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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

​

FORM 10-Q

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(Mark One)

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☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the Quarterly Period Ended

October 31, 2023

​

or

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​ | ​
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT

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For the Transition Period from to

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Commission File Number 001-31756

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(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

​

| ​ |
Delaware |  | 13-1947195
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation) | ​ | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

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One Church Street, Suite 201, Rockville, Maryland 20850

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

​

(301) 315-0027

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

​

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed since Last Report)

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Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer þ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

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| ​ |  | ​ |
Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.15 par value | ​ | AGX | ​ | New York Stock Exchange

​

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the Registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

​

Common stock, $0.15 par value: 13,327,866 shares as of December 1, 2023.

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Three Months Ended | ​ | Nine Months Ended | ​
​ | ​ | October 31, | ​ | October 31, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​
REVENUES | ​ | $ | 163,755 | ​ | $ | 117,875 | ​ | $ | 408,779 | ​ | $ | 336,262 | ​
Cost of revenues | ​ |  | 144,520 | ​ |  | 95,667 | ​ |  | 351,578 | ​ |  | 269,929 | ​
GROSS PROFIT | ​ |  | 19,235 | ​ |  | 22,208 | ​ |  | 57,201 | ​ |  | 66,333 | ​
Selling, general and administrative expenses | ​ |  | 11,375 | ​ |  | 12,667 | ​ |  | 32,467 | ​ |  | 34,226 | ​
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS | ​ |  | 7,860 | ​ |  | 9,541 | ​ |  | 24,734 | ​ |  | 32,107 | ​
Other income, net | ​ |  | 3,733 | ​ |  | 768 | ​ |  | 7,222 | ​ |  | 1,868 | ​
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES | ​ |  | 11,593 | ​ |  | 10,309 | ​ |  | 31,956 | ​ |  | 33,975 | ​
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 6,129 | ​ |  | 2,551 | ​ |  | 11,616 | ​ |  | 14,510 | ​
NET INCOME | ​ |  | 5,464 | ​ |  | 7,758 | ​ |  | 20,340 | ​ |  | 19,465 | ​
Foreign currency translation adjustments | ​ | ​ | (882) | ​ | ​ | (650) | ​ | ​ | (627) | ​ | ​ | (2,601) | ​
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities | ​ | ​ | (427) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,147) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | ​ | $ | 4,155 | ​ | $ | 7,108 | ​ | $ | 18,566 | ​ | $ | 16,864 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
NET INCOME PER SHARE | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic | ​ | $ | 0.41 | ​ | $ | 0.56 | ​ | $ | 1.52 | ​ | $ | 1.36 | ​
Diluted | ​ | $ | 0.40 | ​ | $ | 0.56 | ​ | $ | 1.50 | ​ | $ | 1.36 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic | ​ |  | 13,328 | ​ |  | 13,781 | ​ |  | 13,381 | ​ |  | 14,268 | ​
Diluted | ​ |  | 13,559 | ​ |  | 13,812 | ​ |  | 13,549 | ​ |  | 14,350 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CASH DIVIDENDS PER SHARE | ​ | $ | 0.30 | ​ | $ | 0.25 | ​ | $ | 0.80 | ​ | $ | 0.75 | ​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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2

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | October 31, |  | January 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (Unaudited) | ​ | (Note 1)
ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CURRENT ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 185,569 | ​ | $ | 173,947
Investments | ​ | ​ | 211,946 | ​ | ​ | 151,511
Accounts receivable, net | ​ |  | 49,922 | ​ |  | 50,132
Contract assets | ​ |  | 25,391 | ​ |  | 24,778
Other current assets | ​ |  | 41,243 | ​ |  | 38,334
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS | ​ |  | 514,071 | ​ |  | 438,702
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ |  | 10,786 | ​ |  | 10,430
Goodwill | ​ |  | 28,033 | ​ |  | 28,033
Intangible assets, net | ​ | ​ | 2,315 | ​ | ​ | 2,609
Deferred taxes, net | ​ | ​ | 3,132 | ​ | ​ | 3,689
Right-of-use and other assets | ​ | ​ | 5,315 | ​ | ​ | 6,024
TOTAL ASSETS | ​ | $ | 563,652 | ​ | $ | 489,487
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CURRENT LIABILITIES | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts payable | ​ | $ | 34,532 | ​ | $ | 56,375
Accrued expenses | ​ |  | 83,193 | ​ |  | 49,867
Contract liabilities | ​ |  | 156,169 | ​ |  | 96,261
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES | ​ |  | 273,894 | ​ |  | 202,503
Noncurrent liabilities | ​ | ​ | 4,925 | ​ | ​ | 6,087
TOTAL LIABILITIES | ​ |  | 278,819 | ​ |  | 208,590
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (see Notes 7 and 8) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Preferred stock, par value $0.10 per share – 500,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Common stock, par value $0.15 per share – 30,000,000 shares authorized; 15,828,289 shares issued; 13,332,747 and 13,441,590 shares outstanding at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, respectively | ​ |  | 2,374 | ​ |  | 2,374
Additional paid-in capital | ​ |  | 163,154 | ​ |  | 162,208
Retained earnings | ​ |  | 217,486 | ​ |  | 207,832
Less treasury stock, at cost – 2,495,542 and 2,386,699 shares at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, respectively | ​ | ​ | (93,531) | ​ | ​ | (88,641)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ​ | ​ | (4,650) | ​ | ​ | (2,876)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ​ |  | 284,833 | ​ |  | 280,897
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | ​ | $ | 563,652 | ​ | $ | 489,487

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

​

3

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED OCTOBER 31, 2023 AND 2022

(Dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Outstanding |  | Par |  | Paid-in |  | Retained |  | Treasury |  | Comprehensive |  | Non-controlling |  | Total
​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | Value | ​ | Capital | ​ | Earnings | ​ | Stock | ​ | Loss | ​ | Interest | ​ | Equity
Balances, August 1, 2023 |  | 13,353,653 | ​ | $ | 2,374 | ​ | $ | 162,323 | ​ | $ | 216,009 | ​ | $ | (92,329) | ​ | $ | (3,341) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 285,036
Net income |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,464 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,464
Foreign currency translation loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (882) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (882)
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (427) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (427)
Stock compensation expense | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,198 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,198
Stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements, net of shares withheld for exercise price and withholding taxes |  | 21,747 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (367) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 527 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 160
Common stock repurchases | ​ | (42,653) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,729) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,729)
Cash dividends |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,987) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,987)
Balances, October 31, 2023 |  | 13,332,747 | ​ | $ | 2,374 | ​ | $ | 163,154 | ​ | $ | 217,486 | ​ | $ | (93,531) | ​ | $ | (4,650) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 284,833
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balances, August 1, 2022 | ​ | 13,884,195 | ​ | $ | 2,374 | ​ | $ | 160,229 | ​ | $ | 193,205 | ​ | $ | (73,573) | ​ | $ | (4,402) | ​ | $ | (797) | ​ | $ | 277,036
Net income | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,758 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,758
Foreign currency translation loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (650) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (650)
Stock compensation expense | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,076 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,076
Common stock repurchases |  | (308,423) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,084) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,084)
Cash dividends | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,396) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,396)
Balances, October 31, 2022 | ​ | 13,575,772 | ​ | $ | 2,374 | ​ | $ | 161,305 | ​ | $ | 197,567 | ​ | $ | (83,657) | ​ | $ | (5,052) | ​ | $ | (797) | ​ | $ | 271,740
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balances, February 1, 2023 |  | 13,441,590 | ​ | $ | 2,374 | ​ | $ | 162,208 | ​ | $ | 207,832 | ​ | $ | (88,641) | ​ | $ | (2,876) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 280,897
Net income |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,340 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,340
Foreign currency translation loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (627) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (627)
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,147) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,147)
Stock compensation expense | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,416 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,416
Stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements, net of shares withheld for exercise price and withholding taxes |  | 103,598 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,470) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,577 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,107
Common stock repurchases | ​ | (212,441) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (8,467) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (8,467)
Cash dividends |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,686) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,686)
Balances, October 31, 2023 |  | 13,332,747 | ​ | $ | 2,374 | ​ | $ | 163,154 | ​ | $ | 217,486 | ​ | $ | (93,531) | ​ | $ | (4,650) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 284,833
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balances, February 1, 2022 | ​ | 15,257,688 | ​ | $ | 2,368 | ​ | $ | 158,190 | ​ | $ | 188,690 | ​ | $ | (20,405) | ​ | $ | (2,451) | ​ | $ | (797) | ​ | $ | 325,595
Net income | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 19,465 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 19,465
Foreign currency translation loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,601) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,601)
Stock compensation expense | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,055 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,055
Stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements | ​ | 39,099 | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | 60 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 66
Common stock repurchases | ​ | (1,721,015) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (63,252) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (63,252)
Cash dividends | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,588) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,588)
Balances, October 31, 2022 | ​ | 13,575,772 | ​ | $ | 2,374 | ​ | $ | 161,305 | ​ | $ | 197,567 | ​ | $ | (83,657) | ​ | $ | (5,052) | ​ | $ | (797) | ​ | $ | 271,740

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

4

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Nine Months Ended October 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 20,340 | ​ | $ | 19,465
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stock compensation expense | ​ | ​ | 3,416 | ​ | ​ | 3,055
Changes in accrued interest on investments | ​ | ​ | (1,876) | ​ | ​ | (790)
Depreciation | ​ | ​ | 1,524 | ​ | ​ | 2,296
Lease expense | ​ |  | 1,335 | ​ |  | 1,871
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | ​ | ​ | 497 | ​ | ​ | (209)
Amortization of intangible assets | ​ |  | 294 | ​ |  | 611
Equity in loss (income) of solar energy investments | ​ | ​ | 130 | ​ | ​ | (1,112)
Other | ​ |  | 157 | ​ |  | 20
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts receivable | ​ |  | 168 | ​ |  | (10,921)
Contract assets | ​ | ​ | (613) | ​ | ​ | (6,647)
Other assets | ​ |  | (2,977) | ​ |  | 6,184
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | ​ |  | 9,960 | ​ |  | (7,952)
Contract liabilities | ​ | ​ | 59,908 | ​ | ​ | (78,859)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | ​ |  | 92,263 | ​ |  | (72,988)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Purchases of short-term investments | ​ | ​ | (115,000) | ​ | ​ | (249,750)
Maturities of short-term investments | ​ | ​ | 159,750 | ​ | ​ | 190,000
Purchases of available-for-sale securities | ​ | ​ | (104,492) | ​ | ​ | —
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | (2,143) | ​ |  | (2,582)
Net cash used in investing activities | ​ |  | (61,885) | ​ |  | (62,332)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Common stock repurchases | ​ | ​ | (8,467) | ​ | ​ | (63,252)
Payments of cash dividends | ​ |  | (10,686) | ​ |  | (10,588)
Proceeds from share-based award settlements | ​ |  | 1,107 | ​ |  | 66
Net cash used in financing activities | ​ |  | (18,046) | ​ |  | (73,774)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH | ​ | ​ | (710) | ​ | ​ | (5,313)
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | ​ |  | 11,622 | ​ |  | (214,407)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD | ​ | ​ | 173,947 | ​ | ​ | 350,472
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD | ​ | $ | 185,569 | ​ | $ | 136,065
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | ​ | $ | 706 | ​ | $ | 935
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash paid for income taxes | ​ | $ | 7,022 | ​ | $ | 6,310
Cash paid for operating leases | ​ | $ | 1,340 | ​ | $ | 1,869

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

OCTOBER 31, 2023

(Tabular dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

NOTE 1 – DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Description of the Business

Argan, Inc. (“Argan”) conducts operations through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Gemma Power Systems, LLC and affiliates (“GPS”); The Roberts Company, Inc. (“TRC”); Atlantic Projects Company Limited and affiliates (“APC”) and Southern Maryland Cable, Inc. (“SMC”). Argan and these consolidated subsidiaries are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Company.”

Through GPS and APC, the Company provides a full range of engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning, maintenance, project development, and technical consulting services to the power generation market. The customers include primarily independent power producers, public utilities, power plant equipment suppliers and other commercial firms with significant power requirements with customer projects located in the United States (the “U.S.”), the Republic of Ireland (“Ireland”) and the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”). GPS and APC represent the Company’s power industry services reportable segment. Through TRC, the industrial construction services reportable segment provides on-site services that support new plant construction and additions, maintenance turnarounds, shutdowns and emergency mobilizations for industrial operations primarily located in the Southeast region of the U.S. and that may include the fabrication, delivery and installation of steel components such as piping systems and pressure vessels. Through SMC, which conducts business as SMC Infrastructure Solutions, the telecommunications infrastructure services segment provides project management, construction, installation and maintenance services to commercial, local government and federal government customers primarily in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.

Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Argan, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and a variable interest entity (“VIE”) prior to its deconsolidation in the fourth quarter of the year ended January 31, 2023. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In Note 14, the Company has provided certain financial information relating to the operating results and assets of its reportable segments based on the manner in which management disaggregates the Company’s financial reporting for purposes of making internal operating decisions.

The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31 each year. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2023, the condensed consolidated statements of earnings and stockholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2023 has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information not misleading. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto, and the independent registered public accounting firm’s report thereon, that are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, which are of a normal and recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair statement of the financial position of the Company as of October 31, 2023, and its earnings and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year.

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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (“ASU 2023-02”), which provides an election to account for tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, the initial cost of an investment is amortized in proportion to the amount of the tax credits and other tax benefits received and presented net as a component of income tax expense. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company’s investments in energy tax credit structures entered into prior to Fiscal 2023 do not qualify for the proportional amortization method allowed under this guidance.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures introducing key amendments to enhance disclosures in public entities’ reportable segments. Notable changes include the mandatory disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), disclosure of other segment items, and requirements for consistency in reporting measures used by the CODM. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the effects, if any, that the adoption of ASU 2023-07 may have on its financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.

There are no other recently issued accounting pronouncements that have not yet been adopted that the Company considers material to its condensed consolidated financial statements.

Available-For-Sale Securities

At each balance sheet date, available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities are stated at fair value, as presented below, with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Interest income, accretion of discounts, amortization of premiums, and realized gains and losses are included in other income or expense, as applicable, in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of earnings. The Company determines the cost of securities sold based on the specific identification method. The Company determines the appropriate classification of AFS securities based on whether they represent the investment of cash available for current operations, as defined in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 210-10-45-1 and ASC 210-10-45-2. The classification of the AFS securities is reevaluated at each balance sheet date.

The Company evaluates whether a decline in the fair value of AFS securities below amortized cost basis is credit-related or due to other factors. If the Company intends to sell the AFS security or it is more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the AFS security before recovery, impairment is recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security’s amortized cost basis. If a portion of the unrealized loss is credit-related, the impairment is recorded as an allowance on the balance sheet with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Credit recovery is recorded as an adjustment to the allowance and earnings in the period in which credit conditions improve.

Fair Values

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three levels that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Inputs are unobservable inputs based on a company’s own assumptions.

7

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The following table shows the Company’s financial instruments as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023 that are measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | October 31, 2023 | ​ | January 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Level 1 | ​ | Level 2 | ​ | Level 3 | ​ | Level 1 | ​ | Level 2 | ​ | Level 3
​ |  | Inputs |  | Inputs | ​ | Inputs |  | Inputs | ​ | Inputs |  | Inputs
Cash equivalents: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Money market fund | ​ | $ | 127,022 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 68,647 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Available-for-sale securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. Treasury notes | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 94,700 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
U.S. corporate debt security | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,217 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Totals | ​ | $ | 127,022 | ​ | $ | 103,917 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 68,647 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —

​

The carrying value amounts presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets for the Company’s other current assets, including cash, certificates of deposit (“CDs”), accounts receivable and contract assets, and its current liabilities are reasonable estimates of their fair values due to the short-term nature of these items

Treasury Stock

Treasury stock is recorded using the cost method. Incremental direct costs to purchase treasury stock, including excise tax, are included in the cost of the shares acquired. The Company uses the average cost method to account for treasury stock. For shares of treasury stock provided for settlements or sold at a price higher than its cost, the gain is recorded to additional paid-in capital. For shares of treasury stock provided for settlements or sold at a price lower than its cost, the loss is recorded to additional paid-in capital to the extent there are previous net gains included in the account. Any losses in excess of that amount are recorded to retained earnings.

