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INVESTMENTS (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), included in shareholders' equity as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, is comprised of the following (dollars in millions):
September 30,
2023
December 31,
2022
Net unrealized losses on investments having no allowance for credit losses $(1,506.2)$(1,247.0)
Unrealized losses on investments with an allowance for credit losses (2,038.5)(1,780.7)
Change in discount rates for liability for future policy benefits1,021.6 500.7 
Change in instrument-specific credit risk for market risk benefits7.8 12.2 
Deferred income tax assets558.6 557.5 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss$(1,956.7)$(1,957.3)
Schedule of Fixed Maturities for Available for Sale Securities
At September 30, 2023, the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, allowance for credit losses and estimated fair value of fixed maturities, available for sale, were as follows (dollars in millions):
Amortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesAllowance for credit lossesEstimated fair value
Corporate securities$13,312.1 $10.7 $(2,297.1)$(66.8)$10,958.9 
United States Treasury securities and obligations of United States government corporations and agencies194.2 — (28.8)— 165.4 
States and political subdivisions2,848.5 7.0 (547.8)(1.7)2,306.0 
Foreign governments93.3 — (16.6)(.7)76.0 
Asset-backed securities1,500.2 .2 (141.0)(.2)1,359.2 
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities627.9 .6 (12.6)— 615.9 
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities1,695.8 33.7 (204.3)— 1,525.2 
Collateralized loan obligations1,077.7 1.9 (20.1)— 1,059.5 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities2,549.8 .6 (311.3)— 2,239.1 
Total fixed maturities, available for sale$23,899.5 $54.7 $(3,579.6)$(69.4)$20,305.2 
At December 31, 2022, the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, allowance for credit losses and estimated fair value of fixed maturities, available for sale, were as follows (dollars in millions):
Amortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesAllowance for credit lossesEstimated fair value
Corporate securities$13,649.1 $29.9 $(1,911.9)$(54.4)$11,712.7 
United States Treasury securities and obligations of United States government corporations and agencies171.7 — (13.0)— 158.7 
States and political subdivisions2,846.9 19.3 (476.8)(.9)2,388.5 
Foreign governments86.3 .1 (11.3)(.4)74.7 
Asset-backed securities1,435.7 1.0 (149.4)(.3)1,287.0 
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities174.3 1.4 (.7)— 175.0 
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities1,700.4 40.0 (191.9)— 1,548.5 
Collateralized loan obligations825.2 .3 (39.6)— 785.9 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities2,494.6 .1 (272.3)— 2,222.4 
Total fixed maturities, available for sale$23,384.2 $92.1 $(3,066.9)$(56.0)$20,353.4 
Schedule of Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date
The following table sets forth the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturities, available for sale, at September 30, 2023, by contractual maturity.  Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.  Structured securities (such as asset-backed securities, agency residential mortgage-backed securities, non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations and commercial mortgage-backed securities, collectively referred to as "structured securities") frequently include provisions for periodic principal payments and permit periodic unscheduled payments.
Amortized
cost
Estimated
fair
value
 (Dollars in millions)
Due in one year or less$171.9 $161.9 
Due after one year through five years2,217.5 2,069.5 
Due after five years through ten years1,729.0 1,551.7 
Due after ten years12,329.7 9,723.2 
Subtotal16,448.1 13,506.3 
Structured securities7,451.4 6,798.9 
Total fixed maturities, available for sale$23,899.5 $20,305.2 
The following table sets forth the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturities, available for sale, at December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity.
Amortized
cost
Estimated
fair
value
 (Dollars in millions)
Due in one year or less$112.0 $110.8 
Due after one year through five years1,913.7 1,790.2 
Due after five years through ten years2,098.9 1,910.4 
Due after ten years12,629.4 10,523.2 
Subtotal16,754.0 14,334.6 
Structured securities6,630.2 6,018.8 
Total fixed maturities, available for sale$23,384.2 $20,353.4 
Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments
The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our investments with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at September 30, 2023 (dollars in millions):

 Less than 12 months12 months or greaterTotal
Description of securitiesFair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Corporate securities$591.1 $(42.3)$2,938.4 $(631.8)$3,529.5 $(674.1)
United States Treasury securities and obligations of United States government corporations and agencies131.9 (24.7)33.5 (4.1)165.4 (28.8)
States and political subdivisions181.9 (12.9)436.5 (145.7)618.4 (158.6)
Foreign governments6.5 (.5)23.3 (2.8)29.8 (3.3)
Asset-backed securities212.8 (4.1)1,050.6 (133.6)1,263.4 (137.7)
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities505.8 (12.3)7.1 (.3)512.9 (12.6)
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities245.1 (6.6)1,014.5 (197.7)1,259.6 (204.3)
Collateralized loan obligations114.4 (.4)642.6 (19.7)757.0 (20.1)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities223.3 (4.3)1,927.6 (307.0)2,150.9 (311.3)
Total fixed maturities, available for sale$2,212.8 $(108.1)$8,074.1 $(1,442.7)$10,286.9 $(1,550.8)
The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our investments with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions):

