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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Accounting [Text Block] | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Business. M/I Homes, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “we”) is engaged primarily in the construction and sale of single-family residential homes in Columbus and Cincinnati, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota; Tampa, Orlando and Sarasota, Florida; Austin, Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston and San Antonio, Texas; Charlotte and Raleigh, North Carolina; and the Virginia and Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. The Company designs, sells and builds single-family homes on developed lots, which it develops or purchases ready for home construction. The Company also purchases undeveloped land to develop into developed lots for future construction of single-family homes and, on a limited basis, for sale to others. Our homebuilding operations operate across three geographic regions in the United States. Within these regions, our operations have similar economic characteristics; therefore, they have been aggregated into three reportable homebuilding segments: Midwest homebuilding, Southern homebuilding and Mid-Atlantic homebuilding. The Company conducts mortgage financing activities through its 100%-owned subsidiary, M/I Financial, LLC (“M/I Financial”), which originates mortgage loans primarily for purchasers of the Company’s homes. The loans and the servicing rights are generally sold to outside mortgage lenders. The Company and M/I Financial also operate 100% and majority-owned subsidiaries that provide title services to purchasers of the Company’s homes. Our mortgage banking and title service activities have similar economic characteristics; therefore, they have been aggregated into one reportable segment, the financial services segment. Basis of Presentation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of M/I Homes, Inc. and those of our consolidated subsidiaries, partnerships and other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest, and of variable interest entities in which we are deemed the primary beneficiary. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash. Cash and cash equivalents are liquid investments with an initial maturity of three months or less. Amounts in transit from title companies for homes delivered are included in this balance at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Restricted cash consists of amounts held in restricted accounts as collateral for letters of credit as well as cash held in escrow. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash includes restricted cash balances of $1.0 million and $1.1 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Mortgage Loans Held for Sale. Mortgage loans held for sale consists primarily of single-family residential loans collateralized by the underlying property. Generally, all of the mortgage loans and related servicing rights are sold to third-party investors shortly after origination. Refer to the Revenue Recognition policy described below for additional discussion. Inventory. Inventory includes the costs of land acquisition, land development and home construction, capitalized interest, real estate taxes, direct overhead costs incurred during development and home construction, and common costs that benefit the entire community, less impairments, if any. Land acquisition, land development and common costs (both incurred and estimated to be incurred) are typically allocated to individual lots based on the total number of lots expected to be closed in each community or phase, or based on the relative fair value, the relative sales value or the front footage method of each lot. Any changes to the estimated total development costs of a community or phase are allocated proportionately to homes remaining in the community or phase and homes previously closed. The cost of individual lots is transferred to homes under construction when home construction begins. Home construction costs are accumulated on a specific identification basis. Costs of home deliveries include the specific construction cost of the home and the allocated lot costs. Such costs are charged to cost of sales simultaneously with revenue recognition, as discussed above. When a home is closed, we typically have not yet paid all incurred costs necessary to complete the home. As homes close, we compare the home construction budget to actual recorded costs to date to estimate the additional costs to be incurred from our subcontractors related to the home. We record a liability and a corresponding charge to cost of sales for the amount we estimate will ultimately be paid related to that home. We monitor the accuracy of such estimates by comparing actual costs incurred in subsequent months to the estimate, although actual costs to complete a home in the future could differ from our estimates. Inventory is recorded at cost, unless events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the land is impaired, at which point the inventory is written down to fair value as required by the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”). The Company assesses inventory for recoverability on a quarterly basis to determine if events or changes in local or national economic conditions indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In conducting our quarterly review for indicators of impairment on a community level, we evaluate, among other things, margins on sales contracts in backlog, the margins on homes that have been delivered, expected changes in margins with regard to future home sales over the life of the community, expected changes in margins with regard to future land sales, the value of the land itself as well as any results from third party appraisals. We pay particular attention to communities in which inventory is moving at a slower than anticipated absorption pace, and communities whose average sales price and/or margins are trending downward and are anticipated to continue to trend downward. We also evaluate communities where management intends to lower the sales price or offer incentives in order to improve absorptions even if the community’s historical results do not indicate a potential for impairment. From the review of all of these factors, we identify communities whose carrying values may