Valuation allowance | (6.5) | % |  | (55.5) | % |  | — | %
Other items | (0.6) | % |  | (5.5) | % |  | 2.8 | %
Effective tax rate | 12.9 | % |  | 83.1 | % |  | 18.7 | %

In Fiscal 2022, the Company’s effective tax rate was lower than the US federal income tax rate primarily due to the reversal of the valuation allowance recorded against certain state deferred tax assets, as well as additional benefits realized from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) and the benefits from global reinsurance arrangements. During Fiscal 2022, the Company evaluated evidence to consider the reversal of the valuation allowance on its state net deferred tax assets and determined that there was sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not its state deferred tax assets are realizable. In determining the likelihood of future realization of the state deferred tax assets, the Company considered both positive and negative evidence. As a result, the Company believed that the weight of the positive evidence, including the cumulative income position in the three most recent years and forecasts for a sustained level of future taxable income, was sufficient to overcome the weight of the negative evidence, and thus recorded a $49.8 million tax benefit to release the valuation allowance against the Company's state deferred tax assets during Fiscal 2022.
In Fiscal 2021, Signet’s effective tax rate was higher than the US federal income tax rate primarily due to the benefit from the CARES Act enacted on March 27, 2020, and the impact of Signet’s global reinsurance arrangement partially offset by the unfavorable impact of a valuation allowance recorded against certain state deferred tax assets and the impairment of goodwill which was nondeductible for tax purposes.
The CARES Act provides a technical correction to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act allowing fiscal year tax filers with federal net operating losses arising in the 2017/2018 tax year to be carried back two years to tax years that had a higher enacted tax rates which resulted in a tax benefit of $74.0 million. The CARES Act also provides for net operating losses incurred in Fiscal 2021 to be carried back five years to tax years with higher enacted tax rates which resulted in an anticipated tax benefit of $26.4 million, with an additional benefit recognized in the third quarter of Fiscal 2022 of $12.4 million. In addition, during Fiscal 2021, based on weighing all positive and negative evidence, management determined it was more likely than not that it would not be able to realize certain state deferred tax assets primarily related to state net operating losses and recorded a valuation allowance of $49.8 million.
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Deferred taxes
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) consisted of the following:

| January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
(in millions) | Assets |  | (Liabilities) |  | Total |  | Assets |  | (Liabilities) |  | Total
Intangible assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | (77.0) |  |  | $ | (77.0) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (41.7) |  |  | $ | (41.7) |
US property, plant and equipment | — |  |  | (60.2) |  |  | (60.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (55.3) |  |  | (55.3) |
Foreign property, plant and equipment | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.3 |
Inventory valuation | — |  |  | (237.8) |  |  | (237.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (230.4) |  |  | (230.4) |
Revenue deferral | 88.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 88.6 |  |  | 95.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 95.6 |
Derivative instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Lease assets | — |  |  | (261.9) |  |  | (261.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (295.1) |  |  | (295.1) |
Lease liabilities | 284.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 284.3 |  |  | 331.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 331.5 |
Deferred compensation | 7.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.7 |
Retirement benefit obligations | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | (9.8) |  |  | (9.8) |
Share-based compensation | 8.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |
Other temporary differences | 42.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 42.4 |  |  | 57.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 57.2 |
Net operating losses and foreign tax credits | 84.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 84.3 |  |  | 56.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 56.5 |
Value of capital losses | 16.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | 13.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 13.9 |
Total gross deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | 541.2 |  |  | $ | (636.9) |  |  | $ | (95.7) |  |  | $ | 573.4 |  |  | $ | (632.3) |  |  | $ | (58.9) |
Valuation allowance | (27.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (27.9) |  |  | (83.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (83.9) |
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | 513.3 |  |  | $ | (636.9) |  |  | $ | (123.6) |  |  | $ | 489.5 |  |  | $ | (632.3) |  |  | $ | (142.8) |
Disclosed as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  | $ | 37.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16.4 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | (160.9) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (159.2) |
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) |  |  |  |  | $ | (123.6) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (142.8) |

As of January 29, 2022, Signet had deferred tax assets associated with net operating loss carry forwards of $17.9 million, of which $9.3 million are subject to ownership change limitations rules under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) and various US state regulations and expire between 2022 and 2039. Deferred tax assets associated with foreign tax credits also subject to Section 382 of the IRC total $2.1 million as of January 29, 2022, which expire between 2022 and 2024 and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $23.9 million, which expire between 2022 and 2040. Additionally, Signet had an AMT Credit Carryforward of $40.5 million. Signet had foreign capital loss carryforward deferred tax assets of $14.2 million (Fiscal 2021: $11.2 million), which can be carried forward over an indefinite period and US capital loss carryforwards of $2.7 million which expire in 2022, both of which are only available to offset future capital gains.
The decrease in the total valuation allowance in Fiscal 2022 was $56.0 million. The valuation allowance as of January 29, 2022 primarily relates to foreign tax credits, capital and foreign operating loss carry forwards that, in the judgment of management, are not more likely than not to be realized. Refer to further discussion above.
Signet believes that it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets not subject to a valuation allowance as of January 29, 2022 will be offset where permissible by deferred tax liabilities or realized on future tax returns, primarily from the generation of future taxable income.
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Uncertain tax positions
The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits for US federal, US state and non-US tax jurisdictions:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period | $ | 25.4 |  |  | $ | 23.5 |  |  | $ | 18.1 |
Increases related to current year tax positions | 2.0 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 2.0 |
Increases related to prior year tax positions | 0.4 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 6.0 |
Lapse of statute of limitations | (2.9) |  |  | (2.6) |  |  | (2.6) |
Difference on foreign currency translation | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of period | $ | 24.9 |  |  | $ | 25.4 |  |  | $ | 23.5 |

As of January 29, 2022, Signet had approximately $24.9 million of unrecognized tax benefits in respect to uncertain tax positions. The unrecognized tax benefits relate primarily to intercompany deductions including financing arrangements and intra-group charges which are subject to different and changing interpretations of tax law. Signet recognizes accrued interest and, where appropriate, penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense (benefit) in the consolidated statements of operations. As of January 29, 2022, Signet had accrued interest of $4.5 million and $0.6 million of accrued penalties. If all of these unrecognized tax benefits were settled in Signet’s favor, the effective income tax rate would be favorably impacted by $27.9 million.
Over the next twelve months management believes that it is reasonably possible that there could be a reduction of some or all of the unrecognized tax benefits as of January 29, 2022 due to settlement of the uncertain tax positions with the tax authorities.
Signet has business activity in all states within the US and files income tax returns for the US federal jurisdiction and all applicable states. Signet also files income tax returns in the UK, Canada and certain other foreign jurisdictions. Signet is subject to examinations by the US federal and state and Canadian tax authorities for tax years ending after November 1, 2011 and is subject to examination by the UK tax authority for tax years ending after February 1, 2014.
12. Other operating income (loss)

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Interest income from customer in-house finance receivables (1) | $ | 6.5 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | — |
Shareholder litigation charges, net of insurance recoveries (2) | (1.7) |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | (33.2) |
De-designated cash flow hedges (3) | — |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | — |
UK government grants | 8.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | (4.9) |  |  | (4.2) |  |  | 3.6 |
Other operating income (loss) | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | 2.4 |  |  | $ | (29.6) |

(1) See Note 13 and Note 14 for additional information.
(2) See Note 28 for additional information.
(3) See Note 21 for additional information.
13. Credit transactions
During Fiscal 2018, Signet announced a strategic initiative to outsource its North America private label credit card programs and sell the existing in-house finance receivables. In October 2017, Signet, through its subsidiary Sterling Jewelers Inc (“Sterling”), completed the sale of the prime-only credit quality portion of Sterling’s in-house finance receivable portfolio to Comenity Bank (“Comenity”). Sterling also entered into an agreement with Comenity to outsource its private label credit card programs (the “Sterling Program Agreement”). The Company, through its subsidiary Zale Delaware, Inc. (“Zale”) had previously entered into an agreement with Comenity to provide credit services to its Zales banners for all credit card customers (prime and non-prime) (the “Zale Program Agreement”), and this pre-existing Zale Program Agreement was unaffected by the execution of the Sterling Program Agreement. The Zale Program Agreement was set to expire in January 2023, and the Sterling Program Agreement was set to expire in October 2024.
Under the Sterling Program Agreement and Zale Program Agreement (collectively, the “Program Agreements”), Comenity established a program to issue credit cards to be serviced, marketed and promoted in accordance with the terms of the Program Agreements. Subject to limited exceptions, Comenity is the exclusive issuer of private label credit cards or an installment or other closed end loan product in the US bearing specified Company trademarks during the term of the Program Agreements. Upon expiration or termination by either party of the Program Agreements, the Company retains the option to purchase, or arrange the purchase by a third party of, the Program Agreement assets from Comenity on terms that are no more onerous to the Company than those applicable to Comenity
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under the Program Agreements, or in the case of a purchase by a third party, on customary terms. The Program Agreements contain customary representations, warranties and covenants.
During Fiscal 2019, in addition to the prime-only credit card portfolio, the Company also entered into various agreements to outsource the non-prime portion of its private label credit card program for Sterling and sell the existing in-house financing receivables. The non-prime portion of the Sterling credit card portfolio was outsourced to CarVal Investors (“CarVal”) and the appointed minority party, Castlelake, L.P. (“Castlelake” and collectively with CarVal, the “Investors”). Under the agreement with the Investors, Signet remains the issuer of non-prime credit with investment funds managed by the Investors purchasing forward receivables at a discount rate determined in accordance with their respective agreements. Signet holds the newly issued non-prime credit receivables on its balance sheet for two business days prior to selling the receivables to the respective counterparty in accordance with the agreements. The purchase price was settled with 95% received as cash upon closing. The remaining 5% of the purchase price was deferred until the second anniversary of the closing date. Final payment of the deferred purchase price was contingent upon the non-prime in-house finance receivable portfolio achieving a pre-defined yield, which was finalized in Fiscal 2021 (see below). The agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants. Various amended and restated agreements have been entered into with the Investors as described below.
Fiscal 2021 non-prime agreements with the Investors
During Fiscal 2021, the 2018 agreements pertaining to the purchase of non-prime forward flow receivables were terminated and new agreements were executed with the Investors which were effective until June 30, 2021. Those new agreements provided that the Investors will continue to purchase add-on non-prime receivables created on existing customer accounts at a discount rate determined in accordance with the new agreements. As a result of the above agreements, Signet began retaining all forward flow non-prime receivables created for new customers beginning in the second quarter of Fiscal 2021. The termination of the previous agreements had no effect on the receivables that were previously sold to the Investors prior to the termination, except that Signet agreed to extend the Investors’ payment obligation for the remaining 5% of the receivables previously purchased in June 2018 until the new agreements terminate. The Company’s agreement with the credit servicer Genesis Financial Solutions (“Genesis”) remained in place.
In January 2021, the Company reached additional agreements with the Investors to further amend the purchase agreements described above through June 30, 2021. CarVal continued to purchase add-on receivables for existing accounts and began to purchase 50% of new forward flow non-prime receivables. Genesis (becoming one of the “Investors”) began to purchase the remaining 50% of new forward flow non-prime receivables through June 30, 2021. Castlelake continued to purchase add-on receivables for existing accounts through June 30, 2021. Signet continued to retain add-on receivables for its existing accounts but no longer retained new forward flow non-prime receivables.
Fiscal 2022 amended and restated agreements
On May 17, 2021, Sterling and Comenity amended the Sterling Program Agreement. In addition, on May 17, 2021, Zale and Comenity amended the Zale Program Agreement (each a “Program Agreement”, and collectively, the “Amended Program Agreements”).
The Amended Program Agreements have an initial term from July 1, 2021 through December 31, 2025 and, unless terminated earlier by either party, automatically renew for successive two-year terms. The Amended Program Agreements provide for, among other things, that Comenity operate a primary source program to issue credit cards to Sterling and Zale customers to be serviced, maintained, administered, collected upon, and promoted in accordance with the terms therein (the "Primary Source Program"). The Amended Program Agreements include a signing bonus, which may be repayable under certain conditions if such Program Agreement is terminated.
Subject to limited exceptions, including permitting a second look program, during the term of the Amended Program Agreements, Comenity will be the exclusive issuer of open-ended credit products (including credit cards) in the US bearing specified Company trademarks, including trademarks associated with Kay, Jared, Zale, Banter by Piercing Pagoda, and other specified regional brands under the Amended Program Agreements. The Amended Program Agreements contain customary representations, warranties, and covenants. Upon expiration or termination by either party of a Program Agreement, Sterling or Zale, as applicable, retains the option to purchase, or arrange the purchase by a third party of, the program assets from Comenity on customary terms and conditions. In the case of a purchase by Sterling upon expiration or termination of the Program Agreement, such purchase shall be on terms that are no more onerous to Sterling than those applicable to Comenity Bank under the Purchase Agreement, dated May 25, 2017, by and between Sterling and Comenity Bank.
In addition to the Amended Program Agreements, on May 17, 2021, Sterling entered into an Amended and Restated Program Agreement (the “Genesis Agreement”) with Genesis, which amends and restates the Program Agreement entered into by and between
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Sterling and Genesis on July 26, 2018. The Genesis Agreement has an initial term from July 1, 2021 through December 31, 2025 and, unless terminated earlier by either party, automatically renews for successive one-year periods. Under the terms of the Genesis Agreement, Genesis will expand its role in originating, funding, administering and servicing a second look credit program to Sterling customers that are declined under the Sterling Program Agreement.
In March 2021, the Company provided notice to the Investors of its intent not to extend the respective agreements with such Investors beyond the expiration date of June 30, 2021. Effective July 1, 2021 (the “New Program Start Date”), all new prime and non-prime account origination will occur in accordance with the amended and restated Comenity and Genesis agreements as described above.
On June 30, 2021, the Company entered into amended and restated receivable purchase agreements with CarVal and Castlelake regarding the purchase of add-on receivables on such Investors’ existing accounts, as well as the purchase of the Company-owned credit card receivables portfolio for accounts that had been originated through Fiscal 2021 (see Note 14). During the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, Signet received cash proceeds of $57.8 million for the sale of these customer in-house finance receivables to the Investors. These receivables had a net book value of $56.4 million as of the sale date, and thus the Company recognized a gain on sale of $1.4 million in the North America reportable segment within other operating income in the consolidated statements of operations during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022. Additionally, during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, the Company received $23.5 million from the Investors for the payment obligation of the remaining 5% of the receivables previously purchased in June 2018.
Fiscal 2023 amended and restated agreements
Signet continues to finalize its move toward a fully outsourced credit model. On March 7, 2022, the Company entered into amended and restated receivable purchase agreements with CarVal and Castlelake regarding the purchase of add-on receivables on such Investors’ existing accounts. Under the amended and restated agreements, The Bank of Missouri will be the issuer for the add-on receivables on these existing accounts and CarVal and Castlelake will purchase the receivables from The Bank of Missouri.
14. Accounts receivable, net
The following table presents the components of Signet’s accounts receivable:

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Customer in-house finance receivables, net | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72.0 |
Accounts receivable, trade | 18.3 |  |  | 11.6 |
Accounts receivable, held for sale | 1.6 |  |  | 5.1 |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 19.9 |  |  | $ | 88.7 |

As discussed in Note 13, during Fiscal 2021, the 2018 agreements pertaining to the purchase of non-prime forward flow receivables were terminated and new agreements were executed with the Investors which were effective until June 30, 2021. Those new agreements provide that the Investors continued to purchase add-on non-prime receivables created on existing customer accounts but Signet began retaining all forward flow non-prime receivables created for new customers beginning in the second quarter of Fiscal 2021. As further discussed in Note 13, Signet sold all existing customer in-house finance receivables to CarVal and Castlelake during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022. As a result of the amended and restated agreements entered into with Comenity, Genesis, and the Investors during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, Signet will no longer retain any customer in-house finance receivables.
As described above, Signet continues to be the issuer of non-prime credit for add-on purchases on existing accounts. Therefore, the Company holds these non-prime credit receivables on its balance sheet for two business days prior to selling the receivables to the Investors. Receivables originated by the Company but pending transfer to the Investors as of period end were classified as “held for sale” and included in the accounts receivable caption in the consolidated balance sheets. As of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, the accounts receivable held for sale were recorded at fair value. As detailed in Note 13, Signet will transition away from being the issuer of these existing accounts in Fiscal 2023.
Accounts receivable, trade primarily includes amounts receivable relating to accounts receivable from our diamond sourcing initiative in the Other reportable segment.
Customer in-house finance receivables
As discussed in Note 13, the Company began to retain certain customer in-house finance receivables in the second quarter of Fiscal 2021. The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the estimated life of its credit card receivables that considers forecasts of future economic conditions in addition to information about past events and current conditions. The Company accounts for the expected credit losses under ASC 326, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which is referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. The estimate under the CECL model is significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of the Company’s portfolio of credit card receivables, as well as the
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prevailing economic conditions and forecasts utilized. The estimate of the allowance for credit losses includes an estimate for uncollectible principal as well as unpaid interest and fees.
The allowance is maintained through an adjustment to the provision for credit losses and is evaluated for appropriateness and adjusted quarterly. CECL requires entities to use a “pooled” approach to estimate expected credit losses for financial assets with similar risk characteristics. The Company evaluated multiple risk characteristics of its credit card receivables portfolio and determined that credit quality and account vintage to be the most significant characteristics for estimating expected credit losses. To estimate its allowance for credit losses, the Company segregates its credit card receivables into credit quality categories using the customers’ FICO scores.
The following three industry standard FICO score categories are used:
•620 to 659 (“Near Prime”)
•580 to 619 (“Subprime”)
•Less than 580 (“Deep Subprime”)
These risk characteristics are evaluated on at least an annual basis, or more frequently as facts and circumstances warrant. The expected loss rates are adjusted on a quarterly basis based on historical loss trends and are risk-adjusted for current and future economic conditions and events. As summarized in the table below, based on the changes in the agreements with the Investors in Fiscal 2021, there is currently one vintage year since the Company began maintaining new accounts.
The following table disaggregates the Company’s customer in-house finance receivables by credit quality and vintage year as of January 30, 2021:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  | Year of origination |  |
Credit quality |  |  |  |  |  | Fiscal 2021 |  |
Near Prime |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 46.6 |  |  |
Subprime |  |  |  |  |  | 38.9 |  |  |
Deep Subprime |  |  |  |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |
Total at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 97.5 |  |  |

In estimating its allowance for credit losses, for each identified risk category, management utilized estimation methods based primarily on historical loss experience, current conditions, and other relevant factors. These methods utilize historical charge-off data of the Company’s non-prime portfolio, as well as incorporate any applicable macroeconomic variables (such as unemployment) that may be expected to impact credit performance. In addition to the quantitative estimate of expected credit losses under CECL using the historical loss information, the Company also incorporates qualitative adjustments for certain factors such as Company specific risks, changes in current economic conditions that may not be captured in the quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors to ensure the allowance for credit losses reflects the Company’s best estimate of current expected credit losses. Management considered qualitative factors such as the unfavorable macroeconomic conditions caused by the COVID-19 uncertainty (including rates of unemployment), the Company’s non-prime portfolio performance during the prior recession, and the potential impacts of the economic stimulus packages in the US, in developing its estimate for current expected credit losses for the current period.
The following table is a rollforward of the Company’s allowance for credit losses on customer in-house finance receivables:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 25.5 |  |  | $ | — |
Provision for credit losses | (1.0) |  |  | 26.1 |
Write-offs | (5.5) |  |  | (0.6) |
Recoveries | 0.6 |  |  | — |
Reversal of allowance on receivables sold | (19.6) |  |  | — |
Ending balance | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25.5 |

Beginning in the second quarter of Fiscal 2021, in connection with the new agreements executed with the Investors, additions to the allowance for credit losses are made by recording charges to bad debt expense (credit losses) within selling, general and administrative expenses within the consolidated statements of operations. The uncollectible portion of customer in-house finance receivables are charged to the allowance for credit losses when an account is written-off after 180 days of non-payment, or in circumstances such as bankrupt or deceased cardholders. Write-offs on customer in-house finance receivables include uncollected amounts related to
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principal, interest, and late fees. Uncollectible accrued interest is accounted for by recognizing credit loss expense. Recoveries on customer in-house finance receivables previously written-off as uncollectible are credited to the allowance for credit losses.
A credit card account is contractually past due if the Company does not receive the minimum payment by the specified due date on the cardholder’s statement. It is the Company’s policy to continue to accrue interest and fee income on all credit card accounts, except in limited circumstances, until the credit card account balance and all related interest and other fees are paid or charged-off, typically at 180 days delinquent, as noted above.
The following table disaggregates the Company’s customer in-house finance receivables by past due status as of January 30, 2021:

(in millions) |  |
Current |  | $ | 81.3 |
1 - 30 days past due |  | 9.1 |
31 - 60 days past due |  | 2.6 |
61 - 90 days past due |  | 1.7 |
Greater than 90 days past due |  | 2.8 |
Total at amortized cost |  | $ | 97.5 |

Interest income related to the Company’s customer in-house finance receivables is included within other operating income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest is included within the same line item as the respective principal amount of the customer in-house finance receivables in the consolidated balance sheets. The accrual of interest is discontinued at the time the receivable is determined to be uncollectible and written-off. The Company recognized $6.5 million of interest income on its customer in-house finance receivables during Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: $4.2 million). Interest income recognition ceased at the date of the sale of the portfolio as noted above.
15. Inventories
The following table summarizes the details of the Company’s inventory:

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Raw materials | $ | 75.8 |  |  | $ | 45.3 |
Merchandise inventories | 1,984.6 |  |  | 1,987.2 |
Total inventories | $ | 2,060.4 |  |  | $ | 2,032.5 |

Signet held $533.2 million of consignment inventory at January 29, 2022 (January 30, 2021: $387.4 million), which is not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. The principal terms of the consignment agreements, which can generally be terminated by either party, are such that Signet can return any or all of the inventory to the relevant suppliers without financial or commercial penalties and the supplier can adjust the inventory prices prior to sale.
Inventory reserves

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Inventory reserve, beginning of period | $ | 52.9 |  |  | $ | 67.0 |  |  | $ | 95.3 |
Charged to income (1) | 101.8 |  |  | 78.1 |  |  | 80.2 |
Utilization (2) | (107.9) |  |  | (92.2) |  |  | (108.5) |
Inventory reserve, end of period (3) | $ | 46.8 |  |  | $ | 52.9 |  |  | $ | 67.0 |

(1) Includes $1.4 million in Fiscal 2021 and $9.2 million in Fiscal 2020 for inventory charges associated with the Company’s restructuring plan. The charges were primarily associated with discontinued brands and collections within the restructuring - cost of sales line item on the consolidated statements of operations. As the Plan was substantially completed in Fiscal 2021, no additional charges were recorded in Fiscal 2022. See Note 6 for additional information.
(2) Includes the impact of foreign exchange translation, as well as $2.2 million in Fiscal 2022, $20.0 million in Fiscal 2021 and $40.0 million in Fiscal 2020 utilized for inventory identified as part of the Company’s restructuring plan. See Note 6 for additional information.
(3) Includes $2.2 million in Fiscal 2021 and $20.8 million in Fiscal 2020 for inventory identified as part of the Company’s restructuring plan. See Note 6 for additional information.
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16. Property, plant and equipment, net

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Land and buildings | $ | 21.7 |  |  | $ | 21.8 |
Leasehold improvements | 640.9 |  |  | 616.9 |
Furniture and fixtures | 698.3 |  |  | 669.9 |
Equipment | 133.5 |  |  | 122.4 |
Software | 251.5 |  |  | 334.2 |
Construction in progress | 78.9 |  |  | 38.4 |
Total | $ | 1,824.8 |  |  | $ | 1,803.6 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (1,248.9) |  |  | (1,198.1) |
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 575.9 |  |  | $ | 605.5 |

Depreciation and amortization expense for Fiscal 2022 was $162.4 million (Fiscal 2021: $175.1 million; Fiscal 2020: $177.1 million). In Fiscal 2022, the Company recorded $1.6 million of property and equipment impairment charges (Fiscal 2021: $28.1 million). See Note 17 for additional information.
17. Asset impairments, net
The following table summarizes the Company’s asset impairment activity for the periods presented:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Goodwill impairment (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10.7 |  |  | $ | 47.7 |
Indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment (1) | — |  |  | 83.3 |  |  | — |
Property and equipment impairment | 1.6 |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | — |
Operating lease ROU asset impairment, net (2) | (0.1) |  |  | 36.9 |  |  | — |
Total impairment | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 159.0 |  |  | $ | 47.7 |

