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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 3 Months Ended
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Nov. 30, 2016
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES [Abstract] |
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ﻿ Principles of Consolidation – The interim consolidated financial statements of the Company included herein include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries and the Company's investment in, and the Company's share of the income (loss) of, joint ventures recorded under the equity method. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC and reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly present the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. As of November 30, 2016, all of the Company's subsidiaries were wholly owned. Any reference to the number of properties, square footage or employee numbers are unaudited and outside the scope of our independent registered public accounting firm’s review of our financial statements in accordance with the standards of the United States Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Additionally, the Company's ownership interest in real estate development joint ventures as of November 30, 2016 is listed below: ﻿ ﻿
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﻿Real Estate Development Joint Ventures |  | Countries |  | Ownership |  | Basis of Presentation
﻿GolfPark Plaza, S.A. |  | Panama |  | 50.0 | % |  | Equity(1)
﻿Price Plaza Alajuela PPA, S.A. |  | Costa Rica |  | 50.0 | % |  | Equity(1)
﻿
| (1) |  | Joint venture interests are recorded as investment in unconsolidated affiliates on the consolidated balance sheets.
﻿ Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. ﻿ Variable Interest Entities – The Company reviews and determines at the start of each arrangement, or subsequently if a reconsideration event occurs, whether any of its investments in joint ventures are Variable Interest Entit ies (“VIE”) and whether it must consolidate a VIE and/or disclose information about its involvement in a VIE. The Company has determined that the joint ventures for GolfPark Plaza (Panama) and Price Plaza Alajuela (Costa Rica) are VIEs. The Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and, therefore, has accounted for these entities under the equity method. ﻿ Cash and Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents represent cash and short-term investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased and proceeds due from credit and debit card transactions, which are generally settled within a few days of the underlying transaction. ﻿ Restricted Cash – The changes in restricted cash are disclosed within the consolidated statement of cash flows based on the nature of the restriction. The following table summarizes the restricted cash reported by the Company (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ |  | November 30, |  |  | August 31,
﻿ |  | 2016 |  |  | 2016
﻿Short-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Restricted cash for land purchase option agreements |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 442
﻿Other short-term restricted cash |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 76
﻿Total short-term restricted cash |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 518
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﻿Long-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Other long-term restricted cash (1) |  | $ | 2,735 |  |  | $ | 2,676
﻿Total long-term restricted cash |  | $ | 2,735 |  |  | $ | 2,676
﻿Total restricted cash |  | $ | 3,252 |  |  | $ | 3,194
﻿
| (1) |  | Ot her long-term restricted cash consists mainly of cash deposits held within banking institutions or with external fund managers in compliance with federal regulatory requirements in Panama to pay a specified benefit on retirement, voluntary departure or death of employee s. Additionally, the Company records as long-term restricted cash amounts deposited in designated banking institutions for other regulatory requirements in Costa Rica.
﻿ Tax Receivables – The Company pays Value Added Tax (“VAT”) or similar taxes (“input VAT”), income taxes, and other taxes within the normal course of its business in most of the countries in which it operates related to the procurement of merchandise and/or services it acquires and/or on sales and taxable income. The Company also collects VAT or similar taxes on behalf of the government (“output VAT”) for merchandise and/or services it sells. If the output VAT exceeds the input VAT, then the difference is remitted to the government, usually on a monthly basis. If the input VAT exceeds the output VAT, this creates a VAT receivable. In most countries where the Company operates, the governments have implemented additional collection procedures, such as requiring credit and debit card processors to remit a portion of sales processed via credit and debit card directly to the government as advance payments of VAT and/or income tax. In the case of VAT, these procedures alter the natural offset of input and output VAT and generally leave the Company with a net VAT receivable, forcing the Company to process significant refund claims on a recurring basis. With respect to income taxes paid, if the estimated income taxes paid or withheld exceed the actual income tax due, this creates an income tax receivable. The Company either requests a refund of these tax receivables or applies the balance to expected future tax payments. These refund or offset processes can take anywhere from several months to several years to complete. ﻿ In most countries where the Company operates, the tax refund process is defined and structured with regular refunds or offsets. However, in three countries there is either not a clearly defined process or the governments have alleged there is not a clearly defined process to allow the authorities to refund VAT receivables. The Company, together with its tax and legal advisers, is currently appealing these interpretations in court and expects to prevail. In one of these countries, where there is recent favorable jurisprudence, the government performed an audit to verify the amount of the VAT receivables as a required precursor to any refund. The balance of the VAT receivable s in these countries was $9.2 million and $7.6 million as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2016, respectively. In another country in which the Company has warehouse clubs, a new minimum income tax mechanism took effect in fiscal year 2015, which requires the Company to pay taxes based on a percentage of sales rather than income. As a result, the Company is making income tax payments substantially in excess of those it would expect to pay based on taxable income. The current rules (which the Company has challenged in court) do not clear ly allow the Company to obtain a refund or to offset this excess income tax against other taxes. As of November 30, 2016, the Company had deferred tax assets of approximately $1.9 million in this country. Also, the Company had an income tax receivable balance of $3.4 million as of November 30, 2016 related to excess payments from fiscal year s 2015 and 2016. The Company has not placed any type of allowance on the recoverability of these tax receivables or deferred tax assets, because the Company believes that it is more likely than not that it will ultimately succeed in its refund request s, related appeals and/or court challenge on this matter. ﻿ The Company's policy for classification and presentation of VAT receivables, income tax receivables and other tax receivables is as follows: ﻿
| · |  | Short-term VAT and Income tax receivables, recorded as Other current assets: This classification is used for any countries where the Company's subsidiary has generally demonstrated the ability to recover the VAT or income tax receivable within one year. The Company also classifies as short-term any approved refunds or credit notes to the extent that the Company expects to receive the refund or use the credit notes within one year.