exceed their estimated undiscounted future cash flows and run a test for recoverability. For those communities whose carrying values exceed the estimated undiscounted future cash flows and which are deemed to be impaired, the impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the communities exceeds the estimated fair value. Due to the fact that the Company’s cash flow models and estimates of fair values are based upon management estimates and assumptions, unexpected changes in market conditions and/or changes in management’s intentions with respect to the inventory may lead the Company to incur additional impairment charges in the future. Our determination of fair value is based on projections and estimates, which are Level 3 measurement inputs. Because each inventory asset is unique, there are numerous inputs and assumptions used in our valuation techniques, including estimated average selling price, construction and development costs, absorption pace (reflecting any product mix change strategies implemented or to be implemented), selling strategies, alternative land uses (including disposition of all or a portion of the land owned), or discount rates, which could materially impact future cash flow and fair value estimates. As of December 31, 2017, our projections generally assume a gradual improvement in market conditions over time. If communities are not recoverable based on estimated future undiscounted cash flows, the impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. The fair value of a community is estimated by discounting management’s cash flow projections using an appropriate risk-adjusted interest rate. As of both December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we utilized discount rates ranging from 13% to 16% in our valuations. The discount rate used in determining each asset’s estimated fair value reflects the inherent risks associated with the related estimated cash flow stream, as well as current risk-free rates available in the market and estimated market risk premiums. For example, construction in progress inventory, which is closer to completion, will generally require a lower discount rate than land under development in communities consisting of multiple phases spanning several years of development. Our quarterly assessments reflect management’s best estimates. Due to the inherent uncertainties in management’s estimates and uncertainties related to our operations and our industry as a whole, we are unable to determine at this time if and to what extent continuing future impairments will occur. Additionally, due to the volume of possible outcomes that can be generated from changes in the various model inputs for each community, we do not believe it is possible to create a sensitivity analysis that can provide meaningful information for the users of our consolidated financial statements. Further details relating to our assessment of inventory for recoverability are included in Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Capitalized Interest. The Company capitalizes interest during land development and home construction. Capitalized interest is charged to cost of sales as the related inventory is delivered to a third party. The summary of capitalized interest for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Capitalized interest, beginning of period | $ | 16,012 |  |  | $ | 16,740 |  |  | $ | 15,296 |
Interest capitalized to inventory | 21,484 |  |  | 17,685 |  |  | 18,410 |
Capitalized interest charged to cost of sales | (20,327 | ) |  | (18,413 | ) |  | (16,966 | )
Capitalized interest, end of year | $ | 17,169 |  |  | $ | 16,012 |  |  | $ | 16,740 |
Interest incurred | $ | 40,358 |  |  | $ | 35,283 |  |  | $ | 35,931 |
Investment in Joint Venture Arrangements. In order to minimize our investment and risk of land exposure in a single location, we have periodically partnered with other land developers or homebuilders to share in the land investment and development of a property through joint ownership and development agreements, joint ventures, and other similar arrangements. During 2017, we decreased our total investment in such joint venture arrangements by $7.5 million from $28.0 million at December 31, 2016 to $20.5 million at December 31, 2017, which was driven primarily by our increased lot distributions from joint venture arrangements during 2017 of $16.6 million, offset, in part, by our cash contributions to our joint venture arrangements during 2017 of $12.1 million. We believe that the Company’s maximum exposure related to its investment in these joint venture arrangements as of December 31, 2017 is the amount invested of $20.5 million, which is reported as Investment in Joint Venture Arrangements on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, although we expect to invest further amounts in these joint venture arrangements as development of the properties progresses. Further details relating to our joint venture arrangements are included in Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. We use the equity method of accounting for investments in joint venture arrangements over which we exercise significant influence but do not have a controlling interest. Under the equity method, our share of the joint venture arrangements’ earnings or loss, if any, is included in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company assesses its investments in joint venture arrangements for recoverability on a quarterly basis in accordance with ASC 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”) as described below. If the fair value of the investment is less than the investment’s carrying value, and the Company has determined that the decline in value is other than temporary, the Company would write down the value of the investment to its estimated fair value. The determination of whether an investment’s fair value is less than the carrying value requires management to make certain assumptions regarding the amount and timing of future contributions to the joint venture arrangements, the timing of distribution of lots to the Company from the joint venture arrangements, the projected fair value of the lots at the time of distribution to the Company, and the estimated proceeds from, and timing of, the sale of land or lots to third parties. In determining the fair value of investments in joint venture arrangements, the Company evaluates the projected cash flows