(1) Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(2) The Company recorded $1.4 million and $4.4 million of gains on terminations or modifications of leases resulting from previously recorded impairments of the right-of-use assets in Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021, respectively.
Long-lived assets of the Company consist primarily of property and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets and operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Potentially impaired assets or asset groups are identified by reviewing the undiscounted cash flows of individual stores. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the store asset group, based on the Company’s internal business plans. If the undiscounted cash flow for the store asset group is less than its carrying amount, the long-lived assets are measured for potential impairment by estimating the fair value of the asset group, and recording an impairment loss for the amount that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. The Company primarily utilizes the replacement cost method to estimate the fair value of its property and equipment, and the income capitalization method to estimate the fair value of its ROU assets, which incorporates historical store level sales, internal business plans, real estate market capitalization and rental rates, and discount rates.
Fiscal 2021
Due to the various impacts of COVID-19 to the Company’s business during the first quarter of Fiscal 2021, including the temporary closure of all the Company’s stores beginning in late March 2020 (see additional information in Note 1), the Company determined triggering events had occurred for certain of the Company’s long-lived asset groups at the individual stores that required an interim impairment assessment during the first quarter of Fiscal 2021. During the remaining of Fiscal 2021, the Company completed its quarterly trigger event assessment and determined that triggering events had occurred for certain additional long-lived asset groups at the individual stores based on real estate assessments (including store closure decisions) and the continued uncertainty related to COVID-19 on forecasted cash flows for the remaining lease period for certain stores. This impacted property and equipment and ROU assets at the store level. The Company identified certain stores in the initial recoverability test which had carrying values in excess of the estimated undiscounted cash flows. For these stores failing the initial recoverability test, a fair value assessment for these long-lived assets was performed.
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As a result of the above fair values assessments, the Company recorded impairment charges for property and equipment of $28.1 million and impairment charges for ROU assets of $36.9 million in Fiscal 2021, which is net of gains on terminations or modifications of leases resulting from previously recorded impairments of the ROU assets of $4.4 million.
Fiscal 2022
During Fiscal 2022, the Company completed its quarterly triggering event assessments and determined that triggering events had occurred for certain long-lived asset groups at individual stores based on real estate assessments (including store closure decisions) and store performance for the remaining lease period for certain stores that required an impairment assessment. This impacted property and equipment and ROU assets at the store level. The Company identified certain stores in the initial recoverability test which had carrying values in excess of the estimated undiscounted cash flows. For these stores failing the initial recoverability test, a fair value assessment for these long-lived assets was performed. As a result of the estimated fair values, the Company recorded impairment charges for property and equipment of $1.6 million and a net ROU asset gain on impairment of $0.1 million in Fiscal 2022.
The uncertainty of the COVID-19 impact to the Company’s business could continue to further negatively affect the operating performance and cash flows of the above identified stores or additional stores, including the magnitude and potential resurgence of COVID-19 (including variants), occupancy restrictions in the Company’s stores, the inability to achieve or maintain cost savings initiatives included in the business plans, changes in real estate strategy or macroeconomic factors which influence consumer behavior. In addition, key assumptions used to estimate fair value, such as sales trends, capitalization and market rental rates, and discount rates could impact the fair value estimates of the store-level assets in future periods.
18. Leases
Signet occupies certain properties and holds machinery and vehicles under operating leases. Signet determines if an arrangement is a lease at the agreement’s inception. Certain operating leases include predetermined rent increases, which are charged to store occupancy costs within cost of sales on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including any construction period or other rental holiday. Other variable amounts paid under operating leases, such as taxes and common area maintenance, are charged to selling, general and administrative expenses as incurred. Premiums paid to acquire short-term leasehold properties and inducements to enter into a lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In addition, certain leases provide for contingent rent based on a percentage of sales in excess of a predetermined level. Further, certain leases provide for variable rent increases based on indexes specified within the lease agreement. The variable increases based on an index are initially measured as part of the operating lease liability using the index at the commencement date. Contingent rent and subsequent changes to variable increases based on indexes will be recognized in the variable lease cost and included in the determination of total lease cost when it is probable that the expense has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets and current and non-current operating lease liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental secured borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date, including the underlying term and currency of the lease, in measuring the present value of lease payments. Lease terms, which include the period of the lease that cannot be canceled, may also include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The operating lease ROU asset may also include initial direct costs, prepaid and/or accrued lease payments and the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. ROU assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable in accordance with the Company’s long-lived asset impairment assessment policy.
Payments arising from operating lease activity, as well as variable and short-term lease payments not included within the operating lease liability, are included as operating activities on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. Operating lease payments representing costs to ready an asset for its intended use (i.e. leasehold improvements) are represented within investing activities within the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.
The Company deferred substantially all of its rent payments due in the months of April 2020 and May 2020. As of January 29, 2022, the Company had approximately $16 million of deferred rent payments remaining primarily in the UK. This remaining deferred rent is expected to be substantially repaid in the first half of Fiscal 2023. The Company has not recorded any provision for interest or penalties which may arise as a result of these deferrals, as management does not believe payment for any potential amounts to be probable. In April 2020, the FASB granted guidance (hereinafter, the practical expedient) permitting an entity to choose to forgo the evaluation of the enforceable rights and obligations of the original lease contract, specifically in situations where rent concessions have been agreed to with landlords as a result of COVID-19. Instead, the entity may account for COVID-19 related rent concessions, whatever their form (e.g. rent deferral, abatement or other) either: a) as if they were part of the enforceable rights and obligations of
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the parties under the existing lease contract; or b) as lease modifications. In accordance with this practical expedient, the Company has elected not to account for any concessions granted by landlords as a result of COVID-19 as lease modifications. Rent abatements under the practical expedient have been recorded as a negative variable lease cost. The Company negotiated with substantially all of its landlords and has received certain concessions in the form of rent deferrals and other lease or rent modifications. In addition, the Company recorded lease expense during the deferral periods in accordance with its existing policies.
The weighted average lease term and discount rate for the Company’s outstanding operating leases were as follows:

|  | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term |  | 7.1 years |  | 6.2 years
Weighted average discount rate |  | 5.5 | % |  | 5.5 | %

Total lease costs are as follows:

(in millions) |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 431.8 |  |  | $ | 436.3 |  |  | $ | 460.3 |
Short-term lease cost |  | 11.5 |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | 19.4 |
Variable lease cost |  | 127.0 |  |  | 110.3 |  |  | 107.1 |
Sublease income |  | (1.9) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | (2.0) |
Total lease cost |  | $ | 568.4 |  |  | $ | 561.1 |  |  | $ | 584.8 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

(in millions) |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 479.6 |  |  | $ | 400.4 |  |  | $ | 467.7 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations (1) |  | 168.8 |  |  | 70.8 |  |  | 149.9 |
Reduction in the carrying amount of ROU assets (2) |  | 351.7 |  |  | 348.3 |  |  | 360.1 |

(1) Includes $56.9 million of ROU assets acquired from Diamonds Direct in Fiscal 2022, per Note 4.
(2) Excludes net gain related to ROU asset impairment of $0.1 million and ROU asset impairment charges of $36.9 million during Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021, respectively, as further described in Note 17.
The future minimum operating lease commitments for operating leases having initial or non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are as follows:

(in millions) |  | January 29, 2022
Fiscal 2023 |  | $ | 400.3 |
Fiscal 2024 |  | 304.4 |
Fiscal 2025 |  | 238.5 |
Fiscal 2026 |  | 174.3 |
Fiscal 2027 |  | 124.1 |
Thereafter |  | 446.9 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 1,688.5 |
Less: Imputed interest |  | (383.4) |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,305.1 |

19. Goodwill and intangibles
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as indefinite-lived trade names, are evaluated for impairment annually and more frequently if events or conditions are identified indicating the carrying value of a reporting unit or an indefinite-lived intangible asset may not be recoverable. In evaluating goodwill and indefinite-lived trade names for impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value. If the Company concludes that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, then no further testing is required. However, if the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value,
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then an impairment test is performed to identify a potential impairment and measure the amount of impairment to be recognized, if any. When the carrying amount of the reporting unit or an indefinite-lived intangible assets exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recorded.
The impairment test for goodwill involves estimating the fair value of the reporting unit through either estimated discounted future cash flows or market-based methodologies. The impairment test for other indefinite-lived intangible assets involves estimating the fair value of the asset, which is typically performed using the relief from royalty method for indefinite-lived trade names.
Fiscal 2020
During Fiscal 2020, the Company performed its annual evaluation of its indefinite-lived intangible assets, including goodwill and trade names identified in the Zales and R2Net acquisition, for impairment indicators. The Company noted that no impairment indicators existed at the date of the annual evaluation. Additionally, due to a continued decline in the Company’s market capitalization during the second quarter of Fiscal 2020, the Company determined a triggering event had occurred requiring interim impairment assessments for its remaining reporting units with goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. Using a combination of discounted cash flow and guideline public company methodologies, the Company compared the fair value of each of its reporting units with their carrying value. The Company determined no additional impairment charges were required to be recognized during Fiscal 2020 related to the annual evaluation or interim assessment.
During the second quarter of Fiscal 2020, a non-cash immaterial out-of-period adjustment of $47.7 million, with $35.2 million related to Zales goodwill and $12.5 million related to R2Net goodwill, was recognized within Goodwill and intangible impairments on the consolidated statements of operations related to an error in the calculation of goodwill impairments during Fiscal 2019.
Fiscal 2021
During Fiscal 2021, the Company performed its annual evaluation of its indefinite-lived intangible assets, including goodwill and trade names identified in the Zales and R2Net acquisitions, for impairment indicators. The Company noted that no impairment indicators existed at the date of the annual evaluation. Additionally, due to various impacts of COVID-19 to the Company’s business during the first quarter Fiscal 2021, the Company determined a triggering event had occurred that required an interim impairment assessment for all of its reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets. As part of the assessment, it was determined that an increase in the discount rates were required to reflect the prevailing uncertainty inherent in the forecasts due to current market conditions and potential COVID-19 impacts. This higher discount rate, in conjunction with revised long-term projections associated with certain aspects of the Company’s forecast, resulted in lower than previously projected long-term future cash flows for the reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets which negatively affected the valuation compared to previous valuations. As a result of the interim impairment assessment, during the first quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company recognized pre-tax impairment charges related to goodwill of $10.7 million in the consolidated statement of operations within its North America reportable segment related to R2Net and Zales Canada goodwill.
In conjunction with the interim impairment tests noted above, during the first quarter of Fiscal 2021 the Company determined that the fair values of indefinite-lived intangible assets related to certain Zales trade names were less than their carrying value. Accordingly, in the first quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company recognized pre-tax impairment charges within asset impairments on the consolidated statements of operations of $83.3 million within its North America reportable segment.
Fiscal 2022
In the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, the annual testing date of R2Net was changed from the last day of the fiscal year to the last day of the fourth period of each fiscal year. R2Net represents a reporting unit within the Company’s North America reportable segment. The new impairment testing date is preferable, as this date corresponds with the testing date for all other North America reporting units. This will allow information and assumptions to be applied consistently to all reporting units.
In connection with the acquisition of Rocksbox on March 29, 2021, the Company recognized $11.6 million of definite-lived intangible assets and $4.7 million of goodwill, which are reported in the North America reportable segment. The weighted-average amortization period of the definite-lived intangibles assets acquired is eight years. Refer to Note 4 for additional information.
In connection with the acquisition of Diamonds Direct on November 17, 2021, the Company recognized $126.0 million of indefinite-lived intangible assets related to the Diamonds Direct trade name and $241.9 million of goodwill, which are reported in the North America reportable segment. Refer to Note 4 for additional information.
During Fiscal 2022, the Company did not identify any events or conditions that would indicate that it was more likely than not that the carrying values of the reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets exceed their fair values.
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Goodwill
The following table summarizes the Company’s goodwill by reportable segment:

(in millions) | North America |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at February 1, 2020 | $ | 248.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment | (10.7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impact of foreign exchange | (0.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 30, 2021 (1) | $ | 238.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions | 246.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 29, 2022 (1) | $ | 484.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) The carrying amount of goodwill is presented net of accumulated impairment losses of $576.0 million as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021.
Intangibles
Definite-lived intangible assets include trade names, technology, customer relationship and favorable lease agreements. All indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names. Both definite and indefinite-lived assets are recorded within intangible assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Intangible liabilities, net consists of unfavorable contracts and is recorded within accrued expense and other current liabilities and other liabilities (non-current) on the consolidated balance sheets.
The following table provides additional detail regarding the composition of intangible assets and liabilities:

|  | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
(in millions) |  | Gross carrying amount |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  |  | Net carrying amount |  | Gross carrying amount |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  |  | Net carrying amount
Intangible assets, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Definite-lived intangible assets |  | $ | 15.8 |  |  | $ | (5.3) |  |  |  |  | $ | 10.5 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | (4.2) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.4 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets (1) |  | 303.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | 303.7 |  |  | 177.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | 177.6 |
Total intangible assets, net |  | $ | 319.5 |  |  | $ | (5.3) |  |  |  |  | $ | 314.2 |  |  | $ | 183.2 |  |  | $ | (4.2) |  |  |  |  | $ | 179.0 |
Intangible liabilities, net |  | $ | (38.0) |  |  | $ | 30.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | (7.2) |  |  | $ | (38.0) |  |  | $ | 27.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | (10.5) |

(1) The change in the indefinite-lived intangible asset balances during the periods presented was due to the addition of Diamonds Direct trade name of $126.0 million and the impact of foreign currency translation.
Amortization expense relating to intangible assets was $1.1 million in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: $0.9 million; Fiscal 2020: $0.9 million). The unfavorable contracts are classified as liabilities and recognized over the term of the underlying contract. Amortization relating to intangible liabilities was $3.3 million in Fiscal 2022 (Fiscal 2021: $5.4 million; Fiscal 2020: $5.5 million). Expected future amortization for intangible assets and intangible liabilities recorded at January 29, 2022 follows:

(in millions) | Intangible assets amortization |  | Intangible liabilities amortization
Fiscal 2023 | $ | 2.4 |  |  | $ | (1.8) |
Fiscal 2024 | 1.9 |  |  | (1.8) |
Fiscal 2025 | 1.3 |  |  | (1.8) |
Fiscal 2026 | 1.2 |  |  | (1.8) |
Fiscal 2027 | 1.2 |  |  | — |
Thereafter | 2.5 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 10.5 |  |  | $ | (7.2) |

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20. Investments
Investments in debt and equity securities are held by certain insurance subsidiaries and are reported at fair value as other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. All investments are classified as available-for-sale and include the following:

| January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021 |  |
(in millions) | Cost |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) |  | Fair Value |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) |  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury securities | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US government agency securities | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds and notes | 5.6 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total investments | $ | 12.1 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 12.3 |  |  | $ | 14.9 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 15.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Realized gains and losses on investments are determined on the specific identification basis. Net realized gains of $1.0 million were recognized during Fiscal 2020. There were no material net realized gains or losses during Fiscal 2022 or Fiscal 2021. Investments with a carrying value of $3.3 million and $3.4 million were on deposit with various state insurance departments at January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, respectively, as required by law.
Investments in debt securities outstanding as of January 29, 2022 mature as follows:

