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25. Expenses by Nature
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Expenses By Nature  
Expenses by Nature

The Company presents its expenses by function in the consolidated income statement and presents below its expenses by nature:

  2017   2016   2015
           
Raw materials and materials for use and consumption 71,521,652   69,173,511   67,763,793
Personnel expenses 2,231,556   2,042,985   1,950,776
Freight and storage 1,117,467   1,077,552   1,134,388
Depreciation and amortization 1,175,951   1,103,538   1,002,647
Advertising and marketing 192,441   200,011   177,336
Services provided by third parties 351,227   318,746   255,750
Lease of real estate and equipment 196,970   164,740   143,677
Other expenses 410,356   359,000   343,237
           
Total 77,197,620   74,440,083   72,771,604
           
Classified as:          
Cost of products and services sold 72,735,781   70,342,723   68,933,702
Selling and marketing 2,885,311   2,651,501   2,516,561
General and administrative 1,576,528   1,445,859   1,321,341
           
Total 77,197,620   74,440,083   72,771,604

 

Research and development expenses are recognized in the income statements and amounted to R$ 55,836 in 2017 (R$ 50,129 in 2016 and R$ 41,368 in 2015).