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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |  |  |  |
☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended | June 30, 2019 |  |  |
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from | _____________ | to | _____________ |

Commission File Number 001-10822
National Health Investors Inc
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 62-1470956
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
222 Robert Rose Drive |  | 37129
Murfreesboro | Tennessee |  | (Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |

(615) | 890-9100
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Title of each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | NHI | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
There were 43,360,882 shares of common stock outstanding of the registrant as of August 5, 2019.

Table of Contents

| Page
Part I. Financial Information |
Item 1. Financial Statements | 3
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. | 27
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. | 52
Item 4. Controls and Procedures. | 53
Part II. Other Information |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 54
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 54
Item 6. Exhibits | 55
Signatures | 56

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Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
NATIONAL HEALTH INVESTORS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| (unaudited) |  |
Assets: |  |  |
Real estate properties: |  |  |
Land | $ | 214,661 |  |  | $ | 202,196 |
Buildings and improvements | 2,823,170 |  |  | 2,599,526 |
Construction in progress | 20,889 |  |  | 16,643 |
| 3,058,720 |  |  | 2,818,365 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (487,591 | ) |  | (451,483 | )
Real estate properties, net | 2,571,129 |  |  | 2,366,882 |
Mortgage and other notes receivable, net | 306,454 |  |  | 246,111 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 5,635 |  |  | 4,659 |
Straight-line rent receivable | 78,672 |  |  | 105,620 |
Assets held for sale, net | 3,745 |  |  | — |
Other assets | 31,746 |  |  | 27,298 |
Total Assets | $ | 2,997,381 |  |  | $ | 2,750,570 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity: |  |  |
Debt | $ | 1,471,787 |  |  | $ | 1,281,675 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 27,104 |  |  | 19,890 |
Dividends payable | 45,525 |  |  | 42,700 |
Lease deposit liabilities | 10,638 |  |  | 10,638 |
Deferred income | 22,641 |  |  | 5,954 |
Total Liabilities | 1,577,695 |  |  | 1,360,857 |
Commitments and Contingencies |  |  |
National Health Investors, Inc. Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |
Common stock, $.01 par value; 60,000,000 shares authorized; |  |  |
43,357,018 and 42,700,411 shares issued and outstanding | 434 |  |  | 427 |
Capital in excess of par value | 1,419,228 |  |  | 1,369,919 |
Cumulative net income in excess of dividends | 2,842 |  |  | 18,068 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (3,459 | ) |  | 1,299 |
Total National Health Investors, Inc. Stockholders' Equity | 1,419,045 |  |  | 1,389,713 |
Noncontrolling interest | 641 |  |  | — |
Total Equity | 1,419,686 |  |  | 1,389,713 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 2,997,381 |  |  | $ | 2,750,570 |

The accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date.
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NATIONAL HEALTH INVESTORS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income | $ | 72,578 |  |  | $ | 69,869 |  |  | $ | 143,531 |  |  | $ | 139,122 |
Interest income and other | 5,518 |  |  | 3,087 |  |  | 10,673 |  |  | 6,580 |
| 78,096 |  |  | 72,956 |  |  | 154,204 |  |  | 145,702 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 19,020 |  |  | 17,794 |  |  | 37,511 |  |  | 35,129 |
Interest | 13,746 |  |  | 12,220 |  |  | 27,264 |  |  | 23,834 |
Legal | 99 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 334 |
Franchise, excise and other taxes | 775 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 1,320 |  |  | 612 |
General and administrative | 2,972 |  |  | 2,765 |  |  | 6,986 |  |  | 6,935 |
Property taxes and insurance on leased properties | 1,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,597 |  |  | — |
Loan and realty losses | — |  |  | 1,849 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 1,849 |
| 38,118 |  |  | 35,117 |  |  | 78,547 |  |  | 68,693 |
Income before loss on convertible note retirement | 39,978 |  |  | 37,839 |  |  | 75,657 |  |  | 77,009 |
Loss on convertible note retirement | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (738 | )
Net income | 39,978 |  |  | 37,839 |  |  | 75,657 |  |  | 76,271 |
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 39,979 |  |  | $ | 37,839 |  |  | $ | 75,658 |  |  | $ | 76,271 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 43,232,384 |  |  | 41,704,819 |  |  | 43,029,104 |  |  | 41,618,487 |
Diluted | 43,498,021 |  |  | 41,786,829 |  |  | 43,311,527 |  |  | 41,681,854 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders - basic | $ | .92 |  |  | $ | .91 |  |  | $ | 1.76 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders - diluted | $ | .92 |  |  | $ | .91 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |

The accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

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NATIONAL HEALTH INVESTORS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
Net income | $ | 39,978 |  |  | $ | 37,839 |  |  | $ | 75,657 |  |  | $ | 76,271 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in fair value of cash flow hedges | (3,451 | ) |  | 727 |  |  | (4,117 | ) |  | 2,373 |
Reclassification for amounts recognized as interest expense | (350 | ) |  | 76 |  |  | (641 | ) |  | 352 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (3,801 | ) |  | 803 |  |  | (4,758 | ) |  | 2,725 |
Comprehensive income | 36,177 |  |  | 38,642 |  |  | 70,899 |  |  | 78,996 |
Less: comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 36,178 |  |  | $ | 38,642 |  |  | $ | 70,900 |  |  | $ | 78,996 |

The accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NATIONAL HEALTH INVESTORS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 75,657 |  |  | $ | 76,271 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation | 37,511 |  |  | 35,129 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts | 2,551 |  |  | 2,100 |
Amortization of commitment fees and note receivable discounts | (241 | ) |  | (589 | )
Amortization of lease incentives | 383 |  |  | 132 |
Straight-line rent income | (10,535 | ) |  | (11,797 | )
Non-cash interest income on construction loans | (1,005 | ) |  | (943 | )
Loss on convertible note retirement | — |  |  | 738 |
Loan and realty losses | 2,500 |  |  | 1,849 |
Payment of lease incentives | (2,600 | ) |  | — |
Non-cash stock-based compensation | 2,478 |  |  | 1,794 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Other assets | 2,474 |  |  | (5,367 | )
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 1,571 |  |  | 2,900 |
Deferred income | 16,170 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 126,914 |  |  | 102,217 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Investments in mortgage and other notes receivable | (59,655 | ) |  | (9,845 | )
Collections of mortgage and other notes receivable | 558 |  |  | 2,775 |
Investments in real estate | (200,632 | ) |  | (129,558 | )
Investments in renovations of existing real estate | (8,300 | ) |  | (4,269 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (268,029 | ) |  | (140,897 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from revolving credit facility | 292,000 |  |  | 179,000 |
Payments on revolving credit facility | (103,000 | ) |  | (73,000 | )
Payments on term loans | (589 | ) |  | (568 | )
Debt issuance costs | (90 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from noncontrolling interest | 642 |  |  | — |
Taxes remitted on employee stock awards | (1,016 | ) |  | (325 | )
Proceeds from issuance of common shares, net | 47,854 |  |  | 44,920 |
Convertible note redemption | — |  |  | (29,985 | )
Dividends paid to stockholders | (88,060 | ) |  | (80,988 | )
Net provided by financing activities | 147,741 |  |  | 39,054 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | 6,626 |  |  | 374 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 9,912 |  |  | 8,075 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 16,538 |  |  | $ | 8,449 |

The accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NATIONAL HEALTH INVESTORS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)
(in thousands)

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (unaudited)
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized | $ | 26,032 |  |  | $ | 22,403 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Change in accounts payable related to investments in real estate construction | $ | (1,981 | ) |  | $ | 273 |
Change in accounts payable related to investments in real estate acquisition | $ | 1,178 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in straight-line rent receivable related to investments in real estate | $ | 38,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in other assets related to investments in real estate | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | — |
Tenant investment in leased asset | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,775 |

The accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NATIONAL HEALTH INVESTORS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| Common Stock |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  | Cumulative Net Income in Excess of Dividends |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total National Health Investors Stockholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances at December 31, 2018 | 42,700,411 |  |  | $ | 427 |  |  | $ | 1,369,919 |  |  | $ | 18,068 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 1,389,713 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,389,713 |
Total comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,679 |  |  | (957 | ) |  | 34,722 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,722 |
Issuance of common stock, net | 462,925 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 35,908 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,913 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,913 |
Taxes paid on employee stock awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,006 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,006 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,006 | )
Shares issued on stock options exercised | 35,982 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,001 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,001 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,001 |
Dividends declared, $1.05 per common share | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,359 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45,359 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45,359 | )
Activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019 | 498,907 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 36,902 |  |  | (9,680 | ) |  | (957 | ) |  | 26,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,270 |
Noncontrolling interest conveyed in acquisition | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 642 |  |  | 642 |
Total comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,979 |  |  | (3,801 | ) |  | 36,178 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 36,177 |
Issuance of common stock, net | 155,729 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 11,940 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,942 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,942 |
Taxes paid on employee stock awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10 | )
Shares issued on stock options exercised | 1,971 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 477 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 477 |  |  | — |  |  | 477 |
Dividends declared, $1.05 per common share | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,525 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45,525 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45,525 | )
Activity for the three months ended June 30, 2019 | 157,700 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 12,407 |  |  | (5,546 | ) |  | (3,801 | ) |  | 3,062 |  |  | 641 |  |  | 3,703 |
Balances at June 30, 2019 | 43,357,018 |  |  | $ | 434 |  |  | $ | 1,419,228 |  |  | $ | 2,842 |  |  | $ | (3,459 | ) |  | $ | 1,419,045 |  |  | $ | 641 |  |  | $ | 1,419,686 |

| Common Stock |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  | Cumulative Net Income in Excess of Dividends |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total National Health Investors Stockholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances at December 31, 2017 | 41,532,154 |  |  | $ | 415 |  |  | $ | 1,289,919 |  |  | $ | 32,605 |  |  | $ | (822 | ) |  | $ | 1,322,117 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,322,117 |
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (235 | ) |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,432 |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | 40,354 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,354 |
Equity component in redemption of convertible notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,427 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,427 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,427 | )
Equity offerring costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (56 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (56 | ) |  | — |  |  | (56 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,425 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,425 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,425 |
Dividends declared, $1.00 per common share | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41,532 | ) |  | — |  |  | (41,532 | ) |  | — |  |  | (41,532 | )
Activity for the three months ended March 31, 2018 | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,058 | ) |  | (3,335 | ) |  | 2,157 |  |  | (2,236 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,236 | )
Total comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,839 |  |  | 803 |  |  | 38,642 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,642 |
Issuance of common stock, net | 628,403 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 44,969 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,976 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,976 |
Taxes paid on employee stock awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (325 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (325 | ) |  | — |  |  | (325 | )
Shares issued on stock options exercised | 11,309 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 369 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 369 |  |  | — |  |  | 369 |
Dividends declared, $1.00 per common share | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42,171 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42,171 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42,171 | )
Activity for the three months ended June 30, 2018 | 639,712 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 45,013 |  |  | (4,332 | ) |  | 803 |  |  | 41,491 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,491 |
Balances at June 30, 2018 | 42,171,866 |  |  | $ | 422 |  |  | $ | 1,333,874 |  |  | $ | 24,938 |  |  | $ | 2,138 |  |  | $ | 1,361,372 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,361,372 |

The accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NATIONAL HEALTH INVESTORS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2019
(unaudited)
NOTE 1. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
We, the management of National Health Investors, Inc., (“NHI” or the “Company”) believe that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of which these notes are an integral part include all normal, recurring adjustments that are necessary to fairly present the condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows of NHI in all material respects. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date. We assume that users of these condensed consolidated financial statements have read or have access to the audited December 31, 2018 consolidated financial statements and that the adequacy of additional disclosure needed for a fair presentation, except regarding material contingencies, may be determined in that context. Accordingly, notes and other disclosures which would substantially duplicate those contained in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 have been omitted. This condensed consolidated financial information is not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for a full year for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, acquisitions and dispositions, changes in interest rates, rents and the timing of debt and equity financings. For a better understanding of NHI and its condensed consolidated financial statements, we recommend reading these condensed consolidated financial statements in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, which are included in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), a copy of which is available at our web site: www.nhireit.com.
Principles of Consolidation - The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures, partnerships and consolidated variable interest entities (“VIE”), if any. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
A VIE is broadly defined as an entity with one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the total equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance the entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support; (b) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack (i) the ability to make decisions about the entity’s activities through voting or similar rights, (ii) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or (iii) the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity; or (c) the equity investors have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve, or are conducted on behalf of, an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights.
We apply Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance for our arrangements with VIEs which requires us to identify entities for which control is achieved through means other than voting rights and to determine which business enterprise is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. In accordance with FASB guidance, management must evaluate each of the Company’s contractual relationships which creates a variable interest in other entities. If the Company has a variable interest and the entity is a VIE, then management must determine whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. If it is determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary, NHI would consolidate the VIE. We identify the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise that has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the entity. We perform this analysis on an ongoing basis.
If the Company has determined that an entity is not a VIE, the Company assesses the need for consolidation under all other provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810 Consolidation. These provisions provide for consolidation of majority-owned entities where a majority voting interest held by the Company demonstrates control of such entities in the absence of any legal constraints.
At June 30, 2019, we held an interest in seven unconsolidated VIEs, and, because we generally lack either directly or through related parties any material input in the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance, we have concluded that NHI is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, we account for our transactions with these entities and their subsidiaries at amortized cost.
Our VIEs are summarized below by date of initial involvement. For further discussion of the nature of the relationships, including the sources of our exposure to these VIEs, see the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements cross-referenced below.
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Date | Name | Source of Exposure | Carrying Amount | Maximum Exposure to Loss | Note Reference
2012 | Bickford Senior Living | Various 1 | $ | 68,433,000 |  | $ | 82,741,000 |  | Notes 2, 3
2014 | Senior Living Communities | Notes and straight-line receivable | $ | 82,035,000 |  | $ | 92,457,000 |  | Notes 2, 3
2015 | Timber Ridge, LCS affiliate | Notes receivable | $ | 59,147,000 |  | $ | 59,799,000 |  | Note 3
2016 | Senior Living Management | Notes and straight-line receivable | $ | 26,667,000 |  | $ | 26,667,000 |  | Note 3
2017 | Evolve Senior Living | Note receivable | $ | 9,938,000 |  | $ | 9,938,000 |  | —
2018 | Sagewood, LCS affiliate | Notes receivable | $ | 97,948,000 |  | $ | 178,366,000 |  | Note 3
2019 | 41 Management, LLC | Notes receivable | $ | 1,388,000 |  | $ | 10,800,000 |  | Note 3

1 Notes, straight-line rent receivables, and unamortized lease incentives
We are not obligated to provide support beyond our stated commitments to these tenants and borrowers whom we classify as VIEs, and accordingly, our maximum exposure to loss as a result of these relationships is limited to the amount of our commitments, as shown above and discussed in the notes. When the above relationships involve leases, some additional exposure to economic loss is present. Generally, additional economic loss on a lease, if any, would be limited to that resulting from a short period of arrearage and non-payment of monthly rent before we are able to take effective remedial action, as well as costs incurred in transitioning the lease to a new tenant. The potential extent of such loss will be dependent upon individual facts and circumstances, cannot be quantified, and is therefore not included in the tabulation above. Typically, the only carrying amounts involving our leases are accumulated straight-line receivables and unamortized lease incentives. For VIE relationships listed above without a note reference, refer to our financial statements included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash - Cash equivalents consist of all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. Restricted cash includes amounts required to be held on deposit in accordance with agency agreements governing our Fannie Mae and HUD mortgages.
The following table sets forth our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands):

| June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 5,635 |  |  | $ | 3,045 |
Restricted cash | 10,903 |  |  | 5,404 |
| $ | 16,538 |  |  | $ | 8,449 |

Leases - For operating leases entered into during 2019, we record under the guidance of ASC Topic 842, Leases. Our leases generally have an initial leasehold term of 10 to 15 years followed by one or more 5-year tenant renewal options. The leases are “triple net leases” under which the tenant is responsible for the payment of all taxes, utilities, insurance premiums, repairs and other charges relating to the operation of the properties, including required levels of capital expenditures each year. The tenant is obligated at its expense to keep all improvements, fixtures and other components of the properties covered by “all risk” insurance in an amount equal to at least the full replacement cost thereof, and to maintain specified minimal personal injury and property damage insurance, protecting us as well as the tenant. The leases also require the tenant to indemnify and hold us harmless from all claims resulting from the use, occupancy and related activities of each property by the tenant, and to indemnify us against all costs related to any release, discovery, clean-up and removal of hazardous substances or materials, or other environmental responsibility with respect to each facility. These provisions, along with a growing senior demographic and the historical propensity for real estate to hold its value, collectively constitute much of the means by which the risk associated with the residual value of our properties is mitigated. Additionally, in monitoring the performance of our properties, we are positioned to respond appropriately to declines in physical plant or tenant performance. While we do not incorporate residual value guarantees, the above lease provisions and considerations inform our expectation of realizable value from our properties upon the expiration of their lease terms. The residual value of our real estate under lease is still subject to various market, asset, and tenant-specific risks and characteristics. As the classification of our leases is dependent on the fair value of estimated cash flows at lease commencement, residual values represent significant assumptions in our accounting for operating leases. Similarly, the exercise of options is also subject to these same risks, making a tenant’s lease term another significant variable in a lease’s cash flows.
Most of our existing leases contain annual fixed escalators in rent payments, and, for financial statement purposes, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Other operators lease from us under leases that provide for variable escalation in lease payments based on contingent factors not determinable in advance. Principally, two operators with leases based
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on variable escalators constitute 20% of our total revenue and are derived from either an index applied to the measured level of operations or the consumer price index. Additionally, we derive variable payments from those operators discussed under the sub-heading “Tenant Transition” for which variable payments are determined as a percentage of the tenant’s net operating income. Our variable revenue from these operators is recognized when received. A summary of future minimum lease payments as of June 30, 2019, can be found in Note 2.
Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Earnings Per Share - The weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period is used to calculate basic earnings per common share. Diluted earnings per common share assumes the exercise of stock options using the treasury stock method, to the extent dilutive. Diluted earnings per share also incorporate the potential dilutive impact of our convertible senior notes. We apply the treasury stock method to our convertible debt instruments, the effect of which is that conversion will not be assumed for purposes of computing diluted earnings per share unless the average share price for the period exceeds the conversion price per share.
Reclassifications - We have reclassified certain balances where necessary to conform the presentation of prior periods to the current period. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported net income.
New Accounting Pronouncements - For a review of recent accounting pronouncements pertinent to our operations and management’s judgment as to the impact that the eventual adoption of these pronouncements will have on our financial position and results of operations, see Note 10.
NOTE 2. REAL ESTATE
As of June 30, 2019, we owned 228 health care real estate properties located in 33 states and consisting of 151 senior housing communities (“SHO”), 72 skilled nursing facilities (“SNF”), 3 hospitals and 2 medical office buildings. Our senior housing communities include assisted living facilities, senior living campuses, independent living facilities, and entrance-fee communities. These investments (excluding our corporate office of $2,505,000) consisted of properties with an original cost of approximately $3,056,215,000 rented under triple-net leases to 30 lessees.
During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we made the following real estate investments and commitments as described below ($ in thousands):

Operator |  | Date |  | Properties |  | Asset Class |  | Amount
Wingate Healthcare |  | January 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | $ | 52,200 |
Holiday Retirement |  | January 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 38,000 |
Comfort Care Senior Living |  | April 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 10,800 |
Comfort Care Senior Living |  | May 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 13,500 |
Discovery Senior Living (PropCo Joint Venture) |  | May 2019 |  | 6 |  | SHO |  | 128,350 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 242,850 |