﻿
| · |  | Long-term VAT and Income tax receivables, recorded as Other non-current assets: This classification is used for amounts not approved for refund or credit in countries where the Company's subsidiary has not demonstrated the ability to obtain refunds within one year and/or for amounts which are subject to outstanding disputes. An allowance is provided against VAT and income tax receivable balances in dispute when the Company does not expect to eventually prevail in its recovery. The Company does not currently have any allowances provided against VAT and income tax receivables.
﻿ The following table summarizes the VAT receivables reported by the Company (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ |  | November 30, |  | August 31,
﻿ |  | 2016 |  | 2016
﻿Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 1,453 |  | $ | 1,635
﻿Other non-current assets |  |  | 33,584 |  |  | 32,502
﻿Total amount of VAT receivable reported |  | $ | 35,037 |  | $ | 34,137
﻿ The following table summarizes the Income tax receivables reported by the Company (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ |  | November 30, |  | August 31,
﻿ |  | 2016 |  | 2016
﻿Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 6,985 |  | $ | 6,402
﻿Other non-current assets |  |  | 11,356 |  |  | 10,376
﻿Total amount of income tax receivable reported |  | $ | 18,341 |  | $ | 16,778
﻿ Lease Accounting – Certain of the Company's operating leases where the Company is the lessee (see Revenue Recognition Policy for lessor accounting) provide for minimum annual payments that increase over the expected life of the lease. The aggregate minimum annual payments are expensed on the straight-line basis beginning when the Company takes possession of the property and extending over the expected term of the related lease including renewal options when the exercise of the option is reasonably assured as an economic penalty may be incurred if the option is not exercised. The amount by which straight-line rent exceeds actual lease payment requirements in the early years of the leases is accrued as deferred rent and reduced in later years when the actual cash payment requirements exceed the straight-line expense. The Company also accounts in its straight-line computation for the effect of any “rental holidays” and lessor-paid tenant improvements. In addition to the minimum annual payments, in certain locations, the Company pays additional contingent rent based on a contractually stipulated percentage of sales. ﻿ Merchandise Inventories – Merchandise inventories, which include merchandise for resale, are valued at the lower of cost (average cost) or market. The Company provides for estimated inventory losses and obsolescence between physical inventory counts on the basis of a percentage of sales. The provision is adjusted periodically to reflect the trend of actual physical inventory count results, with physical inventories occurring primarily in the second and fourth fiscal quarters. In addition, the Company may be required to take markdowns below the carrying cost of certain inventory to expedite the sale of such merchandise. ﻿ Fair Value Measurements – The Company measures the fair value for all financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. The fair value of an asset is the price at which the asset could be sold in an orderly transaction between unrelated, knowledgeable and willing parties able to engage in the transaction. A liability’s fair value is defined as the amount that would be paid to transf er the liability to a new obligo r in a transaction between such parties, not the amount that would be paid to settle the liability with the creditor. ﻿ The Company has established a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring and revaluing fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. The Company was not required to revalue any assets or liabilities utilizing Level 1 or Level 3 inputs at the balance sheet dates. The Company's Level 2 assets and liabilities revalued at the balance sheet dates, on a recurring basis, primarily included cash flow hedges (interest rate swaps and cross-currency interest rate swaps) and forward foreign exchange contracts. In addition, the Company utilizes Level 2 inputs in determining the fair value of long-term debt. The Company has elected not to revalue long-term debt because this debt will be settled at the carrying value and not at the fair market value. The Company did not make any significant transfers in and out of Level 1 and Level 2 fair value tiers during the periods reported on herein. ﻿ Non-financial assets and liabilities are revalued and recognized at fair value subsequent to initial recognition when there is evidence of impairment. For the periods reported, no impairment of such non-financial assets was recorded. ﻿ The disclosure of fair value of certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at cost is as follows: ﻿ Cash and cash equivalents: The carrying value approximates fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments. ﻿ Short-term restricted cash: The carrying value approximates fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments. ﻿ Long-term restricted cash: Ot her long-term restricted cash consists mainly of cash deposits held within banking institutions or with external fund managers in compliance with federal regulatory requirements in Panama to pay a specified benefit on retirement, voluntary departure or death of employee s. The carrying value ap proximates fair value because payments on these plans are not time dependent in nature. Additionally, the Company records as long-term restricted cash amounts deposited in designated banking institutions for other regulatory requirements in Costa Rica. ﻿ Accounts receivable: The carrying value approximates fair value due to the short maturity of these accounts. ﻿ Short-term VAT and Income tax receivables: The carrying value approximates fair value due to the short maturity of these accounts. ﻿ Long-term VAT and Income tax receivables: The fair value of long-term receivables would normally be measured using a discounted cash flow analysis based on the current market interest rates for similar types of financial instruments, with an estimate of the time these receivables are expected to be outstanding. T he Company is not able to provide an estimate on the time these receivables, owed to the Company by various government agencies, are expected to be outstanding; therefore, the Company has not presented a fair value on the long-term VAT and Income tax receivables. ﻿ Short-term debt: The carrying value approximates fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments. ﻿ Long-term debt: The fair value of debt is generally measured using a discounted cash flow analysis based on current market interest rates for similar types of financial instruments. These inputs are not quoted prices in active markets but they are either directly or indirectly observable; therefore, they are classified as Level 2 inputs. The carrying value and fair value of the Company’s debt as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2016 is as follows (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ |  | November 30, 2016 |  | August 31, 2016