 Less than 12 months12 months or greaterTotal
Description of securitiesFair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Corporate securities$2,830.8 $(329.4)$370.4 $(129.3)$3,201.2 $(458.7)
United States Treasury securities and obligations of United States government corporations and agencies134.4 (9.6)21.9 (3.4)156.3 (13.0)
States and political subdivisions667.0 (124.8)132.1 (58.5)799.1 (183.3)
Foreign governments35.0 (3.5)2.1 (.3)37.1 (3.8)
Asset-backed securities914.0 (90.1)258.1 (53.4)1,172.1 (143.5)
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities59.7 (.7)— — 59.7 (.7)
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities861.6 (89.7)335.4 (102.2)1,197.0 (191.9)
Collateralized loan obligations553.0 (27.4)184.2 (12.2)737.2 (39.6)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities1,581.4 (160.0)593.3 (112.3)2,174.7 (272.3)
Total fixed maturities, available for sale$7,636.9 $(835.2)$1,897.5 $(471.6)$9,534.4 $(1,306.8)
Schedule of Changes in the Allowance for Current Expected Credit Losses
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses related to fixed maturities, available for sale, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Corporate securitiesStates and political subdivisionsForeign governmentsAsset-backed securitiesTotal
Allowance at June 30, 2023$64.4 $1.0 $.5 $.2 $66.1 
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded1.2 — — .1 1.3 
Additions for purchased securities with deteriorated credit— — — — — 
Additions (reductions) for securities where an allowance was previously recorded1.5 .7 .2 (.1)2.3 
Reduction for securities sold during the period(.3)— — — (.3)
Reduction for securities for which the Company made the decision to sell where an allowance was previously recorded— — — — — 
Write-offs— — — — — 
Recoveries of previously written-off amount— — — — — 
Allowance at September 30, 2023$66.8 $1.7 $.7 $.2 $69.4 

The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses related to fixed maturities, available for sale, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Corporate securitiesStates and political subdivisionsForeign governmentsAsset-backed securitiesTotal
Allowance at December 31, 2022$54.4 $.9 $.4 $.3 $56.0 
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded5.9 .2 .1 — 6.2 
Additions for purchased securities with deteriorated credit— — — — — 
Additions (reductions) for securities where an allowance was previously recorded9.2 .6 .2 (.1)9.9 
Reduction for securities sold during the period(2.7)— — — (2.7)
Reduction for securities for which the Company made the decision to sell where an allowance was previously recorded— — — — — 
Write-offs— — — — — 
Recoveries of previously written-off amount— — — — — 
Allowance at September 30, 2023$66.8 $1.7 $.7 $.2 $69.4 
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses related to fixed maturities, available for sale, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in millions):

Corporate securitiesStates and political subdivisionsForeign governmentsAsset-backed securitiesTotal
Allowance at June 30, 2022$52.2 $1.1 $.7 $.2 $54.2 
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded7.2 .2 .1 .1 7.6 
Additions for purchased securities with deteriorated credit— — — — — 
Additions (reductions) for securities where an allowance was previously recorded(6.9).5 — — (6.4)
Reduction for securities sold during the period(3.3)(.1)— — (3.4)
Reduction for securities for which the Company made the decision to sell where an allowance was previously recorded— — — — — 
Write-offs— — — — — 
Recoveries of previously written-off amount— — — — — 
Allowance at September 30, 2022$49.2 $1.7 $.8 $.3 $52.0 


The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses related to fixed maturities, available for sale, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in millions):