Wingate
On January 15, 2019, we acquired a 267-unit senior living campus in Massachusetts for a purchase price of $50,300,000, including closing costs of $300,000. The facility is being leased to Wingate Healthcare, Inc. (“Wingate”) for a term of 10 years, with three renewal options of five years each, at an initial lease rate of 7.5% plus annual fixed escalators. We have committed to the additional funding of up to $1,900,000 in capital improvements, and the lease provides for incentive payments up to $5,000,000 to become available beginning in 2020 upon the attainment of certain operating metrics. NHI has a right of first offer on two additional Wingate-operated facilities. We accounted for the transaction as an asset purchase.
Comfort Care
On April 30, 2019, we acquired a newly-constructed 60-unit assisted living facility in Shelby, Michigan which has 14 memory care units under construction. The total commitment of $10,800,000 includes $9,282,000 funded at closing with the remaining
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amount to be funded as construction progresses. On May 20, 2019, we acquired a property in Brighton, Michigan, consisting of 73 assisted living/memory care units. The purchase price for the Brighton acquisition was $13,500,000, inclusive of closing costs. We leased the properties to Comfort Care Senior Living (“Comfort Care”), under leases which provide for initial lease rate of 7.75%, with annual fixed escalators beginning in year three over the term of ten years plus two renewal options of five years each. The leases each include a $3,000,000 earnout incentive which will be added to the respective lease base if funded. We accounted for the acquisitions as asset purchases.
Discovery
On May 31, 2019, we invested $25,028,000 in cash for a 97.5% equity interest in a consolidated subsidiary ("PropCo"), which simultaneously acquired from a third party six senior housing facilities comprising 145 independent-living units, 356 assisted-living units and 95 memory-care units, for a total of 596 units. Discovery Senior Housing Investor XXIV, LLC, (“Discovery”) contributed $642,000 for its non-controlling 2.5% equity interest. We invested an additional $102,680,000 as a preferred equity contribution, for a total NHI investment of $127,708,000. The additional equity contribution of $102,680,000 carries a preference in liquidation as well as in the distribution of operating cash flow. Total cash of $128,350,000 invested in PropCo included approximately $1,067,000 in closing costs and $433,000 reserved for working capital needs.
The facilities were leased by PropCo to Discovery for a term of ten years with two renewal periods of five years each at an initial lease rate of 6.5% with fixed annual escalators through the fifth year of the initial lease term followed by CPI-based escalators, subject to floor and ceiling, thereafter. Discovery is eligible, beginning in 2023, for up to $4,000,000 of lease inducement payments upon meeting specified performance metrics. Inducement payments funded under the agreement will be added to the lease base. Additionally, PropCo has committed to Discovery for funding up to $2,000,000 toward the purchase of condominium units located at one of the facilities. The total purchase price for the properties acquired, as discussed above, was allocated to the tangible assets based upon their relative fair values consisting of $6,301,000 to the land and $121,616,000 to the buildings and improvements.
NHI as the managing member manages Propco, subject to certain consent rights of Discovery for certain significant business decisions. Because of our control of PropCo, we include its assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interest and operations in our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 810, Consolidation, and ASC Topic 970, Real Estate - General.
Major Tenants
Holiday
In November 2018, we entered into a lease amendment and guaranty release (“the Agreement”) with an affiliate of Holiday Retirement (“Holiday”). Among other provisions, the Agreement decreased base rent beginning in 2019 from $39,000,000 to $31,500,000, extended the term of the original lease through 2035, and increased required minimum capital expenditure per unit. As consideration for amending provisions included in the original 2013 lease, Holiday agreed to pay NHI $55,125,000 in cash or real estate and forfeit $10,637,000 of their original $21,275,000 security deposit.
On January 31, 2019, we acquired a senior housing facility in Vero Beach, Florida from Holiday consisting of 157 independent living and 71 assisted living units in exchange for $38,000,000 toward the $55,125,000 receivable arising from the lease amendment, discussed above. The property was added to the master lease at a 6.71% lease rate. Under the restructured master lease, annual lease escalators ranging from 2% to 3%, based on portfolio revenue growth, will go into effect on November 1, 2020. Holiday settled the remaining commitment to NHI with a cash payment of $17,125,000 at closing. Acquisition of the property and collection of residual cash flowed through our accounts as adjustments to lease receivables and resulted in the change of our straight-line receivable from Holiday at the beginning of the year into a straight-line payable, which is included in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as “deferred income” at June 30, 2019.
As of June 30, 2019, we leased 26 independent living facilities to Holiday. Of our total revenues, $10,176,000 (13%) and $10,954,000 (15%) were derived from Holiday for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, including $1,664,000 and $1,530,000 in straight-line rent income, respectively. Of our total revenues, $20,106,000 (13%) and $21,908,000 (15%) were derived from Holiday for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, including $3,294,000 and $3,061,000 in straight-line rent income, respectively. Our tenant operates the facilities pursuant to a management agreement with a Holiday-affiliated manager.
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Bickford
As of June 30, 2019, our Bickford Senior Living (“Bickford”) lease portfolio consists of the following ($ in thousands):

| Lease Expiration |
| June 2023 | September 2027 | May 2031 | April 2033 | Total
Number of Properties | 13 |  | 4 |  | 28 |  | 5 |  | 50 |
2019 Contractual Rent | $ | 11,468 |  | $ | 1,576 |  | $ | 30,825 |  | $ | 4,918 |  | $ | 48,787 |
2019 Straight Line Rent | 358 |  | 195 |  | 3,948 |  | 860 |  | 5,361 |
| $ | 11,826 |  | $ | 1,771 |  | $ | 34,773 |  | $ | 5,778 |  | $ | 54,148 |

Of our total revenues, $13,267,000 (17%) and $12,411,000 (17%) were recognized as rental income from Bickford for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, including $1,324,000 and $1,203,000 in straight-line rent income, respectively. Of our total revenues, $26,511,000 (17%) and $23,856,000 (16%) were recognized as rental income from Bickford for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, including $2,695,000 and $2,372,000 in straight-line rent income, respectively.
Senior Living Communities
As of June 30, 2019, we leased 11 retirement communities totaling 2,216 units to Senior Living Communities, LLC (“Senior Living”). The 15-year master lease, which began in December 2014, contains two renewal options of five years each and provides for an annual escalator of 3% effective January 1, 2019.
Of our total revenues, $11,545,000 (15%) and $11,457,000 (16%) in rental income were derived from Senior Living for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, including $1,058,000 and $1,359,000 in straight-line rent income, respectively. Of our total revenues, $23,077,000 (15%) and $22,905,000 (16%) in rental income were derived from Senior Living for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, including $2,115,000 and $2,717,000 in straight-line rent income, respectively.
NHC
As of June 30, 2019, we leased 42 facilities under two master leases to National HealthCare Corporation (“NHC”), a publicly-held company. The facilities leased to NHC consist of three independent living facilities and 39 skilled nursing facilities (4 of which are subleased to other parties for whom the lease payments are guaranteed to us by NHC). These facilities are leased to NHC under the terms of an amended master lease agreement originally dated October 17, 1991 (“the 1991 lease”) that includes our 35 legacy properties and a master lease agreement dated August 30, 2013 (“the 2013 lease”) that includes 7 skilled nursing facilities acquired in 2013.
The 1991 lease expiration is December 31, 2026. There are two additional renewal options of five years, each at fair rental value as negotiated between the parties and determined without including the value attributable to any improvements to the leased property voluntarily made by NHC at its expense. Under the terms of the 1991 lease, the base annual rental is $30,750,000 and rent escalates by 4% of the increase, if any, in each facility’s revenue over a 2007 base year. The 2013 lease provides for a base annual rental of $3,450,000 and has a lease expiration of August 2028. Under the terms of the 2013 lease, rent escalates 4% of the increase, if any, in each facility’s revenue over the 2014 base year. For both the 1991 lease and the 2013 lease, we refer to this additional rent component as “percentage rent.” During the last three years of the 2013 lease, NHC will have the option to purchase the facilities for $49,000,000.
The following table summarizes the percentage rent income from NHC (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Current year | $ | 924 |  |  | $ | 853 |  |  | $ | 1,801 |  |  | $ | 1,706 |
Prior year final certification 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 334 |  |  | 285 |
Total percentage rent income | $ | 924 |  |  | $ | 853 |  |  | $ | 2,135 |  |  | $ | 1,991 |

1 For purposes of the percentage rent calculation described in the master lease agreement, NHC’s annual revenue by facility for a given year is certified to NHI by March 31st of the following year.
Of our total revenues, $9,461,000 (12%) and $9,389,000 (13%) in rental income were derived from NHC for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of our total revenues, $19,209,000 (12%) and $19,064,000 (13%) in rental income were derived from NHC for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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The chairman of our board of directors is also a director on NHC’s board of directors. As of June 30, 2019, NHC owned 1,630,462 shares of our common stock.
Purchase Options
Certain of our operators hold purchase options allowing them to acquire properties they currently lease from NHI. For options open or coming open in the near future, we are engaged in preliminary negotiations to continue as lessor or in some other capacity.
A summary of these tenant options is presented below ($ in thousands):

Asset | Number of | Lease | 1st Option | Option | Contractual
Type | Properties | Expiration | Open Year | Basis | Rent
MOB | 1 | February 2025 | Open | i | $ | 306 |
SHO | 4 | September 2027 | Open | iv | $ | 1,560 |
HOSP | 1 | September 2027 | 2020 | ii | $ | 2,713 |
SHO | 8 | December 2024 | 2020 | ii | $ | 4,482 |
HOSP | 1 | March 2025 | 2020 | iv | $ | 1,957 |
SHO | 2 | May 2031 | 2021 | iv | $ | 4,949 |
HOSP | 1 | June 2022 | 2022 | i | $ | 3,460 |
SNF | 7 | August 2028 | 2025 | iii | $ | 3,671 |
SNF | 1 | September 2028 | 2028 | iii | $ | 463 |