﻿ |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value(1) |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value(1)
﻿Long-term debt, including current portion |  | $ | 84,452 |  | $ | 80,064 |  | $ | 88,107 |  | $ | 85,654
﻿
| (1) |  | The Company has disclosed the fair value of long-term debt, including debt for which it has entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps, using the derivative obligation as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2016, to estimate the fair value of long-term debt, which includes the effects that the cross-currency interest rate swaps have had on the fair value of long-term debt.
﻿ Derivatives Instruments and Hedging Activities – The Company uses derivative financial instruments for hedging and non-trading purposes to manage its exposure to changes in interest and currency exchange rates. In using derivative financial instruments for the purpose of hedging the Company’s exposure to interest and currency exchange rate risks, the contractual terms of a hedged instrument closely mirror those of the hedged item, providing a high degree of risk reduction and correlation. Contracts that are effective at meeting the risk reduction and correlation criteria (effective hedge) are recorded using hedge accounting. If a derivative financial instrument is an effective hedge, changes in the fair value of the instrument will be offset in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged item completes its contractual term. If any portion of the hedge is deemed ineffective, the change in fair value of the hedged assets or liabilities will be immediately recognized in earnings during the period. Instruments that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting, or contracts for which the Company has not elected hedge accounting, are valued at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported in earnings during the period of the change. Valuation techniques utilized in the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets were not changed from previous practice during the reporting period. The Company seeks to manage counterparty risk associated with these contracts by limiting transactions to counterparties with which the Company has an established banking relationship. There can be no assurance, however, that this practice effectively mitigates counterparty risk. ﻿ Cash Flow Instruments. The Company is a party to receive floating interest rate, pay fixed-rate interest rate swaps to hedge the interest rate risk of certain U.S. dollar denominated debt within its international subsidiaries. The swaps are designated as cash flow hedges of interest expense risk. These instruments are considered effective hedges and are recorded using hedge accounting. The Company is also a party to receive variable interest rate, pay fixed interest rate cross-currency interest rate swaps to hedge the interest rate and currency exposure associated with the expected payments of principal and interest of U.S. denominated debt within its international subsidiaries whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar. The swaps are designated as cash flow hedges of the currency risk related to payments on the U.S. denominated debt. These instruments are also considered to be effective hedges and are recorded using hedge accounting. Under cash flow hedging, the effective portion of the fair value of the derivative, calculated as the net present value of the future cash flows, is deferred on the consolidated balance sheets in accumulated other comprehensive loss. If any portion of an interest rate swap is determined to be an ineffective hedge, the gains or losses from changes in fair value would be recorded directly in the consolidated statements of income. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss are released to earnings in the same period that the hedged transaction impacts consolidated earnings. See Note 9 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for information on the fair value of interest rate swaps and cross-currency interest rate swaps as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2016. ﻿ Fair Value Instruments. The Company is exposed to foreign-currency exchange rate fluctuations in the normal course of business. The Company is also exposed to foreign-currency exchange rate fluctuations on U.S. dollar denominated liabilities within its international subsidiaries whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar. The Company manages these fluctuations, in part, through the use of non-deliverable forward foreign-exchange contracts that are intended to offset changes in cash flow attributable to currency exchange movements. The contracts are intended primarily to economically address exposure to U.S. dollar merchandise inventory expenditures made by the Company’s international subsidiaries whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar. Currently, these contracts are treated for accounting purposes as fair value instruments and do not qualify for derivative hedge accounting, and as such the Company does not apply derivative hedge accounting to record these transactions. As a result, these contracts are valued at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported in earnings during the period of the change. The Company seeks to mitigate foreign-currency exchange-rate risk with the use of these contracts and does not intend to engage in speculative transactions. These contracts do not contain any credit-risk-related contingent features and are limited to less than one year in duration. See Note 9 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for information on the fair value of open, unsettled forward foreign-exchange contracts as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2016. ﻿ The following tables summarize financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2016 (in thousands) for derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting: ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  |