associated with each joint venture arrangement. As of both December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company used a discount rate of 16% in determining the fair value of investments in joint venture arrangements. In addition to the assumptions management must make to determine if the investment’s fair value is less than the carrying value, management must also use judgment in determining whether the impairment is other than temporary. The factors management considers are: (1) the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost; (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the joint venture arrangement; and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the joint venture arrangements for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process and the significant volatility in demand for new housing, actual results could differ significantly from such estimates. For joint venture arrangements where a special purpose entity is established to own the property, we generally enter into limited liability company or similar arrangements (“LLCs”) with the other partners. The Company’s ownership in these LLCs as of December 31, 2017 ranged from 25% to 97% and as of December 31, 2016 ranged from 25% to 74%. These entities typically engage in land development activities for the purpose of distributing or selling developed lots to the Company and its partners in the LLC. Variable Interest Entities. With respect to our investments in LLCs, we are required, under ASC 810-10, Consolidation (“ASC 810”), to evaluate whether or not such entities should be consolidated into our consolidated financial statements. We initially perform these evaluations when each new entity is created and upon any events that require reconsideration of the entity. In order to determine if we should consolidate an LLC, we determine (1) if the LLC is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and (2) if we are the primary beneficiary of the entity. To determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of an entity, we consider whether we have the ability to control the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance. This analysis considers, among other things, whether we have: the ability to determine the budget and scope of land development work, if any; the ability to control financing decisions for the VIE; the ability to acquire additional land into the VIE or dispose of land in the VIE not under contract with M/I Homes; and the ability to change or amend the existing option contract with the VIE. If we determine that we are not able to control such activities, we are not considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we have determined that no LLC in which we have an interest met the requirements of a VIE. Land Option Agreements. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into land option or purchase agreements for which we generally pay non-refundable deposits. Pursuant to these land option agreements, the Company provides a deposit to the seller as consideration for the right to purchase land at different times in the future, usually at predetermined prices. In accordance with ASC 810, we analyze our land option or purchase agreements to determine whether the corresponding land sellers are VIEs and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary, using an analysis similar to that described above. Although we do not have legal title to the optioned land, ASC 810 requires a company to consolidate a VIE if the company is determined to be the primary beneficiary. In cases where we are the primary beneficiary, even though we do not have title to such land, we are required to consolidate these purchase/option agreements and reflect such assets and liabilities as Consolidated Inventory not Owned in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. At both December 31, 2017 and 2016, we have concluded that we were not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs from which we are purchasing land under option or purchase agreements. Other than as described below in “Consolidated Inventory Not Owned,” the Company currently believes that its maximum exposure as of December 31, 2017 related to our land option agreements is equal to the amount of the Company’s outstanding deposits and prepaid acquisition costs, which totaled $50.4 million, including cash deposits of $32.6 million, prepaid acquisition costs of $5.6 million, letters of credit of $7.2 million and $5.0 million of other non-cash deposits. Consolidated Inventory Not Owned and Related Obligation. At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, Consolidated Inventory Not Owned was $21.5 million and $7.5 million, respectively. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the corresponding liability of $21.5 million and $7.5 million, respectively, has been classified as Obligation for Consolidated Inventory Not Owned on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The increase in this balance from December 31, 2016 is related primarily to an increase in the number of land purchase agreements that had deposits and prepaid acquisition and development costs that exceeded certain thresholds resulting in the remaining purchase price of the lots to be recorded in inventory not owned. Property and Equipment-net. The Company records property and equipment at cost and subsequently depreciates the assets using both straight-line and accelerated methods. Following are the major classes of depreciable assets and their estimated useful lives:
| Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Land, building and improvements | $ | 11,823 |  |  | $ | 11,823 |
Office furnishings, leasehold improvements, computer equipment and computer software | 30,409 |  |  | 25,895 |
Transportation and construction equipment | 10,067 |  |  | 10,075 |
Property and equipment | 52,299 |  |  | 47,793 |
Accumulated depreciation | (25,483 | ) |  | (25,494 | )
Property and equipment, net | $ | 26,816 |  |  | $ | 22,299 |
| Estimated Useful Lives
Building and improvements | 35 years
Office furnishings, leasehold improvements, computer equipment and computer software | 3-7 years
Transportation and construction equipment | 5-25 years
Depreciation expense was $4.1 million, $3.6 million and $2.3 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Other Assets. Other assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:.
| Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Development reimbursement receivable from local municipalities | $ | 14,981 |  |  | $ | 15,698 |
Mortgage servicing rights | 7,821 |  |  | 11,443 |
Prepaid expenses | 9,022 |  |  | 11,227 |
Prepaid acquisition costs | 5,634 |  |  | 4,740 |
Other | 23,677 |  |  | 19,818 |
Total other assets | $ | 61,135 |  |  | $ | 62,926 |
Warranty Reserves. We use subcontractors for nearly all aspects of home construction. Although our subcontractors are generally required to repair and replace any product or labor defects, we are, during applicable warranty periods, ultimately responsible to the homeowner for making such repairs. As such, we record warranty reserves to cover our exposure to the costs for materials and labor not expected to be covered by our subcontractors to the extent they relate to warranty-type claims. Warranty reserves are established by charging cost of sales and crediting a warranty reserve for each home delivered. The amounts charged are estimated by management to be adequate to cover expected warranty-related costs described above under the Company’s warranty programs. Warranty reserves are recorded for warranties under our Home Builder’s Limited Warranty (“HBLW”), and our 30-year (offered on all homes sold after April 25, 1998 and on or before December 1, 2015 in all of our markets except our Texas markets), 15-year (offered on all homes sold after December 1, 2015 in all of our markets except our Texas markets) and 10-year (offered on all homes sold in our Texas markets) transferable structural warranty. The warranty reserves for the HBLW are established as a percentage of average sales price and adjusted based on historical payment patterns determined, generally, by geographic area and recent trends. Factors that are given consideration in determining the HBLW reserves include: (1) the historical range of amounts paid per average sales price on a home; (2) type and mix of amenity packages added to the home; (3) any warranty expenditures not considered to be normal and recurring; (4) timing of payments; (5) improvements in quality of construction expected to impact future warranty expenditures; and (6) conditions that may affect certain projects and require a different percentage of average sales price for those specific projects. Changes in estimates for warranties occur due to changes in the historical payment experience and differences between the actual payment pattern experienced during the period and the historical payment pattern used in our evaluation of the warranty reserve balance at the end of each quarter. Actual future warranty costs could differ from our current estimated amount. Our warranty reserves for our transferable structural warranty programs are established on a per-unit basis. While the structural warranty reserve is recorded as each home is delivered, the sufficiency of the structural warranty per unit charge and total reserve is re-evaluated on an annual basis, with the assistance of an actuary, using our own historical data and trends, industry-wide historical data and trends, and other project specific factors. The reserves are also evaluated quarterly and adjusted if we encounter activity that is inconsistent with the historical experience used in the annual analysis. These reserves are subject to variability due to uncertainties regarding structural defect claims for products we build, the markets in which we build, claim settlement history, insurance and legal interpretations, among other factors. Our warranty reserve amounts are based upon historical experience and geographic location. While we believe that our warranty reserves are sufficient to cover our projected costs, there can be no assurances that historical data and trends will accurately predict our actual warranty costs. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, warranty reserves of $26.1 million and $27.7 million, respectively, are included in Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Please see Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to our warranty reserves, including reserves related to stucco-related repairs in certain of our Florida communities. Self-insurance Reserves. Self-insurance reserves are made for estimated liabilities associated with employee health care, workers’ compensation, and general liability insurance. For 2017, our self-insurance limit for employee health care was $250,000 per covered person per contract period, with stop loss insurance covering amounts in excess of $250,000. Our workers’ compensation claims are insured by a third party and carry a deductible of $250,000 per claim, except for workers compensation claims made in the State of Ohio where the Company is self-insured. Our self-insurance limit for Ohio workers’ compensation is $500,000 per claim, with stop loss insurance covering all amounts in excess of this limit. The reserves related to employee health care and workers’ compensation are based on historical experience and open case reserves. Our general liability claims are insured by a third party, subject to a deductible. Effective for home closings occurring on or after July 1, 2017, the Company renewed its general liability insurance coverage which, among other things, changed the structure of our completed operations/construction defect deductible to $10.0 million for the entire company (for closings prior to July 1, 2017, our completed operations/construction defect deductible was $7.5 million for each of our regions) and decreased our third party bodily injury and property damage claims deductible to $250,000 (a decrease from $500,000 for closings prior to July 1, 2017). The Company records a reserve for general liability claims falling below the Company’s deductible. The reserve estimate is based on an actuarial evaluation of our past history of general liability claims, other industry specific factors and specific event analysis. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, self-insurance reserves of $2.