Tenant purchase options generally give the lessee an option to purchase the underlying property for consideration determined by i) greater of fixed base price or fair market value; ii) a fixed base price plus a specified share in any appreciation; iii) fixed base price; or iv) a fixed capitalization rate on lease revenue.
Other Portfolio Activity
Tenant Transitioning
As of June 30, 2019, we have completed the contractual transition of three lease portfolios to new tenants following a period of non-compliance by the former operators, background for which is provided in the financial statements included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. The portfolios consist of three former Regency buildings, five former LaSalle Group buildings and one facility formerly leased to Landmark. To expedite stabilization of the facilities, we committed to specified income-generating capital expenditures for the re-branding and refurbishment of certain of these properties. The new leases each specify initial periods during which rental income to NHI shall be based on net operating income (“NOI”), after deduction of management fees. Following the initial periods, each lease converts to a structured payment based on a fair-value calculation.
The former Regency buildings have been leased to three operators, Senior Living, Discovery, and Vitality MC TN, LLC (“Vitality”). Of our total revenues, $69,000 and $1,262,000 (2%) in rental income were derived from the three former Regency buildings for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of our total revenues, $145,000 and $2,523,000 (2%) in rental income were derived from the three former Regency buildings for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
On April 16, 2019, Chancellor Health Care leased the five former LaSalle Group (“LaSalle”) buildings. Our lease agreement with Chancellor provides for NHI to receive 100% of net operating cash flow generated by the facilities, after management fees, pending stabilization of the operations of the facility. During the first quarter of 2019, we also commenced litigation for the recovery of certain funds owed by LaSalle under the lease and against the principal executive personally under the guaranty agreement. Of our total revenues, $287,000 and $1,119,000 (2%) in rental income were derived from the five former LaSalle buildings for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of our total revenues, $287,000 and $2,213,000 (2%) in rental income were derived from the five former LaSalle buildings for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
At December 31, 2018, we had a single-property lease in Wisconsin with Landmark Senior Living that was non-performing. In February 2019, we transitioned the lease to BAKA Enterprises, temporarily acting under a management agreement with Landmark. Under terms of the new lease, NHI receives 95% of net operating cash flow, after management fees, as generated by the facilities. Upon the establishment of an operational baseline, beginning in year two, the agreement calls for a rent reset to fair value. The agreement provides for a term of 8 years, with renewal options. Of our total revenues, $150,000 and $305,000
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were derived from the former Landmark property for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of our total revenues, $775,000 (1%) and $762,000 (1%) were derived from the former Landmark property for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, including $625,000 received during 2019 as a settlement payment.
As we seek to stabilize the operations of these facilities, if our resulting tenants or operating partners do not have adequate liquidity to accept the risks and rewards of a tenant-lessee, NHI might be deemed the primary beneficiary of the operations and might be required to consolidate those statements of financial position and results of operations of the managers or operating partners into our consolidated financial statements.
Assets Held For Sale
We have identified two assisted living properties for disposal and have begun active marketing of the properties. The buildings are smaller than are typical of our portfolio and are no longer considered to be an appropriate investment for NHI. In January 2019 we ceased recording depreciation on the properties, and we booked an adjustment to lease revenues to write off the associated $124,000 in straight-line receivables. We recognized an impairment loss of $2,500,000 to write down the properties to their estimated net realizable value of $3,745,000 and have classified the assets as available for sale on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at June 30, 2019.
Future Minimum Lease Payments
With the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases, as discussed in Note 10, our minimum lease payments are now determined under guidance different from that required as of December 31, 2018, when we were subject to ASC Topic 840 Leases. Presented in the following table are future minimum lease payments, as of June 30, 2019, to be received by us under our operating leases, as determined under ASC 842 (in thousands):

Twelve months ended June 30, 2019 |
2020 | $ | 268,472 |
2021 | 267,735 |
2022 | 269,959 |
2023 | 270,658 |
2024 | 259,637 |
Thereafter | 1,655,040 |
| $ | 2,991,501 |

We assess the collectibility of our lease receivables, consisting of straight-line rents receivable, based on several factors, including payment history, the financial strength of the tenant and any guarantors, historical operations and operating trends of the property, and current economic conditions. If our evaluation of these factors indicates it is not probable that we will be able to collect substantially all of the receivable, we de-recognize all rent receivable assets, including the straight-line rent receivable asset and record as a reduction in rental revenue.
NOTE 3. MORTGAGE AND OTHER NOTES RECEIVABLE
At June 30, 2019, we had net investments in mortgage notes receivable with a carrying value of $260,865,000, secured by real estate and UCC liens on the personal property of 14 facilities, and other notes receivable with a carrying value of $45,589,000, guaranteed by significant parties to the notes or by cross-collateralization of properties with the same owner. All our notes receivable were on full accrual basis and no allowance for doubtful accounts was considered necessary at June 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.
41 Management
On June 14, 2019 we committed to providing first mortgage financing to 41 Management, LLC (d/b/a as Matthews Senior Living) for up to $10,800,000 to fund the construction of a 51-unit assisted living facility in Wisconsin. The loan carries an interest rate of 8.50% for its term of five years, subject to two renewals of one year each. The agreement provides for a 1% commitment fee as well as an exit fee of 1.0% that is subject to waiver should we exercise our purchase option, which is to open upon stabilization of the facility. Additional security on the loan includes personal and corporate guarantees and the funding of a $2,400,000 working capital escrow. The total amount funded on the note was $1,495,000 as of June 30, 2019.
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Our loan to 41 Management represents a variable interest. 41 Management is structured to limit liability for potential claims for damages, is capitalized to achieve that purpose and is considered a VIE within the definition set forth in Note 1.
Senior Living Communities
On June 25, 2019, we provided a mortgage loan of $32,700,000 to Senior Living for the acquisition of a 248-unit continuing care retirement community in Columbia, South Carolina. The financing is for a term of five years with two one year extensions and carries an interest rate of 7.25%. Additionally, the loan conveys to NHI a purchase option at a stated minimum price of $38,250,000, subject to adjustment for market conditions.
In connection with the acquisition in December 2014 of properties leased to Senior Living, we provided a $15,000,000 revolving line of credit, the maturity of which mirrors the 15-year term of the master lease. Borrowings are used to finance construction projects within the Senior Living portfolio, including building additional units. Up to $5,000,000 of the facility may be used to meet general working capital needs. Amounts outstanding under the facility, $4,578,000 at June 30, 2019, bear interest at an annual rate equal to the prevailing 10-year U.S. Treasury rate, 2.00% at June 30, 2019, plus 6%.
NHI has two mezzanine loans of up to $12,000,000 and $2,000,000, respectively, to affiliates of Senior Living, whose purpose was to partially fund construction of a 186-unit senior living campus on Daniel Island in South Carolina, which opened in April 2018. The loans bear interest payable monthly at a 10% annual rate and mature in March 2021. The loans were fully drawn at June 30, 2019, and provided NHI with a fixed capitalization rate purchase option on the development upon its meeting certain operational metrics. The option is to remain open during the term of the loans, plus any extensions.
Our loans to Senior Living and its subsidiaries represent a variable interest. Senior Living is structured to limit liability for potential claims for damages, is appropriately capitalized for that purpose and is considered a VIE.
Bickford
At June 30, 2019, our construction loans to Bickford are summarized as follows:

Commencement |  | Rate |  | Maturity |  | Commitment |  | Drawn |  | Location
July 2016 |  | 9% |  | 5 years |  | $ | 14,000,000 |  |  | $ | (14,000,000 | ) |  | Illinois
January 2017 |  | 9% |  | 5 years |  | 14,000,000 |  |  | (14,000,000 | ) |  | Michigan
January 2018 |  | 9% |  | 5 years |  | 14,000,000 |  |  | (8,421,000 | ) |  | Virginia
July 2018 |  | 9% |  | 5 years |  | 14,700,000 |  |  | (5,970,000 | ) |  | Michigan
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 56,700,000 |  |  | $ | (42,391,000 | ) |  |

The construction loans are secured by first mortgage liens on substantially all real and personal property as well as a pledge of any and all leases or agreements which may grant a right of use to the property. Usual and customary covenants extend to the agreements, including the borrower’s obligation for payment of insurance and taxes. NHI has a fair market value purchase option on the properties at stabilization of the underlying operations. On these development projects, Bickford as borrower is entitled to up to $2,000,000 per project in incentive loan draws based on the achievement of predetermined operational milestones and, if funded, will increase the principal amount and NHI's future purchase price and eventual NHI lease payment.
Our loans to Bickford represent a variable interest. Bickford is structured to limit liability for potential claims for damages, is capitalized to achieve that purpose and is considered a VIE within the definition set forth in Note 1.
Life Care Services - Sagewood
On December 21, 2018 we entered into an agreement to lend LCS-Westminster Partnership IV LLP (“LCS-WP IV”), an affiliate of Life Care Services (“LCS”), the manager of the facility, up to $180,000,000. The loan agreement conveys a mortgage interest and will facilitate the construction of Phase II of Sagewood, a Type-A Continuing Care Retirement Community in Scottsdale, AZ. As an affiliate of a larger company, LCS-WP IV is structured to limit liability for potential damage claims, is capitalized to achieve that purpose and is considered a VIE within the definition set forth in Note 1.
The loan takes the form of two notes under a master credit agreement. The senior note (“Note A”) totals $118,800,000 at a 7.25% interest rate with 10 basis-point annual escalators after three years and has a term of 10 years. We have funded $77,118,000 of Note A as of June 30, 2019. Note A is interest-only and is locked to prepayment until January 2021. After 2020, the prepayment penalty starts at 2% and declines to 1% in 2022. The second note (“Note B”) is a construction loan for up to $61,200,000 at an
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annual interest rate of 8.5% and carries a maturity of five years. The total amount funded on Note B was $22,464,000 as of June 30, 2019.
Life Care Services - Timber Ridge
In February 2015, we entered into an agreement with LCS-Westminster Partnership III LLP (“LCS-WP III”), an affiliate of LCS, the manager of the facility, to lend up to $154,500,000. The loan agreement conveys a mortgage interest and facilitated the construction of Phase II of Timber Ridge at Talus (“Timber Ridge”), a Type-A continuing care retirement community in Issaquah, Washington. Our loan to LCS-WP III represents a variable interest. As an affiliate of a larger company, LCS-WP III is structured to limit liability for potential damage claims, is capitalized to achieve that purpose and is considered a VIE within the definition set forth in Note 1.
The loan took the form of two notes under a master credit agreement. The senior note (“Note A”) totals $60,000,000 at an initial rate of 6.75% (currently 6.95%) with 10 basis-point escalators after three years and has a term of 10 years. We have funded $59,349,000 of Note A as of June 30, 2019. Note A is interest-only and is locked to prepayment for three years. Beginning in February 2018, the prepayment penalty started at 5% and will decline 1% annually for five years. Note B was a construction loan for up to $94,500,000, with the remaining outstanding balance being fully repaid during the first quarter of 2018.
NHI has an option to purchase the entire Timber Ridge property for the greater of a mutually agreed-upon fair market value or $115,000,000 during an option window that opened in February 2019 .
Senior Living Management
In August 2016, we entered into an agreement to furnish to our current tenant, Senior Living Management, Inc. (“SLM”), through its affiliates, loans of up to $24,500,000 to facilitate SLM’s acquisition of five senior housing facilities that it currently operates. The loans consist of two notes under a master credit agreement, include both a mortgage and a corporate loan, and bear interest at 8.25% with terms of five years, plus optional extensions of one year and two years. NHI has a right of first refusal if SLM elects to sell the facilities. The loans were fully funded as of June 30, 2019.
Our loans to SLM represent a variable interest. SLM is structured to limit liability for potential damage claims, is capitalized for that purpose and is considered a VIE.
NOTE 4. OTHER ASSETS
Other assets consist of the following (in thousands):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Accounts receivable and other assets | $ | 2,962 |  |  | $ | 6,381 |
Regulatory escrows | 8,208 |  |  | 8,208 |
Unamortized lease incentive payments | 9,673 |  |  | 7,456 |
Restricted cash | 10,903 |  |  | 5,253 |
| $ | 31,746 |  |  | $ | 27,298 |