﻿Assets and Liabilities as of November 30, 2016 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  | Total
﻿Other non-current assets – (Cross-currency interest rate swaps) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,724 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,724
﻿Other non-current assets – (Interest rate swaps) |  |  | — |  |  | 439 |  |  | — |  |  | 439
﻿Other long-term liabilities – (Interest rate swaps) |  |  | — |  |  | (222) |  |  | — |  |  | (222)
﻿Other long-term liabilities – (Cross-currency interest rate swaps) |  |  | — |  |  | (808) |  |  | — |  |  | (808)
﻿Total |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,133 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,133
﻿
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﻿ |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  |
﻿Assets and Liabilities as of August 31, 2016 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  | Total
﻿Other non-current assets – (Cross-currency interest rate swaps) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,224 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,224
﻿Other long-term liabilities – (Interest rate swaps) |  |  | — |  |  | (448) |  |  | — |  |  | (448)
﻿Other long-term liabilities – (Cross-currency interest rate swaps) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,066) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,066)
﻿Total |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,710 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,710
﻿ The following tables summarize financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2015 (in thousands) for derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting: ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  |
﻿Assets and Liabilities as of November 30, 2016 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  | Total
﻿Other accrued expenses (Foreign currency forward contracts) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (153) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (153)
﻿Net fair value of derivatives designated as hedging instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting |  | $ | — |  | $ | (153) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (153)
﻿
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﻿ |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  |
﻿Assets and Liabilities as of August 31, 2016 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  | Total
﻿Other accrued expenses (Foreign currency forward contracts) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (110) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (110)
﻿Net fair value of derivatives designated as hedging instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting |  | $ | — |  | $ | (110) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (110)
﻿ Goodwill – The table below presents goodwill resulting from certain business combinations as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2016 (in thousands). The change in goodwill is a result of foreign exchange translation losses. ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ |  | November 30, |  | August 31, |  |  |
﻿ |  | 2016 |  | 2016 |  | Change
﻿Goodwill |  | $ | 35,603 |  | $ | 35,637 |  | $ | (34)
﻿ The Company reviews goodwill at the reporting unit for impairment. The Company first reviews qualitative factors for each reporting unit in determining if an annual goodwill test is required. If the Company's review of qualitative factors indicates a requirement for a test of goodwill impairment, because it is more likely than not that an impairment of goodwill may exist, the Company then will assess whether the carrying amount of a reporting unit is greater than the estimated fair value. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit is greater than zero and its estimated fair value exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. If either the carrying amount of the reporting unit is not greater than zero or if the carrying amount of the entity exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company performs a second test to determine whether goodwill has been impaired and to calculate the amount of that impairment. The Company was not required to perform the second step for any reporting units in 2016 or 2015. ﻿ Revenue Recognition – The Company recognizes merchandise sales revenue when title passes to the customer. For e-commerce sales, revenue is recognized upon pickup of the merchandise by the member or when the common carrier takes possession of the merchandise. Membership income represents annual membership fees paid by the Company’s warehouse club members, which are recognized ratably over the 12-month term of the membership. Membership refunds are prorated based on the remaining term of the membership; accordingly, no refund reserve is required to be established for the periods presented. The Company recognizes and presents revenue-producing transactions on a net of value added/sales tax basis. ﻿ The Company began offering Platinum memberships in Costa Rica during fiscal year 2013, which provides members with a 2% rebate on most items, up to an annual maximum of $500.00. Platinum members can apply this rebate to future purchases at the warehouse club at the end of the annual membership period. The Company records this 2% rebate as a reduction of revenue at the time of the sales transaction. Accordingly, the Company has reduced warehouse sales and has accrued a liability within other accrued expenses. The rebate is issued annually to Platinum members on March 1 and expires August 31. Any rebate amount not redeemed by August 31 is recognized as breakage revenue. The Company periodically reviews expired unused rebates outstanding, and the expired unused rebates are recognized as Revenues: Other income on the consolidated statements of income. The Company has determined that breakage revenue is insignificant; therefore, it records 100% of the Platinum membership liability at the time of sale, rather than estimating breakage. ﻿ The Company recognizes gift certificate sales revenue when the certificates are redeemed. The outstanding gift certificates are reflected as other accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets. These gift certificates generally have a one-year stated expiration date from the date of issuance. However, the absence of a large volume of transactions for gift certificates impairs the Company's ability to make a reasonable