NOTE 2 – REVENUES FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

The Company’s accounting for revenues on contracts with customers is based on a single comprehensive five-step model that requires reporting entities to:

| 1. | Identify the contract,

| 2. | Identify the performance obligations of the contract,

| 3. | Determine the transaction price of the contract,

| 4. | Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations, and

| 5. | Recognize revenue.

The Company focuses on the transfer of the contractor’s control of the goods and/or services to the customer. When a performance obligation is satisfied over time, the related revenues are recognized over time. The Company’s revenues are recognized primarily under various types of long-term construction contracts, including those for which revenues are based on either a fixed-price or a time-and-materials basis, and primarily over time as performance obligations are satisfied due to the continuous transfer of control to the project owner or other customer.

Revenues from fixed-price contracts, including portions of estimated gross profit, are recognized as services are provided, based on costs incurred and estimated total contract costs using the cost-to-cost approach. If, at any time, the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on a contract, the Company will recognize the total loss in the reporting period in which it is identified and the loss amount becomes estimable. Revenues from time-and-materials contracts are recognized when the related services are provided to the customer. For a project being performed by APC to construct a gas-fired power facility in Northern Ireland, an estimated loss at completion of approximately $7.9 million was recognized during the quarter ended October 31, 2023. Accordingly, APC recorded a loss during the three-month period ended October 31, 2023, in the amount of approximately $10.7 million, which includes an unfavorable adjustment of estimated gross profit of approximately $2.8 million recorded in previous periods. For the nine-month period ended October 31, 2023, the recorded loss related to the contract is $11.5 million, which includes an unfavorable adjustment of estimated gross profit recorded in the prior year in the amount of approximately $3.6 million. This project is expected to be completed by APC early next year.

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Predominantly all of the Company’s fixed-price contracts are considered to have a single performance obligation. Although multiple promises to transfer individual goods or services may exist, they are not typically distinct within the context of such contracts because contract promises included therein are interrelated or the contracts require the Company to perform critical integration so that the customer receives a completed project. Warranties provided under the Company’s contracts with customers are assurance-type primarily and are recorded as the corresponding contract work is performed.

The transaction price for a customer contract represents the value of the contract awarded to the Company that is used to determine the amount of revenues recognized as of the balance sheet date. It may reflect amounts of variable consideration which could be either increases or decreases to the transaction price. These adjustments can be made from time-to-time during the period of contract performance as circumstances evolve related to such items as changes in the scope and price of contracts, claims, incentives and liquidated damages.

The Company’s timing of revenue recognition may not be consistent with its rights to bill and collect cash from project owners and other customers. Most contracts require payments as the corresponding work progresses that are determined in the manner described therein. Those rights are generally dependent upon advance billing terms, milestone billings based on the completion of certain phases of work or when services are performed. On most of the Company’s large contracts, milestone billings that occur early in the corresponding contract terms typically are made in advance of certain significant and related costs being incurred. This results in typically larger contract liability balances early in contract lives that decline over the terms of the corresponding contracts. During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no significant unusual or one-time adjustments to contract liabilities.

The balances of the Company’s accounts receivable represent amounts billed to customers that have yet to be collected and represent an unconditional right to receive cash from its customers. Contract assets include amounts that represent the rights to receive payment for goods or services that have been transferred to the customer, with the rights conditional upon something other than the passage of time. Contract liabilities include amounts that reflect obligations to provide goods or services for which payment has been received. The amounts of revenues recognized during the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, that were included in the balances of contract liabilities as of January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were approximately $94.2 million and $127.6 million, respectively. The amounts of revenues recognized during the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 that were included in the balances of contract liabilities as of July 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were approximately $53.8 million and $48.7 million, respectively.

Contract retentions are billed amounts which, pursuant to the terms of the applicable contract, are not paid by customers until a defined phase of a contract or project has been completed and accepted. These retained amounts are reflected in contract assets or contract liabilities depending on the net contract position of the particular contract. Retention amounts and the length of retention periods may vary. Retainage amounts related to active contracts are considered current regardless of the term of the applicable contract; such amounts are generally collected by the completion of the applicable contract. The amounts retained by project owners and other customers under construction contracts at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023 were $19.2 million and $49.1 million, respectively.

Variable Consideration

Amounts for unapproved change orders for which the Company has project-owner directive for additional work or other scope change, but not for the price associated with the corresponding additional effort, are included in the transaction price when it is considered probable that the applicable costs will be recovered through a modification to the contract price. The effects of any revision to a transaction price can be determined at any time and they could be material. The Company also includes in the corresponding transaction price an estimate of the amount that it expects to receive from a claim based on management’s judgment regarding all reasonably available information. Once a final amount has been determined, the transaction price may be revised again to reflect the final resolution. At October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the aggregate amounts of such unapproved change orders included in the transaction prices that were still pending customer approval were $6.7 million and $11.6 million, respectively. Variations related to the Company’s contracts typically represent modifications to the existing contracts and performance obligations and do not represent new performance obligations. Actual costs related to any changes in the scope of the corresponding contract are expensed as they are incurred. Changes to total estimated contract costs and losses, if any, are reflected in operating results for the period in which they are determined.

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The Company’s long-term contracts typically have schedule dates and other performance objectives that if not achieved could subject the Company to liquidated damages. These contract requirements generally relate to specified activities that must be completed by an established date or by the achievement of a specified level of output or efficiency. Each applicable contract defines the conditions under which a project owner may be entitled to any liquidated damages. At the outset of each of the Company’s contracts, the potential amounts of liquidated damages typically are not subtracted from the transaction price as the Company believes that it has included activities in its contract plan, and the associated forecasted contract costs, that will be effective in preventing such damages. Of course, circumstances may change as the Company executes the corresponding contract. The transaction price is reduced by an applicable amount when the Company no longer considers it probable that a future reversal of revenues will not occur when the matter is resolved. The Company considers potential liquidated damages, the costs of other related items and potential mitigating factors in determining the adequacy of its regularly updated estimates of the amounts of gross profit expected to be earned on active projects.

In other cases, the Company may have the grounds to assert liquidated damages against subcontractors, suppliers, project owners or other parties related to a project. Such circumstances may arise when the Company’s activities and progress are adversely affected by delayed or damaged materials, challenges with equipment performance or other events out of the Company’s control where the Company has rights to recourse, typically in the form of liquidated damages. In general, the Company does not adjust the corresponding contract accounting until it is probable that the favorable cost relief will be realized. Such adjustments have been and could be material.

The Company records adjustments to revenues and profits on contracts, including those associated with contract variations and estimated cost changes, using a cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of an adjustment to the amount of revenues recognized to date is recorded in the period that the adjustment is identified. Estimated variable consideration amounts are determined by the Company based primarily on the single most likely amount in the range of possible consideration amounts. Revenues and profits in future periods of contract performance are recognized using the adjusted amounts of transaction price and estimated contract costs.

Remaining Unsatisfied Performance Obligations (“RUPO”)

Substantially all of the Company’s customer contracts include the right for customers to terminate contracts for convenience. The value of future work that the Company is contractually obligated to perform pursuant to active customer contracts should not be included in the disclosure of RUPO when the corresponding contracts include termination for convenience clauses without substantial penalties accruing to the customers upon such terminations. Management assesses whether the nature of the work being performed under contract is largely service-based and repetitive and should be considered a succession of one-month contracts for the duration of the identified term of the contract. These types of arrangements do not qualify as RUPO. Predominantly, the Company’s customers contract with the Company to construct assets, to fabricate materials or to perform emergency maintenance or outage services where management believes substantial penalties or costs would be incurred upon a termination for convenience including the costs of terminating subcontracts, canceling purchase orders and returning or otherwise disposing of delivered materials and equipment. The value of RUPO on customer contracts represents amounts based on contracts or orders received from customers that the Company believes are firm and where the parties are acting in accordance with their respective obligations. The cancellation or termination of contracts for the convenience of customers has not had a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

At October 31, 2023, the Company had RUPO of $0.7 billion. The largest portion of RUPO at any date usually relates to engineering, procurement and construction (“EPC”) service and other construction contracts with typical performance durations of one to three years. However, the length of certain significant construction projects may exceed three years. The Company estimates that approximately 21% of the RUPO amount at October 31, 2023 will be included in the amount of consolidated revenues that will be recognized during the remainder of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2024 (“Fiscal 2024”). Most of the remaining amount of the RUPO amount at October 31, 2023 is expected to be recognized in revenues during the fiscal years ending January 31, 2025 and January 31, 2026.

It is important to note that estimates may be changed in the future and that cancellations, deferrals, or scope adjustments may occur related to work included in the amount of RUPO at October 31, 2023. Accordingly, RUPO may be adjusted to reflect project delays and cancellations, revisions to project scope and cost and foreign currency exchange fluctuations, or

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to revise estimates, as effects become known. Such adjustments to RUPO may materially reduce future revenues below Company estimates.

Disaggregation of Revenues

The following table presents consolidated revenues for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, disaggregated by the geographic area where the corresponding projects were located:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Three Months Ended October 31, |  | ​ | Nine Months Ended October 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022
United States | ​ | $ | 92,066 | ​ | $ | 81,810 | ​ | ​ | $ | 239,866 | ​ | $ | 256,031
Republic of Ireland | ​ |  | 68,359 | ​ |  | 21,833 | ​ | ​ |  | 139,014 | ​ |  | 47,019
United Kingdom | ​ |  | 3,330 | ​ |  | 14,232 | ​ | ​ |  | 29,899 | ​ |  | 33,212
Consolidated Revenues | ​ | $ | 163,755 | ​ | $ | 117,875 | ​ | ​ | $ | 408,779 | ​ | $ | 336,262

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The major portions of the Company’s consolidated revenues are recognized pursuant to fixed-price contracts with most of the remaining portions earned pursuant to time-and-material contracts. Consolidated revenues are disaggregated by reportable segment in Note 14 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 3 – CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. At October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, certain amounts of cash equivalents were invested in a money market fund with net assets invested in high-quality money market instruments, including U.S. Treasury obligations; obligations of U.S. government agencies, authorities, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises; and repurchase agreements secured by U.S. government obligations. Dividend income related to money market investments is recorded when earned. The balances of accrued dividends at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023 were $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

Investments

The Company’s investments consisted of the following as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | October 31, | ​ | January 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2023
Short-term investments | ​ | $ | 108,029 | ​ | $ | 151,511
Available-for-sale securities | ​ | ​ | 103,917 | ​ | ​ | —
Total investments | ​ | $ | 211,946 | ​ | $ | 151,511

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Short-Term Investments

Short-term investments as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023 consisted solely of CDs with weighted average maturities of one year or less purchased from Bank of America, N.A. (the “Bank”). The Company has the intent and ability to hold the CDs until they mature, and they are carried at cost plus accrued interest. Interest income is recorded when earned and is included in other income. At October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the weighted average annual interest rates of the outstanding CDs were 5.4% and 2.5%, respectively. The balances of accrued interest on the CDs at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023 were $3.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

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Available-For-Sale Securities

AFS securities as of October 31, 2023 consisted of U.S. Treasury notes and a U.S. corporate debt security with original maturities of two or three years. The Company’s AFS securities consisted of the following amounts of amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair value by contractual maturity as of October 31, 2023:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | October 31, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Allowance for | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross | ​ | Estimated
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Credit | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Fair
​ |  | Cost |  | Losses |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value
U.S. Treasury notes: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Due in one to two years | ​ | $ | 50,282 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | $ | 357 | ​ | $ | 49,928
Due in two to three years | ​ | ​ | 45,514 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 742 | ​ | ​ | 44,772
U.S. corporate debt security: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Due in two to three years | ​ | ​ | 9,268 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​ | ​ | 9,217
Totals | ​ | $ | 105,064 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | $ | 1,150 | ​ | $ | 103,917

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As of October 31, 2023, interest receivable in the amount of $0.8 million is included in the balance of AFS securities. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, the change in net unrealized holding losses for the Company’s AFS securities reported in other comprehensive income was approximately $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, there were no sales of the Company’s AFS securities, and therefore, there were no amounts of gains or losses reclassified out of other comprehensive income into net income. The Company does not believe the unrealized losses represent credit losses based on the evaluation of evidence as of October 31, 2023, which includes an assessment of whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell or intends to sell the investment before recovery of the investment’s amortized cost basis.

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Concentration Risk

The Company has a substantial portion of its cash on deposit in the U.S. with the Bank or invested in CDs purchased from the Bank. In addition, the Company has cash invested in a money market fund at a separate institution. The Company also maintains certain Euro-based bank accounts in Ireland and certain pound sterling-based bank accounts in the U.K. in support of the operations of APC. As of October 31, 2023, approximately 23% of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were held by financial institutions in Ireland and the U.K. Management does not believe that the combined amount of the CDs and the cash deposited with the Bank, cash invested in the money market fund, and cash balances maintained at financial institutions in Ireland and the U.K., in excess of government-insured levels, represent material risks.

NOTE 4 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

The Company generally extends credit to a customer based on an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition, without requiring tangible collateral. Customer payments on other construction, fabrication and field service contracts are generally due within 30 to 60 days of billing, depending on the negotiated terms of the corresponding contract. Exposure to losses on accounts and notes receivable is expected to differ due to the varying financial condition of each customer. The Company monitors its exposure to credit losses and may establish an allowance for credit losses based on management’s estimate of the loss that is expected to occur over the remaining life of the particular financial asset. The amounts of the provision for credit losses for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were insignificant. The allowance for credit losses at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023 was $1.8 million.

NOTE 5 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS

At both October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the goodwill balances related primarily to the GPS and TRC reporting units, and were $18.5 million and $9.5 million, respectively. Management does not believe that any events or circumstances occurred or arose since January 31, 2023, that required an updated assessment of the goodwill balances of either the GPS or TRC reporting units.

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The Company’s intangible assets, other than goodwill, relate primarily to the industrial construction services segment and consisted of the following as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | October 31, 2023 | ​ | January 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Estimated | ​ | Gross | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Net | ​ | Gross | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Net
​ |  | Useful Life |  | Amounts |  | Amortization |  | Amounts |  | Amounts |  | Amortization |  | Amounts
Trade names | ​ | 15 years | ​ | $ | 4,499 | ​ | $ | 2,375 | ​ | $ | 2,124 | ​ | $ | 4,499 | ​ | $ | 2,150 | ​ | $ | 2,349
Customer relationships | ​ | 10 years | ​ | ​ | 916 | ​ | ​ | 725 | ​ | ​ | 191 | ​ | ​ | 916 | ​ | ​ | 656 | ​ | ​ | 260
Totals | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 5,415 | ​ | $ | 3,100 | ​ | $ | 2,315 | ​ | $ | 5,415 | ​ | $ | 2,806 | ​ | $ | 2,609

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The future amounts of amortization related to purchased intangibles for each of the five succeeding fiscal years are $0.1 million (November 1, 2023 to January 31, 2024), $0.4 million (year ending January 31, 2025), $0.4 million (year ending January 31, 2026), $0.3 million (year ending January 31, 2027), $0.3 million (year ending January 31, 2028), and $0.8 million (thereafter).

NOTE 6 – FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS

During April 2021, the Company amended its Amended and Restated Replacement Credit Agreement with the Bank (the “Credit Agreement”) which extended the expiration date of the Credit Agreement to May 31, 2024 and reduced the borrowing rate. On March 6, 2023, the Company entered into the Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Second Amendment modified the Credit Amendment, primarily, to replace the interest pricing with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 1.6% and to add SOFR successor rate language. The Credit Agreement, as amended, includes the following features, among others: a lending commitment of $50.0 million including a revolving loan and an accordion feature which allows for an additional commitment amount of $10.0 million, subject to certain conditions. The Company may also use the borrowing ability to cover other credit instruments issued by the Bank for the Company’s use in the ordinary course of business as defined in the Credit Agreement. The Company intends to renew the Credit Agreement prior to its current expiration date.