(in millions) | Cost |  | Fair Value
Less than one year | $ | 4.1 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |
Year two through year five | 7.0 |  |  | 7.1 |
Year six through year ten | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |
Total investment in debt securities | $ | 12.1 |  |  | $ | 12.3 |

21. Derivatives
Derivative transactions are used by Signet for risk management purposes to address risks inherent in Signet’s business operations and sources of financing. The main risks arising from Signet’s operations are market risk including foreign currency risk, commodity risk, liquidity risk and interest rate risk. Signet uses derivative financial instruments to manage and mitigate certain of these risks under policies reviewed and approved by the Board. Signet does not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes.
Market risk
Signet generates revenues and incurs expenses in US dollars, Canadian dollars and British pounds. As a portion of the International segment purchases and purchases made by the Canadian operations of the North America segment are denominated in US dollars, Signet enters into forward foreign currency exchange contracts, foreign currency option contracts and foreign currency swaps to manage this exposure to the US dollar.
Signet holds a fluctuating amount of British pounds and Canadian dollars reflecting the cash generative characteristics of operations. Signet’s objective is to minimize net foreign exchange exposure to the consolidated statement of operations on non-US dollar denominated items through managing cash levels, non-US dollar denominated intra-entity balances and foreign currency swaps. In order to manage the foreign exchange exposure and minimize the level of funds denominated in British pounds and Canadian dollars, dividends are paid regularly by subsidiaries to their immediate holding companies and excess British pounds and Canadian dollars are sold in exchange for US dollars.
Signet’s policy is to reduce the impact of precious metal commodity price volatility on operating results through the use of outright forward purchases of, or by entering into options to purchase, precious metals within treasury guidelines approved by the Board. In particular, Signet undertakes some hedging of its requirements for gold through the use of forward purchase contracts, options and net zero premium collar arrangements (a combination of forwards and option contracts).
Liquidity risk
Signet’s objective is to ensure that it has access to, or the ability to generate, sufficient cash from either internal or external sources in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet its commitments as they become due and payable. Signet manages liquidity risks as part of its overall risk management policy. Management produces forecasting and budgeting information that is reviewed and monitored by the Board. Cash generated from operations and external financing are the main sources of funding.
The primary external sources of funding are the Company’s ABL Revolving Facility and Senior Notes as described in Note 24.
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Interest rate risk
Signet has exposure to movements in interest rates associated with cash and borrowings. Signet may enter into various interest rate protection agreements in order to limit the impact of movements in interest rates.
Interest rate swap (designated) — The Company entered into an interest rate swap in March 2015 with an aggregate notional amount of $300.0 million that matured in April 2019. Under this contract, the Company agreed to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed contract rates and floating rate interest amounts calculated by reference to the agreed notional amounts. This contract was entered into to reduce the consolidated interest rate risk associated with variable rate, long-term debt. The Company designated this derivative as a cash flow hedge of the variability in expected cash outflows for interest payments. During the term of the interest rate swap, the Company effectively converted a portion of its variable-rate senior unsecured term loan into fixed-rate debt.
Credit risk and concentrations of credit risk
Credit risk represents the loss that would be recognized at the reporting date if counterparties failed to perform as contracted. Signet does not anticipate non-performance by counterparties of its financial instruments. Signet does not require collateral or other security to support cash investments or financial instruments with credit risk; however, it is Signet’s policy to only hold cash and cash equivalent investments and to transact financial instruments with financial institutions with a certain minimum credit rating. As of January 29, 2022, management does not believe Signet is exposed to any significant concentrations of credit risk that arise from cash and cash equivalent investments, derivatives or accounts receivable.
Commodity and foreign currency risks
The following types of derivative financial instruments are utilized by Signet to mitigate certain risk exposures related to changes in commodity prices and foreign exchange rates:
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts (designated) — These contracts, which are principally in US dollars, are entered into to limit the impact of movements in foreign exchange rates on forecasted foreign currency purchases. These contracts were de-designated during the 13 weeks ended May 2, 2020. This de-designation occurred due to uncertainly around the volume of purchases in the Company’s UK business. These contracts were unlikely to retain hedge effectiveness given the change in circumstances as a result of COVID-19. Trading for these contracts resumed during the third quarter of Fiscal 2021. The total notional amount of these foreign currency contracts outstanding as of January 29, 2022 was $11.2 million (January 30, 2021: $12.5 million). These contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges and will be settled over the next 10 months (January 30, 2021: 12 months).
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts (undesignated) — Foreign currency contracts not designated as cash flow hedges are used to mitigate Signet’s exposure to foreign currency exchange risk in its cash and borrowings. The total notional amount of these foreign currency contracts outstanding as of January 29, 2022 was $93.8 million (January 30, 2021: $107.6 million).
Commodity forward purchase contracts, options and net zero premium collar arrangements (designated) — These contracts are entered into to reduce Signet’s exposure to significant movements in the price of the underlying precious metal raw material. During the 13 weeks ended May 2, 2020, the contracts which were still outstanding (and unrealized) were de-designated and liquidated. The contracts which were already settled remain designated as the hedged inventory purchases from these contracts are still on hand. The unrealized contracts were de-designated as a result of uncertainty around the Company’s future purchasing volume due to COVID-19 and thus the contracts were unlikely to retain hedge effectiveness. Trading for these contracts resumed during the third quarter of Fiscal 2021, however, no contracts remained outstanding by January 29, 2022. The total notional amount of these commodity derivative contracts outstanding as of January 30, 2021 was approximately 1,000 ounces.
The bank counterparties to the derivative instruments expose Signet to credit-related losses in the event of their non-performance. However, to mitigate that risk, Signet only contracts with counterparties that meet certain minimum requirements under its counterparty risk assessment process. As of January 29, 2022, Signet believes that this credit risk did not materially change the fair value of the foreign currency or commodity contracts.
The following table summarizes the fair value and presentation of derivative instruments in the consolidated balance sheets:

| Fair value of derivative assets
(in millions) | Balance sheet location |  | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | Other current assets |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | Other current assets |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total derivative assets |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |

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| Fair value of derivative liabilities
(in millions) | Balance sheet location |  | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | Other current liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.3) |
Commodity contracts | Other current liabilities |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |
|  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | Other current liabilities |  | (1.3) |  |  | — |
Total derivative liabilities |  |  | $ | (1.3) |  |  | $ | (0.4) |

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
The following table summarizes the pre-tax gains (losses) recorded in AOCI for derivatives designated in cash flow hedging relationships:

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Foreign currency contracts | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (0.7) |
Commodity contracts | — |  |  | (0.4) |
Gains (losses) recorded in AOCI | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (1.1) |

The following tables summarize the effect of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges in OCI and the consolidated statements of operations:
Foreign currency contracts

(in millions) | Statement of operations caption |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
Gains (losses) recorded in AOCI, beginning of period |  |  | $ | (0.7) |  |  | $ | (1.0) |
Current period gains recognized in OCI |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.9 |
(Gains) losses reclassified from AOCI to net income | Cost of sales (1) |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |
Gains from de-designated hedges reclassified from AOCI to net income | Other operating income (loss) (1) |  | — |  |  | (0.6) |
Gains (losses) recorded in AOCI, end of period |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (0.7) |

Commodity contracts

(in millions) | Statement of operations caption |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
Losses (gains) recorded in AOCI, beginning of period |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | 17.7 |
Current period losses recognized in OCI |  |  | — |  |  | (1.9) |
(Gains) losses reclassified from AOCI to net income | Cost of sales (1) |  | 0.4 |  |  | (6.9) |
Gains from de-designated hedges reclassified from AOCI to net income | Other operating income (loss) (1) |  | — |  |  | (9.3) |
Gains (losses) recorded in AOCI, end of period |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.4) |

(1) Refer to the consolidated statements of operations for total amounts of each financial statement caption impacted by cash flow hedges.
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There was no material ineffectiveness related to the Company’s derivative instruments designated in cash flow hedging relationships during Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021, other than the items disclosed above during the first quarter of Fiscal 2021. Based on current valuations, the Company expects approximately $0.4 million of net pre-tax derivative gains to be reclassified out of AOCI into earnings within the next 12 months.
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
The following table presents the effects of the Company’s derivatives instruments not designated as cash flow hedges in the consolidated statements of operations:

(in millions) | Statement of operations caption |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
Foreign currency contracts | Other operating income (loss) |  | $ | (3.1) |  |  | $ | 2.2 |

22. Fair value measurement
The estimated fair value of Signet’s financial instruments held or issued to finance Signet’s operations is summarized below. Certain estimates and judgments were required to develop the fair value amounts. The fair value amounts shown below are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that Signet would realize upon disposition nor do they indicate Signet’s intent or ability to dispose of the financial instrument. Assets and liabilities that are carried at fair value are required to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
Level 1—quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities
Level 2—observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data
Level 3—unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data
Signet determines fair value based upon quoted prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as discounting the expected cash flows using market interest rates commensurate with the credit quality and duration of the investment. The methods Signet uses to determine fair value on an instrument-specific basis are detailed below:

| January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
(in millions) | Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury securities | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency contracts | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
US government agency securities | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |
Corporate bonds and notes | 5.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.5 |
Total assets | $ | 12.6 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 8.1 |  |  | $ | 15.5 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 9.8 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | $ | (1.3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.3) |  |  | $ | (0.3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.3) |
Commodity contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |
Total liabilities | $ | (1.3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.3) |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.4) |

Investments in US Treasury securities are based on quoted market prices for identical instruments in active markets, and therefore were classified as Level 1 measurements in the fair value hierarchy. Investments in US government agency securities and corporate bonds and notes are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, and therefore were classified as Level 2 measurements in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 20 for additional information related to the Company’s available-for-sale investments. The fair value of derivative financial instruments has been determined based on market value equivalents at the balance sheet date, taking into account the current foreign currency forward rates or commodity forward rates, and therefore were classified as Level 2 measurements in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 21 for additional information related to the Company’s derivatives.
During the second quarter of Fiscal 2019, the Company completed the sale of all eligible non-prime in-house accounts receivable. Upon closing, 5% of the purchase price was deferred until the second anniversary of the closing date. Final payment of the deferred purchase price was contingent upon the non-prime portfolio achieving a pre-defined yield. The Company recorded an asset at the transaction date related to this deferred payment at fair value. This estimated fair value was derived from a discounted cash flow model using unobservable Level 3 inputs, including estimated yields derived from historic performance, loss rates, payment rates and discount rates to estimate the fair value associated with the accounts receivable. The measurement period was completed in June 2020
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and the Company received the full deferred payment of $23.5 million during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, as further described in Note 13.
During Fiscal 2021 and 2020, the Company performed interim and annual quantitative impairment tests for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. The fair value was calculated using the income approach for the reporting units and the relief from royalty method for the indefinite-lived intangible assets, respectively. The fair value is a Level 3 valuation based on certain unobservable inputs including estimated future cash flows and discount rates aligned with market-based assumptions, that would be utilized by market participants in valuing these assets or prices of similar assets. In addition, for long-lived assets, the Company performed an impairment test for certain store level assets during Fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020. The Company utilizes primarily the replacement cost method (a level 3 valuation method) for the fair value of its property and equipment, and the income method to estimate the fair value of its ROU assets, which incorporates Level 3 inputs such as historical store level sales, internal business plans, real estate market capitalization and rental rates, and discount rates. See Note 17 and Note 19 for additional information.
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and income taxes approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these amounts.
The fair values of long-term debt instruments were determined using quoted market prices in inactive markets or discounted cash flows based upon current observable market interest rates and therefore were classified as Level 2 measurements in the fair value hierarchy. The following table provides a summary of the carrying amount and fair value of outstanding debt:

| January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
(in millions) | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Notes (Level 2) | $ | 147.1 |  |  | $ | 150.0 |  |  | $ | 146.7 |  |  | $ | 145.1 |