estimate of the redemption levels for gift certificates. Therefore, the Company assumes a 100% redemption rate that is the equivalent of no breakage prior to expiration of the gift certificate. The Company periodically reviews unredeemed outstanding gift certificates, and the gift certificates that have expired are recognized as Revenues: Other income on the consolidated statements of income. ﻿ Operating leases, where the Company is the lessor, with lease payments that have fixed and determinable rent increases are recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. The Company also accounts in its straight-line computation for the effect of any "rental holidays." Contingent rental revenue is recognized as the contingent rent becomes due per the individual lease agreements. ﻿ Insurance Reimbursements – Receipts from insurance reimbursements up to the amount of the losses recognized are considered recoveries. These recoveries are accounted for when they are probable of receipt. Insurance recoveries are not recognized prior to the recognition of the related cost. Anticipated proceeds in excess of the amount of loss recognized are considered gains and are subject to gain contingency guidance. Anticipated proceeds in excess of a loss recognized in the financial statements are not recognized until all contingencies related to the insurance claim are resolved. ﻿ The Company’s Guatemala Pradera warehouse club experienced a fire in its merchandise receiving department during the early morning hours of June 4, 2015. No members or employees were in the warehouse club at the time. The fire was extinguished, but caused considerable smoke and some fire damage. The warehouse club was closed for nine days and reopened on June 13, 2015. The Company is insured for these costs and filed an insurance clai m with its insurance provider. As of August 31, 2015, the Company's receivable related to this insurance claim was approximately $2.6 million. The Company’s insurance policy also addresses coverage for business interruption. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2015, the Company filed a claim with its insurance carrier for approximately $332,000 related to business interruption for which the Compan y did not record a receivable. ﻿ The Company received the final insurance settlement payments of approximately $3.1 million during the quarter ended November 30, 2015. As a result, the Company recorded a credit to cost of goods sold of approximately $165,000 during the period that reflects the reversal of the inventory written off previously and now covered under the claim and gain on the disposal of assets for $85,000 that included reimbursement from the insurance for assets disposed of in fiscal year 2015. Additionally, the Company recorded during the quarter ended November 30, 2015 other income from insurance proceeds of approximately $202,000 during the period that reflects the amount reimbursed to the Company for business interruption coverage, net of taxes and other miscellaneous amounts charged to the Company by the insurance company for storage of the damaged inventory. ﻿ Cost of Goods Sold – The Company includes the cost of merchandise, food service and bakery raw materials in cost of goods sold. The Company also includes in cost of goods sold the external and internal distribution and handling costs for supplying merchandise, raw materials and supplies to the warehouse clubs. External costs include inbound freight, duties, drayage, fees, insurance, and non-recoverable value-added tax related to inventory shrink, spoilage and damage. Internal costs include payroll and related costs, utilities, consumable supplies, repair and maintenance, rent expense, building and equipment depreciation at its distribution facilities and payroll and other direct costs for in-store demonstrations. ﻿ Vendor consideration consists primarily of volume rebates, time-limited product promotions, slotting fees, demonstration reimbursements and prompt payment discounts. Volume rebates that are not threshold-based are incorporated into the unit cost of merchandise, reducing the inventory cost and cost of goods sold. Volume rebates that are threshold-based are recorded as a reduction to cost of goods sold when the Company achieves established purchase levels that are confirmed by the vendor in writing or upon receipt of funds. On a quarterly basis, the Company calculates the amount of rebates recorded in cost of goods sold that relates to inventory on hand and this amount is reclassified as a reduction to inventory. Product promotions are generally linked to coupons that provide for reimbursement to the Company from the vendor of the product being promoted. Slotting fees are related to consideration received by the Company from vendors for preferential "end cap" placement of the vendor's products within the warehouse club. Demonstration reimbursements are related to consideration received by the Company from vendors for the in-store promotion of the vendors' products. The Company records the reduction in cost of goods sold on a transactional basis for these programs. Prompt payment discounts are taken in substantially all cases, and therefore are applied directly to reduce the acquisition cost of the related inventory, with the resulting effect recorded to cost of goods sold when the inventory is sold. ﻿ Selling, General and Administrative – Selling, general and administrative expenses are comprised primarily of expenses associated with warehouse club operations. Warehouse club operations include the operating costs of the Company's warehouse clubs, including all payroll and related costs, utilities, consumable supplies, repair and maintenance, rent expense, building and equipment depreciation, and bank and credit card processing fees. Also included in selling, general and administrative expenses are the payroll and related costs for the Company's U.S. and regional purchasing and management centers. ﻿ Pre-Opening Costs – The Company expenses pre-opening costs (the costs of start-up activities, including organization costs and rent) as incurred. ﻿ Asset Impairment Costs – The Company periodically evaluates its long-lived assets for indicators of impairment. Management's judgments are based on market and operational conditions at the time of the evaluation and can include management's best estimate of future business activity. These periodic evaluations could cause management to conclude that impairment factors exist, requiring an adjustment of these assets to their then-current fair value. Future business conditions and/or