At October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the Company did not have any borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. However, the Bank has issued letters of credit in the total outstanding amount of $13.2 million at October 31, 2023, in support of the activities of APC under existing customer contracts. The comparable outstanding total amount of letters of credit at January 31, 2023 was $8.8 million.

The Company has pledged the majority of its assets to secure its financing arrangements. The Bank’s consent is not required for acquisitions, divestitures, cash dividends or significant investments as long as certain conditions are met. The Credit Agreement requires that the Company comply with certain financial covenants at its fiscal year-end and at each fiscal quarter-end. The Credit Agreement, as amended, includes other terms, covenants and events of default that are customary for a credit facility of its size and nature, including a requirement to achieve positive adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as defined, over each rolling twelve-month measurement period. As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the covenants of the Credit Agreement, as amended.

NOTE 7 – COMMITMENTS

Leases

The Company’s leases are primarily operating leases that cover office space, expiring on various dates through December 2031, and certain equipment used by the Company in the performance of its construction services contracts. Some of these equipment leases may be embedded in broader agreements with subcontractors or construction equipment suppliers. The Company has no material finance leases. None of the operating leases includes significant amounts for incentives, rent holidays or price escalations. Under certain leases, the Company is obligated to pay property taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs. For leases that contain both lease and non-lease components, fixed and variable payments are allocated to each component relative to observable or estimated standalone prices.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and associated lease liabilities are recorded in the balance sheet at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future minimum lease payments to be made over the expected lease

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term. As the implicit rate is not determinable in most of the Company’s leases, management uses the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The expected lease term includes any option to extend or to terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise such option. Right-of-use assets at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, were $4.1 million and $4.8 million, respectively.

Operating lease expense amounts are recorded on a straight-line basis over the expected lease terms. Operating lease expenses for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 were $0.5 million and $1.3 million, respectively, and they were $0.6 million and $1.9 million for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022, respectively.

The following is a schedule of future minimum lease payments for the operating leases that were recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2023:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Years Ending January 31,
2024 (remainder) |  | $ | 436
2025 | ​ | ​ | 1,466
2026 | ​ | ​ | 1,194
2027 | ​ | ​ | 276
2028 | ​ | ​ | 221
Thereafter | ​ | ​ | 818
Total lease payments | ​ | ​ | 4,411
Less imputed interest | ​ | ​ | 254
Present value of lease payments | ​ | ​ | 4,157
Less current portion (included in accrued expenses) | ​ | ​ | 1,447
Noncurrent portion (included in noncurrent liabilities) | ​ | $ | 2,710

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For operating leases as of October 31, 2023, the weighted average lease term and weighted average discount rate were 53 months and 3.8%, respectively. For operating leases as of January 31, 2023, the weighted average lease term and weighted average discount rate were 58 months and 3.7%, respectively.

The Company also uses equipment and occupies other facilities under short-term rental agreements. The Company classifies as short-term leases any lease with an initial noncancellable term of twelve months or less that does not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Rent expense amounts incurred under short-term rentals during the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 were $3.4 million and $10.1 million, respectively, and they were $3.5 million and $8.8 million for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022, respectively. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to short-term leases are excluded from the consolidated balance sheets.

Performance Bonds and Guarantees

In the normal course of business and for certain major projects, the Company may be required to obtain surety or performance bonding, to cause the issuance of letters of credit, or to provide parent company guarantees (or some combination thereof) in order to provide performance assurances to clients on behalf of its contractor subsidiaries. As these subsidiaries are wholly-owned, any actual liability is ordinarily reflected in the financial statement account balances determined pursuant to the Company’s accounting for contracts with customers. When sufficient information about claims on guaranteed or bonded projects would be available and monetary damages or other costs or losses would be determined to be probable, the Company would record such losses. Any such amounts that may be required to be paid in excess of the estimated costs to complete contracts in progress as of October 31, 2023 are not estimable.

As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the estimated amounts of the Company’s unsatisfied bonded performance obligations, covering all of its subsidiaries, were approximately $0.5 billion and $0.6 billion, respectively. As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the outstanding amount of bonds covering other risks, including warranty obligations related to completed activities, was not material. Not all of our projects require bonding. The Company also provided a financial guarantee, subject to certain terms and conditions, in the amount of $3.6 million in support of business

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development efforts. A liability was established for the estimated loss related to this guarantee during the year ended January 31, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”).

Warranties

The Company generally provides assurance-type warranties for work performed under its construction contracts. The warranties cover defects in equipment, materials, design or workmanship, and most warranty periods typically run from nine to twenty-four months after the completion of construction on a particular project. Because of the nature of the Company’s projects, including project owner inspections of the work both during construction and prior to substantial completion, the Company has not experienced material unexpected warranty costs in the past. Warranty costs are estimated based on experience with the type of work and any known risks relative to each completed project. The accruals of liabilities, which are established to cover estimated future warranty costs, are recorded as the contracted work is performed, and they are included in the amounts of accrued expenses in the condensed consolidated balances sheets. The liability amounts may be periodically adjusted to reflect changes in the estimated size and number of expected warranty claims.

NOTE 8 – LEGAL CONTINGENCIES

In the normal course of business, the Company may have pending claims and legal proceedings. In the opinion of management, based on information available at this time, there are no current claims and proceedings that are expected to have a material adverse effect on the condensed consolidated financial statements as of October 31, 2023.

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NOTE 9 – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

On June 23, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2020 Stock Plan (the “2020 Plan”), and the allocation of 500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance thereunder. On June 20, 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved an allocation of an additional 500,000 shares for issuance under the 2020 Plan. The Company’s board of directors may make share-based awards under the 2020 Plan to officers, directors and key employees. The 2020 Plan replaced the 2011 Stock Plan (the “2011 Plan”); the Company’s authority to make awards pursuant to the 2011 Plan expired on July 19, 2021. Together, the 2020 Plan and the 2011 Plan are hereinafter referred to as the “Stock Plans.”

The features of the 2020 Plan are similar to those included in the 2011 Plan. Awards may include nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, and restricted or unrestricted stock. The specific provisions for each award are documented in a written agreement between the Company and the awardee. All stock options awarded under the Stock Plans have exercise prices per share at least equal to the market value per share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Stock options have terms no longer than ten years. Typically, stock options are awarded with one-third of each stock option vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the corresponding award date.

As of October 31, 2023, there were 2,259,896 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Stock Plans; this number includes 578,587 shares of common stock available for future awards under the 2020 Plan.

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity under the Stock Plans for the nine months ended October 31, 2023, along with corresponding weighted average per share amounts, is presented below (shares in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | Weighted
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average | ​ | Average
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | Remaining | ​ | Grant Date
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average Exercise | ​ | Contractual | ​ | Fair Value
​ |  | Shares |  | Price Per Share |  | Term (years) |  | Per Share
Outstanding, February 1, 2023 |  | 1,440 | ​ | $ | 43.84 |  | 5.46 | ​ | $ | 10.11
Granted | ​ | 10 | ​ | $ | 39.47 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Exercised | ​ | (91) | ​ | $ | 27.24 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Forfeited | ​ | (1) | ​ | $ | 33.81 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, October 31, 2023 | ​ | 1,358 | ​ | $ | 44.93 |  | 4.89 | ​ | $ | 10.42
Exercisable, October 31, 2023 |  | 1,230 | ​ | $ | 45.45 | ​ | 4.53 | ​ | $ | 10.70
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, October 31, 2022 | ​ | 1,405 | ​ | $ | 44.04 |  | 5.61 | ​ | $ | 10.17
Exercisable, October 31, 2022 |  | 1,188 | ​ | $ | 44.76 |  | 5.11 | ​ | $ | 10.69

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The changes in the number of non-vested options to purchase shares of common stock for the nine months ended October 31, 2023, and the weighted average fair value per share for each number, are presented below (shares in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ | Weighted
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Grant Date
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Fair Value
​ | ​ | Shares |  | Per Share
Non-vested, February 1, 2023 |  | 194 | ​ | $ | 7.27
Granted |  | 10 | ​ | $ | 8.12
Vested |  | (75) | ​ | $ | 6.62
Forfeitures | ​ | (1) | ​ | $ | 5.68
Non-vested, October 31, 2023 |  | 128 | ​ | $ | 7.72
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-vested, October 31, 2022 |  | 217 | ​ | $ | 7.33

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The total intrinsic value amount related to the stock options exercised during the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was $1.5 million. The total intrinsic value amount related to the stock options exercised during the nine months ended October 31, 2022 was not significant. The aggregate market value amounts of the shares of common stock subject to outstanding stock options and exercisable stock options where the options were “in-the-money” exceeded the aggregate exercise prices of such options at October 31, 2023 by $6.8 million and $5.9 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

The Company awards restricted stock units to senior executives, certain other key employees and members of the Company’s board of directors. Awardees earn the right to receive shares of common stock as certain performance goals are achieved and/or service periods are satisfied. Each restricted stock unit expires on the three-year anniversary of the award.

During the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company awarded total stock return performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) covering a target of 6,000 shares of common stock, earnings per share performance-based restricted stock units (“EPRSUs”) covering a target of 15,000 shares of common stock, renewable energy performance-based restricted stock units (“RPRSUs”) covering a target of 7,500 shares of common stock, time-based restricted stock units (“TRSUs”) covering 52,800 shares of common stock, and 1,492 shares based on the amount of cash dividends deemed paid on shares earned pursuant to the awards. During the nine months ended October 31, 2022, the Company awarded PRSUs covering a target of 26,000 shares of common stock, RPRSUs covering a target of 7,500 shares of common stock and TRSUs covering 72,500 shares of common stock.

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The changes in the maximum number of shares of common stock issuable pursuant to outstanding restricted stock units for the nine months ended October 31, 2023, and the weighted average fair value per share for each restricted stock unit, are presented below (shares in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | Weighted
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Grant Date
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Fair Value
​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | Per Share
Outstanding, February 1, 2023 |  | 310 | ​ | $ | 30.80
Awarded |  | 104 | ​ | $ | 31.68
Issued | ​ | (42) | ​ | $ | 43.80
Forfeited | ​ | (49) | ​ | $ | 15.57
Outstanding, October 31, 2023 |  | 323 | ​ | $ | 30.59
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, October 31, 2022 |  | 298 | ​ | $ | 29.42

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Fair Value

The fair value amounts of stock options and restricted stock units are recorded as stock compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the terms of the corresponding awards. Expense amounts related to stock awards were $1.2 million and $1.1 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Expense amounts related to stock awards were $3.4 million and $3.1 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At October 31, 2023, there was $6.4 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock awards that the Company expects to expense over the next three years.

The Company estimates the weighted average fair value of stock options on the date of award using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company believes that its past stock option exercise activity is sufficient to provide it with a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected life of newly awarded stock options. Risk-free interest rates are determined by blending the rates for three-to-five year U.S. Treasury notes. The dividend yield is based on the Company’s current annual regular dividend amount. The calculations of the expected volatility factors are based on the monthly closing prices of the Company’s common stock for the five-year periods preceding the dates of the corresponding awards.

The fair value amounts for the PRSUs have been determined by using the per share market price of the common stock on the dates of award and, by assigning equal probabilities to the thirteen possible payout outcomes at the end of each three-year term, and by computing the weighted average of the outcome amounts. For each award, the estimated fair value amount was calculated to be 88.5% of the aggregate market value of the target number (which is 50% of the maximum number) of shares on the award date. For the EPRSUs and RPRSUs, the fair value of each award equals the aggregate market price for the number of shares that, as of the award date, are probable of vesting based on the performance conditions. For the TRSUs, the fair value of each award equals the aggregate market price for the number of shares covered by each award on the date of award.

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NOTE 10 – INCOME TAXES

Income Tax Expense Reconciliations

The Company’s income tax amounts for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 differed from corresponding amounts computed by applying the federal corporate income tax rate of 21% to the income before income taxes for the periods as presented below:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Nine Months Ended October 31, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​
Computed expected income tax expense | ​ | $ | 6,711 | ​ | $ | 7,135 | ​
Difference resulting from: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrecognized tax loss benefit | ​ | ​ | 3,255 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
State income taxes, net of federal tax effect | ​ |  | 2,023 | ​ |  | 486 | ​
Foreign tax rate differential | ​ | ​ | (1,699) | ​ | ​ | (194) | ​
Excess executive compensation | ​ | ​ | 672 | ​ | ​ | 757 | ​
Meals and entertainment expense | ​ | ​ | 385 | ​ | ​ | 48 | ​
Research and development credits adjustment | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,181 | ​
Other permanent differences and adjustments, net | ​ | ​ | 269 | ​ | ​ | 97 | ​
Income tax expense | ​ | $ | 11,616 | ​ | $ | 14,510 | ​

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Foreign income tax expense for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was $3.0 million. Foreign income tax expense for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 was not material.

Net Operating Loss (“NOL”) Carryback

In an effort to combat the adverse economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, the U.S. Congress passed the Coronavirus, Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) that was signed into law on March 27, 2020. This wide-ranging legislation was an emergency economic stimulus package that included spending and tax breaks aimed at strengthening the U.S. economy and funding a nationwide effort to curtail the effects of the outbreak of COVID-19.

The tax changes of the CARES Act included a temporary suspension of the limitations on the future utilization of certain NOLs and re-established a carryback period for certain losses to five years. The NOLs eligible for carryback under the CARES Act include the Company’s domestic NOL for the year ended January 31, 2020, which was approximately $39.5 million. The Company made the appropriate filing with the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) requesting carryback refunds of income taxes paid for the years ended January 31, 2016 (“Fiscal 2016”) and 2015 (“Fiscal 2015”) in the total amount of approximately $12.7 million during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 (“Fiscal 2021”). At the instruction of the IRS, amended income tax returns for Fiscal 2016 and Fiscal 2015 were filed during the second quarter of the current fiscal year; the IRS has not completed the review and approval of the Company’s amended tax returns and refund request.

Research and Development Tax Credits

During Fiscal 2022, the Company completed a detailed review of the activities of its engineering staff on major EPC services projects in order to identify and quantify the amounts of research tax credits that may have been available to reduce federal income taxes for Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021. As a result, the Company filed amended federal income tax returns for those years including research and development tax credits in the total amount of $5.8 million, which was netted with a provision for uncertain tax return positions in the amount of $2.4 million, and recorded as a reduction of income tax expense in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2023. In May 2023, the Company received notification that its amended federal income tax returns for Fiscal 2021 and Fiscal 2022 were selected for examination. At October 31, 2023, the examination was in its early stages.

Income Tax Refunds

As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the balances of other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet included income tax refunds receivable and prepaid income taxes in the total amounts of approximately $16.6 million and $15.3 million, respectively. The income tax refunds included the amount expected to be received from the IRS upon

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its review and approval of the Company’s NOL carryback refund request and the completion of its examination of the amended tax returns for Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021 as described above.

Income Tax Returns

The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes in the U.S., and income taxes in Ireland and the U.K. Tax treatments within each jurisdiction are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations which require significant judgments to apply. The Company is no longer subject to income tax examinations by authorities for its fiscal years ended on or before January 31, 2019, except for several notable exceptions including Ireland, the U.K. and several states where the open periods are one year longer.

Solar Energy Projects

The Company has invested in limited liability companies that make equity investments in solar energy projects that are eligible to receive energy tax credits. The passive investments have been accounted for using the equity method; the balances are included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Each tax credit, when recognized, is recorded as a reduction of the corresponding investment balance with an offsetting reduction in the balance of accrued taxes payable in accordance with the deferral method. At October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the investment account balances were $1.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively. These investments are expected to provide positive overall returns over their six-year expected lives. As of October 31, 2023, the Company had no remaining cash investment commitments related to these projects.

During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, the investment balance was adjusted to reflect the Company’s share of the losses of the investment entities in the amounts of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022, the investment balance was adjusted to reflect the Company’s share of the income of the investment entities in the amounts of approximately $0.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively. These net amounts have been included as other loss or income in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of earnings for the corresponding periods.