23. Retirement plans
Signet operates a defined benefit pension plan in the UK (the “UK Plan”) which ceased to admit new employees effective April 2004. The UK Plan provides benefits to participating eligible employees. Beginning in Fiscal 2014, a change to the benefit structure was implemented and members’ benefits that accumulate after that date are now based upon career average salaries, whereas previously, all benefits were based on salaries at retirement. In September 2017, the Company approved an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the UK Plan in an effort to reduce anticipated future pension expense. As a result of this amendment, the Company froze the pension plan for all participants with an effective date of October 2019 as elected by the plan participants. All future benefit accruals under the plan have thus ceased as of this date. The amendment to the plan was accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 715, “Compensation - Retirement Benefits.”
On July 29, 2021, Signet Group Limited (“SGL”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement (the “Agreement”) with Signet Pension Trustee Limited (the “Trustee”), as trustee of the Signet Group Pension Scheme (the “Pension Scheme”), to facilitate the Trustee entering into a bulk purchase annuity policy ("BPA") securing accrued liabilities under the Pension Scheme with Rothesay Life Plc ("Rothesay") and subsequently, to wind up the Pension Scheme. The BPA will be held by the Trustee as an asset of the Scheme (the "buy-in") in anticipation of Rothesay subsequently (and in accordance with the terms of the BPA) issuing individual annuity contracts to each of the 1,909 Pension Scheme members (or their eligible beneficiaries) ("Transferred Participants") covering their accrued benefits (a full “buy-out”), following which the BPA will terminate and the Trustee will wind up the Pension Scheme (collectively, the “Transactions”).
Under the terms of the Agreement, SGL is expected to contribute up to £16.9 million (approximately $22.6 million) (the “Total Expected Contribution”) to the Pension Scheme to enable the Trustee to pay for any and all costs incurred by the Trustee as part of the Transactions, including an initial contribution of £7.0 million (approximately $9.7 million) (the “Initial Installment”) to enable the Trustee to enter into the BPA with Rothesay. Subsequent installments of the Total Expected Contribution shall be reviewed and agreed by SGL and the Trustee at such times as the Trustee reasonably requires additional monies to be contributed to the Pension Scheme in furtherance of the Transactions. The Initial Installment was paid on August 4, 2021, and the Trustee transferred substantially all Plan assets into the BPA on August 9, 2021.
From the point of buy-out, Rothesay shall be liable to pay the insured benefits to the Transferred Participants and shall be responsible for the administration of those benefits. Once all Pension Scheme members (or their eligible beneficiaries) have become Transferred Participants, the Trustee will wind up the Pension Scheme. By irrevocably transferring these obligations to Rothesay, the Company will eliminate its projected benefit obligation under the Pension Scheme.
On August 9, 2021, in connection with the transfer of assets into the BPA as noted above, the Company performed a remeasurement of the Pension Scheme based on the terms of the BPA which resulted in a pre-tax actuarial loss of £53.3 million (approximately $72.9 million) recorded within the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).
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The net periodic pension cost of the UK Plan is measured on an actuarial basis using the projected unit credit method and several actuarial assumptions, the most significant of which are the discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Other material assumptions include rates of participant mortality, the expected long-term rate of compensation and pension increases, and rates of employee attrition. Gains and losses occur when actual experience differs from actuarial assumptions. If such gains or losses exceed 10% of the greater of plan assets or plan liabilities, Signet amortizes those gains or losses over the average remaining service period of the employees. The service cost component of net periodic pension cost is charged to selling, general and administrative expenses while non-service, interest and other costs components are charged to other non-operating income (loss), in the consolidated statements of operations.
The UK Plan is a funded plan with assets held in a separate trustee administered fund, which is independently managed. Signet used January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021 measurement dates in determining the UK Plan’s benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets.
The following tables provide information concerning the UK Plan as of and for the fiscal years ended January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
Change in UK Plan assets: |  |  |
Fair value at beginning of year | $ | 299.2 |  |  | $ | 281.9 |
Actual return on UK Plan assets | (0.3) |  |  | 11.9 |
Employer contributions | 12.4 |  |  | 4.4 |
Benefits paid | (8.9) |  |  | (9.8) |
Foreign currency translation | (6.8) |  |  | 10.8 |
Fair value at end of year | $ | 295.6 |  |  | $ | 299.2 |

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021
Change in benefit obligation: |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 247.6 |  |  | $ | 243.4 |
Interest cost | 3.3 |  |  | 4.0 |
Actuarial loss | 67.4 |  |  | 1.4 |
Benefits paid | (8.9) |  |  | (9.8) |
Foreign currency translation | (6.1) |  |  | 8.6 |
Benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 303.3 |  |  | $ | 247.6 |
Funded status at end of year | $ | (7.7) |  |  | $ | 51.6 |

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet consist of: |  |  |
Other assets (non current) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51.6 |
Other liabilities (non-current) | (7.7) |  |  | — |

Items in AOCI not yet recognized in net income in the consolidated statements of operations:

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021 |  | February 1, 2020
Net actuarial losses | $ | (103.3) |  |  | $ | (47.2) |  |  | $ | (52.4) |
Net prior service costs | (3.9) |  |  | (4.0) |  |  | (4.1) |

The estimated actuarial losses and prior service costs for the UK Plan that will be amortized from AOCI into net periodic pension cost over the next fiscal year are $3.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively. In addition, the full balance of any remaining unrecognized amounts within AOCI will be recognized in the statement of operations upon completion of the buy-out described above, which is currently expected to occur in the first half of Fiscal 2023.
The accumulated benefit obligation for the UK Plan was $303.3 million and $247.6 million as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, respectively.
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The components of net periodic pension benefit cost and other amounts recognized in OCI for the UK Plan are as follows:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Components of net periodic benefit (cost) income: |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.7) |
Interest cost | (3.3) |  |  | (4.0) |  |  | (5.5) |
Expected return on UK Plan assets | 3.0 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 7.8 |
Amortization of unrecognized actuarial losses | (2.1) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (1.2) |
Amortization of unrecognized net prior service costs | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |
Total net periodic benefit (cost) income | $ | (2.5) |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |
Other changes in assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI | (69.2) |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 1.7 |
Total recognized in net periodic pension benefit (cost) and OCI | $ | (71.7) |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |

| January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations (at the end of the year): |  |  |
Discount rate | 1.25 | % |  | 1.60 | %
Salary increases | N/A |  | N/A
Assumptions used to determine net periodic pension costs (at the start of the year): |  |  |
Discount rate | 0.80 | % |  | 1.70 | %
Expected return on UK Plan assets | 0.80 | % |  | 2.20 | %
Salary increases | NA |  | N/A

Prior to the buy-in of the BPA, the discount rate was based upon published rates for high-quality fixed-income investments that produce expected cash flows that approximate the timing and amount of expected future benefit payments. The expected return on the UK Plan assets assumption was based upon the historical return and future expected returns for each asset class, as well as the target asset allocation of the portfolio of UK Plan assets. After the buy-in for the BPA, the discount rate and expected return on assets are now aligned based on the implied rates of the liability by the insurer.
Prior to the buy-in of the BPA, the UK Plan’s investment strategy was guided by an objective of achieving a return on the investments, which is consistent with the long-term return assumptions and funding policy, to ensure the UK Plan obligations were met. The investment policy was to allocate funds to a diverse portfolio of investments, including UK and global equities, diversified growth funds, corporate bonds, fixed income investments and commercial property. The commercial property investment was through a Pooled Pensions Property Fund that provided a diversified portfolio of property assets. As substantially all Plan assets have now been transferred to the BPA, there is no longer a long-term target allocation strategy for investments.
The fair value of the assets in the UK Plan at January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021 are required to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
Level 1—quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities
Level 2—observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data
Level 3—unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data
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Signet measures the value of the assets on an instrument-specific basis are detailed below:

| As of January 29, 2022 |  | As of January 30, 2021
(in millions) | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  |
Investments measured at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diversified equity securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13.0 |  |  |
Diversified growth funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44.4 |  |  | 44.4 |  |  | — |  |  |
Fixed income – government bonds | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 161.4 |  |  | 161.4 |  |  | — |  |  |
Fixed income – corporate bonds | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 56.2 |  |  |
Insurance contracts | 291.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 291.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Cash | 4.0 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | — |  |  |
| 295.6 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 291.6 |  |  | 278.7 |  |  | 209.5 |  |  | 69.2 |  |  |
Investments measured at NAV (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 295.6 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 291.6 |  |  | $ | 299.2 |  |  | $ | 209.5 |  |  | $ | 69.2 |  |  |

(1) Certain assets that are measured using the net asset value (“NAV”) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
The following represents a summary of changes in fair value of UK Plan assets classified as Level 3:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  |
Beginning of year balance | $ | — |  |  |
Purchases, sales, and settlements, net | 318.3 |  |  |
Actual return on assets, assets still held at reporting date | (16.8) |  |  |
Foreign currency translation | (9.9) |  |  |
End of year balance | $ | 291.6 |  |  |

Investments in diversified equity securities, diversified growth funds and fixed income securities are in pooled funds. Investments are valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for each fund in active markets, where possible and, therefore, classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. If unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets are unavailable, investments are valued by the administrators of the funds. The valuation is based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities, and then divided by the number of units outstanding. The unit price is based on underlying investments which are generally either traded in an active market or are valued based on observable inputs such as market interest rates and quoted prices for similar securities and, therefore, classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Certain fixed income investments are in an interest-based return through investments in various asset classes including: asset backed securities, mortgage backed securities, collateralized debt and loan obligations, and loan investments. The same investments in are subject to certain restrictions whereby funds may only be divested quarterly. The investment in property is in pooled funds valued by the administrators of the fund. The investment in the property fund is subject to certain restrictions on withdrawals that could delay the receipt of funds by up to 16 months. These certain fixed income investments and the property fund are recorded at the NAV of the underlying assets, which are independently valued on a monthly basis.
The BPA is considered a Level 3 asset as the value of the asset is based on the implied value of the liability as determined based on the underlying employee data and actuarial assumptions described above, which are all significant unobservable inputs.
Signet contributed $12.4 million to the UK Plan in Fiscal 2022 and expects to contribute up to $10.0 million to the UK Plan in Fiscal 2023, subject to finalization of the buy-out under the BPA and the level of remaining funding required for the completion of the Transactions described above.
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The following benefit payments are currently estimated to be paid by the UK Plan:

(in millions) | Expected benefit payments
Fiscal 2023 | $ | 9.4 |
Fiscal 2024 | 9.4 |
Fiscal 2025 | 9.3 |
Fiscal 2026 | 9.5 |
Fiscal 2027 | 9.4 |
Next five fiscal years | $ | 48.2 |

Other retirement plans
In June 2004, Signet introduced a defined contribution plan which replaced the UK Plan for new UK employees. The contributions to this plan in Fiscal 2022 were $2.4 million (Fiscal 2021: $2.4 million; Fiscal 2020: $2.4 million).
In the US, Signet operates a defined contribution 401(k) retirement savings plan for all eligible employees who meet minimum age and service requirements. The assets of this plan are held in a separate trust and Signet matches 50% of up to 6% of employee elective salary deferrals, subject to statutory limitations. Signet’s contributions to this plan in Fiscal 2022 were $13.0 million (Fiscal 2021: $3.2 million; Fiscal 2020: $9.1 million).
The Company has also established two unfunded, non-qualified deferred compensation plans, one of which permits certain management and highly compensated employees to elect annually to defer all or a portion of their compensation and earn interest on the deferred amounts (“DCP”) and the other of which is frozen as to new participants and new deferrals. Beginning in April 2011, the DCP provided for a matching contribution based on each participant’s annual compensation deferral. The plan also permits employer contributions on a discretionary basis. The cost recognized in connection with the DCP in Fiscal 2022 was $2.2 million (Fiscal 2021: $0.8 million; Fiscal 2020: $3.6 million). The matching contributions, for both the Signet 401(k) and DCP, were temporarily suspended during the first quarter of Fiscal 2021. The matching contributions resumed effective January 1, 2021.
Although the two unfunded, non-qualified deferred compensation plans are not required to be funded by the Company, the Company has elected to fund the plans by investing in trust-owned life insurance policies and mutual funds. The value and classification of these assets are as follows:

| As of January 29, 2022 |  | As of January 30, 2021
(in millions) | Total |  | Level 1 |  |  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  |
Investments measured at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds | $ | 12.4 |  |  | $ | 12.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  |
Investments measured at NAV: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | 10.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16.7 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 22.7 |  |  | $ | 12.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21.7 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  |

The Company also has company-owned life insurance policies held for purposes of funding the DCP totaling $6.0 million and $6.3 million as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, respectively.
As of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, the total liability recorded by the Company for the DCP was $32.4 million and $33.3 million, respectively.
24. Loans, overdrafts and long-term debt

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Debt: |  |  |
Senior Notes, net of unamortized discount | $ | 147.7 |  |  | $ | 147.6 |
Gross debt | 147.7 |  |  | 147.6 |
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs | (0.6) |  |  | (0.9) |
Total long-term debt | $ | 147.1 |  |  | $ | 146.7 |

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The annual aggregate maturities of the Company’s debt (excluding the impact of debt issuance costs) for the five years subsequent to January 29, 2022 are presented below.