activity could differ materially from the projections made by management causing the need for additional impairment charges. ﻿ Contingencies and Litigation – The Company records and reserves for loss contingencies if (a) information available prior to issuance of the consolidated financial statements indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the consolidated financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If one or both criteria for accrual are not met, but there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss will occur, the Company does not record a reserve for a loss contingency but describes the contingency within a note and provides detail, when possible, of the estimated potential loss or range of loss. If an estimate cannot be made, a statement to that effect is made. ﻿ Foreign Currency Translation – The assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign operations are translated to U.S. dollars when the functional currency in the Company’s international subsidiaries is the local currency and not U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date, and revenue, costs and expenses are translated at average rates of exchange in effect during the period. The corresponding translation gains and losses are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. These adjustments will affect net income upon the sale or liquidation of the underlying investment. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entity (primarily U.S. dollars) are revalued to the functional currency using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. These foreign exchange transaction gains (losses), including transactions recorded involving these monetary assets and liabilities, are recorded as Other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of income. ﻿ The following table summarizes the amounts recorded for the three months ended November 30, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  | Three Months Ended
﻿ |  | November 30, |  | November 30,
﻿ |  | 2016 |  | 2015
﻿Currency gain (loss) |  | $ | (928) |  | $ | (244)
﻿ Income Taxes – The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributed to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carry-forwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized. ﻿ The Company and its subsidiaries are required to file federal and state income tax returns in the United States and various other tax returns in foreign jurisdictions. The preparation of these tax returns requires the Company to interpret the applicable tax laws and regulations in effect in such jurisdictions, which could affect the amount of tax paid by the Company. The Company, in consultation with its tax advisers, bases its tax returns on interpretations that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The tax returns, however, are subject to routine reviews by the various federal, state and foreign taxing authorities in the jurisdictions in which the Company or one of its subsidiaries files tax returns. As part of these reviews, a taxing authority may disagree with respect to the income tax positions taken by the Company (“uncertain tax positions”) and, therefore, require the Company or one of its subsidiaries to pay additional taxes. ﻿ The Company accrues an amount for its estimate of probable additional income tax liability. In certain cases, the impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return must be recognized at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant tax authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than 50% likelihood of being sustained. This requires significant judgment, the use of estimates, and the interpretation and application of complex tax laws. When facts and circumstances change, the Company reassesses these probabilities and records any changes in the consolidated financial statements as appropriate. There were no material changes in the Company's uncertain income tax positions as of November 30, 2016 and August 31, 2016. During the first quarter of fiscal year 2015, one of the Company’s subsidiaries received provisional assessments claiming $2.5 million of taxes, penalties and interest related to withholding taxes on certain charges for services rendered by the Company. In addition, this subsidiary received provisional assessments totaling $5.2 million for lack of deductibility of the underlying service charges due to the lack of withholding. Based on a review of the Company's tax advisers' interpretation of local law, rulings and jurisprudence (including Supreme Court precedents with respect to the deductibility assessment), the Company expects to prevail in both instances and has not recorded a provision for these assessments. Also, in another country where the Company operates, beginning in fiscal year 2015, a new minimum income tax mechanism took effect, which requires the Company to pay taxes based on a percentage of sales rather than income. As a result, the Company is making income tax payments substantially in excess of those it would expect to pay based on taxable income. The current rules (which the Company has appealed) do not clearly allow the Company to obtain a refund or offset this excess income tax against other taxes. As of November 30, 2016, the Company had deferred tax assets of approximately $1.9 million in this country. Also, the Company had an income tax receivable balance of $3.4 million as of November 30, 2016 related to excess payments from fiscal years 2015 and 2016. The Company has not placed any type of allowance on the recoverability of these tax receivables or deferred income taxes, because the Company believes that it is more likely than not that it will succeed in its appeal on this matter. ﻿ The Company has not provided for U.S. deferred taxes on cumulative non-U.S. undistributed earnings as such earnings are deemed by the Company to be indefinitely reinvested. It is not practicable to determine the U.S. federal income tax liability that would be associated with such earnings because of the complexity of the computation. ﻿ The following tables present a reconciliation of the effective tax rate for the periods presented: ﻿ ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  | Three Months Ended
﻿ |  | November 30, |  | November 30,
﻿ |  | 2016 |  | 2015
﻿Federal tax provision at statutory rates |  | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | %
﻿State taxes, net of federal benefit |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.4 |
﻿Differences in foreign tax rates |  | (4.5) |  |  | (4.7) |