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NOTE 11 – NET INCOME PER SHARE

Basic and diluted net income per share amounts are computed as follows (shares in thousands except in the notes):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended October 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income | ​ | $ | 5,464 | ​ | $ | 7,758
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – basic | ​ | ​ | 13,328 | ​ | ​ | 13,781
Effect of stock awards (1) | ​ | ​ | 231 | ​ | ​ | 31
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – diluted | ​ | ​ | 13,559 | ​ | ​ | 13,812
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income per share | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic | ​ | $ | 0.41 | ​ | $ | 0.56
Diluted | ​ | $ | 0.40 | ​ | $ | 0.56

| (1) | For the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average numbers of shares determined on a dilutive basis exclude the effects of antidilutive stock options and restricted stock units covering an aggregate of 690,167 and 1,146,834 shares of common stock, respectively. |

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended October 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income | ​ | $ | 20,340 | ​ | $ | 19,465
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – basic | ​ | ​ | 13,381 | ​ | ​ | 14,268
Effect of stock awards (1) | ​ | ​ | 168 | ​ | ​ | 82
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – diluted | ​ | ​ | 13,549 | ​ | ​ | 14,350
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income per share | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic | ​ | $ | 1.52 | ​ | $ | 1.36
Diluted | ​ | $ | 1.50 | ​ | $ | 1.36

| (1) | For the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average numbers of shares determined on a dilutive basis exclude the effects of antidilutive stock options and restricted stock units covering an aggregate of 881,056 and 1,103,334 shares of common stock, respectively. |

NOTE 12 – CASH DIVIDENDS AND COMMON STOCK REPURCHASES

On September 19, 2023, Argan’s board of directors increased the Company’s quarterly cash dividend by 20% from $0.25 to $0.30 per share of common stock, which was paid on October 31, 2023 to stockholders of record at the close of business on October 23, 2023. The Company also made regular quarterly cash dividend payments in the amount of $0.25 per share of common stock in July 2023 and April 2023. During the nine months ended October 31, 2022, the board of directors declared three regular quarterly cash dividends, each in the amount of $0.25 per share of common stock, which were paid to stockholders in October 2022, July 2022 and April 2022.

Pursuant to its established program and authorizations provided by Argan’s board of directors, the Company repurchased shares of its common stock during the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 and added the shares to treasury stock. During these periods, the Company repurchased 212,441 shares and 1,721,015 shares of common stock, all on the open market, for aggregate prices of approximately $8.4 million, or $39.67 per share, and $63.3 million, or $36.75 per share, respectively. For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company accepted 29,058 shares of common stock at the average price per share of $47.16 for the exercise price and/or tax withholding in connection with stock option exercises and other share-based award settlements. For the nine months ended October 31, 2022, the Company did not accept any shares of common stock for such transactions.

For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company used 132,656 shares of treasury stock to settle stock option exercises and other share-based awards. For the nine months ended October 31, 2022, no shares of treasury stock were used to settle such transactions.

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”) was signed into law, which introduced a 1% excise tax on the value of shares repurchased after December 31, 2022. For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the excise tax was not material.

NOTE 13 – CUSTOMER CONCENTRATIONS

The majority of the Company’s consolidated revenues relate to performance by the power industry services segment which provided 74% and 77% of consolidated revenues for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 73% and 76% of consolidated revenues for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The industrial construction services segment represented 23% and 19% of consolidated revenues for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 25% and 20% of consolidated revenues for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company’s most significant customer relationships for the three months ended October 31, 2023 included three power industry service customers, which accounted for 23%, 20%, and 17% of consolidated revenues. The Company’s most significant customer relationships for the three months ended October 31, 2022 included four power industry service customers, which accounted for 33%, 12%, 12% and 12% of consolidated revenues. The Company’s most significant customer relationships for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 included three power industry service customers, which

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accounted for 19%, 17% and 14% of consolidated revenues. The Company’s most significant customer relationship for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 included one power industry service customer, which accounted for 42% of consolidated revenues.

The accounts receivable balances from two major customers represented 42% and 14% of the corresponding consolidated balance as of October 31, 2023. Accounts receivable balances from three major customers represented 36%, 12% and 12% of the corresponding consolidated balance as of January 31, 2023. The contract asset balances associated with two major customers represented 30% and 14% of the corresponding consolidated balance as of October 31, 2023. The contract asset balance associated with one major customer represented 70% of the corresponding consolidated balance as of January 31, 2023.

NOTE 14 – SEGMENT REPORTING

Segments represent components of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, in determining how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s reportable segments recognize revenues and incur expenses, are organized in separate business units with different management teams, customers, talents and services, and may include more than one operating segment.

Intersegment revenues and the related cost of revenues are netted against the corresponding amounts of the segment receiving the intersegment services. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, intersegment revenues were not material.

Summarized below are certain operating results and financial position data of the Company’s reportable business segments for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022. The “Other” column in each summary includes the Company’s corporate expenses.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Three Months Ended | ​ | Power | ​ | Industrial | ​ | Telecom | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
October 31, 2023 |  | Services |  | Services |  | Services |  | Other |  | Totals
Revenues | ​ | $ | 121,300 | ​ | $ | 38,434 | ​ | $ | 4,021 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 163,755
Cost of revenues | ​ |  | 107,781 | ​ |  | 33,899 | ​ |  | 2,840 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 144,520
Gross profit | ​ |  | 13,519 | ​ |  | 4,535 | ​ |  | 1,181 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 19,235
Selling, general and administrative expenses | ​ | ​ | 6,390 | ​ | ​ | 1,626 | ​ | ​ | 608 | ​ | ​ | 2,751 | ​ | ​ | 11,375
Income (loss) from operations | ​ | ​ | 7,129 | ​ | ​ | 2,909 | ​ | ​ | 573 | ​ | ​ | (2,751) | ​ | ​ | 7,860
Other income, net | ​ |  | 3,391 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 342 | ​ |  | 3,733
Income (loss) before income taxes | ​ | $ | 10,520 | ​ | $ | 2,909 | ​ | $ | 573 | ​ | $ | (2,409) | ​ |  | 11,593
Income tax expense | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 6,129
Net income | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 5,464
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of intangibles | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 98 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 98
Depreciation | ​ | ​ | 137 | ​ | ​ | 249 | ​ | ​ | 102 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 489
Property, plant and equipment additions | ​ | ​ | 583 | ​ | ​ | 497 | ​ | ​ | 31 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 1,112
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current assets | ​ | $ | 399,489 | ​ | $ | 39,843 | ​ | $ | 3,701 | ​ | $ | 71,038 | ​ | $ | 514,071
Current liabilities | ​ | ​ | 244,662 | ​ | ​ | 25,839 | ​ | ​ | 1,801 | ​ | ​ | 1,592 | ​ | ​ | 273,894
Goodwill | ​ | ​ | 18,476 | ​ | ​ | 9,467 | ​ | ​ | 90 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 28,033
Total assets | ​ | ​ | 426,466 | ​ | ​ | 57,112 | ​ | ​ | 6,519 | ​ | ​ | 73,555 | ​ | ​ | 563,652

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Three Months Ended | ​ | Power | ​ | Industrial | ​ | Telecom | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
October 31, 2022 |  | Services |  | Services |  | Services |  | Other |  | Totals
Revenues | ​ | $ | 90,682 | ​ | $ | 22,137 | ​ | $ | 5,056 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 117,875
Cost of revenues | ​ |  | 72,725 | ​ |  | 18,737 | ​ |  | 4,205 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 95,667
Gross profit | ​ |  | 17,957 | ​ |  | 3,400 | ​ |  | 851 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 22,208
Selling, general and administrative expenses | ​ |  | 6,745 | ​ | ​ | 1,823 | ​ | ​ | 796 | ​ | ​ | 3,303 | ​ |  | 12,667
Income (loss) from operations | ​ | ​ | 11,212 | ​ | ​ | 1,577 | ​ | ​ | 55 | ​ | ​ | (3,303) | ​ | ​ | 9,541
Other income, net | ​ |  | 592 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 176 | ​ |  | 768
Income (loss) before income taxes | ​ | $ | 11,804 | ​ | $ | 1,577 | ​ | $ | 55 | ​ | $ | (3,127) | ​ |  | 10,309
Income tax expense | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 2,551
Net income | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 7,758
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of intangibles | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 166 | ​ | $ | 46 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 212
Depreciation | ​ | ​ | 142 | ​ | ​ | 501 | ​ | ​ | 96 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 740
Property, plant and equipment additions | ​ | ​ | 774 | ​ | ​ | 928 | ​ | ​ | 238 | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | 1,944
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current assets | ​ | $ | 237,575 | ​ | $ | 31,355 | ​ | $ | 4,076 | ​ | $ | 91,959 | ​ | $ | 364,965
Current liabilities | ​ | ​ | 110,383 | ​ | ​ | 21,560 | ​ | ​ | 1,420 | ​ | ​ | 1,179 | ​ | ​ | 134,542
Goodwill | ​ | ​ | 18,476 | ​ | ​ | 9,467 | ​ | ​ | 90 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 28,033
Total assets | ​ | ​ | 261,994 | ​ | ​ | 48,766 | ​ | ​ | 7,434 | ​ | ​ | 92,709 | ​ | ​ | 410,903

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Nine Months Ended | ​ | Power | ​ | Industrial | ​ | Telecom | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
October 31, 2023 |  | Services |  | Services |  | Services |  | Other |  | Totals
Revenues | ​ | $ | 296,821 | ​ | $ | 101,497 | ​ | $ | 10,461 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 408,779
Cost of revenues | ​ |  | 255,210 | ​ |  | 88,537 | ​ |  | 7,831 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 351,578
Gross profit | ​ |  | 41,611 | ​ |  | 12,960 | ​ |  | 2,630 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 57,201
Selling, general and administrative expenses | ​ |  | 17,700 | ​ | ​ | 4,532 | ​ | ​ | 2,038 | ​ | ​ | 8,197 | ​ | ​ | 32,467
Income (loss) from operations | ​ | ​ | 23,911 | ​ | ​ | 8,428 | ​ | ​ | 592 | ​ | ​ | (8,197) | ​ | ​ | 24,734
Other income (loss), net | ​ |  | 9,088 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (1,863) | ​ |  | 7,222
Income (loss) before income taxes | ​ | $ | 32,999 | ​ | $ | 8,428 | ​ | $ | 589 | ​ | $ | (10,060) | ​ |  | 31,956
Income tax expense | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 11,616
Net income | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 20,340
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of intangibles | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 294 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 294
Depreciation | ​ | ​ | 393 | ​ | ​ | 813 | ​ | ​ | 315 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 1,524
Property, plant and equipment additions | ​ | ​ | 1,120 | ​ | ​ | 973 | ​ | ​ | 49 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 2,143

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Nine Months Ended | ​ | Power | ​ | Industrial | ​ | Telecom | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
October 31, 2022 |  | Services |  | Services |  | Services |  | Other |  | Totals
Revenues | ​ | $ | 255,958 | ​ | $ | 67,660 | ​ | $ | 12,644 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 336,262
Cost of revenues | ​ |  | 202,985 | ​ |  | 56,968 | ​ |  | 9,976 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 269,929
Gross profit | ​ |  | 52,973 | ​ |  | 10,692 | ​ |  | 2,668 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 66,333
Selling, general and administrative expenses | ​ |  | 18,418 | ​ | ​ | 5,267 | ​ | ​ | 2,369 | ​ | ​ | 8,172 | ​ | ​ | 34,226
Income (loss) from operations | ​ | ​ | 34,555 | ​ | ​ | 5,425 | ​ | ​ | 299 | ​ | ​ | (8,172) | ​ | ​ | 32,107
Other income, net | ​ |  | 1,613 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 254 | ​ |  | 1,868
Income (loss) before income taxes | ​ | $ | 36,168 | ​ | $ | 5,425 | ​ | $ | 300 | ​ | $ | (7,918) | ​ |  | 33,975
Income tax expense | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 14,510
Net income | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 19,465
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of intangibles | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 497 | ​ | $ | 114 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 611
Depreciation | ​ | ​ | 422 | ​ | ​ | 1,553 | ​ | ​ | 318 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 2,296
Property, plant and equipment additions | ​ | ​ | 868 | ​ | ​ | 1,415 | ​ | ​ | 295 | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | 2,582

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NOTE 15 — SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION

Balance Sheet

Other current assets consisted of the following at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | October 31, | ​ | January 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2023
Income tax refunds receivable and prepaid income taxes | ​ | $ | 16,550 | ​ | $ | 15,327
Raw materials inventory | ​ | ​ | 12,449 | ​ | ​ | 11,903
Prepaid expenses | ​ |  | 6,106 | ​ |  | 4,541
Other | ​ | ​ | 6,138 | ​ | ​ | 6,563
Total other current assets | ​ | $ | 41,243 | ​ | $ | 38,334

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Accrued expenses consisted of the following at October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | October 31, | ​ | January 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2023
Accrued project costs | ​ | $ | 52,719 | ​ | $ | 17,448
Accrued compensation | ​ | ​ | 17,921 | ​ | ​ | 18,286
Lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 1,447 | ​ | ​ | 1,567
Other | ​ | ​ | 11,106 | ​ | ​ | 12,566
Total accrued expenses | ​ | $ | 83,193 | ​ | $ | 49,867

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Other Loss

On March 7, 2023, the Company determined that it had been a victim of a complex criminal scheme, which resulted in fraudulently-induced outbound wire transfers to a third-party account. The Company retained specialized legal counsel and a cybersecurity services firm to assist in an independent forensic investigation of the incident and the efforts to recover the funds. The Company continues to pursue efforts to recover additional funds. The total amount of the fraud loss and the professional fees, net with funds recovered, of approximately $2.8 million is reflected in other income, net, as a loss in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings for the nine months ended October 31, 2023.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion summarizes the financial position of Argan, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of October 31, 2023, and the results of their operations for the three and nine month periods ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, and should be read

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in conjunction with (i) the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and (ii) the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for Fiscal 2023 that was filed with the SEC on April 17, 2023 (the “Annual Report”).

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for certain forward-looking statements. We have made statements in this Item 2 and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that may constitute “forward-looking statements.” The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “foresee,” “should,” “would,” “could,” or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Our forward-looking statements, financial position and results of operations, are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we anticipate. All comments concerning our expectations for future revenues and operating results are based on our forecasts for existing operations and do not include the potential impact of any future acquisitions.

Our forward-looking statements, by their nature, involve significant risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and assumptions. They are subject to change based upon various factors including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Business Description

The Company is primarily a construction firm that conducts operations through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, GPS, APC, TRC and SMC. Through GPS and APC, we provide a full range of engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning, maintenance, project development and technical consulting services to the power generation market, including the renewable energy sector, for a wide range of customers, including independent power project owners, public utilities, power plant heavy equipment suppliers and other commercial firms with significant power requirements in the U.S., Ireland and the U.K. GPS and APC represent our power industry services reportable segment. Through TRC, the industrial construction services reportable segment provides primarily on-site services that support new plant construction and additions, maintenance turnarounds, shutdowns and emergency mobilizations for industrial plants primarily located in the Southeast region of the U.S. and that may include the fabrication, delivery and installation of steel components such as piping systems and pressure vessels. Through SMC, which conducts business as SMC Infrastructure Solutions, the telecommunications infrastructure services segment provides project management, construction, installation and maintenance services to commercial, local government and federal government customers primarily in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.

We may make additional opportunistic acquisitions and/or investments by identifying companies with significant potential for profitable growth and realizable synergies with one or more of our existing businesses. However, we may have more than one industrial focus depending on the opportunity and/or needs of our customers. Significant acquired companies will be operated in a manner that we believe will best provide long-term and enduring value for our stockholders.

Overview

Operating Results

For the reporting periods ended October 31, 2023 and as described below, we recorded a significant loss related to a construction project in the U.K. Despite the loss, we reported an increase in our pre-tax book income compared to last year. We did not record a tax benefit related to this net operating loss. As a result, we are reporting a reduction in net income between quarters. For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the strength of the operating results reported by all of our business, plus the increase in the returns earned on our invested cash, were sufficient to cause our net income to increase, although slightly, between years.