Restricted cash consists of reserves for replacement, insurance and tax escrows required to be held on deposit in accordance with regulatory agreements governing our Fannie Mae and HUD mortgages.
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NOTE 5. DEBT
Debt consists of the following (in thousands):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Revolving credit facility - unsecured | $ | 273,000 |  |  | $ | 84,000 |
Bank term loans - unsecured | 550,000 |  |  | 550,000 |
Private placement term loans - unsecured | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
HUD mortgage loans (net of discount of $1,278 and $1,320) | 42,526 |  |  | 42,906 |
Fannie Mae term loans - secured, non-recourse | 95,876 |  |  | 96,044 |
Convertible senior notes - unsecured (net of discount of $1,004 and $1,391) | 118,996 |  |  | 118,609 |
Unamortized loan costs | (8,611 | ) |  | (9,884 | )
| $ | 1,471,787 |  |  | $ | 1,281,675 |

Aggregate principal maturities of debt as of June 30, 2019, and for each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):

2020 | $ | 1,208 |
2021 | 121,256 |
2022 | 1,303 |
2023 | 649,353 |
2024 | 351,402 |
Thereafter | 358,158 |
| 1,482,680 |
Less: discount | (2,282 | )
Less: unamortized loan costs | (8,611 | )
| $ | 1,471,787 |

Revolving credit facility and bank term loans - unsecured
Our unsecured bank credit facility consists of $250,000,000 and $300,000,000 term loans and a $550,000,000 revolving credit facility. The $250,000,000 term loan and $550,000,000 revolving facility mature in August 2022, and the $300,000,000 term loan matures in September 2023. On March 22, 2019 and June 28, 2019, we entered into swap agreements to fix the interest rates through December 2021 on $340,000,000 of term loans and $60,000,000 of our revolving credit facility, when LIBOR is scheduled to cease automatic recalculation.
The revolving facility fee is currently 20 basis points per annum, and based on our current leverage ratios, the facility presently provides for floating interest on the revolver and the term loans at 30-day LIBOR plus a blended 126 bps. At June 30, 2019 and December 2018, 30-day LIBOR was 240 and 250 bps, respectively. Within the facility, the employment of interest rate swaps for a portion of our fixed term debt leaves only $213,000,000 of our revolving credit facility exposed to interest rate risk through June 2020, when our $80,000,000 and $130,000,000 swaps expire. Our swaps and the financial instruments to which they relate are described in the table below, under the caption “Interest Rate Swap Agreements.”
At June 30, 2019, we had $277,000,000 available to draw on the revolving portion of our credit facility, subject to usual and customary covenants. Among other stipulations, the unsecured credit facility agreement requires that we maintain certain financial ratios within limits set by our creditors. At June 30, 2019, we were in compliance with these ratios.
Pinnacle Bank is a participating member of our banking group. A member of NHI’s board of directors and chairman of our audit committee is also the chairman of Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc., the holding company for Pinnacle Bank. NHI’s local banking transactions are conducted primarily through Pinnacle Bank.
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Private placement term loans - unsecured
Our unsecured private placement term loans, payable interest-only, are summarized below (in thousands):

Amount |  | Inception |  | Maturity |  | Fixed Rate
$ | 125,000 |  |  | January 2015 |  | January 2023 |  | 3.99%
50,000 |  |  | November 2015 |  | November 2023 |  | 3.99%
75,000 |  |  | September 2016 |  | September 2024 |  | 3.93%
50,000 |  |  | November 2015 |  | November 2025 |  | 4.33%
100,000 |  |  | January 2015 |  | January 2027 |  | 4.51%
$ | 400,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Except for specific debt-coverage ratios, covenants pertaining to the private placement term loans are generally conformed with those governing our credit facility.
HUD mortgage loans
Our HUD mortgage loans are secured by ten properties leased to Bickford and having a net book value of $50,007,000 at June 30, 2019. Nine mortgage notes require monthly payments of principal and interest from 4.3% to 4.4% (inclusive of mortgage insurance premium) and mature in August and October 2049. One additional HUD mortgage loan assumed in 2014, at a discount, requires monthly payments of principal and interest of 2.9% (inclusive of mortgage insurance premium) and matures in October 2047. The loan has an outstanding principal balance of $8,599,000 and a carrying value of $7,321,000, which approximates fair value.
Fannie Mae term loans - secured, non-recourse
In March 2015 we obtained $78,084,000 in Fannie Mae financing. The term debt financing consists of interest-only payments at an annual rate of 3.79% and a 10-year maturity. The mortgages are non-recourse and secured by thirteen properties leased to Bickford. In a December 2017 acquisition, we assumed additional Fannie Mae debt that amortizes through 2025 when a balloon payment will be due, is subject to prepayment penalties until 2024, bears interest at a nominal rate of 4.60%, and has remaining balance of $17,792,000 at June 30, 2019. All together, these notes are secured by facilities having a net book value of $136,342,000 at June 30, 2019.
Convertible senior notes - unsecured
In March 2014 we issued $200,000,000 of 3.25% senior unsecured convertible notes due April 2021 (the “Notes”) with interest payable April 1st and October 1st of each year. The Notes were convertible at an initial rate of 13.93 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount, representing a conversion price of approximately $71.81 per share for a total of approximately 2,785,200 underlying shares. The conversion rate is subsequently adjusted upon each occurrence of certain events, as defined in the indenture governing the Notes, including the payment of dividends at a rate exceeding that prevailing in 2014. The conversion option was accounted for as an “optional net-share settlement conversion feature,” meaning that upon conversion, NHI’s conversion obligation may be satisfied, at our option, in cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock. Because we have the ability and intent to settle the convertible securities in cash upon exercise, we use the treasury stock method to account for potential dilution.
As of June 30, 2019, our senior unsecured convertible notes were convertible at a rate of 14.52 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount, representing a conversion price of approximately $68.86 per share for a total of 1,742,736 remaining underlying shares. For the three months ended June 30, 2019, dilution resulting from the conversion option within our convertible debt is 199,492 shares. If NHI’s current share price increases above the adjusted $68.86 conversion price, further dilution will be attributable to the conversion feature. On June 30, 2019, the value of the convertible debt, computed as if the debt were immediately eligible for conversion, exceeded its face amount by $15,986,000.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
Our existing interest rate swap agreements will collectively continue through December 2021 to hedge against fluctuations in variable interest rates applicable to $610,000,000 ($400,000,000 after June 2020) of our bank loans. During the next year,
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approximately $883,000 of gains, which are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), are projected to be reclassified into earnings.
As of June 30, 2019, we employ the following interest rate swap contracts to mitigate our interest rate risk on our bank term and revolver loans described above (dollars in thousands):

Date Entered |  | Maturity Date |  | Fixed Rate |  | Rate Index |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value
June 2013 |  | June 2020 |  | 3.41% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 80,000,000 |  |  | $ | (208 | )
March 2014 |  | June 2020 |  | 3.46% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 130,000,000 |  |  | $ | (398 | )
March 2019 |  | December 2021 |  | 3.46% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 100,000,000 |  |  | $ | (1,436 | )
March 2019 |  | December 2021 |  | 3.47% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 100,000,000 |  |  | $ | (1,468 | )
June 2019 |  | December 2021 |  | 2.84% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 150,000,000 |  |  | $ | 48 |
June 2019 |  | December 2021 |  | 2.88% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 50,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1 |

If the fair value of the hedge is an asset, we include it in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets among other assets, and, if a liability, as a component of accrued expenses. See Note 9 for fair value disclosures about our interest rate swap agreements. Net asset (liability) balances for our hedges included as components of consolidated other comprehensive income on June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $(3,461,000) and $1,297,000, respectively.
The following table summarizes interest expense (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest expense on debt at contractual rates | $ | 13,355 |  |  | $ | 11,414 |  |  | $ | 26,429 |  |  | $ | 21,941 |
Losses reclassified from accumulated other |  |  |  |  |  |  |
comprehensive income (loss) into interest expense | (349 | ) |  | 76 |  |  | (641 | ) |  | 352 |
Capitalized interest | (158 | ) |  | (47 | ) |  | (315 | ) |  | (71 | )
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount | 898 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 1,791 |  |  | 1,612 |
Total interest expense | $ | 13,746 |  |  | $ | 12,220 |  |  | $ | 27,264 |  |  | $ | 23,834 |

NOTE 6. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
In the normal course of business, we enter into a variety of commitments, typically funding of revolving credit arrangements, construction and mezzanine loans to our operators to conduct expansions and acquisitions for their own account, and commitments for the funding of construction for expansion or renovation to our existing properties under lease. In our leasing operations, we offer to our tenants and to sellers of newly-acquired properties a variety of inducements which originate contractually as contingencies but which may become commitments upon the satisfaction of the contingent event. Contingent payments earned will be included in the respective lease bases when funded. The tables below summarize our existing, known commitments and contingencies as of June 30, 2019 according to the nature of their impact on our leasehold or loan portfolios.

| Asset Class |  | Type |  | Total |  | Funded |  | Remaining
Loan Commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LCS Sagewood Note A | SHO |  | Construction |  | $ | 118,800,000 |  |  | $ | (77,118,000 | ) |  | $ | 41,682,000 |
LCS Sagewood Note B | SHO |  | Construction |  | 61,200,000 |  |  | (22,464,000 | ) |  | 38,736,000 |
LCS Timber Ridge Note A | SHO |  | Construction |  | 60,000,000 |  |  | (59,349,000 | ) |  | 651,000 |
Bickford Senior Living | SHO |  | Construction |  | 56,700,000 |  |  | (42,391,000 | ) |  | 14,309,000 |
Senior Living Communities | SHO |  | Revolving Credit |  | 15,000,000 |  |  | (4,578,000 | ) |  | 10,422,000 |
41 Management | SHO |  | Construction |  | 10,800,000 |  |  | (1,495,000 | ) |  | 9,305,000 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 322,500,000 |  |  | $ | (207,395,000 | ) |  | $ | 115,105,000 |