(in millions) |  |
Fiscal 2023 |  | $ | — |
Fiscal 2024 |  | — |
Fiscal 2025 |  | 147.7 |
Fiscal 2026 |  | — |
Fiscal 2027 |  | — |
Thereafter |  | — |
Gross Debt |  | $ | 147.7 |

Revolving credit facility and term loan (the “Credit Facility”)
On September 27, 2019, in connection with the issuance of a new senior secured asset-based credit facility, the Company repaid and terminated the Credit Facility. Refer to the “Asset-based credit facility” section below. The original maturity of the Credit Facility was July 2021. Unamortized debt issuance costs of $2.0 million associated with the Credit Facility were written-off during Fiscal 2020 upon executing the termination of the Credit Facility. This expense was recognized as a cost of extinguishment of the Credit Facility and was recorded within other non-operating income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations.
Senior unsecured notes due 2024
On May 19, 2014, Signet UK Finance plc (“Signet UK Finance”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.70% senior unsecured notes due in 2024 (the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes were issued under an effective registration statement previously filed with the SEC. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 of each year. The Senior Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed, on a full and unconditional basis, by the Company and by certain of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries (such subsidiaries, the “Guarantors”). The Senior Notes were issued pursuant to a base indenture among the Company, Signet UK Finance, the Guarantors and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas as trustee, with the indenture containing customary covenants and events of default provisions.
On September 5, 2019, Signet UK Finance announced the commencement of a tender offer to purchase any and all of its outstanding Senior Notes (the “Tender Offer”). Upon receipt of the requisite consents from Senior Note holders, Signet UK Finance entered into a supplemental indenture which eliminated most of the restrictive covenants and certain default provisions of the indenture. The supplemental indenture became operative on September 27, 2019 upon the Company’s acceptance and payment for the Senior Notes previously validly tendered and not validly withdrawn pursuant to the Tender Offer for an aggregate principal amount of $239.6 million, which represented a purchase price of $950.00 per $1,000.00 in principal amount of the Senior Notes validly tendered. The Company recognized a net gain on extinguishment of the validly tendered Senior Notes in Fiscal 2020 of $8.2 million, net of $1.9 million in third party fees and $2.6 million in write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount. This net gain was recorded within other non-operating income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations.
Unamortized debt issuance costs relating to the Senior Notes as of January 29, 2022 was $0.6 million (January 30, 2021: $0.9 million). The remaining unamortized debt issuance costs are recorded as a direct deduction from the outstanding liability within the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization relating to debt issuance costs of $0.3 million was recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations in Fiscal 2022 ($0.2 million and $0.6 million during Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020, respectively).
Asset-based credit facility
On September 27, 2019, the Company entered into a senior secured asset-based credit facility consisting of (i) a revolving credit facility in an aggregate committed amount of $1.5 billion (“ABL Revolving Facility”) and (ii) a first-in last-out term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million (the “FILO Term Loan Facility” and, together with the ABL Revolving Facility, the “ABL Facility”) pursuant to that certain credit agreement.
On July 28, 2021, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) to amend the ABL Facility. The Second Amendment extends the maturity of the ABL Facility from September 27, 2024 to July 28, 2026 and allows the Company to increase the size of the ABL Facility by up to $600 million. The Company incurred additional debt issuance costs of $3.9 million related to the modification of the ABL Facility during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022.
Revolving loans under the ABL Revolving Facility are available in an aggregate amount equal to the lesser of the aggregate ABL revolving commitments and a borrowing base determined based on the value of certain inventory and credit card receivables, subject
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to specified advance rates and reserves. Indebtedness under the ABL Facility is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, subject to customary exceptions. Borrowings under the ABL Revolving Facility and the FILO Term Loan Facility, as applicable, bear interest at the Company’s option at either eurocurrency rate plus the applicable margin or a base rate plus the applicable margin, in each case depending on the excess availability under the ABL Revolving Facility. As of January 29, 2022, the interest rate applicable to the ABL Revolving Facility was 1.4% (January 30, 2021: 1.7%). The Company had stand-by letters of credit outstanding of $20.1 million on the ABL Revolving Facility as of January 29, 2022 (January 30, 2021: $19.0 million). The Company had available borrowing capacity of $1.2 billion on the ABL Revolving Facility as of January 29, 2022 (January 30, 2021: $1.3 billion).
As a result of the risks and uncertainties associated with the potential impacts of COVID-19 on the Company’s business, as a prudent measure to increase the Company’s financial flexibility and bolster its cash position, the Company borrowed an additional $900 million on the ABL Revolving Facility during the first quarter of Fiscal 2021. The Company made ABL Revolving Facility repayments during the third and fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021 and the outstanding amount borrowed under ABL Revolving Facility was fully paid down by the end of Fiscal 2021.
During the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company fully repaid the FILO Term Loan Facility. The remaining unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.4 million were written-off upon repayment of the FILO Term Loan Facility. This expense was recognized as a cost of extinguishment of debt and was recorded within other non-operating income, net, in the consolidated statements of operations.
If the excess availability under the ABL Revolving Facility falls below the threshold specified in the ABL Facility agreement, the Company will be required to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.00 to 1.00. As of January 29, 2022, the threshold related to the fixed coverage ratio was approximately $119 million. The ABL Facility places certain restrictions upon the Company’s ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, grant liens and make certain loans, investments and divestitures. The ABL Facility contains customary events of default (including payment defaults, cross-defaults to certain of the Company’s other indebtedness, breach of representations and covenants and change of control). The occurrence of an event of default under the ABL Facility would permit the lenders to accelerate the indebtedness and terminate the ABL Facility.
Debt issuance costs relating to the ABL Revolving Facility totaled $12.6 million. The remaining unamortized debt issuance costs are recorded within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization relating to the debt issuance costs of $2.0 million was recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations for Fiscal 2022 ($1.7 million and $0.6 million during Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020, respectively). Unamortized debt issuance costs related to the ABL Revolving Facility totaled $8.3 million as of January 29, 2022 (January 30, 2021: $6.4 million).
25. Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Accrued compensation and benefits | $ | 138.2 |  |  | $ | 111.6 |
Accrued advertising | 30.5 |  |  | 52.3 |
Other taxes | 64.4 |  |  | 69.3 |
Payroll taxes | 25.9 |  |  | 27.5 |
Accrued expenses | 242.6 |  |  | 233.4 |
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 501.6 |  |  | $ | 494.1 |

The North America segment provides a product lifetime diamond guarantee as long as six-month inspections are performed and certified by an authorized store representative. Provided the customer has complied with the six-month inspection policy, the Company will replace, at no cost to the customer, any stone that chips, breaks or is lost from its original setting during normal wear. Management estimates the warranty accrual based on the lag of actual claims experience and the costs of such claims, inclusive of labor and material. A similar product lifetime guarantee is also provided on color gemstones. The warranty reserve for diamond and gemstone guarantee is as follows:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Warranty reserve, beginning of period | $ | 37.3 |  |  | $ | 36.3 |  |  | $ | 33.2 |
Warranty expense | 8.7 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 13.5 |
Utilized (1) | (10.0) |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | (10.4) |
Warranty reserve, end of period | $ | 36.0 |  |  | $ | 37.3 |  |  | $ | 36.3 |

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(1) Includes impact of foreign currency translation.

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Disclosed as: |  |  |
Current liabilities (1) | $ | 10.2 |  |  | $ | 10.7 |
Other liabilities - non-current (see Note 26) | 25.8 |  |  | 26.6 |
Total warranty reserve | $ | 36.0 |  |  | $ | 37.3 |

(1) Included within accrued expenses above.
26. Other liabilities - non-current

(in millions) | January 29, 2022 |  | January 30, 2021
Deferred compensation | 29.6 |  |  | 25.5 |
Warranty reserve | 25.8 |  |  | 26.6 |
Other liabilities | 54.5 |  |  | 59.0 |
UK pension | 7.7 |  |  | — |
Total other liabilities | $ | 117.6 |  |  | $ | 111.1 |

27. Share-based compensation
Signet operates several share-based compensation plans which can be categorized as the “Omnibus Plans” and “Share Saving Plans” as further described below.
Share-based compensation expense and the associated tax benefits recognized in the consolidated statements of operations are as follows:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Share-based compensation expense | $ | 45.8 |  |  | $ | 14.5 |  |  | $ | 16.9 |
Income tax benefit | $ | (5.9) |  |  | $ | (3.6) |  |  | $ | (4.2) |

On March 25, 2020, in light of the economic situation as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company implemented temporary base salary reductions for members of senior management, with half of the salary reduction amount to be awarded in the Company’s common shares in lieu of cash. The base salaries were reinstated in September 2020. In Fiscal 2021, $1.3 million of Common Shares with no vesting requirements were awarded to senior management.
As of January 29, 2022, unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested awards granted under share-based compensation plans is as follows:

(in millions) | Unrecognized Compensation Cost |  | Weighted average period
Omnibus Plan | $ | 50.4 |  |  | 1.9 years
Total | $ | 50.4 |  |  |

The Company satisfies share option exercises and the vesting of time-based restricted stock (“RSAs”), time-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) under its plans with the issuance of treasury shares.
Omnibus Plan
In June 2018, Signet’s shareholders approved and Signet adopted the Signet Jewelers Limited 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended to the date here to, the “2018 Omnibus Plan”). Upon adoption of the 2018 Omnibus Plan, shares that were previously available under the Signet Jewelers Limited Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved in June 2009 (the “2009 Omnibus Plan”, and collectively with the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan, the “Omnibus Plans”) are no longer available for future grants and were not transferred to the 2018 Omnibus Plan. Awards that may be granted under the 2018 Omnibus Plan include RSAs, RSUs, PSUs, Common Shares, stock options, stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards. The Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2020 annual awards granted under the Omnibus Plans have four elements: RSAs, RSUs, PSUs, and Common Shares. The RSAs generally have a three-year vesting period, subject to continued employment, and have the same voting rights and dividend rights as Common Shares (which are payable once the RSAs have vested). PSUs awarded in Fiscal 2020 include two performance measures: operating
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income (subject to certain adjustments) and return on invested capital (“ROIC”), although the ROIC measure is applicable only to senior executives. PSUs awarded in Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2022 include two performance measures: revenue and free cash flow (defined as cash flow from operations less capital expenditures). For the performance measures, cumulative results achieved during the relevant three- year performance period for Fiscal 2020 and a two-year performance period for Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2022 are compared to target metrics established in the underlying grant agreements. The time-based stock options generally vest on the third anniversary of the grant date and have a ten year contractual term, subject to continued employment. RSUs generally have a one or three- year vesting period, subject to continued employment. The 2018 Omnibus Plan permits the grant of awards to employees, non-employee directors and consultants for up to 6,075,000 common shares.
RSU and PSU awards do not have dividend rights until vesting, and thus the grant date fair value of these awards is impacted by the dividend yield and term of the awards. However, RSAs do have dividend rights from the date of grant, and thus are valued at the market price of the Company’s stock on the grant date, consistent with awards of Common Shares. The significant assumptions utilized to estimate the weighted-average fair value of RSAs, Common Shares, RSUs, and PSUs granted under the Omnibus Plans are as follows:

| Omnibus Plan
| Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Share price | $ | 60.65 |  |  | $ | 11.10 |  |  | $ | 20.76 |
Expected term | 2.9 years |  | 2.9 years |  | 2.8 years
Dividend yield | 4.3 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 7.5 | %
Fair value | $ | 53.58 |  |  | $ | 9.37 |  |  | $ | 18.14 |

The significant assumptions utilized to estimate the weighted-average fair value of stock options granted under the Omnibus Plans are as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Fiscal 2020
Share price |  |  |  |  | $ | 22.17 |
Exercise price |  |  |  |  | $ | 25.18 |
Risk free interest rate |  |  |  |  | 2.4 | %
Expected term |  |  |  |  | 6.0 years
Expected volatility |  |  |  |  | 42.7 | %
Dividend yield |  |  |  |  | 6.7 | %
Fair value |  |  |  |  | $ | 4.27 |

No stock options were granted during Fiscal 2022 or Fiscal 2021.
The risk-free interest rate is based on the US Treasury yield curve in effect at the grant date with remaining terms equal to the expected term of the awards. The expected term utilized is the length of time the awards are expected to be outstanding, primarily based on the vesting period and expiration date of the awards. The expected volatility is determined by calculating the historical volatility of Signet’s share price over the expected term of the award.
The Fiscal 2022 activity for Common Shares, RSAs, RSUs and PSUs granted under the Omnibus Plans is as follows:

| Omnibus Plans
(in millions, except per share amounts) | No. of shares |  | Weighted average grant date fair value |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life |  | Intrinsic value (1)
Outstanding at January 30, 2021 | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 15.24 |  |  | 1.8 years |  | $ | 192.3 |
Fiscal 2022 activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 1.0 |  |  | 54.22 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (0.9) |  |  | 10.90 |  |  |  |  |
Lapsed or forfeited | (0.6) |  |  | 37.06 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at January 29, 2022 | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 22.28 |  |  | 1.1 years |  | $ | 369.3 |

(1) Intrinsic value for outstanding RSAs, RSUs, and PSUs is based on the fair market value of Signet’s common stock on the last business day of the fiscal year.
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The Fiscal 2022 activity for stock options granted under the Omnibus Plans is as follows:

| Omnibus Plans
(in millions, except per share amounts) | No. of shares |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life |  | Intrinsic value (1)
Outstanding at January 30, 2021 | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 38.98 |  |  | 7.3 years |  | $ | 0.8 |
Fiscal 2022 activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (0.3) |  |  | 39.15 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at January 29, 2022 | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 38.70 |  |  | 6.3 years |  | $ | 8.9 |

(1) Intrinsic value for outstanding awards is based on the fair market value of Signet’s common stock on the last business day of the fiscal year.
The following table summarizes additional information about awards granted under the Omnibus Plans:

(in millions) | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2020
Total intrinsic value of awards vested | $ | 76.6 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |

Share saving plans
Signet has three share option savings plans available to employees as follows:
•Employee Share Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), for US employees
•Sharesave Plan, for UK employees
•Irish Sub-Plan to the Sharesave Plan, for Republic of Ireland employees
The ESPP as adopted in 2018 is a savings plan intended to qualify under US Section 423 of the US Internal Revenue Code and allows employees to purchase common shares at a discount of approximately 5% to the closing price of the New York Stock Exchange on the date of purchase, which occurs on the last trading day of a twelve-month offering period. This plan is non-compensatory and no more than 1,250,000 shares may be issued under the ESPP. The Company suspended participation in the ESPP in August 2019, thus no shares were issued in Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021 or Fiscal 2020.
The Sharesave Plan and Irish Sub-Plan (collectively, the “Sharesave Plans”) as adopted in 2018 allow eligible employees to be granted, and to exercise, options over common shares at a discount of approximately 15% below a determined market price based on the New York Stock Exchange, using savings accumulated under savings contract entered into in accordance with the relevant plan rules. The market price is generally determined as one of: (i) the average middle market price for the three trading days immediately prior to the invitation date; (ii) the market price on the day immediately preceding the invitation date; or (iii) the market price at such other time as may be agreed with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs Options granted under the Sharesave Plans vest after 36 months and are generally only exercisable between 36 and 42 months from commencement of the related savings contract. These plans are compensatory and compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, and no more than 1,000,000 shares may be allocated under these plans. No awards have been granted under the Sharesave plans in Fiscal 2022, Fiscal 2021, or Fiscal 2020. At January 29, 2022, 0.1 million share awards granted under the Sharesave Plans were fully vested and had an ending weighted average exercise price of $43.72.
28. Commitments and contingencies
Contingent property liabilities
At January 29, 2022, 11 property leases had been assigned in the UK by Signet (and remained unexpired and occupied by assignees at that date) and approximately six additional properties were sub-leased in the US and UK at that date. Should the assignees or sub-tenants fail to fulfill any obligations in respect of those leases or any other leases which have at any other time been assigned or sub-leased, Signet or one of its subsidiaries may be liable for those defaults. The amount of such claims arising to date has not been material.
Capital commitments
At January 29, 2022 Signet had capital commitments of $18.2 million (none at January 30, 2021). These commitments generally relate to store construction and capital investments in IT. Additionally, the Company has certain commitments to maintain or improve leased properties; however there are no minimum requirements or otherwise committed amounts for these projects as of January 29, 2022 or January 30, 2021.
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Legal proceedings
Employment practices
In March 2008, a group of private plaintiffs (the “Claimants”) filed a class and collective action lawsuit for an unspecified amount against Sterling Jewelers, Inc. (“SJI”), a subsidiary of Signet, in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York (“SDNY”), alleging that US store-level employment practices as to compensation and promotions discriminate on the basis of gender in purported violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”) and the Equal Pay Act (“EPA”). In June 2008, the SDNY referred the matter to private arbitration with the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) where the Claimants sought to proceed on a class-wide basis. On February 2, 2015, the arbitrator issued a Class Determination Award in which she certified a class (estimated to include approximately 70,000 class members at the time) for the Claimants’ disparate impact claims for declaratory and injunctive relief under Title VII. On February 29, 2016, the arbitrator granted Claimants’ Motion for Conditional Certification of Claimants’ EPA Claims and Authorization of Notice, and notice to EPA collective action members was issued on May 3, 2016. The opt-in period for the EPA collective action closed on August 1, 2016, and the number of valid opt-in EPA Claimants is believed to be approximately 9,124. SJL challenged the arbitrator’s Class Determination Award with the SDNY. Although the SDNY vacated the Class Determination Award on January 15, 2018, on appeal the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (“Second Circuit”) held that the SDNY erred and remanded the case to the SDNY to decide whether the Arbitrator erred in certifying an opt-out, as opposed to a mandatory, class for declaratory and injunctive relief. On January 27, 2021 the SDNY ordered the case remanded to the AAA for further proceedings in arbitration on a class-wide basis. Subsequently, the arbitrator retired, and the parties selected a new arbitrator to oversee the proceedings moving forward. On October 8, 2021, the newly selected arbitrator issued an amended case management plan and scheduled the arbitration hearing to begin on September 5, 2022. SJI denies the allegations of the Claimants and has been defending the case vigorously. At this point, no outcome or possible loss or range of losses, if any, arising from the litigation is able to be estimated.
On May 4, 2017, without any findings of liability or wrongdoing, SJI entered into a Consent Decree with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) settling a previously disclosed lawsuit that alleged that SJI engaged in intentional and disparate impact gender discrimination with respect to pay and promotions of female retail store employees since January 1, 2003. On May 4, 2017 the US District Court for the Western District of New York (“WDNY”) approved and entered the Consent Decree jointly proposed by the EEOC and SJI. The Consent Decree resolves all of the EEOC’s claims against SJI in this litigation, and imposes certain obligations on SJI including the appointment of an employment practices expert to review specific policies and practices, as well as obligations relative to training, notices, reporting and record-keeping. The Consent Decree does not require an outside third-party to monitor or require any monetary payment. The duration of the Consent Decree initially was three years and three months, set to expire on August 4, 2020, but on March 11, 2020, the WDNY approved a limited extension until November 4, 2021 of a few aspects of the Consent Decree terms regarding SJI’s compensation practices, and incorporating its implementation of a new retail team member compensation program into the overall Consent Decree framework. On October 11, 2021, SJI and the EEOC agreed to a tolling stipulation, which was submitted on October 22, 2021 and entered by the WDNY on November 4, 2021, and which extended certain deadlines of the Consent Decree until December 4, 2021. SJI and the EEOC have agreed to additional extensions of the tolling stipulation while the parties negotiate the terms of an amended Consent Decree for the limited purpose of completing certain statistical analyses on SJI’s initial pay and merit increase practices for its retail store employees that the employment practices expert was required to conduct during the term of the Consent Decree.
Previously settled matters
Shareholder actions
As previously reported, on March 16, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement to settle a consolidated class action filed against the Company and certain former executives filed by various shareholders of the Company (the “Consolidated Action”). As a result of the settlement, the Company recorded a charge of $33.2 million during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2020 in other operating income (loss), which includes administration costs of $0.6 million and is recorded net of expected recoveries from the Company’s insurance carriers. The settlement was fully funded in the second quarter of Fiscal 2021, and the Company contributed approximately $35 million of the $240 million settlement payment, net of insurance proceeds and including the impact of foreign currency. The Court granted final approval of the settlement on July 21, 2020.
Four additional actions were filed against the Company and certain former executives largely based on the same allegations as the Consolidated Action. Soon thereafter these four actions were filed, the Court entered orders staying these actions until entry of final judgment in the Consolidated Action. On June 27, 2020, the Company and plaintiffs in the four stayed actions (the “Opt-Out Plaintiffs”) reached a settlement in principle, which was finalized on July 10, 2020 requiring the Opt-Out Plaintiffs to rejoin the Consolidated Action. The Company recorded pre-tax charges related to the settlement of $7.5 million (net of expected insurance recovery) and $1.7 million during Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2022, respectively. The final amount owed to the Opt-Out Plaintiffs was paid in Fiscal 2022.
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The directors review the effectiveness of Signet’s system of internal controls in the financial, operational, compliance and risk management areas.
Signet’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to help ensure that processes and procedures for information management are in place at all levels of the business. The disclosure controls and procedures aim to provide reasonable assurance that any information disclosed by Signet in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. The procedures are also designed to ensure that information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), as appropriate to allow timely decisions to be made regarding required disclosure.
Based on their evaluation of Signet’s disclosure controls and procedures, as of January 29, 2022 and in accordance with the requirements of Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective and provide reasonable assurance that information regarding Signet is recorded, processed, summarized and reported and that the information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting
Signet’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Management conducted an evaluation of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management determined that Signet’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of January 29, 2022.
Management has excluded from the scope of its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of January 29, 2022, the operations and related assets of Rocksbox Inc. and Diamonds Direct USA Inc. (collectively, the “Acquirees”), which were acquired on March 29, 2021 and November 17, 2021, respectively. The Acquirees’ total assets and total sales represented approximately 10% and 2% of the Company's respective consolidated total assets and total sales as of and for the year ended January 29, 2022.
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, audited the Fiscal 2022 consolidated financial statements of Signet and have also audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of January 29, 2022. An unqualified opinion has been issued thereon, the details of which are included within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended January 29, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Signet’s internal control over financial reporting, with the exception of the acquisition of Diamonds Direct on November 17, 2021 as noted above and more fully described in Note 4 of Item 8 within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Regulation FD Disclosure
The information set forth below is included herein for the purpose of providing disclosure under “Item 7.01 - Regulation FD Disclosure” of Form 8-K.
As disclosed in the Current Report on Form 8-K furnished on March 17, 2022, Signet provided Fiscal 2023 annual guidance and is clarifying that its guidance includes the completion of its previously disclosed accelerated share repurchase agreement and an estimated level of open market share repurchases during the first quarter.
Executive Compensation Actions
The information set forth below is included herein for the purpose of providing disclosure under “Item 5.02 - Departure of Directors or
Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers” of Form
8-K.
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The Board of Directors (the “Board”) of the Company, through its Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee (the “Committee”), recently completed a review of various aspects of the Company’s executive compensation programs to assess alignment with current market and peer company practices and streamline certain terms, as further described below.
Amendment and Restatement of Termination Protection Agreements
On March 15, 2022, the Company entered into amended and restated Termination Protection Agreements (the “Amended TPAs”) or similar arrangement with each of the Company’s named executive officers (“NEOs”) to be more competitive in the market.
The Board and the executives approved modifications to the Termination Protection Agreements, which were entered into at the time each named executive officer was hired by the Company and govern terminations and other material terms of employment. Specifically, the Amended TPAs include (i) the Termination Protection Agreement with Virginia Drosos, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (as amended, the “CEO TPA”) and (ii) the Termination Protection Agreements with each of the Company’s NEOs other than Ms. Drosos and Oded Edelman (as amended, the “NEO TPA”). In the case of Oded Edelman, the Company’s Chief Digital Innovation Advisor and President—James Allen, the Company amended his Personal Employment Agreement to provide certain additional severance payment terms that are more consistent with the payment scenarios provided in the NEO TPA (as amended, the “Edelman Amendment”). Other executive officers of the Company who were not previously parties to a Termination Protection Agreement entered into such agreements with the Company in substantially the form of the NEO TPA.
CEO TPA
Prior to amendment, the provision governing Ms. Drosos’s termination of employment for Good Reason (as defined in the CEO TPA) within one year following a Change of Control (as defined in the CEO TPA), in combination with the terms of her equity awards granted under the Company’s long-term incentive plans (currently the Amended and Restated 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan or “LTIP”), did not provide for treatment of such awards in a manner that was consistent with the treatment of such awards under other termination conditions. The CEO TPA now provides that in the event Ms. Drosos resigns for Good Reason within one year following a Change of Control, she is entitled to the same payment that she would be entitled to receive upon termination without Cause (as defined in the CEO TPA) within one year following a Change of Control. Upon such a termination, Ms. Drosos would receive, to the extent vesting of the awards is not accelerated at the time of the Change of Control irrespective of termination (which would result in the payout of a number of shares that were pro-rated to reflect both (i) the achievement of any applicable performance goals through the date of the Change of Control, but with performance measured against goals that were also pro-rated for that time period (the “Pro-Rated Performance Amount”), and (ii) the portion of the vesting period that had elapsed since the grant date), full vesting of any time-based awards and the Pro-Rated Performance Amount for performance-based awards in each case, without any pro-ration for the portion of the vesting period that had elapsed. This is consistent with the treatment of awards held the Company’s other NEOs.
In order to better align Ms. Drosos’s compensation with the Chief Executive Officer compensation of the Company’s peers, the CEO TPA also provides that in the event the Company terminates the employment of Ms. Drosos without Cause, the applicable severance multiple will be 1.5 times, rather than 1.0 times, the sum of her base salary and her target annual bonus, plus the actual amount of the bonus payable in the year of termination pro-rated for the portion of the year during which she was employed.
NEO TPA
Under the previous NEO TPAs, payouts of equity awards upon termination for Good Reason (as defined in the NEO TPA) within one year following a Change of Control (as defined in the NEO TPA) were pro-rated for the portion of the vesting period for which the executive was employed, while payouts upon termination without Cause (as defined in the NEO TPA) within one year following a Change of Control were not pro-rated. The NEO TPA conforms payments upon termination within one year following a Change of Control for Good Reason and without Cause by eliminating pro-ration based on the portion of the vesting period for which the executive was employed in the case of termination for Good Reason. This is also consistent with the revised Good Reason provision in the CEO TPA. In addition, the NEO TPA moderately increases cash severance multiples to be more consistent with market benchmarks. Under the NEO TPA, the applicable severance multiple for NEOs terminated without Cause is 1.5 times base salary, rather than 1.0 times base salary. The applicable severance multiple for NEOs terminated within one year following a Change of Control without Cause or who resign for Good Reason within one year following a Change of Control will be (i) 1.5 times the sum of such NEO’s base salary and target annual bonus (rather than 1.0 times base salary alone), plus (ii) the actual amount of the bonus payable in the year of termination pro-rated for the portion of the year during which such NEO was employed (rather than full target annual bonus of such NEO). The treatment of LTIP awards in the event of a termination without Cause remains the same under the NEO TPA as the original Termination Protection Agreement, providing for the payout of a pro-rated number of shares based on the portion of the vesting period for which the executive was employed and actual achievement of any applicable performance goals.
Retirement Provisions in the Amended TPAs
The Amended TPAs reduce the retirement age from 65 years old to 60 years old plus five years of service to be consistent with the Company’s other compensatory plans and provide for payment of a pro-rated target annual bonus in the event of retirement. The Amended TPAs also reduce the minimum employment periods for LTIP award payouts resulting from termination due to retirement, death and disability. An individual (or estate, in the event of death) will be eligible to receive outstanding awards that remain subject to vesting under the LTIP upon retirement, death or disability to the extent such event occurs at least six months, rather than one year,
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from the grant date. In addition, the Amended TPAs provide for continued vesting and payout of an LTIP award post-retirement such that the full amount is earned (rather than a pro-rated amount), subject to actual performance achievement for performance-based awards.
Edelman Amendment
The Edelman Amendment provides for the following additional severance payments upon the occurrence of the applicable termination event: (i) twelve months’ notice (or payment of salary and employer contributions of certain benefits under Israeli law in lieu thereof) upon a resignation for Good Reason following a Change of Control, which is the same treatment as provided in the event of a termination without Cause, (ii) the actual amount of the bonus payable in the year of termination pro-rated for the portion of the year during which Mr. Edelman was employed upon each type of termination other than a resignation without Good Reason, (iii) six months’ salary upon death, (iv) pro-rated vesting of LTIP awards for the portion of the year during which Mr. Edelman was employed, based on actual achievement with respect to performance-based awards, upon a termination without Cause that is outside of one year following a Change of Control, and (v) vesting of LTIP awards upon a resignation for Good Reason following a Change of Control in the same manner as described above under the CEO TPA.
Short-Term Incentive Plan
In connection with the updates to the executive compensation program described above, the Committee adopted a form of Short-Term Incentive Plan (“STIP”) to reflect the terms of the Company’s annual bonus program. The STIP form is consistent with how annual bonuses have been administered in recent years, with the addition of the payout of a pro-rated bonus upon retirement on the terms described above with respect to the Amended TPAs. The STIP form provides a written framework under which the Committee can implement the specific terms of an annual bonus, including performance conditions and threshold, target and maximum payout amounts, to the extent it determines to implement such program from year to year. Use and interpretation of the STIP and any amounts that may be payable thereunder is solely within the discretion of the Committee.
LTIP Award Agreements
The Committee also adopted updated forms of award agreements for the future grant of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) under the LTIP (collectively, the “LTIP Award Agreements”). Similar to the terms of the Amended TPAs, the LTIP Award Agreements reduce the retirement age from 65 years old to 60 years old plus five years of service and provide for continued vesting and payout of an LTIP award post-retirement such that the full amount is earned (rather than a pro-rated amount), subject to actual performance achievement for performance-based awards. The LTIP Award Agreements also reduce the minimum employment periods for LTIP award payouts resulting from termination due to retirement, death and disability. An individual (or estate, in the event of death) will be eligible to receive outstanding awards that remain subject to vesting under the LTIP upon retirement, death or disability to the extent such event occurs at least six months, rather than one year, from the grant date.
CEO Compensation Adjustment
On March 15, 2022, the Board approved an increase to the target value of the LTIP equity award opportunity applicable to Ms. Drosos of $1.25 million, effective March 15, 2022. The compensation adjustment is intended to recognize her contributions to Signet’s outstanding business performance in Fiscal 2022 and over the past several years of its transformation, promote long-term alignment by increasing the long-term incentive weighting, and elevate her total compensation to the median range of the Company’s peers for CEOs. No other changes were made to Ms. Drosos’s compensation.
The foregoing descriptions of the CEO TPA, NEO TPA, Edelman Agreement, STIP and LTIP Award Agreements do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the CEO TPA, form of NEO TPA, the form of TPA for new parties to such agreement, the Edelman Amendment, the STIP and the LTIP Award Agreements, copies of which are filed as Exhibits 10.27, 10.28, 10.29, 10.30, 10.18, 10.10 and 10.14, respectively, to this Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information required by Item 10 of this Part III concerning directors, executive officers and corporate governance may be found under the captions “Election of Directors”, “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance”, and “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” (to the extent reported) in our definitive proxy statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “2022 Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of our fiscal year. Such information is incorporated herein by reference.
The Company has a policy on business integrity, as well as more detailed guidance and regulations as part of its staff orientation, training and operational procedures. These policies include the Code of Conduct, which is applicable to all Directors, officers and employees as required by NYSE listing rules, and the Code of Ethics for Senior Officers, which applies to the Chairman, CEO, Directors and other senior officers. Copies of these codes are available on request from the Corporate Secretary and may be downloaded from www.signetjewelers.com/corporategovernance. The Company intends to satisfy the disclosure requirement regarding any amendment to, or a waiver of, a provision of the Code of Ethics for Senior Officers for the Company’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller, or persons performing similar functions, by posting such information on its website.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information concerning executive compensation may be found under the captions “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation,” in the 2022 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information in the 2022 Proxy Statement set forth under the captions “Ownership of the Company” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information in the 2022 Proxy Statement set forth under the captions “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance,” “Board Committees” and “Transactions with Related Parties” is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG, LLP, with offices located in Cleveland, Ohio, USA and with a PCAOB Firm ID Number of 185.
The information in the 2022 Proxy Statement set forth under the caption “Proposal 2: Appointment of Independent Auditor” is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