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Consolidated revenues for the three months ended October 31, 2023 were $163.8 million, which represented an increase of $45.9 million, or 38.9%, from consolidated revenues of $117.9 million reported for the three months ended October 31, 2022. The overall improvement in revenues was due to increases in revenues between quarters for both the power industry and industrial construction services reportable segments.

Consolidated gross profit for the three-month period ended October 31, 2023 was $19.2 million, or approximately 11.7% of the corresponding consolidated revenues, which reflected positive contributions from all three reportable business segments. However, the consolidated gross profit for the quarter was adversely impacted by the recorded loss of $10.7 million related to APC’s construction contract in Northern Ireland. For the three-month period ended October 31, 2022, the consolidated gross profit was $22.2 million, which represented approximately 18.8% of the corresponding amount of consolidated revenues.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were $11.4 million, or 6.9% of corresponding consolidated revenues, and $12.7 million, or 10.7% of corresponding consolidated revenues, respectively.

Other income, net, for the three months ended October 31, 2023 was $3.7 million, which substantially related to income earned during the period on cash, cash equivalents and investments.

For the three months ended October 31, 2023, income tax expense was $6.1 million which represented an effective income tax rate of 52.9%. For the three months ended October 31, 2022, income tax expense was $2.6 million, which represented an effective income tax rate of 24.7% for the period.

Consolidated revenues for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 were $408.8 million, which represented an increase of $72.5 million, or 21.6%, from consolidated revenues of $336.3 million reported for the nine months ended October 31, 2022, with the power industry and industrial construction services reportable segments both contributing to the increase.

Consolidated gross profit for the nine-month period ended October 31, 2023 was $57.2 million, or approximately 14.0% of the corresponding consolidated revenues, which reflected positive contributions from all four of our operating companies, including APC. However, the $11.5 million of loss that was recorded during the nine-month period ended October 31, 2023, related to APC’s contract in Northern Ireland, adversely impacted the consolidated gross profit for the period. For the nine-month period ended October 31, 2022, the consolidated gross profit was $66.3 million, which represented approximately 19.7% of the corresponding amount of consolidated revenues.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were $32.5 million, or 7.9% of corresponding consolidated revenues, and $34.2 million, or 10.2% of corresponding consolidated revenues, respectively.

Other income, net, for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was $7.2 million, which primarily reflected income earned during the period on invested funds, partially offset by the wire-transfer fraud loss that occurred in the first quarter of Fiscal 2024, its partial recovery, and related professional fees (see Note 15 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements). Other income, net, for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 was $1.9 million, which included primarily our share of earnings associated with our solar fund investments and income earned on funds maintained in money market accounts and interest income earned on CDs.

For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, income tax expense was $11.6 million which represented an effective income tax rate of 36.3%. For the nine months ended October 31, 2022, income tax expense was $14.5 million.

For the three months ended October 31, 2023, our overall operating profit performance resulted in net income in the amount of $5.5 million, or $0.40 per diluted share. For the comparable period last year, we reported net income in the amount of $7.8 million, or $0.56 per dilutive share. For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, our net income increased to $20.3 million, or $1.50 per diluted share, from $19.5 million, or $1.36 per diluted share, for the nine months ended October 31, 2022.

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Project Backlog

At October 31, 2023, our consolidated project backlog amount of $0.7 billion consisted substantially of the projects of the power industry services reporting segment. The comparable consolidated backlog amount as of January 31, 2023 was $0.8 billion. Our reported amount of project backlog at a point in time represents the total value of projects awarded to us that we consider to be firm as of that date less the amounts of revenues recognized to date on the corresponding projects.

Typically, we include the total value of EPC services and other major construction contracts in project backlog when we receive a corresponding notice to proceed from the project owner. However, we may include the value of an EPC services contract prior to the receipt of a notice to proceed if we believe that it is probable that the project will commence within a reasonable timeframe, among other factors. However, cancellations or reductions may occur that would reduce project backlog and that could adversely affect our expected future revenues.

We are committed to the construction of state-of-the-art, natural gas-fired power plants as important elements of our country’s electricity-generation mix now and in the future. This represents our core business. In addition, we have been directing certain business development efforts to winning projects for the erection of utility-scale wind farms and solar fields and for the construction of hydrogen-based energy and other industrial projects in order to diversify the sources of revenues. We have successfully completed alternative energy projects in the past and we have renewed efforts to obtain new work in other sectors of the power market that will complement our natural gas-fired EPC services projects going forward.

In August 2023, GPS executed Limited Notices to Proceed (“LNTPs”) with Vistra Energy for three solar and battery projects in Illinois. Under the LNTPs, GPS has commenced early engineering and design activities as well as procurement of major equipment for construction of state-of-the-art solar energy and battery energy storage facilities. The projects will represent 160 MW of electrical power and 22 MW of energy storage.

In October 2022, GPS added to project backlog the EPC services contract value of the Trumbull Energy Center, a 950 MW natural gas-fired power plant now under construction in Lordstown, Ohio. We received the full notice to proceed from the project from the owner, Clean Energy Future-Trumbull, LLC, in November 2022. This combined cycle power station will consist of two Siemens Energy SGT6-8000H gas fired, high efficiency, combustion turbines with two heat recovery steam generators and a single steam turbine. Project completion is scheduled for late in the year ending January 31, 2026.

During the first quarter of Fiscal 2024, we achieved the substantial completion milestone for the Guernsey Power Station, which is located in Cambridge, Ohio, pursuant to an EPC services contract with Caithness Energy, L.L.C. This 1,875 MW, combined cycle power plant remains the largest single-phase, gas-fired, electricity-generation plant in the U.S. A small portion of our consolidated project backlog at October 31, 2023 relates to this project as GPS continues to pursue the closeout of remaining commercial matters with the customer, certain subcontractors and equipment suppliers. During the quarter ended October 31, 2023, GPS primarily completed the final stages of the commissioning process, including punch-list items and demobilization efforts. Final completion of this project is currently expected to occur during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2024.

In November 2023, we achieved substantial completion of the Maple Hill Solar facility, which is among the largest solar-powered energy plant in Pennsylvania. The unique Maple Hill Solar project, which is located in Cambria County, includes over 235,000 photovoltaic modules for the generation of up to approximately 100 MW of electrical power. Final completion of the project and site demobilization is expected prior to the end of 2023.

Together, the Trumbull Energy Center, the Guernsey Power Station, the Maple Hill Solar facility and the Illinois solar and battery projects represent over 3.0 gigawatts of potential electrical power. Additionally, the technical, project support and project management teams of GPS continue to assist APC with certain current projects and business development efforts, which broadened the project backlog of this business to approximately $95 million as of October 31, 2023, including the remaining value of an engineering and construction services contract with EPNI Energy Limited (“EP”). APC contracted to construct a 2 x 330 MW natural gas-fired power plant in Carrickfergus that is near Belfast, Northern Ireland, in an existing structure that was initially designed to enclose coal-fired units. This project is hereinafter referred to as the “Kilroot” project.

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In May 2022, APC entered into engineering and construction services contracts with Ireland’s Electricity Supply Board (“ESB”) to construct three 65 MW aero-derivative gas turbine flexible generation power plants in and around the city of Dublin, Ireland. Two of the power plants, the Poolbeg and Ringsend FlexGen Power Plants, will be located on the Poolbeg Peninsula, and the Corduff FlexGen Power Plant will be built in nearby Goddamendy. All three projects cleared the applicable capacity auction in Fiscal 2023 and are expected to operate intermittently during peak periods of electricity demand and as back-up supply options when renewable electricity generation is limited. The completion of each power facility is expected to occur in early 2024.

Additionally, APC entered into an EPC services contract with GE Vernova for the Shannonbridge Project, an open-cycle thermal power facility in County Offaly, Ireland, that will have the capacity to generate approximately 264 MW of temporary emergency electrical power (the “Shannonbridge Power Project”). The Shannonbridge Power Project, an initiative of EirGrid and the Electricity Supply Board of Ireland, aims to enhance the region’s power infrastructure and to ensure a reliable electricity supply during critical situations and emergencies. GPS is teaming with APC in performance of this contract. Work on this project commenced early this year pursuant to the receipt of a series of LNTPs. In August 2023, APC received the full notice to proceed on this project. Project completion is expected in the first half of 2024.

The project backlog of TRC has increased by nearly 200% since the end of Fiscal 2022 to approximately $132 million as of October 31, 2023, reflecting a business development emphasis on the award of larger industrial field service construction projects from continuing and new customers. The recent emphasis on construction opportunities influenced the strategic decision to consolidate the pipe and vessel fabrication facilities to reduce fixed costs, streamline operations and better support a growing and scalable business model.

It is important to note that the start of new projects is primarily controlled by project owners and that delays may occur that are beyond our control. However, we continue to pursue natural gas-fired power plant, renewable energy plant and industrial construction opportunities in the U.S., Ireland and the U.K. Our vision is to safely contribute to the construction of the energy infrastructure and state-of-the-art industrial facilities that are essential to future economic prosperity in the areas where we operate. We intend to realize this vision with motivated, creative, high-energy and customer-driven teams that are committed to delivering the best possible project results each and every time.

The Kilroot Project Loss

There have been a number of challenges related to the Kilroot project that have adversely impacted our ability to execute as expected, including supply chain delays, material changes to the project, the COVID-19 omicron outbreak, the war in Ukraine and extreme weather. In addition, unresolved variances and claims have disrupted the execution of the project, and unresolved project-related matters continue to meaningfully impact the contract, our costs and the project schedule negatively. At October 31, 2023, APC’s estimates of the unfavorable financial impacts due to difficulties on the Kilroot project escalated substantially. APC recently conducted an updated and comprehensive review of the costs of the efforts to complete the remaining contract work. We believe that the estimated costs of APC at the completion of the Kilroot project will exceed projected revenues by $7.9 million. The amount of this loss, plus the unfavorable adjustment of estimated gross profit of approximately $2.8 million recognized in previous periods in connection with the project, was reflected in our operating results for the three-month period ended October 31, 2023. APC is continuing all efforts to resolve open variations, claims and an appropriate extension of time to mitigate these losses and improve the final results of the project. APC shall vigorously pursue all of its rights under the contract including through legal means if necessary. APC estimates that it is approximately 95% complete with design and construction. It is currently commissioning the facility and it expects to be ready for the first fire of both gas turbines by early 2024. The determination of the amount of the loss identified above includes management’s estimates of the level of effort, and the associated costs, required for APC to complete the project. There can be no assurance that future unanticipated problems on this project will not result in APC incurring costs, that may be meaningful, in excess of those currently estimated for the completion of the contracted work or suffering unfavorable contract variations.

Market Outlook

The overall growth of our power business has been substantially based on the number of combined cycle gas-fired power plants built by us, as many coal-fired plants have been shut down in the U.S. In 2010, coal-fired power plants accounted for about 45% of net electricity generation in the U.S. For 2022, coal fueled approximately 20% of net electricity

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generation. It has been reported that the average age of the active plants in the coal-fired fleet approximates 45 years old with an average life span of 50 years; the last coal-fired power plant built in the U.S. was constructed in 2015. On the other hand, natural-gas fired power plants provided approximately 39% of the electricity generated by utility-scale power plants in the U.S. in 2022, representing an increase of 69% from the amount of electrical power generated by natural gas-fired power plants in 2010, which provided approximately 24% of net electricity generation for 2010. The average age of utility-scale natural gas-fired power plants in the U.S. is approximately 22 years old with an average life span of 30 years.

Major advances in the safe combination of horizontal drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing led to the boom in natural gas supplies which have been available generally at consistently low and stable prices. However, reductions in production levels during the COVID-19 pandemic and an increase in the amount of liquid natural gas exports, among other factors including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, strained domestic natural gas supplies and forced prices upward. As a result, the price of natural gas in the U.S. increased meaningfully during 2022. However, spot prices have declined throughout 2023 but are forecasted to rise again in 2024. When sudden power needs emerge and natural gas prices are relatively high, power producers often choose to increase coal-fired power to satisfy the short term demands for electricity.

In the reference case of its Annual Energy Outlook 2023, the Energy Information Administration (“EIA”) projects that economic growth paired with increasing electrification in end-user sectors will result in the stable growth of electricity demand in the U.S. through 2050. Declining capital costs for solar panels, wind turbines and battery storage, as well as government subsidies like those included in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), will result in renewables becoming increasingly cost effective compared with the alternatives when the costs of building new power capacity are considered. Renewables are increasingly meeting power demand through 2050 as they become more competitive with natural gas, coal and nuclear power. Uncertainty in natural gas prices leads to different unfavorable projections for combined cycle units in the short term, but in the long term, natural gas demand from the electric power sector stabilizes. As a result of the renewables growth, U.S. coal-fired generation capacity is forecasted to decline sharply to about 54% of current levels by 2030, with a gradual decline thereafter.

The historic decline in the use of coal as a power source in the U.S. was caused, to a significant extent, by the plentiful supply of domestic and generally inexpensive natural gas which made it the fuel of choice for power plant developers over this period. The pace of the historic increase in the preference for natural gas as an electricity generating fuel source also was energized, in part, by environmental activism and restrictive regulations targeting coal-fired power plants.

However, the headwinds confronting a significant resurgence in the pace of planning new developments of gas-fired power plants are strong. The environmentalist opposition against coal-fired power generation expanded meaningfully to target all fossil fuel energy projects, including both power plants and pipelines, and evolved into powerful support for renewable energy sources. Protests against fossil-fuel related energy projects garner media attention and stir public skepticism about new projects which have resulted in delays due to onsite protest demonstrations, indecision by local officials and lawsuits. Various cities, counties and states have adopted clean energy and carbon-free goals or objectives with achievement expected by a certain future date, typically 10 to 30 years out. These aspirational goals may increase the risk of a new power plant becoming a stranded asset long before the end of its otherwise useful economic life, which is a risk that potential equity capital providers may be unwilling to take. The difficulty in obtaining project equity financing and the other factors identified above, may be adversely impacting the planning and initial phases for the construction of new natural gas-fired power plants. Lenders, who have become more wary of funding fossil-fuel ventures as environmental, social and governance ideals influence financing decisions, may be generally unwilling to provide capital for energy projects to increase the domestic production and transmission of oil and natural gas. In addition, insurance underwriters may require oil and gas industry clients to implement plans to reduce methane emissions, that are among the most severe greenhouse gases, and will not provide insurance coverage for oil and gas projects in government-protected conservation areas that do not allow for sustainable use.

We believe that significant uncertainty relates to the policies of the current U.S. presidential administration. President Biden proposes to make the electricity production in the U.S. carbon free by 2035 and to put the country on the path to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

In August 2022, President Biden signed the IRA, a climate and healthcare bill that imposes new taxes on corporations with net profits for financial reporting in excess of $1.0 billion, spends billions of dollars over a decade on new workers and technology at the IRS, and funds hundreds of billions of dollars in tax subsidies intended to combat climate change among

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other measures. According to certain commentary, the legislation will cause investment in technologies needed for leaner production and the use of fuel types, including hydrogen, nuclear, renewables and fossil fuels. However, it appears that receipt of the majority of the tax subsidies will be conditioned on the extent that taxpayers “buy American” and/or pay prevailing wages, among other requirements. Existing supply chains and skilled labor pools may lack the capacity to meet the demand that the incentives are intended to create. Therefore, the subsidies may not provide the intended economic incentives to renewable and other energy project owners. It is not clear that the legislation, for which the rules and regulations have not yet been finalized, will provide assistance to current and future project owners of fossil-fuel power projects as intended.

In May 2023, the Biden administration proposed new rules for the Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) that are intended to drastically reduce greenhouse gases from coal- and gas-fired power plants that officials admit will cost such plants billions of dollars to comply fully by 2042. The proposed rules would give owners of energy plants, that are providing base load power, flexibility in choosing the means to achieve the emission targets. Alternatives could include the installation of carbon-capture systems that remove carbon dioxide from flue gases that are the by-product of fossil-fuel combustion or the blending of cleaner fuels such as hydrogen. Opponents to the rules posit that the technology needed to meet such emissions targets, particularly for carbon capture and storage as well as hydrogen blending, is not yet commercially available, and as a result, makes compliance uncertain. Additionally, environmental groups and landowners have challenged plans to erect pipelines intended to transfer carbon emissions to storage locations. A public comment period for the proposed rules ended in early August 2023; final rules are expected in 2024.