﻿Permanent items and other adjustments |  | 0.8 |  |  | 2.0 |
﻿Increase (decrease) in foreign valuation allowance |  | (0.1) |  |  | 1.1 |
﻿Provision for income taxes |  | 31.5 | % |  | 33.8 | %
﻿ For the three months ended November 30, 2016, the effective tax rate was 31.5%. The decrease in the effective tax rate versus the prior year was primarily attributable to an intercompany transaction between PriceSmart, Inc. and our Colombian subsidiary in support of PriceSmart’s ongoing market development and growth in Colombia. This intercompany transaction resulted in a favorable impact on the effective tax rate of 1.4% due to reductions to taxable income in the U.S. and a resulting increase in taxable income in our Colombia subsidiary. This income did not generate income tax expense in Colombia because the additional taxable income in Colombia was fully offset by the reversal of valuation allowances on accumulated net losses in that subsidiary. We expect a similar favorable impact to the consolidated Company’s effective tax rate over the next several quarters. Additionally, in comparison to the prior year, there was a favorable impact of 0.6% resulting from improved financial results in the Company’s Colombia subsidiary for which no resulting change in tax expense was recognized, net of adjustment to valuation allowance. Recent Accounting Pronouncements ﻿ FASB ASC 230 ASU 2016-18- Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)—Restricted Cash ﻿ In November 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)—Restricted Cash. This ASU addresses the diversity in practice that exists regarding the classification and the presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. ﻿ The amendments in ASU No. 2016-18 require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Thus, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and the end-of-period total amounts set forth on the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years and will be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The Company will evaluate the impact adoption of this guidance may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. ﻿ FASB ASC 740 ASU 2016-16- Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory ﻿ In October 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. Currently, U.S. GAAP prohibits recognizing current and deferred income tax consequences for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to an outside party. ASU 2016-16 states that an entity should recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. ﻿ The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company will evaluate the impact adoption of this guidance may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. ﻿ FASB ASC 230 ASU 2016-15- Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)—Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force) ﻿ In August 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This ASU addresses stakeholders’ concerns regarding diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows under Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows, and other Topics. In particular, ASU No. 2016-15 addresses eight specific cash flow issues in an effort to reduce this diversity in practice: (1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; (2) settlement of zero-coupon bonds; (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; (5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; (6) distributions received from equity method investees; (7) beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. ﻿ The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. If it is impracticable to apply the amendments retrospectively for some of the issues, the amendments for those issues would be applied prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. The Company will evaluate the impact adoption of this guidance may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. ﻿ ﻿ FASB ASC 718 ASU 2016-09 - Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ﻿ In March, 2016, the FASB issued amendments to the guidance on employee share-based payment accounting intended to improve the accounting for employee share-based payments. This ASU simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including: ﻿
| · |  | The income tax consequences
| · |  | Classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and
| · |  | Classification on the statement of cash flows
﻿ The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. ﻿ Amendments related to the timing of when excess tax benefits are recognized, minimum statutory withholding requirements, forfeitures, and intrinsic value should be applied using a modified retrospective transition method by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the period in which the guidance is adopted. Amendments related to the presentation of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares to meet the minimum statutory withholding requirement should be applied retrospectively. Amendments requiring recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the income statement and the practical expedient for estimating expected term should be applied prospectively. An entity may elect to apply the amendments related to the presentation of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows using either a prospective transition method or a retrospective transition method. ﻿ The Company will evaluate the impact adoption of this guidance may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. ﻿ FASB ASC 405 ASU 2016-04 Liabilities-Extinguishments of Liabilities (Subtopic 405-20): Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Cards ﻿ On March 8, 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-04, Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products, a consensus of the FASB’s Emerging Issues Task Force. The new guidance creates an exception under ASC 405-20, Liabilities – Extinguishments of Liabilities, to derecognize financial liabilities related to certain prepaid stored-value products using a revenue-like breakage model. ﻿ Prepaid stored-value products are products with stored monetary value that can be redeemed for goods, services, and/or cash (e.g., gift cards). The issuers frequently experience breakage whereby consumers do not redeem the entire balance of their prepaid stored-value cards. ﻿ The new guidance requires issuers that record financial liabilities related to prepaid stored-value products to follow the same breakage model required by ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers for non-financial liabilities. If an