| PAGE
(a) (1) The following consolidated financial statements are included in Item 8: |
Consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal years ended January 29, 2022, January 30, 2021, and February 1, 2020 | 60
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the fiscal years ended January 29, 2022, January 30, 2021, and February 1, 2020 | 61
Consolidated balance sheets as of January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021 | 62
Consolidated statements of cash flows for the fiscal years ended January 29, 2022, January 30, 2021, and February 1, 2020, | 63
Consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity for the fiscal years ended January 29, 2022, January 30, 2021, and February 1, 2020 | 64
Notes to the consolidated financial statements | 65
(a) (2) All schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the SEC are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted or are contained in the applicable financial statements or the notes thereto.
(a) (3) The following exhibits are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference.

Number |  | Description of Exhibits
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, by and among Sterling Jewelers Inc., Signet Jewelers Ltd., Aquarius Sub Inc., R2Net Inc., and the Seller’s Representative, dated August 23, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 24, 2017).
2.2# |  | Transaction Agreement, by and among Sterling Jewelers Inc., Diamonds Direct USA, Inc., Diamonds Direct Acquisition, LLC, and Rhino Holdings L.P., dated October 8, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed December 2, 2021).
3.1 |  | Memorandum of Association of Signet Limited and Certificate of Incorporation on Change of Name to Signet Jewelers Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed September 11, 2008 (“Form 8-A”) (File No. 333-153435)).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bye-laws of Signet Jewelers Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed September 10, 2014).
4.1 |  | Description of Signet Jewelers Limited Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 19, 2021).
4.2 |  | Form of common share certificate of Signet Jewelers Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A).
4.3 |  | Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preference Shares, Par Value $0.01 Per Share, of Signet Jewelers Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 3, 2016).
4.4 |  | Indenture, dated as of May 19, 2014, among Signet UK Finance plc, as issuer, the guarantors party thereto, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K Filed May 19, 2014).
4.5 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 19, 2014, among Signet UK Finance plc, as issuer, the guarantors party thereto, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K Filed May 19, 2014).
4.6 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 30, 2014, among Signet UK Finance plc, the guarantors party thereto, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as indenture trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed September 10, 2014).

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4.7 |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 25, 2019, among Signet UK Finance plc, the guarantors party thereto, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as indenture trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 27, 2019).
10.1# |  | Amended and Restated Credit Card Program Agreement, by and among Sterling Jewelers Inc. and Comenity Bank, dated May 17, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed June 10, 2021).
10.2# |  | Amended and Restated Private Label Credit Card Program Agreement, by and among Zale Delaware, Inc. and Comenity Capital Bank, dated May 17, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed June 10, 2021).
10.3† |  | Termination Protection Agreement dated September 26, 2017 between Sterling Jewelers Inc. and Virginia Drosos (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed December 1, 2017).
10.4† |  | Form of Termination and Protection Agreement for members of senior leadership of Signet Jewelers Limited, including its executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 26, 2020).
10.5† |  | Personal Employment Agreement, dated August 23, 2017 between R2Net Israel Ltd. and Oded Edelman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed April 2, 2018).
10.6† |  | Signet Jewelers Limited 2009 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by references to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed June 15, 2009 (File No. 333-159987)).
10.7† |  | Signet Jewelers Limited Amended and Restated 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 Filed July 1, 2020).
10.8† |  | Form of Signet Jewelers Limited 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement (June 2018 through June 2020 Awards) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed September 6, 2018).
10.9† |  | Form of Signet Jewelers Limited 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement (June 2020 through Fiscal 2022 Awards) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 19, 2021).
10.10†* |  | Form of Signet Jewelers Limited 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement (Post February 2022 Awards).
10.11† |  | Form of Signet Jewelers Limited 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Notice and Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed September 6, 2018).
10.12† |  | Form of Signet Jewelers Limited 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement (June 2018 through Fiscal 2020 Awards) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed September 6, 2018).
10.13† |  | Form of Signet Jewelers Limited 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement (June 2020 through Fiscal 2022 Awards) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 19, 2021).
10.14†* |  | Form of Signet Jewelers Limited 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement (Post February 2022 Awards).
10.15† |  | Signet Jewelers Limited Sharesave Scheme (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on June 15, 2018).
10.16† |  | Irish Sub-Plan established pursuant to the Signet Jewelers Limited Sharesave Scheme (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on June 15, 2018).
10.17† |  | Signet Jewelers Limited Employee Share Purchase Plan for U.S. Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on June 15, 2018).
10.18†* |  | Signet Jewelers Limited Short-Term Incentive Plan.
10.19† |  | Form of Letter of Appointment of Independent Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 22, 2012).

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10.20† |  | Form of Deed of Indemnity for Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 30, 2010).
10.21 |  | Investment Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2016, by and among Signet Jewelers Limited, Green Equity Investors VI, L.P. and Green Equity Investors Side VI, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 25, 2016).
10.22 |  | Shareholders’ Agreement by and among Signet Jewelers Limited, Green Equity Investors VI, L.P., Green Equity Investors Side VI, L.P., LGP Associates VI-A LLC and LGP Associates VI-B LLC, dated as of October 5, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 6, 2016).
10.23 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2016, by and among Signet Jewelers Limited, Green Equity Investors VI, LP, Green Equity Investors Side VI, L.P., LGP Associates VI-A LLC and LGP Associates VI-B LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 6, 2016).
10.24 |  | Credit Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2019, among Signet Jewelers Limited, as holdings; Signet Group Limited, as the lead administrative borrower, a lead borrower and a borrower, Signet Group Treasury Services Inc., Sterling Jewelers Inc., Signet Trading Limited and Zale Canada Co., each as a lead borrower and a borrower; the other borrowers from time to time party thereto; Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent; BofA Securities Inc., Fifth Third Bank, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and PNC Capital Markets LLC, as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners, Fifth Third Bank, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and PNC Bank, National Association, as co-syndication agents; and the co-documentation agents, other lenders and issuers from time to time party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 27, 2019).
10.25 |  | First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of January 29, 2020, among Signet Jewelers Limited, as holdings; Signet Group Limited, as Lead Administrative Borrower; Signet Group Treasury Services Inc., Sterling Jewelers Inc., Signet Trading Limited, Zale Canada Co., Sterling Inc. and Zale Delaware, Inc., each as a lead borrower and a borrower, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 26, 2020).
10.26 |  | Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of July 28, 2021, among Signet Jewelers Limited, as holdings; Signet Group Limited, as the lead administrative borrower; Signet Group Treasury Services Inc., Sterling Jewelers Inc., Signet Trading Limited, Zale Canada Co., Sterling Inc., Zale Delaware Inc., R2Net Inc. and R2Net Manufacturing Inc., each as a borrower; the lenders and issuers party thereto; and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent and security trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 3, 2021).
10.27†* |  | Amended and Restated Termination Protection Agreement dated March 15, 2022 between Sterling Jewelers Inc. and Virginia Drosos.
10.28†* |  | Form of Amended and Restated Termination Protection Agreement for members of senior leadership of Signet Jewelers Limited, including its executive officers.
10.29†* |  | Form of Termination Protection Agreement for members of senior leadership of Signet Jewelers Limited, including its executive officers.
10.30†* |  | Amended and Restated Personal Employment Agreement, dated March 15, 2022 between R2Net Israel Ltd. and Oded Edelman.
21.1* |  | Subsidiaries of Signet Jewelers Limited.
22.1* |  | List of Subsidiary Guarantors
23.1* |  | Consent of independent registered public accounting firm.
31.1* |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

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101.INS* |  | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File - (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* |  | Filed herewith.
† |  | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
# |  | Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | Signet Jewelers Limited
Date: |  | March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Joan Hilson
|  |  |  | Name: |  | Joan Hilson
|  |  |  | Title: |  | Chief Financial and Strategy Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated, on the date set forth below.

Date |  |  |  | Signature |  | Title
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Virginia C. Drosos |  | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Director)
|  |  |  | Virginia C. Drosos |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Joan Hilson |  | Chief Financial and Strategy Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
|  |  |  | Joan Hilson |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Vincent N. Ciccolini |  | Senior Vice President, Controller & Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
|  |  |  | Vincent N. Ciccolini |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ H. Todd Stitzer |  | Chairman of the Board
|  |  |  | H. Todd Stitzer |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ André Branch |  | Director
|  |  |  | André Branch |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ R. Mark Graf |  | Director
|  |  |  | R. Mark Graf |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Zackery A. Hicks |  | Director
|  |  |  | Zackery A. Hicks |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Helen E. McCluskey |  | Director
|  |  |  | Helen E. McCluskey |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Sharon L. McCollam |  | Director
|  |  |  | Sharon L. McCollam |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Nancy A. Reardon |  | Director
|  |  |  | Nancy A. Reardon |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Jonathan Seiffer |  | Director
|  |  |  | Jonathan Seiffer |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Brian Tilzer |  | Director
|  |  |  | Brian Tilzer |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Eugenia M. Ulasewicz |  | Director
|  |  |  | Eugenia M. Ulasewicz |
March 17, 2022 |  | By: |  | /s/ Dontá Wilson |  | Director
|  |  |  | Dontá Wilson |

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