See Note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for full details of our loan commitments. As provided above, loans funded do not include the effects of discounts or commitment fees.
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| Asset Class |  | Type |  | Total |  | Funded |  | Remaining
Development Commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ignite Medical Resorts | SNF |  | Construction |  | $ | 25,350,000 |  |  | $ | (9,598,000 | ) |  | $ | 15,752,000 |
Woodland Village | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 7,450,000 |  |  | (7,323,000 | ) |  | 127,000 |
Senior Living Communities | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 6,830,000 |  |  | (5,869,000 | ) |  | 961,000 |
Senior Living Communities | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 3,100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,100,000 |
Wingate Healthcare | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 1,900,000 |  |  | (60,000 | ) |  | 1,840,000 |
Bickford Senior Living | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 1,750,000 |  |  | (1,750,000 | ) |  | — |
Navion Senior Solutions | SHO |  | Construction |  | 650,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 650,000 |
Discovery Senior Living | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 500,000 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 47,530,000 |  |  | $ | (24,600,000 | ) |  | $ | 22,930,000 |

In addition to the commitments listed above, PropCo has committed to Discovery for funding up to $2,000,000 toward the purchase of condominium units located at one of the facilities.

| Asset Class |  | Type |  | Total |  | Funded |  | Remaining
Contingencies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bickford Senior Living | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | $ | 10,000,000 |  |  | $ | (10,000,000 | ) |  | $ | — |
Bickford Senior Living | SHO |  | Incentive Loan Draws |  | 8,000,000 |  |  | (250,000 | ) |  | 7,750,000 |
Comfort Care Senior Living | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | 6,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,000,000 |
Wingate Healthcare | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | 5,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,000,000 |
Navion Senior Solutions | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | 4,850,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,850,000 |
Discovery Senior Living | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,000,000 |
Ignite Medical Resorts | SNF |  | Lease Inducement |  | 2,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,000,000 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 39,850,000 |  |  | $ | (10,250,000 | ) |  | $ | 29,600,000 |

Contingent lease inducement payments of $10,000,000 related to the five Bickford development properties constructed in 2016 and 2017 include a licensure incentive of $250,000 per property and a three-tiered operator incentive schedule paying up to an additional $1,750,000, based on the attainment of certain performance metrics. Upon funding, these payments are added to the lease base and amortized against rental income.
Litigation
Our facilities are subject to claims and suits in the ordinary course of business. Our lessees and borrowers have indemnified, and are obligated to continue to indemnify us, against all liabilities arising from the operation of the facilities, and are further obligated to indemnify us against environmental or title problems affecting the real estate underlying such facilities. While there may be lawsuits pending against certain of the owners and/or lessees of the facilities, management believes that the ultimate resolution of all such pending proceedings will have no material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
In June 2018, East Lake Capital Management LLC and certain related entities, including Regency (for three assisted living facilities in Tennessee, Indiana and North Carolina), filed suit against NHI in Texas seeking injunctive and declaratory relief and unspecified monetary damages. We countered with motions calling for the immediate appointment of a receiver and for pre-judgment possession. Resulting from these claims and counterclaims, on December 6, 2018, the plaintiff parties entered into an agreement resulting in Regency vacating the facilities in December 2018. Litigation is ongoing.
The LaSalle Group defaulted on its rent payment in November 2018. We transitioned the properties to a new operator and on April 16, 2019, we placed the five buildings with a new tenant under similar arrangements to those in place over the former Regency buildings, with NHI to receive operating cash flow, after management fees, generated by the facilities pending stabilization. We also commenced litigation for the recovery of certain funds owed under the lease and against the principal executive personally under a guaranty agreement. In the meantime, Autumn Leaves, the manager, has declared bankruptcy under Chapter 11. The litigation is ongoing.
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NOTE 7. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
We recognize stock-based compensation for all stock options granted over the requisite service period using the fair value of these grants as estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes pricing model. All restricted stock granted (if any) is recognized over the requisite service period using the market value of our publicly-traded common stock on the date of grant.
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (“the Committee”) has the authority to select the participants to be granted options; to designate whether the option granted is an incentive stock option (“ISO”), a non-qualified option, or a stock appreciation right; to establish the number of shares of common stock that may be issued upon exercise of the option; to establish the vesting provision for any award; and to establish the term any award may be outstanding. The exercise price of any ISO’s granted will not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the shares of common stock on the date granted, and the term of an ISO may not be more than ten years. The exercise price of any non-qualified options granted will not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the shares of common stock on the date granted unless so determined by the Committee.
In May 2012, our stockholders approved the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (“the 2012 Plan”) pursuant to which 1,500,000 shares of our common stock were made available to grant as stock-based payments to employees, officers, directors or consultants. Through a vote of our shareholders on May 7, 2015, we increased the maximum number of shares under the plan from 1,500,000 shares to 3,000,000 shares; increased the automatic annual grant to non-employee directors from 15,000 shares to 20,000 shares; and limited the Company’s ability to re-issue shares under the Plan. Through a second amendment approved on May 4, 2018, our shareholders voted to increase the maximum number of shares under the plan to 3,500,000 and to increase the automatic annual grant to non-employee directors to 25,000. The individual restricted stock and option grant awards may vest over periods up to five years. The term of the options under the 2012 Plan is up to ten years from the date of grant. As of June 30, 2019, there were 319,669 shares available for future grants under the 2012 Plan.
On May 3, 2019, our stockholders approved the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (“the 2019 Plan”) pursuant to which 3,000,000 shares of our common stock were made available to grant as stock-based payments to employees, officers, directors or consultants. The individual option grant awards may vest over periods up to five years. The term of the options under the 2019 Plan is up to ten years from the date of grant.
Compensation expense is only recognized for the awards that ultimately vest. Accordingly, pre-vesting forfeitures that were not expected will result in the reversal of previously recorded compensation expense. Non-cash compensation expense reported for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $477,000 and $368,000, respectively and is included in general and administrative expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. Non-cash compensation expense reported for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $2,478,000 and $1,794,000, respectively and is included in general and administrative expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
At June 30, 2019, we had, net of expected forfeitures, $1,821,000 of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options which is expected to be expensed over the following periods: 2019 - $953,000, 2020 - $776,000 and 2021 - $92,000.
The weighted average fair value per share of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $6.17 and $4.49, respectively. The fair value of each grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Dividend yield | 5.5% |  | 6.5%
Expected volatility | 18.6% |  | 19.4%
Expected lives | 2.9 years |  | 2.9 years
Risk-free interest rate | 2.50% |  | 2.39%

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The following table summarizes our outstanding stock options:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Options outstanding January 1, | 920,346 |  |  | 859,182 |
Options granted under 2012 Plan | 602,000 |  |  | 560,000 |
Options exercised under 2012 Plan | (367,830 | ) |  | (94,170 | )
Options forfeited under 2012 Plan | — |  |  | (15,000 | )
Options outstanding, June 30, | 1,154,516 |  |  | 1,310,012 |
Exercisable at June 30, | 663,997 |  |  | 854,990 |

NOTE 8. EARNINGS AND DIVIDENDS PER COMMON SHARE
The weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period is used to calculate basic earnings per common share. Diluted earnings per common share assume the exercise of stock options and the conversion of our convertible debt using the treasury stock method, to the extent dilutive. If our average stock price for the period increases over the conversion price of our convertible debt, the conversion feature will be considered dilutive.
The following table summarizes the average number of common shares and the net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 39,979 |  |  | $ | 37,839 |  |  | $ | 75,658 |  |  | $ | 76,271 |
BASIC: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 43,232,384 |  |  | 41,704,819 |  |  | 43,029,104 |  |  | 41,618,487 |
DILUTED: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 43,232,384 |  |  | 41,704,819 |  |  | 43,029,104 |  |  | 41,618,487 |
Stock options | 66,145 |  |  | 57,759 |  |  | 70,920 |  |  | 51,241 |
Convertible subordinated debentures | 199,492 |  |  | 24,251 |  |  | 211,503 |  |  | 12,126 |
Weighted average dilutive common shares outstanding | 43,498,021 |  |  | 41,786,829 |  |  | 43,311,527 |  |  | 41,681,854 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders - basic | $ | .92 |  |  | $ | .91 |  |  | $ | 1.76 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders - diluted | $ | .92 |  |  | $ | .91 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |
Incremental anti-dilutive shares excluded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net share effect of stock options with an exercise price in excess of the average market price for our common shares | 40,173 |  |  | 33,554 |  |  | 21,227 |  |  | 50,952 |
Regular dividends declared per common share | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 2.10 |  |  | $ | 2.00 |

NOTE 9. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (based on the hierarchy of the three levels of inputs described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K) on a recurring basis have included marketable securities, derivative financial instruments and contingent consideration arrangements. Derivative financial instruments include our interest rate swap agreements. Contingent consideration arrangements relate to certain provisions of recent real estate purchase agreements involving asset acquisitions.
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Derivative financial instruments. Derivative financial instruments are valued in the market using discounted cash flow techniques. These techniques incorporate Level 1 and Level 2 inputs. The market inputs are utilized in the discounted cash flow calculation considering the instrument’s term, notional amount, discount rate and credit risk. Significant inputs to the derivative valuation model for interest rate swaps are observable in active markets and are classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | Fair Value Measurement
| Balance Sheet Classification |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Level 2 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap asset | Other assets |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 1,297 |
Interest rate swap liability | Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | (3,510 | ) |  | $ | — |

Carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments that are not carried at fair value at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows (in thousands):

| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value Measurement
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Level 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable rate debt | $ | 817,843 |  |  | $ | 628,010 |  |  | $ | 823,000 |  |  | $ | 634,000 |
Fixed rate debt | $ | 653,944 |  |  | $ | 653,665 |  |  | $ | 665,832 |  |  | $ | 644,745 |
Level 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage and other notes receivable | $ | 306,454 |  |  | $ | 246,111 |  |  | $ | 316,246 |  |  | $ | 244,206 |