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively, are included in Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recorded expenses totaling $8.9 million, $6.5 million and $6.1 million for all self-insured and general liability claims during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Guarantees and Indemnities. Guarantee and indemnity liabilities are established by charging the applicable income statement or balance sheet line, depending on the nature of the guarantee or indemnity, and crediting a liability. M/I Financial provides a limited-life guarantee on loans sold to certain third parties and estimates its actual liability related to the guarantee and any indemnities subsequently provided to the purchaser of the loans in lieu of loan repurchase based on historical loss experience. Actual future costs associated with loans guaranteed or indemnified could differ materially from our current estimated amounts. The Company has also provided certain other guarantees and indemnities in connection with the purchase and development of land, including environmental indemnities, and guarantees of the completion of land development. The Company estimates these liabilities based on the estimated cost of insurance coverage or estimated cost of acquiring a bond in the amount of the exposure. Actual future costs associated with these guarantees and indemnities could differ materially from our current estimated amounts. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, guarantees and indemnities of $1.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively, are included in Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Other Liabilities. Other liabilities at December 31, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:
| Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Accruals related to land development | $ | 37,180 |  |  | $ | 35,417 |
Warranty | 26,133 |  |  | 27,732 |
Payroll and other benefits | 28,128 |  |  | 26,140 |
Other | 40,093 |  |  | 33,873 |
Total other liabilities | $ | 131,534 |  |  | $ | 123,162 |
Segment Reporting. The application of segment reporting requires significant judgment in determining our operating segments. Operating segments are defined as a component of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available and is reviewed regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision makers to evaluate performance, make operating decisions and determine how to allocate resources. The Company’s chief operating decision makers evaluate the Company’s performance in various ways, including: (1) the results of our 15 individual homebuilding operating segments and the results of our financial services operations; (2) the results of our three homebuilding regions; and (3) our consolidated financial results. In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), we have identified each homebuilding division as an operating segment as each homebuilding division engages in business activities from which it earns revenue, primarily from the sale and construction of single-family attached and detached homes, acquisition and development of land, and the occasional sale of lots to third parties. Our financial services operations generate revenue primarily from the origination, sale and servicing of mortgage loans and title services primarily for purchasers of the Company’s homes and are included in our financial services reportable segment. Corporate is a non-operating segment that develops and implements strategic initiatives and supports our operating segments by centralizing key administrative functions such as accounting, finance, treasury, information technology, insurance and risk management, litigation, marketing and human resources. In accordance with the aggregation criteria defined in ASC 280, we have determined our reportable segments as follows: Midwest homebuilding, Southern homebuilding, Mid-Atlantic homebuilding and financial services operations. The homebuilding operating segments included in each reportable segment have been aggregated because they share similar aggregation characteristics as prescribed in ASC 280 in the following regards: (1) long-term economic characteristics; (2) historical and expected future long-term gross margin percentages; (3) housing products, production processes and methods of distribution; and (4) geographical proximity. We may, however, be required to reclassify our reportable segments if markets that currently are being aggregated do not continue to share these aggregation characteristics. Revenue Recognition. Revenue from the sale of a home is recognized when the delivery has occurred, title has passed, the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the buyer, and an adequate initial and continuing investment by the homebuyer is received, or when the loan has been sold to a third-party investor. Revenue for homes that close to the buyer having a down payment of 5% or greater, home deliveries financed by third parties, and all home deliveries insured under Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), U.S. Veterans Administration (“VA”) and other government-insured programs are recorded in the consolidated financial statements on the date of closing. Revenue related to all other home deliveries initially funded by M/I Financial, our 100%-owned subsidiary, is recorded on the date that M/I Financial sells the loan to a third-party investor, because the receivable from the third-party investor is not subject to future subordination, and the Company has transferred to this investor the usual risks and rewards of ownership that is in substance a sale and does not have a substantial continuing involvement with the home. We recognize the majority of the revenue associated with our mortgage loan operations when the mortgage loans are sold and/or related servicing rights are sold to third party investors or set up with the subservicer. The revenue recognized is reduced by the fair value of the related guarantee provided to the investor. The fair value of the guarantee is recognized in revenue when the Company is released from its obligation under the guarantee. Generally, all of the financial services mortgage loans and related servicing rights are sold to third party investors within two to three weeks of origination; however, M/I Financial began retaining a portion of mortgage loan servicing rights during 2012. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we retained mortgage servicing rights of 3,094 and 4,445 loans, respectively, for a total value of $7.8 million and $11.4 million, respectively. We recognize financial services revenue associated with our title operations as homes are closed, closing services are rendered, and title policies are issued, all of which generally occur simultaneously as each home is closed. All of the underwriting risk associated with title insurance policies is transferred to third-party insurers. Land and Housing Cost of Sales. All associated homebuilding costs are charged to cost of sales in the period when the revenues from home deliveries are recognized. Homebuilding costs include: land and land development costs; home construction costs (including an estimate of the costs to complete construction); previously capitalized interest; real estate taxes; indirect costs; and estimated warranty costs. All other costs are expensed as incurred. Sales incentives, including pricing discounts and financing costs paid by the Company, are recorded as a reduction of revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Sales incentives in the form of options or upgrades are recorded in homebuilding costs. Income Taxes. The Company records income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on future tax consequences attributable to (1) temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and (2) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, if any. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period when the change is enacted. During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) was enacted which, among other things, reduces the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. As a result of the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, the Company revalued its deferred tax assets at December 31, 2017 and recognized a non-cash provisional tax expense of approximately $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Please see Note 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. In accordance with ASC 740-10, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), we evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets, including the benefit from net operating losses (“NOLs”) and tax credit carryforwards, if any, to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50%) that all or any portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is primarily dependent upon the generation of future taxable income. In determining the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns, judgment is required. This assessment gives appropriate consideration to all positive and negative evidence related to the realization of the deferred tax assets and considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, our experience with operating losses and our experience of utilizing tax credit carryforwards and tax planning alternatives. Please see Note 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our deferred tax assets. Earnings Per Share. The Company computes earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share, (“ASC 260”). Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each year. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to the potential dilution that could occur if securities or contracts to issue our common shares that are dilutive were exercised or converted into common shares or resulted in the issuance of common shares that then shared our earnings. In periods of net losses, no dilution is computed. Please see Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our earnings per share calculation. Stock-Based Compensation. We measure and recognize compensation expense associated with our grant of equity-based awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), which generally requires that companies measure and recognize stock-based compensation expense in an amount equal to the fair value of share-based awards granted under compensation arrangements over the related vesting period. We have granted share-based awards to certain of our employees and directors in the form of stock options, director stock units and performance share units (“PSU’s”). Each PSU represents a contingent right to receive one common share of the Company if vesting is satisfied at the end of the performance period based on the related performance conditions and markets conditions. Determining the fair value of share-based awards requires judgment to identify the appropriate valuation model and develop the assumptions. The grant date fair value for stock option awards and PSU’s with a market condition (as defined in ASC 718) is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the Monte Carlo simulation methodology, respectively. The grant date fair value for the director stock units and PSU’s with a performance condition (as defined in ASC 718) is based upon the closing price of our common shares on the date of grant. We recognize stock-based compensation expense for our stock option awards and PSU’s with a market condition over the requisite service period of the award while stock-based compensation expense for our director stock units, which vest immediately, is fully recognized in the period of the award. For the portion of the PSU’s awarded subject to the satisfaction of a performance condition, we recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the performance period based on the probable outcome of the related performance condition. If satisfaction of the performance condition is not probable, stock-based compensation expense recognition is deferred until probability is attained and a cumulative compensation expense adjustment is recorded and recognized ratably over the remaining service period. The Company reevaluates the probability of the satisfaction of the performance condition on a quarterly basis, and stock-based compensation expense is adjusted based on the portion of the requisite service period that has passed. If actual results differ significantly from these estimates, stock-based compensation expense could be higher and have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Please see Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our stock-based compensation. Letters of Credit and Completion Bonds. The Company provides standby letters of credit and completion bonds for development work in progress, deposits on land and lot purchase agreements and miscellaneous deposits. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had outstanding $179.6 million of completion bonds and standby letters of credit, some of which were issued to various local governmental entities, that expire at various times through September 2024. Included in this total are: (1) $122.3 million of performance and maintenance bonds and $41.6 million of performance letters of credit that serve as completion bonds for land development work in progress; (2) $8.1 million of financial letters of credit; and (3) $7.6 million of financial bonds. The development agreements under which we are required to provide completion bonds or letters of credit are generally not subject to a required completion date and only require that the improvements are in place in phases as houses are built and sold. In locations where development has progressed, the amount of development work remaining to be completed is typically less than the remaining amount of bonds or letters of credit due to timing delays in obtaining release of the bonds or letters of credit. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards. In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”). ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences and classification on the statement of cash flows. For public entities, ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted the new standard in the first quarter of 2017. Excess tax benefits or deficiencies for stock-based compensation are now reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a component of income tax expense, whereas previously they were recognized in equity. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Impact of New Accounting Standards. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”), which provides guidance for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets and supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance. This ASU also supersedes some cost guidance included in Subtopic 605-35, “Revenue Recognition-Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts.” ASU 2014-09’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In doing so, companies will need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under today’s guidance, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Deferral of the Effective Date, which delayed the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year. ASU 2014-09, as amended, is effective for public companies for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2014-09, the FASB has issued several ASUs, such as ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, and ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. These ASUs do not change the core principle of the guidance stated in ASU 2014-09. Instead, these amendments are intended to clarify and improve the operability of certain topics addressed by ASU 2014-09, as amended. See below for additional explanation of each of these additional ASUs. The Company does not believe the adoption of these additional ASUs will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Due to the nature of our operations, we expect to identify similar performance obligations in our contracts under ASU 2014-09 compared with the deliverables and separate units of account we have identified under existing accounting standards, and therefore, we anticipate this standard will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. As a result, we expect the amount and timing of our housing revenue to remain substantially unchanged. Due to the complexity of certain of our land contracts, however, the actual revenue recognition treatment required under the standard for land sales will depend on contract-specific terms. We do not expect significant changes to the amount and timing of our financial services revenue, or significant changes to our business processes, systems, or internal controls as a result of adopting the standard. We adopted the standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method, which includes a cumulative catch-up in retained earnings on the initial date of adoption for existing contracts (those that are not completed) as of, and new contracts after, January 1, 2018. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 will require organizations that lease assets - referred to as “lessees” - to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Under ASU 2016-02, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Lessor accounting remains substantially similar to current GAAP. In addition, disclosures of leasing activities will be expanded to include qualitative and specific quantitative information. For public entities, ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition method. The Company continues to evaluate the potential impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures; however. because a large majority of our leases are for office space, which we have determined will be treated as operating leases under ASU 2016-02, we anticipate recording a right-of-use asset and related lease liability for these leases, but do not expect our expense recognition pattern to change. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) (“ASU 2016-08”). The amendments in this ASU are intended to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance stated in ASU 2014-09 on principal versus agent considerations and whether an entity reports revenue on a gross or net basis. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”). ASU 2016-10 provides guidance on identifying performance obligations and licensing. This update clarifies the guidance in ASU 2014-09 relating to identifying performance obligations and licensing. The new standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Narrow Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”). ASU 2016-12 provides for amendments to ASU 2014-09 regarding transition, collectability, noncash consideration, and presentation of sales tax and other similar taxes. Specifically, ASU 2016-12 clarifies that, for a contract to be considered completed at transition, all or substantially all of the revenue must have been recognized under legacy GAAP. In addition, ASU 2016-12 clarifies how an entity should evaluate the collectability threshold and when an entity can recognize nonrefundable consideration received as revenue if an arrangement does not meet the standard’s contract criteria. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”). ASU 2016-15 provides guidance on how certain cash receipts and cash payments are to be presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. For public entities, ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”), which provides a more robust framework for determining whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or dispositions) of assets or businesses. ASU 2017-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact the adoption of ASU 2017-01 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test in order to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company does not believe the adoption of ASU 2017-04 will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which provides clarification on when modification accounting should be used for changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This ASU does not change the accounting for modifications but clarifies that modification accounting guidance should only be applied if there is a change to the value, vesting conditions, or award classification and would not be required if the changes are considered non-substantive. For all entities, ASU 2017-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not believe the adoption of ASU 2017-09 will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

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