In June 2023, President Biden signed the debt ceiling bill which included reforms for certain elements of the permitting process for energy projects. The bill imposes certain timelines for federal agencies to review and to approve elements of major energy projects and includes provisions designating a single agency to take the lead on the environmental review process. Such streamlining of the current permitting process for energy generating facilities could ease certain constraints on the power industry.

Regarding emissions, it is important to note that in its 2023 reference case, EIA projects that U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions will decline by a little over 30% below the 2005 emissions level by 2030. We believe that a significant portion of the reduction related to the shift from coal-fired to natural gas-fired power generation has already occurred as it appears that from 2005 to 2022, the energy-related emissions declined by approximately 20%. The EIA credits the impacts of the IRA, updates to technology costs and performance across the energy system, and changes in the macroeconomic outlook with maintaining the reduction percentage versus the 2005 level of emissions at approximately 30% from 2030 through 2050. The EIA indicates that further emissions reductions are limited by longer-term growth in U.S. transportation and industrial activity. The EIA in its report does not include emissions from the power industry among the reasons for the lack of further emission reductions from 2030 through 2050.

The net amount of electricity generation in the U.S. provided by utility-scale wind and solar photovoltaic facilities continues to rise. Together, such power facilities provided approximately 12%, 13% and 15% of the net amount of electricity generated by utility-scale power facilities in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. EIA projects that new wind and photovoltaic solar capacity will continue to be added to the utility-scale power fleet in the U.S. at a brisk pace substantially attributable to declines in the amount of renewable power plant component and power storage costs, an increase in the scale of energy storage capacity (i.e., battery farms and other energy storage technologies), the availability of valuable tax credits and the overall political commitment to renewable energy.

The surge in renewable energy is propelled by significant factors, including a nearly 90% reduction in solar power costs and a two-thirds decrease in onshore wind costs between 2009 and 2023. These cost reductions, driven by technological advancements, have led to widespread global adoption, with over 80% of new power capacity coming from renewables last year. However, challenges persist, notably in offshore wind sectors facing cost overruns and supply chain issues, resulting in major offshore wind projects being delayed or cancelled. The ongoing transition is marked by emerging technologies like hydrogen, and the declining costs of electric vehicles, further emphasizing the dynamic evolution of the renewable energy landscape.

Most of our recently completed and awarded EPC service contracts relate to the construction of natural gas-fired power plants located within the Mid-Atlantic geographic footprint of PJM Interconnection (“PJM”), which operates a capacity market to ensure long-term grid reliability by securing the appropriate amount of power supply resources needed to meet

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predicted future energy demands in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Capacity payments represent meaningful portions of the revenue streams of qualifying power plants. The capacity auction for a particular delivery year was usually held during the month of May, three years prior to the actual delivery year. After multiple delays, the auctions for the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 delivery years, were conducted. However, prices were significantly lower than each previous auction. In June 2023, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) issued an order accepting delays in future capacity auctions so that market design rule changes proposed by stakeholders might be implemented for all future auctions. PJM filed its proposal of capacity market enhancements with the FERC in October 2023.

Uncertainty in this market, including the difficulties experienced by PJM in perfecting a capacity auction design that all of its stakeholders consider to be fair, the repeated capacity auction delays, and the shrinking annual capacity auction prices, may discourage potential power plant owners from commencing the development of new power plants in this area thereby reducing potential new business opportunities for us.

Providing a basis for a belief that new gas plants will have a role in an electrified future dominated by renewables is the need for grid reliability and sustainability, PJM published a study in February 2023, that supported the growing concern that the reliability of power grids is being eroded by the rush to renewable power. While acknowledging the reality of the power transition in the PJM system, it warned that its research highlighted three trends that present increasing reliability risks during the transition due to a potential timing mismatch between load growth, resource retirements and the pace of new electricity generating plant additions.

The study indicates that the growth rate of electricity demand in the PJM footprint is likely to increase from electrification (i.e., shifts to electric-powered automobiles, electric appliances, etc.) coupled with the proliferation of high-demand data centers in the region. Coal-fired and old gas-fired power generation facilities are being retired at a rapid pace due to government and private sector policies as well as economics. The risk is that these retirements may outpace the construction of new power-generating facilities as PJM’s interconnection queue includes primarily intermittent and limited-duration renewable energy resources. Given the operating characteristics of these types of facilities, PJM will need multiple megawatts of renewable power and accompanying battery storage to replace a single megawatt of thermal generation.

In summary, throughout the U.S., the risk of electricity shortages grows as the retirement of traditional power plants outpaces their replacement by renewable energy and battery storage. The strain on power grids mounts as the U.S. makes the historic transition from conventional power plants fueled by coal and natural gas to cleaner forms of energy such as wind and solar power. Electric-grid operators are warning that power-generating capacity is struggling to keep up with demand, a gap that could lead to additional rolling blackouts during heat waves or other peak power periods.

In the U.S., local electricity grids are connected to form larger networks, known as Regional Transmission Operators (“RTOs”) and Independent System Operators (“ISOs”), to improve reliability and economic efficiency. The U.S. is divided into three main interconnections of which these networks are members: the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas. These interconnectors cover wide swaths of the U.S. Although the three interconnections operate independently of each other and have very limited transfers of power between them, the operation of interconnections is conducted by balancing authorities, which ensures that power supply and demand are balanced to maintain the reliability of applicable power systems. All RTOs, including PJM, and ISOs in the U.S. are balancing authorities. Consequently, reliability threats to certain individual RTOs and ISOs represent threats to entire interconnection organizations.

The challenge is that wind and solar farms do not produce electricity at all times and they need large batteries to store their output for later use. While large battery storage capacity is under development, regional grid operators have warned that the pace may not be fast enough to offset the closures of traditional power plants that can work around the clock.

Accelerating the build-out of renewable energy sources and batteries has become an especially difficult proposition amid supply-chain challenges and inflation. For example, during Fiscal 2023, the highly publicized probe by the U.S. Commerce Department into whether Chinese solar manufacturers were circumventing trade tariffs on solar panels had the effect of halting imports of key components needed to build new solar farms and effectively brought most of the U.S. solar industry to a temporary standstill. As a result of this probe, the U.S. determined that certain Chinese solar manufacturers were dodging U.S. tariffs by finishing their products in Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, countries that account for approximately 80% of solar panel supplies. In August 2023, the U.S. Commerce Department imposed tariffs on solar

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imports from Southeast Asia. Critics of this action claim that the tariffs will scramble supply chains, delay projects and reduce profits for solar farm developers.

Additionally, solar and wind energy plant developers continue to confront the problems caused by grid congestion, often unsuccessfully. Many of these projects have been canceled because renewable plants need to be sited where the resources are optimal, often in remote locations where the transmission systems are not robust as power is consumed substantially in urban areas. The costs associated with the necessary grid upgrades may be prohibitive.

U.S. offshore wind projects progress inconsistently, facing challenges in the areas of environmental and fishery impacts, grid connection complexities, transmission planning, federal permitting processes and rising interest rates. Further, U.S. projects are confronted by shipping regulations that may limit the ability of developers to replicate successful European erection models. Commitments to sell power at a fixed price in an environment of rising inflation and interest rates have challenged the finances of many offshore wind projects, and as a result several prominent projects have been delayed or cancelled. Proponents of clean energy also face political challenges from constituencies who oppose the impacts to wildlife and the environment that may be caused by clean energy infrastructure projects.

Electricity generation from commercial nuclear power plants in the U.S. began in 1958. Over the last several decades, the number of operating nuclear reactors has declined. At the end of 2021, the U.S. had 93 operating commercial nuclear reactors at 55 nuclear power plants in 28 states. The average age of these nuclear reactors is approximately 40 years old with most plants authorized to operate for another 20 years. Two U.S.-based nuclear reactors, Vogtle Units 3 and 4, began construction in 2009. After lengthy construction delays and billions of dollars of cost overruns, Vogtle Unit 3 commenced commercial operation in August 2023, which marks the first nuclear reactor commissioned in the U.S. since the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Watts Bar 2 in 2016, which was twenty years after the previous one began operation.

Renewed interest in nuclear power could result in the construction of new nuclear powered, carbon-free, electricity generation stations in the U.S. that would use smaller and more economical nuclear reactors. The deployment of small modular reactors could mean lower construction and electricity costs through the use of simpler power plant designs, standardized components and passive safety measures. Such plants could be built in less time than larger plants, utilize less space and represent a viable choice for reliable power to offset the intermittencies of renewable power sources. The increase by the U.S. in its use of nuclear power for electricity generation could have unfavorable effects on the demand for new natural gas-fired and additional renewable energy facilities in the future, but could provide balance-of-plant construction opportunities for GPS.

Therefore, despite the headwinds, we believe that the lower operating costs of natural gas-fired power plants, the higher energy generating efficiencies of modern gas turbines, and the requirements for grid resiliency should sustain the demand for modern combined cycle and simple cycle gas-fired power plants in the future. Natural gas is relatively clean burning, generally cost-effective, reliable and abundant. New gas-fired power plants incorporate major advances in gas-fired turbine technologies that have provided increased power plant efficiencies while providing the quick starting capabilities and the reliability that are necessary to balance the inherent intermittencies of wind and solar power plants.

We believe that the benefits of natural gas as a source of power are compelling, especially as a complement to the deployment of wind and solar powered energy sources, and that the future long-term prospects for natural gas-fired power plant construction remain generally favorable as natural gas continues to be the primary source for power generation in our country. The future availability of less carbon-intense and higher efficiency natural gas in the U.S. should be a significant factor in the economic assessment of future power generation capacity additions, although the pace of new opportunities emerging may be restrained and the starts of awarded EPC projects may be delayed or cancelled due to the challenges described above.

We believe that it is also important to note that the plans for certain natural gas-fired power plant projects include the integration of hydrogen-burning capabilities. While the plants will initially burn natural gas alone, it is planned by the respective project owners that the plants will eventually burn a mixture of natural gas and green hydrogen, thereby establishing power-generation flexibility for these plants. Operational testing of gas turbines fueled with renewable hydrogen have been successful. We believe this pairing is a winning combination that provides inexpensive and efficient power, enhances grid reliability and addresses clean-air concerns. The building of state-of-the-art power plants with flex-fuel capability replaces coal-fired power plants in the short term with relatively clean gas-fired electricity generation.

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Further, such additions to the power generation fleet provide the potential for the plants to burn 100% green hydrogen gas, which would provide both base load power and long duration back-up power, when the sun is not shining or the wind is not blowing, for extended periods of time and without certain harmful air emissions.

It has been stated that the scramble for electricity, regardless of source, caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine clarified that the 100% transition to renewable energy is in the distant future and has prompted, in part, renewed interest in not only carbon capture techniques, but carbon removal technologies as well. Carbon capture processes grab carbon from smokestacks and other sources of dense greenhouse gases, thereby reducing harmful emissions. Carbon-removal technologies are more demanding as they remove carbon out of the more diffuse open air in order to store it for centuries. Governments, including the U.S., are taking initial steps to boost this industry. The success of this industry could reduce the climate-change fear associated with natural gas-fired power plants. We intend to execute an “all-of-the-above” approach in pursuing the construction of future facilities that support the energy transition, which we see as a continuation of our historical commitment to building cleaner energy plants.

The foregoing discussion in this “Market Outlook” does focus on the state of the domestic power market as the EPC services business of GPS historically provides the predominant amount of our revenues. However, overseas power markets provide important new power construction opportunities for us especially across Ireland and the U.K.

While both of these countries are committed to the increase in energy consumption sourced from wind and the sun on the pathway to net zero emissions, there is a recognition that these sources of electrical power are inherently variable. Other technologies will be required to support these power sources and to provide electricity when power demands exceed the amount of electricity supplied by these renewables. The existence of the necessary power reserve will require conventional generation sources, typically natural gas-fired power plants but including nuclear power in the U.K.

The Irish government has issued a policy statement on the security of the electricity supply in Ireland which confirms the requirement for the development of new support technologies to deliver on its commitment to have 80% of the country’s electricity generated from renewables by 2030. The report emphasizes that this will require a combination of conventional generation (typically powered by natural gas), interconnection to other jurisdictions, demand flexibility and other technologies such as battery storage and generation from renewable gases. The Irish government has approved that the development of new conventional generation (including gas-fired and gasoil distillate-fired generation) is a national priority and should be permitted and supported in order to ensure the security of electricity supply while supporting the growth of renewable electricity generation.

As noted above, APC entered into engineering and construction services contracts during Fiscal 2023 with the ESB to construct three 65 MW aero-derivative gas turbine flexible generation power plants around the city of Dublin, Ireland. All three projects are expected to operate intermittently during peak periods of electricity demand and as back-up supply options when renewable electricity generation is limited. Additionally, the Shannonbridge Project, for which APC received full notice to proceed in August 2023 to construct eight turbine units capable of producing 264 MW of power, is an initiative of EirGrid and the ESB that aims to ensure reliable electricity supply during critical situations and emergencies.

Further, the Irish government recognizes that the successful development of data centers in the country is a key aspect in promoting Ireland as a digital economy hot-spot in Europe. The stewards of the electricity supply in Ireland acknowledge that the large increase in electricity demand presented by the growth of the data center industry represents an evolving, significant risk to the security of the supply. During Fiscal 2023, APC completed a project to install natural gas-fired power generation for a major data center in the Dublin area.

APC is actively pursuing other new business opportunities in both the renewable and support sectors of power generation with its existing and new clients. Over the last three years, APC has increased its activities and currently has five projects under execution. GPS has been providing top management guidance and project management expertise to APC during this period. APC has also provided experienced resources to GPS on several of its EPC services contracts in the U.S. These recent experiences have demonstrated that the two companies can combine and share resources effectively to leverage capacity and opportunities. We believe that GPS and APC working together is a competitive advantage as we pursue emerging new business opportunities in Ireland and the U.K. GPS is teaming with APC in the performance of the Shannonbridge Project.

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We are committed to the rational pursuit of new construction projects, including those with overseas locations and unique deployments of power-generation turbines, and the future growth of our revenues. This may result in additional decisions to make investments in the development and/or ownership of new projects. Because we believe in the strength of our balance sheet, we are willing to consider certain opportunities that include reasonable and manageable risks in order to assure the award of the related EPC or equipment installation services contracts to us.

The competitive landscape for our core EPC services business related to natural gas-fired power plants in the U.S. remains dynamic, although there are fewer competitors for new gas-fired power plant EPC services project opportunities. Several major competitors have exited the market for a variety of reasons or have been acquired. Others have announced intentions to avoid entering into fixed-price contracts. Nonetheless, the competition for new utility-scale gas-fired power plant construction opportunities is fierce and still includes multiple global firms. We believe that the Company has a reputation as an accomplished, dependable and cost-effective provider of EPC and other large project construction contracting services. With the proven ability to deliver completed power facilities, particularly combined cycle, natural gas-fired power plants, we are focused on expanding our position in the power markets of the U.S., Ireland and the U.K. where we expect investments to be made based on forecasts of electricity demand covering decades into the future. We believe that our expectations are valid and that our plans for the future continue to be based on reasonable assumptions.

TRC was founded in 1977, initially focused on the fabrication of piping systems and pressure vessels. Prior to our acquisition of TRC in 2015, it expanded its business to include industrial field services with a concentration on turnarounds, outage support, renovations, repairs and maintenance projects. Since the acquisition, TRC has narrowed its field-services focus to emphasize industrial construction projects. During Fiscal 2023, TRC consolidated its metal fabrication plants and support structures into one industrial fabrication and warehouse facility near Greenville, North Carolina, which is centrally located within its primary geographic market. The consolidation reduced fixed costs and notably streamlined the business, which has permitted TRC to primarily focus on its field service opportunities.

Industrial field services typically represent the majority of TRC’s annual revenues with the remaining revenues contributed by projects consisting solely of metal fabrication. The project backlog of TRC grew by over 175% from January 31, 2022 to approximately $123.5 million as of January 31, 2023, reflecting TRC’s business development emphasis on the award of larger industrial construction projects.