Fixed rate debt. Fixed rate debt is classified as Level 2 and its value is based on quoted prices for similar instruments or calculated utilizing model derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable in active markets.
Mortgage and other notes receivable. The fair value of mortgage and other notes receivable is based on credit risk and discount rates that are not observable in the marketplace and therefore represents a Level 3 measurement.
Carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The fair value of our borrowings under our revolving credit facility and other variable rate debt are reasonably estimated at their notional amounts at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, due to the predominance of floating interest rates, which generally reflect market conditions.
NOTE 10. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In February 2016 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases, which has been codified under ASC Topic 842. In July and December 2018 the FASB updated the pending Topic 842 with ASU 2018-11, Leases - Targeted Improvements, and ASU 2018-20, Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors, respectively. ASU 2018-11 provides a simplified transition method under which we applied the new leases standard as of the adoption date and recognized a cumulative-effect adjustment, as appropriate, to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. Consequently, our reporting for the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in which we adopted the new leases standard will continue to be in accordance with prior GAAP (Topic 840, Leases).
ASU 2018-20 was issued to address implementation issues related to Topic 842. We adopted Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 (the “application date”), and, effective with our adoption, we elected the package of practical expedients allowing, among other provisions, for transition with no reassessment of the lease classification for any expired or existing leases. Further, we elected the available practical expedient under ASU 2018-11 that allows us to make an accounting policy election and assess whether a contract is predominantly lease or service-based and recognize the entire contract under the relevant accounting guidance. No cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings was necessary, based on our analysis.
The Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors under ASU 2018-20 requires NHI to exclude from variable payments, and therefore revenue, our costs paid by our tenants directly to third parties. Some of our leases require property tax and insurance
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costs be covered by our tenants through escrow reimbursement. We serve as the administrative agent for these escrow transactions and ASU 2018-20 requires the associated revenue and expense to be included in our consolidated financial statements. We have included $1,506,000 and $2,597,000 of reimbursements within revenue and in expenses in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, under the captions “Rental income“ and “Property taxes and insurance on leased properties,” respectively.
The principal difference between Topic 842 and previous guidance is that, for lessees, lease assets and lease liabilities arising from operating leases will be recognized in the balance sheet. While the accounting applied by a lessor is largely unchanged from that applied under previous GAAP, changes have been made to align i) certain lessor and lessee accounting guidance, and ii) key aspects of the lessor accounting model with the revenue recognition guidance in Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which we adopted January 1, 2018. Under Topic 842 and unlike prior GAAP, a buyer-lessor in a sale-leaseback transaction will be required to apply the sale and leaseback guidance to determine whether the transaction qualifies as a sale. Topic 842 includes provisions which generally conform with Topic 606, and the presence of a seller-lessee repurchase option on real estate in a sale and leaseback transaction will result in recording the transaction as a financing that would otherwise meet the lease accounting requirements for buyer-lessors under previous guidance. Going forward under Topic 842, for us as lessor, existing sale-leaseback or other leases that undergo modifications may trigger reconsideration of continued accounting for the lease.
NHI has largely ceased inclusion of purchase options in new sale-leaseback transactions, and there were no material effects from the change in sale-leaseback guidance as it relates to repurchase options.
In April 2018, we entered into a ground lease as lessee in connection with our acquisition of certain real estate assets. In accordance with transition elections allowed under Topic 842, discussed above, we have continued to account for the lease as an operating lease. Upon adoption of the standard, as lessee we recognized a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the adoption date. No cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings was required to effect a net balance sheet adjustment resulting in an additional operating lease liability and right-of-use asset approximating $1,176,000, as a result of our adoption of Topic 842, which were included in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2019 among “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” and “Real estate properties, net,” respectively.
Consistent with present standards, upon the adoption of Topic 842, NHI continues to account for lease revenue on a straight-line basis for most leases. Under Topic 842 only initial direct costs that are incremental to the lessor are capitalized, a standard consistent with NHI’s current practice. Under provisions of ASU 2018-20, discussed above, we continue to exclude from variable payments lessor costs paid by our lessees directly to third parties, as consistent with our prior practice.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. ASU 2016-13 will require more timely recognition of credit losses associated with financial assets. While current GAAP includes multiple credit impairment objectives for instruments, the previous objectives generally delayed recognition of the full amount of credit losses until the loss was probable of occurring. The amendments in ASU 2016-13, whose scope is asset-based and not restricted to financial institutions, eliminate the probable initial recognition threshold in current GAAP and, instead, reflect an entity’s current estimate of all expected credit losses. Currently, when credit losses were measured under GAAP, we generally only considered past events and current conditions in measuring the incurred loss. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 broaden the information that we must consider in developing our expected credit loss estimate for assets measured either collectively or individually. The use of forecasted information incorporates more timely information in the estimate of expected credit loss that will be more useful to users of the financial statements. ASU 2016-13 is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, aligns the transition requirements and clarifies that operating lease receivables are excluded from the scope of ASU 2016-13. Instead, impairment of operating lease receivables is to be accounted for under ASC 842. Because we are likely to continue to invest in loans and generate related notes receivable, adoption of ASU 2016-13 in 2020 will have an effect on our accounting for our loan investments, though the nature of those effects will depend on the composition of our loan portfolio at that time; accordingly, we are in the initial stages of evaluating the extent of the effects that adopting the provisions of ASU 2016-13 in 2020 will have on NHI.
NOTE 11. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Cappella Living Solutions
On July 23, 2019, we acquired a 51-unit assisted living facility in Pueblo, Colorado for $7,600,000 including $100,000 of closing costs. We leased the facility to Christian Living Services, Inc., d/b/a Cappella Living Solutions, for a term of 15 years at an initial lease rate of 7.25%, with CPI escalators subject to a floor and ceiling.
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Discovery
Effective July 1, 2019, we transitioned an Indiana, independent living/assisted living facility to Discovery, as discussed in Note 2, in conjunction with our other properties in transition. By its terms, the triple-net lease matures in June 2024 with two extension options of five years. Rent is initially based on net operating income. Beginning in 2022, rent is to reset to the greater of $1,400,000 or current market as provided by formula. For the duration of the lease, the rent, as reset, is subject to a 2.5% escalator. Concurrent with Discovery’s entrance into the lease, NHI provided a working capital loan for amounts up to $750,000 at an interest rate of 6.50%. The loan extends during the term of the lease.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Forward Looking Statements
References throughout this document to NHI or the Company include National Health Investors, Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries. In accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission’s “Plain English” guidelines, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q has been written in the first person. In this document, the words “we”, “our”, “ours” and “us” refer only to National Health Investors, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries and not any other person. Unless the context indicates otherwise, references herein to “the Company” include all of our consolidated subsidiaries.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and other materials we have filed or may file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as information included in oral statements made, or to be made, by our senior management contain certain “forward-looking” statements as that term is defined by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements regarding our expected future financial position, results of operations, cash flows, funds from operations, continued performance improvements, ability to service and refinance our debt obligations, ability to finance growth opportunities, and similar statements including, without limitation, those containing words such as “may,” “will,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “estimates,” “plans,” and other similar expressions, are forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results in future periods to differ materially from those projected or contemplated in the forward-looking statements as a result of factors including, but not limited to, the following:

* | We depend on the operating success of our tenants and borrowers for collection of our lease and note payments;

* | We depend on the success of property development and construction activities, which may fail to achieve the operating results we expect;

* | We are exposed to the risk that our tenants and borrowers may become subject to bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings;

* | Certain tenants in our portfolio account for a significant percentage of the rent we expect to generate from our portfolio, and the failure of any of these tenants to meet their obligations to us could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

* | We are exposed to the risk that the illiquidity of real estate investments could impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties;

* | We are exposed to risks related to governmental regulations and payors, principally Medicare and Medicaid, and the effect that lower reimbursement rates would have on our tenants’ and borrowers’ business;

* | Legislative, regulatory, or administrative changes could adversely affect us or our security holders.

* | We are exposed to the risk that the cash flows of our tenants and borrowers would be adversely affected by increased liability claims and liability insurance costs;

* | We are exposed to risks related to environmental laws and the costs associated with liabilities related to hazardous substances;

* | We are exposed to the risk that we may not be fully indemnified by our lessees and borrowers against future litigation;

* | We depend on the success of our future acquisitions and investments;

* | We depend on our ability to reinvest cash in real estate investments in a timely manner and on acceptable terms;

* | We may need to refinance existing debt or incur additional debt in the future, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us;

* | We have covenants related to our indebtedness which impose certain operational limitations and a breach of those covenants could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations;

* | When interest rates increase, our common stock may decline in price;

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* | We depend on revenues derived mainly from fixed rate investments in real estate assets, while a portion of our debt capital used to finance those investments bears interest at variable rates;

* | We are exposed to the risk that our assets may be subject to impairment charges;

* | We depend on the ability to continue to qualify for taxation as a Real Estate Investment Trust;

* | Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive acquisition opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments, which could materially hinder our performance;

* | We have ownership limits in our charter with respect to our common stock and other classes of capital stock which may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders;

* | We are subject to certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws that could hinder, delay or prevent a change in control transaction, even if the transaction involves a premium price for our common stock or our stockholders believe such transaction to be otherwise in their best interests.

* | If our efforts to maintain the privacy and security of Company information are not successful, we could incur substantial costs and reputational damage, and could become subject to litigation and enforcement actions.