entity expects to be entitled to a breakage amount for a liability resulting from the sale of a prepaid stored-value card, the entity shall derecognize the amount related to the expected breakage in proportion to the pattern of rights expected to be exercised by the card holder only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the recognized breakage amount will not subsequently occur. If an entity does not expect to be entitled to a breakage amount for prepaid stored-value cards, the entity shall derecognize the amount related to breakage when the likelihood of the customer exercising its remaining rights becomes remote. ﻿ The amendments in this ASU are effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for public entities for fiscal years and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company will evaluate the impact adoption of this guidance may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. ﻿ ﻿ FASB ASC 842 ASU 2016-02 -Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification ﻿ In February 2016, the FASB issued amendments to the guidance on lease accounting. Under the new guidance, for all leases longer than 12 months, a lessee will be required to record a lease liability for all payments arising from a lease and also record a right of use asset for the term of the lease. Under the new guidance lessor accounting is largely unchanged. ﻿ The amendment in this ASU is effective on a prospective or modified retrospective basis for public entities for fiscal years and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. In transition, lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The modified retrospective approach includes a number of optional practical expedients that entities may elect to apply. These practical expedients relate to the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the effective date, initial direct costs for leases that commenced before the effective date, and the ability to use hindsight in evaluating lessee options to extend or terminate a lease or to purchase the underlying asset. An entity that elects to apply the practical expedients will, in effect, continue to account for leases that commence before the effective date in accordance with previous GAAP unless the lease is modified, except that lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all operating leases at each reporting date based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments that were tracked and disclosed under previous GAAP. ﻿ The Company will evaluate the impact adoption of this guidance may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. ﻿ FASB ASC 740 ASU 2015-17 -Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes ﻿ In November 2015, the FASB issued amended guidance eliminating the requirement for organizations to present deferred tax liabilities and assets as current and noncurrent in a classified balance sheet. Instead, organizations will be required to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. ﻿ The amendment in this ASU is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for public entities for fiscal years and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is allowed. The Company retrospectively adopted this amendment to the guidance during the second quarter of fiscal year 2016, and now presents all deferred taxes as either long-term assets or long-term liabilities. The Company disclosed within its Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for fiscal year 2016 and within the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly periods for fiscal year 2016 the financial impact to the Consolidated Balance Sheet. ﻿ FASB ASC 330 ASU 2015-11 -Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory ﻿ In July 2015, the FASB issued guidance that will require an entity to measure in-scope inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. This amendment applies to entities, like the Company, that measure inventory value using the average cost method. The amendments in this ASU more closely align the measurement of inventory in GAAP with the measurement of inventory in International Financial Reporting Standards. ﻿ The amendment in this ASU is effective on a prospective basis for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company will evaluate the impact adoption of this guidance may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. ﻿ FASB ASC 350 ASU 2015-05 - Customers Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement ﻿ In April 2015, the FASB issued amended guidance on about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. The amendments do not change the accounting for a customer’s accounting for service contracts. ﻿ The amendments in this ASU are effective for public entities for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption was permitted. An entity was able to adopt the amendments either: (1) prospectively to all arrangements entered into or materially modified after the effective date; or (2) retrospectively. The Company adopted this amended guidance as of September 1, 2016. Adoption of this guidance did not generate a change in accounting principle, changes in financial statement line items, or the requirement to prospectively or retrospectively adopt a method of transition. ﻿ FASB ASC 606 ASU 2014-09 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers ﻿ In May 2014, the FASB issued amended guidance on contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets, unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards (e.g., insurance contracts or lease contracts). The guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue on contracts with customers relating to the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance requires that an entity depict the consideration by applying the following steps: ﻿ Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer. Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract. Step 3: Determine the transaction price. Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract. Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. ﻿ The amendments in this ASU were deferred by ASU 2015-14 for all entities by one year and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. This amendment is to be either retrospectively adopted to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying this ASU recognized at the date of initial application. The Company will evaluate the impact adoption of this guidance may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. ﻿

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