Corporate securitiesStates and political subdivisionsForeign governmentsAsset-backed securitiesTotal
Allowance at December 31, 2021$7.4 $— $.2 $— $7.6 
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded39.8 .7 .5 .2 41.2 
Additions for purchased securities with deteriorated credit— — — — — 
Additions (reductions) for securities where an allowance was previously recorded11.8 1.1 .1 .1 13.1 
Reduction for securities sold during the period(9.8)(.1)— — (9.9)
Reduction for securities for which the Company made the decision to sell where an allowance was previously recorded— — — — — 
Write-offs— — — — — 
Recoveries of previously written-off amount— — — — — 
Allowance at September 30, 2022$49.2 $1.7 $.8 $.3 $52.0 
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses related to corporate securities held by VIEs for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions):
Three months ended
September 30,
20232022
Allowance at the beginning of the period$4.5 $12.2 
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded.1 .9 
Additions for purchased securities with deteriorated credit— — 
Additions (reductions) for securities where an allowance was previously recorded(.6)(5.7)
Reduction for securities sold during the period(1.1)(.9)
Reduction for securities for which the Company made the decision to sell where an allowance was previously recorded— — 
Write-offs— — 
Recoveries of previously written-off amount— — 
Allowance at the end of the period$2.9 $6.5 
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses related to corporate securities held by VIEs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions):
Nine months ended
September 30,
20232022
Allowance at the beginning of the period$5.5 $3.7 
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded.7 7.2 
Additions for purchased securities with deteriorated credit— — 
Additions (reductions) for securities where an allowance was previously recorded(.5)(2.5)
Reduction for securities sold during the period(2.8)(1.9)
Reduction for securities for which the Company made the decision to sell where an allowance was previously recorded— — 
Write-offs— — 
Recoveries of previously written-off amount— — 
Allowance at the end of the period$2.9 $6.5 
Schedule of Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Outstanding Commercial Mortgage Loans and Underlying Collateral
The following table provides the amortized cost by year of origination and estimated fair value of our outstanding commercial mortgage loans and the underlying collateral as of September 30, 2023 (dollars in millions):
Estimated fair
value
Loan-to-value ratio (a)20232022202120202019PriorTotal amortized costMortgage loansCollateral
Less than 60%
$163.6 $147.3 $115.1 $36.7 $73.8 $482.3 $1,018.8 $880.8 $3,789.7 
60% to less than 70%
47.1 87.3 11.1 5.6 — 36.8 187.9 165.5 287.0 
70% to less than 80%
19.5 77.8 24.8 — — 40.1 162.2 138.7 214.1 
80% to less than 90%
— — — — — 17.4 17.4 15.8 20.8 
90% or greater
— — — — — 24.3 24.3 17.0 25.1 
Total$230.2 $312.4 $151.0 $42.3 $73.8 $600.9 $1,410.6 $1,217.8 $4,336.7 
________________
(a)Loan-to-value ratios are calculated as the ratio of: (i) the amortized cost of the commercial mortgage loans; to (ii) the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral.
Schedule of Changes in the Allowance for Current Expected Credit Losses Related to Mortgage Loans
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses related to mortgage loans for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions):

Three months ended
September 30,
20232022
Allowance at the beginning of the period$10.3 $4.9 
Current period provision for expected credit losses.6 .4 
Initial allowance recognized for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration— — 
Write-offs charged against the allowance— — 
Recoveries of amounts previously written off— — 
Allowance at the end of the period$10.9 $5.3 
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses related to mortgage loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions):

Nine months ended
September 30,
20232022
Allowance at the beginning of the period$8.0 $5.6 
Current period provision for expected credit losses2.9 (.3)
Initial allowance recognized for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration— — 
Write-offs charged against the allowance— — 
Recoveries of amounts previously written off— — 
Allowance at the end of the period$10.9 $5.3 
Schedule of Realized Gain (Loss) on Investments
The following table sets forth the total investment gains (losses) for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):

Three months endedNine months ended
September 30,September 30,
 2023202220232022
Realized investment gains (losses): 
Gross realized gains on sales of fixed maturities, available for sale$1.3 $18.1 $11.4 $96.4 
Gross realized losses on sales of fixed maturities, available for sale(9.8)(24.4)(45.8)(81.3)
Equity securities, net— — (.6)(8.3)
Other, net(13.1)(1.9)(23.0)(3.2)
Total realized investment gains (losses)(21.6)(8.2)(58.0)3.6 
Change in allowance for credit losses (a)(2.3)7.5 (13.7)(46.9)
Change in fair value of equity securities (b)(.9)(.7)(.5)(2.4)
Other changes in fair value (c)(4.5)(16.3)(7.0)(53.5)
Other investment losses(7.7)(9.5)(21.2)(102.8)
Total investment losses$(29.3)$(17.7)$(79.2)$(99.2)
_________________
(a)    Changes in the allowance for credit losses includes $1.6 million and $5.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $2.6 million and $(2.8) million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to investments held by variable interest entities ("VIEs").
(b)    Changes in the estimated fair value of equity securities (that are still held as of the end of the respective periods) were $(0.7) million and $(6.9) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(c)    Changes in the estimated fair value of trading securities that we have elected the fair value option (that are still held as of the end of the respective periods) were $(8.0) million and $(36.6) million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.