Recent and current major customers of TRC include Nutrien Ltd., the global fertilizer company; Livent Corporation, a global lithium technology company; Jacobs Solutions Inc., an international engineering and construction firm that is building a significant biotechnology manufacturing facility in the research triangle area of North Carolina; OceanaGold Corporation, a gold-mining company located in South Carolina; Air Liquide S.A., a world leading supplier of industrial gases; North America’s largest forest products companies such as Weyerhaeuser Company and Domtar Corporation; and various other industrial companies. These relationships demonstrate that TRC is a trusted industrial services provider to blue chip customers from around North America, and from countries like France, Germany, Denmark, Japan and Australia, that are expanding or locating new production facilities in TRC’s geographic region.

As stated above, the business footprint for TRC encompasses the Southeast region of the U.S. where there are many business-friendly local and state governments that welcome industrial production facilities with ideal locations and with serious economic development programs and incentives. It is notable that significant events like the COVID-19 pandemic and the commitment to renewable energy in the U.S. are resulting in meaningful new business opportunities for TRC in its region. The national focus on infrastructure improvements, biotechnology advancements, energy storage and clean water have resulted in firms that are focused on these trends recently choosing TRC to participate in major construction projects in the region. Other important factors and trends include low corporate state tax rates, favorable labor migration patterns, the surface transportation infrastructure and the ready access to modern seaports.

Economic data supports our belief that TRC is ideally located in a leading manufacturing growth area of the U.S., which should continue to provide it with project opportunities going forward that will expand its business and industrial construction capabilities. The Dodge Construction Starts report for 2024 forecasts that total construction in the U.S. will increase by 7% in 2024, with a 16% increase in the manufacturing category. The FMI Construction Put-in-Place Forecast for 2024 predicts that construction activity in the manufacturing sector will increase by over 15% in 2024. This data suggests that manufacturing construction will be a robust market as the economy moves into 2024. Despite headwinds such as ongoing inflation, material price volatility and rising labor costs, skilled labor shortages, high interest rates and

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tighter lending standards, it is likely that 2024 will see a boost to construction associated with manufacturing, as well as the transportation and clean energy infrastructures, as funds from three key pieces of national legislation passed in 2021 and 2022 are expected to flow into the industry. These bills include the Infrastructure and Jobs Act, the Inflation Reduction Act and the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors Act, and appear to be sustaining high construction industry confidence for 2024 and the future beyond.

Comparison of the Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

We reported net income of $5.5 million, or $0.40 per diluted share, for the three months ended October 31, 2023. For the comparable period of the prior year, we reported net income of $7.8 million, or $0.56 per diluted share. The following schedule compares our operating results for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended October 31, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change | ​
REVENUES |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Power industry services | ​ | $ | 121,300 | ​ | $ | 90,682 | ​ | $ | 30,618 |  | 33.8 | %
Industrial construction services | ​ |  | 38,434 | ​ |  | 22,137 | ​ |  | 16,297 |  | 73.6 | ​
Telecommunications infrastructure services | ​ |  | 4,021 | ​ |  | 5,056 | ​ |  | (1,035) |  | (20.5) | ​
Revenues | ​ |  | 163,755 | ​ |  | 117,875 | ​ |  | 45,880 |  | 38.9 | ​
COST OF REVENUES | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Power industry services | ​ |  | 107,781 | ​ |  | 72,725 | ​ |  | 35,056 |  | 48.2 | ​
Industrial construction services | ​ |  | 33,899 | ​ |  | 18,737 | ​ |  | 15,162 |  | 80.9 | ​
Telecommunications infrastructure services | ​ |  | 2,840 | ​ |  | 4,205 | ​ |  | (1,365) |  | (32.5) | ​
Cost of revenues | ​ |  | 144,520 | ​ |  | 95,667 | ​ |  | 48,853 |  | 51.1 | ​
GROSS PROFIT | ​ |  | 19,235 | ​ |  | 22,208 | ​ |  | (2,973) |  | (13.4) | ​
Selling, general and administrative expenses | ​ |  | 11,375 | ​ |  | 12,667 | ​ |  | (1,292) |  | (10.2) | ​
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS | ​ |  | 7,860 | ​ |  | 9,541 | ​ |  | (1,681) |  | (17.6) | ​
Other income, net | ​ |  | 3,733 | ​ |  | 768 | ​ |  | 2,965 |  | 386.1 | ​
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES | ​ |  | 11,593 | ​ |  | 10,309 | ​ |  | 1,284 |  | 12.5 | ​
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 6,129 | ​ |  | 2,551 | ​ |  | 3,578 |  | 140.3 | ​
NET INCOME | ​ | $ | 5,464 | ​ | $ | 7,758 | ​ | $ | (2,294) | ​ | (29.6) | %

Revenues

Power Industry Services

The revenues of the power industry services segment, representing the businesses of GPS and APC, increased by 33.8%, or $30.6 million, to $121.3 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 compared with revenues of $90.7 million for the three months ended October 31, 2022 as the quarterly construction activities increased for the Shannonbridge Power Project, the Trumbull Energy Center, and the ESB FlexGen peaker plants. The increase in revenues between quarters was partially offset by decreased construction activities associated with the Guernsey Power Station project and Maple Hill Solar energy facility, as those projects are generally near or at completion. The revenues of this business segment represented approximately 74.1% of consolidated revenues for the quarter ended October 31, 2023 and 76.9% of consolidated revenues for the corresponding prior year quarter.

The primary driver for the revenues of this segment for the three months ended October 31, 2022 were the revenues associated with the construction of the Guernsey Power Station, the Maple Hill Solar energy facility, the ESB FlexGen peaker plants and the Kilroot power facility.

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Industrial Construction Services

The revenues of our industrial construction services segment, representing the business of TRC, increased by $16.3 million, or 73.6%, to $38.4 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 compared to revenues of $22.1 million for the three months ended October 31, 2022 as the amounts of field services and supporting vessel fabrication work increased meaningfully between periods. For the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the revenues of this segment represented 23.5% and 18.8% of consolidated revenues for the corresponding periods.

Telecommunications Infrastructure Services

The revenue results of this business segment, which represent the business of SMC, were $4.0 million for the three-month period ended October 31, 2023, a decrease of $1.0 million, or 20.5%, from the amount of revenues earned during the three months ended October 31, 2022.

Cost of Revenues

With the increase in consolidated revenues for the three months ended October 31, 2023 compared with last year’s third quarter ended October 31, 2022, the consolidated cost of revenues also increased between the quarters. These costs were $144.5 million and $95.7 million for the three-month periods ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing an increase of approximately 51.1%.

For the three-month period ended October 31, 2023, we reported a consolidated gross profit of approximately $19.2 million which represented a gross profit percentage of approximately 11.7% of corresponding consolidated revenues, and a decrease from the gross profit reported for the three-month period ended October 31, 2022 in the amount of $22.2 million. The reduction was primarily due to the unfavorable gross profit adjustment on the Kilroot project in the amount of $10.7 million that was recorded in the current quarter. The effect of the contract loss was meaningfully offset for the current quarter by the profits earned on the performance of other projects by each of our four operating companies, including APC. The gross profit percentages of corresponding revenues for the power industry services, industrial construction services and the telecommunications infrastructure services segments were 11.1%, 11.8% and 29.4%, respectively, for the quarter ended October 31, 2023.

Our consolidated gross profit reported for the three-month period ended October 31, 2022 of $22.2 million represented a gross profit percentage of approximately 18.8% of corresponding consolidated revenues. The gross profit percentages of corresponding revenues for the power industry services, industrial construction services and the telecommunications infrastructure services segments were 19.8%, 15.4% and 16.8%, respectively, for the quarter ended October 31, 2022.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

These costs were $11.4 million and $12.7 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and represented 6.9% and 10.7% of corresponding consolidated revenues, respectively.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net, for the three months ended October 31, 2023 was $3.7 million, which reflected income earned during the period on funds invested in a money market account, CDs, U.S. Treasury notes and a U.S. corporate debt security in the total amount of approximately $4.0 million, as investment yields and average balances of invested funds are meaningfully higher this year.

We reported other income, net, in the amount of $0.8 million for the three months ended October 31, 2022, which included primarily income earned on funds maintained in a money market account and interest income earned on CDs.

Income Taxes

We incurred income tax expense for the three months ended October 31, 2023 in the amount of approximately $6.1 million, which represents an effective income tax rate of 52.9%. This effective tax rate differs from the statutory federal tax rate of 21% due primarily to the typically unfavorable estimated effects of state income taxes and permanent differences, including certain nondeductible executive compensation and an unrecognized tax loss benefit for the current fiscal quarter. We did not record an income tax benefit related to the net operating loss incurred by our subsidiary in the U.K. that is building the

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Kilroot power plant. This accounting resulted in our effective income tax rate increasing from 27.1% to 52.9% for the quarter. For the three months ended October 31, 2022, we reported income tax expense in the amount of approximately $2.6 million, which represented an effective tax rate of 24.7% for the period.

Comparison of the Results of Operations for the Nine Months Ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

We reported net income of $20.3 million, or $1.50 per diluted share, for the nine months ended October 31, 2023. For the comparable period of the prior year, we reported net income of $19.5 million, or $1.36 per diluted share. The following schedule compares our operating results for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended October 31, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change | ​
REVENUES |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Power industry services | ​ | $ | 296,821 | ​ | $ | 255,958 | ​ | $ | 40,863 |  | 16.0 | %
Industrial construction services | ​ |  | 101,497 | ​ |  | 67,660 | ​ |  | 33,837 |  | 50.0 | ​
Telecommunications infrastructure services | ​ |  | 10,461 | ​ |  | 12,644 | ​ |  | (2,183) |  | (17.3) | ​
Revenues | ​ |  | 408,779 | ​ |  | 336,262 | ​ |  | 72,517 |  | 21.6 | ​
COST OF REVENUES | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Power industry services | ​ |  | 255,210 | ​ |  | 202,985 | ​ |  | 52,225 |  | 25.7 | ​
Industrial construction services | ​ |  | 88,537 | ​ |  | 56,968 | ​ |  | 31,569 |  | 55.4 | ​
Telecommunications infrastructure services | ​ |  | 7,831 | ​ |  | 9,976 | ​ |  | (2,145) |  | (21.5) | ​
Cost of revenues | ​ |  | 351,578 | ​ |  | 269,929 | ​ |  | 81,649 |  | 30.2 | ​
GROSS PROFIT | ​ |  | 57,201 | ​ |  | 66,333 | ​ |  | (9,132) |  | (13.8) | ​
Selling, general and administrative expenses | ​ |  | 32,467 | ​ |  | 34,226 | ​ |  | (1,759) |  | (5.1) | ​
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS | ​ |  | 24,734 | ​ |  | 32,107 | ​ |  | (7,373) |  | (23.0) | ​
Other income, net | ​ |  | 7,222 | ​ |  | 1,868 | ​ |  | 5,354 |  | 286.6 | ​
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES | ​ |  | 31,956 | ​ |  | 33,975 | ​ |  | (2,019) |  | (5.9) | ​
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 11,616 | ​ |  | 14,510 | ​ |  | (2,894) |  | (19.9) | ​
NET INCOME | ​ | $ | 20,340 | ​ | $ | 19,465 | ​ | $ | 875 |  | 4.5 | %

Revenues

Power Industry Services

The revenues of the power industry services segment increased by $40.9 million, or 16.0%, to $296.8 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 compared with revenues of $256.0 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 as the current year construction activities increased for the Shannonbridge Power Project, the Trumbull Energy Center and the ESB FlexGen peaker plants. The increase in revenues between years was partially offset by decreased construction activities associated with the Guernsey Power Station project, the Maple Hill Solar energy facility and APC’s Equinix data center project, as those projects are generally near or at completion. The revenues of this business segment represented approximately 72.6% of consolidated revenues for the nine-month period ended October 31, 2023, and 76.1% of consolidated revenues for the nine-month period ended October 31, 2022.

The primary drivers for the revenues of this segment for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 were the revenues associated with the construction of the Guernsey Power Station, the Maple Hill solar energy facility, the Kilroot Power Station and the ESB FlexGen peaker plants.

Industrial Construction Services

The revenues of our industrial construction services segment, increased by $33.8 million, or 50.0%, to $101.5 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 compared to revenues of $67.7 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 as the amounts of field services and, particularly, vessel fabrication work in support of field services increased between periods. For the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the revenues of this segment represented 24.8% and 20.1% of consolidated revenues for the corresponding periods.

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Telecommunications Infrastructure Services

The revenues of this business segment were $10.5 million for the nine-month period ended October 31, 2023, a decrease of $2.2 million, or 17.3%, from the amount of revenues earned during the nine months ended October 31, 2022.

Cost of Revenues

With the increase in consolidated revenues for the nine months October 31, 2023 compared with last year’s nine-month period ended October 31, 2022, the consolidated cost of revenues also increased between the periods. These costs were $351.6 million and $269.9 million for the nine-month periods ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing an increase of approximately 30.2%.

For the nine-month period ended October 31, 2023, we reported a consolidated gross profit of approximately $57.2 million, which represented a gross profit percentage of approximately 14.0% of corresponding consolidated revenues, a decrease from the gross profit reported for the nine-month period ended October 31, 2022 in the amount of $66.3 million. The consolidated gross profit for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was adversely affected by the loss recorded for the Kilroot project with substantial offset from the profits earned on other major projects by each of our four businesses. The gross profit percentages of corresponding revenues for the power industry services, industrial construction services and the telecommunications infrastructure services segments were 14.0%, 12.8% and 25.1%, respectively, for the nine months ended October 31, 2023.

Our consolidated gross profit reported for the nine-month period ended October 31, 2022 represented a gross profit percentage of approximately 19.7% of corresponding consolidated revenues. The gross profit percentages of corresponding revenues for the power industry services, industrial construction services and the telecommunications infrastructure services segments were 20.7%, 15.8% and 21.1%, respectively, for the nine months ended October 31, 2022.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

These costs were $32.5 million and $34.2 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and represented 7.9% and 10.2% of corresponding consolidated revenues, respectively.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net, for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was $7.2 million, which reflected approximately $9.7 million of income earned during the period on invested funds, as investment yields and average balances of funds invested are meaningfully higher this year, partially offset by the wire-transfer fraud loss of $3.0 million that occurred in the first quarter of Fiscal 2024 and $0.2 million in related professional fees. Also included in other income are approximately $0.4 million in funds that have been recovered from the wire-transfer fraud loss through legal efforts and insurance proceeds (see Note 15 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements).

We reported other income, net, in the amount of $1.9 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2022, which included primarily earnings associated with our solar fund investments and income earned on funds maintained in a money market account and interest income earned on CDs.

Income Taxes

We incurred income tax expense for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 in the amount of approximately $11.6 million, which represents an effective income tax rate of 36.3%. This estimated tax rate differs from the statutory federal tax rate of 21% due primarily to the typically unfavorable estimated effects of state income taxes and permanent differences, including certain nondeductible executive compensation and an unrecognized tax loss benefit for the current year. As described above, income tax expense for the current year excludes any income tax benefit associated with the year-to-date net loss of our subsidiary in the U.K. This accounting caused the effective income tax rate to increase from 25.8% to 36.3% for the period. For the nine months ended October 31, 2022, we reported income tax expense in the amount of approximately $14.5 million, including an unfavorable adjustment in the approximate amount of $6.2 million related to the settlement of research and development credit claims with the IRS. Excluding the effect of this adjustment, our effective income tax rate for the nine-months ended October 31, 2022 was 24.5%.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources as of October 31, 2023

At October 31 and January 31, 2023, our balances of cash and cash equivalents were $185.6 million and $173.9 million, respectively, which represented an increase of $11.7 million.

The net amount of cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was $92.3 million. Our net income for the nine months ended October 31, 2023, adjusted favorably by the net amount of non-cash income and expense items, represented a source of cash in the total amount of $25.8 million. The increase of other assets of $3.0 million, represented a use of cash primarily due to the increase of prepaid assets during the period. The increase in the combined level of accounts payable and accrued expenses in the amount of $10.0 million, represented a source of cash during the period. The increase in contract liabilities of $59.9 million represented a source of cash, primarily due to the net effect of the early phase of construction activities on a GPS project and the post peak phases of certain APC projects.

During the nine months ended October 31, 2023, our primary source of cash from investing activities was the net maturities of CDs issued by the Bank, in the amount of $44.8 million. We used $104.5 million to invest in available-for-sale securities, consisting of U.S. Treasury notes and a U.S. corporate debt security. We also used $2.1 million to make capital expenditures.

For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, we used $18.0 million cash in financing activities, including $8.5 million used to repurchase shares of common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program and $10.7 million used for the payment of regular cash dividends. We received proceeds from the exercise of stock options in the amount of $1.4 million, which represented a source of cash. Payments of $0.3 million for withholding taxes reimbursed by shares represented a use of cash during the period. As of October 31, 2023, there were no restrictions with respect to intercompany payments between the holding company, GPS, TRC, APC and SMC.

During the nine months ended October 31, 2022, our balance of cash and cash equivalents decreased by a net amount of $214.4 million and our working capital decreased by $53.8 million to $230.4 million as of October 31, 2022 from $284.3 million as of January 31, 2022.

The net amount of cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 was $73 million. Our net income for the nine months ended October 31, 2022, adjusted favorably by the net amount of non-cash income and expense items, represented a source of cash in the total amount of $25.2 million. However, reductions in the balance of contract liabilities and the combined level of accounts payable and accrued expenses in the amounts of $78.9 million and $8.0 million, respectively, represented uses of cash. Both of these reductions related primarily to the decline in the construction activity of the Guernsey Power Station project, partially offset by an increase in contract liabilities at several APC projects. Additionally, the increase in contract assets and accounts receivable in the amounts of $6.6 million and $10.9 million, respectively, represented uses of cash during the period. The decrease in the amount of other assets in the amount of $6.2 million, represented a source of cash during the period.

During the nine months ended October 31, 2022, we also used cash to increase the level of our short-term investments, which consist entirely of CDs issued by the Bank, by $59.8 million and to make capital expenditures in the amount of $2.6 million. We also used $73.8 million cash in financing activities during the nine months ended October 31, 2022, including $63.3 million used to repurchase shares of common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program, and $10.6 million used for the payment of regular cash dividends.

At October 31, 2023, a portion of our balance of cash and cash equivalents was invested in certificates of deposit and a money market fund with most of its net assets invested in cash, U.S. Treasury obligations and repurchase agreements secured by U.S. government obligations. The major portion of our domestic operating bank account balances are maintained with the Bank. We do maintain certain Euro-based bank accounts in Ireland and certain pound sterling-based bank accounts in the U.K. in support of the operations of APC.

In order to monitor the actual and necessary levels of liquidity for our business, we focus on net liquidity, or working capital, in addition to our cash balances. During the nine months ended October 31, 2023, our net liquidity increased by $4.0 million to $240.2 million from $236.2 million as of January 31, 2023, due primarily to our net income for the period, partially offset by common stock repurchases and the payment of cash dividends. As we have no debt service, as our fixed asset acquisitions in a reporting period are typically low, and as our net liquidity includes our short-term investments and

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available-for-sale investments, our levels of working capital are not subjected to the volatility that affects our levels of cash and cash equivalents.

During April 2021, we amended our Credit Agreement with the Bank which extended the expiration date of the Credit Agreement to May 31, 2024 and reduced the borrowing rate. On March 6, 2023, we entered into the Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement. The Second Amendment modified the Credit Agreement primarily to replace the interest pricing with a rate of SOFR plus 1.6% and add SOFR successor rate language. The Credit Agreement, as amended, includes the following features, among others: a lending commitment of $50.0 million including a revolving loan and an accordion feature which allows for an additional commitment amount of $10.0 million, subject to certain conditions. Additionally, the Credit Agreement, as amended, continues to include customary terms, covenants and events of default for a credit facility of its size and nature. Prior to the expiration of the current term of the Credit Agreement, we expect to reach agreement with the Bank to extend it.

We may also use the borrowing ability to cover other credit instruments issued by the Bank for our use in the ordinary course of business as defined by the Bank. At October 31, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings. However, the Bank has issued letters of credit in the total outstanding amount of $13.2 million as of October 31, 2023, in support of the activities of APC under existing customer contracts, including $8.9 million related to the Kilroot project of APC discussed above.

We have pledged the majority of our assets to secure the financing arrangements. The Bank’s consent is not required for acquisitions, divestitures, cash dividends or significant investments as long as certain conditions are met. The Credit Agreement, as amended, requires that we comply with certain financial covenants at our fiscal year-end and at each fiscal quarter-end, and includes other terms, covenants and events of default that are customary for a credit facility of its size and nature, including a requirement to achieve positive adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as defined, over each rolling twelve-month measurement period. At October 31, 2023, we were compliant with the covenants of the Credit Agreement, as amended.

In the normal course of business and for certain major projects, we may be required to obtain surety or performance bonding, to provide parent company guarantees, or to cause the issuance of letters of credit (or some combination thereof) in order to provide performance assurances to clients on behalf of one of our subsidiaries.

If our services under a guaranteed project would not be completed or would be determined to have resulted in a material defect or other material deficiency, then we could be responsible for monetary damages or other legal remedies. As is typically required by any surety bond, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of any surety bond provided on behalf of a subsidiary for any cash payments made thereunder. The commitments under performance bonds generally end concurrently with the expiration of the related contractual obligation. Not all of our projects require bonding.

As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the estimated amounts of the Company’s unsatisfied bonded performance obligations, covering all of its subsidiaries, were approximately $0.5 billion and $0.6 billion, respectively. As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the outstanding amounts of bonds covering other risks, including warranty obligations related to completed activities, were not material.

We have also provided a financial guarantee in the amount of $3.6 million to support certain project developmental efforts. A liability was established for the estimated loss related to this guarantee during Fiscal 2022.

When sufficient information about claims related to performance on projects would be available and monetary damages or other costs or losses would be determined to be probable, we would record such losses. As our subsidiaries are wholly-owned, any actual liability related to contract performance is ordinarily reflected in the financial statement account balances determined pursuant to the Company’s accounting for contracts with customers. Any amounts that we may be required to pay in excess of the estimated costs to complete contracts in progress as of October 31, 2023 are not estimable.

The Company made prior year investments of approximately $6.3 million in limited liability companies that make equity investments in solar energy projects that are eligible to receive energy tax credits. To date, we have received substantially all of the income tax benefits associated with the investments. It is likely that we will evaluate opportunities to make other solar energy investments of this type in the future.

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We believe that cash on hand, our cash equivalents, cash that will be provided from the maturities of short-term investments and other debt securities and cash generated from our future operations, with or without funds available under our Credit Agreement, as amended, will be adequate to meet our general business needs in the foreseeable future. In general, we maintain significant liquid capital in our consolidated balance sheet to ensure the maintenance of our bonding capacity and to provide parent company performance guarantees for EPC and other construction projects.

However, any significant future acquisition, investment or other unplanned cost or cash requirement, may require us to raise additional funds through the issuance of debt and/or equity securities. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”)

The table following immediately below presents the determinations of EBITDA for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands).

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended
​ | ​ | October 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income, as reported | ​ | $ | 5,464 | ​ | $ | 7,758
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 6,129 | ​ |  | 2,551
Depreciation | ​ |  | 489 | ​ |  | 740
Amortization of intangible assets | ​ |  | 98 | ​ |  | 212
EBITDA | ​ | $ | 12,180 | ​ | $ | 11,261

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Nine Months Ended
​ | ​ | October 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income, as reported | ​ | $ | 20,340 | ​ | $ | 19,465
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 11,616 | ​ |  | 14,510
Depreciation | ​ |  | 1,524 | ​ |  | 2,296
Amortization of intangible assets | ​ |  | 294 | ​ |  | 611
EBITDA | ​ | $ | 33,774 | ​ | $ | 36,882

We believe that EBITDA is a meaningful presentation that enables us to assess and compare our operating performance on a consistent basis by removing from our operating results the impacts of our capital structure, the effects of the accounting methods used to compute depreciation and amortization and the effects of operating in different income tax jurisdictions. Further, we believe that EBITDA is widely used by investors and analysts as a measure of performance.

However, as EBITDA is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we do not believe that this measure should be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, the results of our operations presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP that are included in our condensed consolidated financial statements. In addition, our EBITDA does not necessarily represent funds available for discretionary use and is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs.

Critical Accounting Policies

Critical accounting policies are those related to the areas where we have made what we consider to be particularly subjective or complex judgments in arriving at estimates and where these estimates can significantly impact our financial results under different assumptions and conditions.

These estimates, judgments, and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and equity, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets, liabilities and equity that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results and outcomes could differ

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from these estimates and assumptions. We do periodically review these critical accounting policies and estimates with the audit committee of our board of directors.

We consider the accounting policies related to revenue recognition on long-term construction contracts; income tax reporting; and the financial reporting associated with any significant claims or legal matters to be most critical to the understanding of our financial position and results of operations. An expanded discussion of our critical accounting policies is included in Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report. During the nine months ended October 31, 2023, there have been no material changes in the way we apply the critical accounting policies described therein.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for discussion on recently issued accounting pronouncements.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In the normal course of business, our results of operations may be subject to risks related to fluctuations in interest rates. As of October 31, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings under our financing arrangements with the Bank (see Note 6 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements), which provide a revolving loan with a maximum borrowing amount of $50.0 million that is available until May 31, 2024 with interest at SOFR plus 1.6%. During the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not enter into any material derivative financial instruments for trading, speculation or other purposes that would expose us to market risk.

We maintain a substantial amount of our temporarily investable cash in certificates of deposit, a money market fund, U.S. Treasury notes and a U.S. corporate debt security (see Note 3 of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements). As of October 31, 2023, the weighted average number of days remaining until maturity for the certificates of deposit, U.S Treasury notes and U.S. corporate debt security was 485 days. The weighted average annual interest rate of our certificates of deposit of $105.0 million, the money market fund balance of $127.0 million, the U.S. Treasury notes face value of $95.0 million and the U.S. corporate debt security face value of $9.2 million was 5.1%. To illustrate the potential impact of changes in the overall interest rate associated with our investable cash balance at October 31, 2023 on our annual results of operations, we present the following hypothetical analysis. It assumes that our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2023 remains constant, and no further actions are taken to alter our existing interest rate sensitivity, including reinvestments (dollars in thousands).

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Increase (Decrease) in | ​ | Increase (Decrease) in | ​ | Net Increase (Decrease) in
Basis Point Change |  | Interest Income |  | Interest Expense |  | Income (Pre-Tax)
Up 300 basis points | ​ | $ | 12,158 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 12,158
Up 200 basis points | ​ | ​ | 8,105 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 8,105
Up 100 basis points | ​ |  | 4,053 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,053
Down 100 basis points | ​ | ​ | (4,053) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (4,053)
Down 200 basis points | ​ | ​ | (8,105) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (8,105)
Down 300 basis points | ​ |  | (12,158) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (12,158)

With the consolidation of APC, we are subject to the effects of translating the financial statements of APC from its functional currency (Euros) into our reporting currency (U.S. dollars). The effects of translation are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is net of tax when applicable. APC remeasures transactions and subsidiary financial statements denominated in local currencies to Euros. Gains and losses on the remeasurements are recorded in the other income, net, line of our condensed consolidated statement of earnings.

In the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report, we included discussion of the risks to our fixed price contracts if actual contract costs rise above the estimated amounts of such costs that support corresponding contract prices. Identified as factors that could cause contract cost overruns, project delays or other unfavorable effects on our contracts, among other circumstances and events, are delays in the scheduled deliveries of machinery and equipment ordered by us or project owners, unforeseen increases in the costs of labor, warranties, raw materials, components or equipment or the failure or inability to obtain resources when needed.

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We are subject to fluctuations in prices for commodities including steel products, copper, concrete and fuel. Although we attempt to secure firm quotes from our suppliers, we generally do not hedge against increases in prices for these commodities. Commodity price risks may have an impact on our results of operations due to the fixed-price nature of many of our contracts. We attempt to include the anticipated amounts of price increases or decreases in the costs of our bids. In times of increased supply cost volatility, we may take other steps to reduce our risks. For example, we may hold quotes related to materials in our industrial construction services segment for very short periods. For major fixed price contracts in our power industry services segment, we may mitigate material cost risks by procuring the majority of the equipment and construction supplies during the early phases of a project. The profitability of our active jobs has not suffered meaningfully from the periodic global surges in non-residential construction material costs.

Our operations have been challenged by the well-publicized global supply chain disruptions. While management of the risks associated with the inability to obtain machinery, equipment and other materials when needed continues to require our best efforts, we are concerned that the supply chain uncertainties may be impacting project owners’ confidence in commencing new work which may adversely affect our expected levels of revenues until the supply chain disruptions substantially dissipate.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) as of October 31, 2023. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of October 31, 2023, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC, and the material information related to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries is made known to management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure in the reports.

Changes in internal controls over financial reporting. There have been no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the normal course of business, we may have pending claims and legal proceedings. It is our opinion, based on information available at this time, that any current claim or proceeding will not have a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Our board of directors has authorized management to spend up to $125 million in the repurchase of shares of our common stock in the open market or through investment banking institutions, privately-negotiated transactions, or direct purchases (the “Share Repurchase Plan”). The timing and amount of stock repurchase transactions will depend on market and business conditions, applicable legal and credit requirements and other corporate considerations. In accordance with the SEC’s Rule 10b5-1, and pursuant to the Share Repurchase Plan, we have allowed, and may in the future allow, the repurchase of our common stock during trading blackout periods by an investment banking firm or other institution agent acting on our behalf pursuant to predetermined parameters.

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Information related to our share repurchases for the three months ended October 31, 2023 follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Approximate Dollar
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total Number of | ​ | Value of Shares That May Yet
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Shares Purchased as Part | ​ | Be Purchased under the
​ | ​ | Total Number of | ​ | Average Price per | ​ | of Publicly Announced | ​ | Plans or Programs
Period |  | Shares Repurchased |  | Share Paid |  | Plans or Programs |  | (Dollars in Thousands)
August 1 - 31, 2023 | ​ | 35,000 | ​ | $ | 39.81 | ​ | 35,000 | ​ | $ | 28,311
September 1 - 30, 2023 | ​ | 3,158 | ​ | $ | 43.16 | ​ | 1,100 | ​ | $ | 28,266
October 1 - 31, 2023 | ​ | 33,553 | ​ | $ | 46.80 | ​ | 6,553 | ​ | $ | 27,975
Total |  | 71,711 | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 42,653 | ​ | ​ | ​

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(1) | For the month ended September 30, 2023, we accepted 2,058 shares of our common stock at the average price per share of $44.33 for the exercise price and/or tax withholding in connection with stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements that occurred during the period. For the month ended October 31, 2023, we accepted 27,000 shares of our common stock at the average price per share of $47.38 for the exercise price and/or tax withholding in connection with stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements that occurred during the period

Under the Share Repurchase Plan and as of October 31, 2023, the Company has repurchased 2,595,907 shares of its common stock since November 2021 (when it began to make such repurchases) at an average price of $37.38 per share.

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ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

N o n e

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  | Title
Exhibit 31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Exhibit 31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Exhibit 32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. *
Exhibit 32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. *
Exhibit 101: Exhibit 101.INS |  | ​ XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
Exhibit 101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
Exhibit 101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
Exhibit 101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase.
Exhibit 101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase.
Exhibit 101.DEF |  | Inline XBRLTaxonomy Extension Definition Document.
Exhibit 104 | ​ | Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

* | The certification is being furnished and shall not be considered filed as part of this report.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ARGAN, INC.
December 6, 2023 | By: | /s/ David H. Watson
|  | David H. Watson
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
​ | ​
December 6, 2023 | By: | /s/ Richard H. Deily
|  | Richard H. Deily
|  | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer,
|  | Treasurer and Corporate Secretary

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