See the notes to the annual audited consolidated financial statements in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, and “Business” and “Risk Factors” under Item 1 and Item 1A therein for a further discussion of these and of various governmental regulations and other operating factors relating to the healthcare industry and the risk factors inherent in them. You should carefully consider these risks before making any investment decisions in the Company. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones facing the Company. There may be additional risks that we do not presently know of and or that we currently deem immaterial. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our shares of stock could decline and you may lose part or all of your investment. Given these risks and uncertainties, we can give no assurance that these forward-looking statements will, in fact, occur and, therefore, caution investors not to place undue reliance on them.
Executive Overview
National Health Investors, Inc., established in 1991 as a Maryland corporation, is a self-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”) specializing in sale-leaseback, joint-venture, mortgage and mezzanine financing of need-driven and discretionary senior housing and medical facility investments. Our portfolio consists of real estate investments in independent living facilities, assisted living facilities, entrance-fee communities, senior living campuses, skilled nursing facilities, specialty hospitals and medical office buildings. We fund our real estate investments primarily through: (1) operating cash flow, (2) debt offerings, including bank lines of credit and term debt, both unsecured and secured, and (3) the sale of equity securities.
Portfolio
As of June 30, 2019, we had investments in real estate and mortgage and other notes receivable involving 242 facilities located in 33 states. These investments involve 161 senior housing properties, 76 skilled nursing facilities, 3 hospitals, 2 medical office buildings and other notes receivable. These investments (excluding our corporate office of $2,505,000) consisted of properties with an original cost of approximately $3,056,215,000, rented under triple-net leases to 30 lessees, and $306,454,000 aggregate net carrying value of mortgage and other notes receivable due from 11 borrowers.
Our investments in real estate are located within the United States and our investments in mortgage loans are secured by real estate located within the United States. We are managed as one unit for internal reporting and decision making. Therefore, our reporting reflects our financial position and operations as a single segment.
We classify all of the properties in our portfolio as either senior housing or medical properties. Because our leases represent different underlying revenue sources and result in differing risk profiles, we further classify our senior housing communities as either need-driven (assisted living and memory care communities and senior living campuses) or discretionary (independent living and entrance-fee communities.)
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Senior Housing – Need-Driven includes assisted living and memory care communities (“ALF”) and senior living campuses (“SLC”) which primarily attract private payment for services from residents who require assistance with activities of daily living. Need-driven properties are subject to regulatory oversight.
Senior Housing – Discretionary includes independent living (“ILF”) and entrance-fee communities (“EFC”) which primarily attract private payment for services from residents who are making the lifestyle choice of living in an age-restricted multi-family community that offers social programs, meals, housekeeping and in some cases access to healthcare services. Discretionary properties are subject to limited regulatory oversight. There is a correlation between demand for this type of community and the strength of the housing market.
Medical Facilities within our portfolio receive payment primarily from Medicare, Medicaid and health insurance. These properties include skilled nursing facilities (“SNF”), medical office buildings (“MOB”) and hospitals that attract patients who have a need for acute or complex medical attention, preventative medicine, or rehabilitation services. Medical properties are subject to state and federal regulatory oversight and, in the case of hospitals, Joint Commission accreditation.
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The following tables summarize our investments in real estate and mortgage and other notes receivable as of June 30, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

|  |  | Properties |  |  | Beds/Sq. Ft.* |  |  | Revenue |  | % |  | Investment
Real Estate Properties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Senior Housing - Need-Driven |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Assisted Living | 95 |  |  | 5,117 |  |  | $ | 39,274 |  |  | 25.5 | % |  | $ | 901,696 |
|  | Senior Living Campus | 14 |  |  | 1,976 |  |  | 8,843 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 303,695 |
|  | Total Senior Housing - Need-Driven | 109 |  |  | 7,093 |  |  | 48,117 |  |  | 31.2 | % |  | 1,205,391 |
| Senior Housing - Discretionary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Independent Living | 32 |  |  | 3,703 |  |  | 23,039 |  |  | 15.0 | % |  | 599,220 |
|  | Entrance-Fee Communities | 10 |  |  | 2,306 |  |  | 25,577 |  |  | 16.6 | % |  | 604,330 |
|  | Total Senior Housing - Discretionary | 42 |  |  | 6,009 |  |  | 48,616 |  |  | 31.6 | % |  | 1,203,550 |
|  | Total Senior Housing | 151 |  |  | 13,102 |  |  | 96,733 |  |  | 62.8 | % |  | 2,408,941 |
| Medical Facilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Skilled Nursing Facilities | 72 |  |  | 9,433 |  |  | 39,844 |  |  | 25.8 | % |  | 580,816 |
|  | Hospitals | 3 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 3,996 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  | 55,972 |
|  | Medical Office Buildings | 2 |  |  | 88,517 |  | * | 334 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | 10,486 |
|  | Total Medical Facilities | 77 |  |  |  |  | 44,174 |  |  | 28.6 | % |  | 647,274 |
|  | Total Real Estate Properties | 228 |  |  |  |  | $ | 140,907 |  |  | 91.4 | % |  | $ | 3,056,215 |
|  | Current Year Disposals and Held for Sale |  |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Escrow Funds Received From Tenants |  |  |  |  | 2,597 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Total Rental Income |  |  |  |  | $ | 143,531 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage and Other Notes Receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Senior Housing - Need-Driven | 7 |  |  | 425 |  |  | $ | 2,526 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | $ | 63,718 |
| Senior Housing - Discretionary | 3 |  |  | 1,105 |  |  | 5,648 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 189,795 |
| Medical Facilities | 4 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 334 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | 7,352 |
| Other Notes Receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,098 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 45,589 |
|  | Total Mortgage and Other Notes Receivable | 14 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | $ | 10,606 |  |  | 6.9 | % |  | $ | 306,454 |
|  | Other Income |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Total Revenue |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 154,204 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Portfolio Summary | Properties |  |  |  |  | Revenue |  | % |  | Investment
| Real Estate Properties | 228 |  |  |  |  | $ | 140,907 |  |  | 93.0 | % |  | $ | 3,056,215 |
| Mortgage and Other Notes Receivable | 14 |  |  |  |  | 10,606 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | 306,454 |
|  | Total Portfolio | 242 |  |  |  |  | $ | 151,513 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 3,362,669 |
Portfolio by Operator Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Public | 74 |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,396 |  |  | 24.7 | % |  | $ | 538,428 |
| National Chain (Privately-Owned) | 29 |  |  |  |  | 25,723 |  |  | 17.0 | % |  | 689,862 |
| Regional | 133 |  |  |  |  | 86,342 |  |  | 57.0 | % |  | 2,057,690 |
| Small | 6 |  |  |  |  | 2,052 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 76,689 |
|  | Total Portfolio | 242 |  |  |  |  | $ | 151,513 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 3,362,669 |

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, operators of facilities which provided more than 3% of our total revenues were (in alphabetical order): Bickford Senior Living; Chancellor Health Care; The Ensign Group; Health Services Management; Holiday Retirement; Life Care Services; National HealthCare Corporation; and Senior Living Communities.
As of June 30, 2019, our average effective annualized rental income was $8,406 per bed for skilled nursing facilities, $11,901 per unit for senior living campuses, $15,916 per unit for assisted living facilities, $12,687 per unit for independent living facilities, $22,195 per unit for entrance-fee communities, $38,604 per bed for hospitals, and $8 per square foot for medical office buildings.
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Areas of Focus
We are evaluating and will likely make real estate and note investments during the remainder of 2019 while we continue to monitor and improve our existing properties. We seek tenants who will become mission-oriented partners in relationships where our business goals are aligned. This approach aims to fuel steady, and thus, enduring growth for those partners and for NHI. Within the context of our growth model, we rely on a cost-effective access to debt and equity capital to finance acquisitions that will drive our earnings. There is significant competition for healthcare assets from other REITs, both public and private, and from private equity sources. Large-scale portfolios continue to command premium pricing, due to the continued abundance of private and foreign buyers seeking to invest in healthcare real estate. This combination of circumstances places a premium on our ability to execute acquisitions and negotiate leases that will generate meaningful earnings growth for our shareholders. We emphasize growth with our existing tenants and borrowers as a way to insulate us from other competition.
With lower capitalization rates for existing healthcare facilities, there has been increased interest in constructing new facilities in hopes of generating better returns on invested capital. Using our relationship-driven model, we continue to look for opportunities to support new and existing tenants and borrowers with the capital needed to expand existing facilities and to initiate ground-up development of new facilities. We concentrate our efforts in those markets where there is both a demonstrated demand for a particular product type and where we perceive we have a competitive advantage. The projects we agree to finance have attractive upside potential and are expected to provide above-average returns to our shareholders to mitigate the risks inherent with property development and construction.
Following three 25 basis-point increases in 2017, the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve announced four further interest rate increases during 2018. On July 31, 2019, the Federal Reserve lowered its benchmark interest rate 25 bps to 2.25% – the first reduction since 2008. The actual path the federal funds rate takes will depend on the changing economic outlook as informed by incoming data. There was no message from the Federal Reserve that interest rates would be reduced even further in the near term or if this was the beginning of a rate-cutting cycle. The past increases in the federal funds rate have been a primary source of much volatility in REIT equity markets. As a result, there has been pressure on the spread between our cost of capital and the returns we earn. We expect that pressure to be partially mitigated by market forces that would tend to result in higher capitalization rates for healthcare assets and higher lease rates indicative of historical levels. Our cost of capital has increased over the past year as we transition some of our short-term revolving borrowings into debt instruments with longer maturities and fixed interest rates. Managing long-term risk involves trade-offs with the competing alternative goal of maximizing short-term profitability. Our intention is to strike an appropriate balance between these competing interests within the context of our investor profile. As interest rates rise, our share price may decline as investors adjust prices to reflect a dividend yield that is sufficiently in excess of a risk-free rate.
For the six months ended June 30, 2019, approximately 26% of our revenue was derived from operators of our skilled nursing facilities that receive a significant portion of their revenue from governmental payors, primarily Medicare and Medicaid. Such revenues are subject annually to statutory and regulatory changes and in recent years have been reduced due to federal and state budgetary pressures. Over the past few years, we have selectively diversified our portfolio by directing a significant portion of our investments into properties which do not rely primarily on Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, but rather on private pay sources (assisted living and memory care facilities, senior living campuses, independent living facilities and entrance-fee communities). We will occasionally acquire skilled nursing facilities in good physical condition with a proven operator and strong local market fundamentals, because diversification implies a periodic rebalancing, but our recent investment focus has been on acquiring need-driven and discretionary senior housing assets.
For individual tenant revenue as a percentage of total lease revenue, Bickford is our largest assisted living tenant, an affiliate of Holiday is our largest independent living tenant, NHC is our largest skilled nursing tenant and Senior Living Communities is our largest entrance-fee community tenant. Our shift toward private payor facilities, as well as our expansion into the discretionary senior housing market, has further resulted in a portfolio whose current composition is relatively balanced between medical facilities, need-driven and discretionary senior housing.
We manage our business with a goal of increasing the regular annual dividends paid to shareholders. Our Board of Directors approves a regular quarterly dividend which is reflective of expected taxable income on a recurring basis. Our transactions that are infrequent and non-recurring that generate additional taxable income have been distributed to shareholders in the form of special dividends. Taxable income is determined in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code and differs from net income for financial statements purposes determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Our goal of increasing annual dividends requires a careful balance between identification of high-quality lease and mortgage assets in which to invest and the cost of our capital with which to fund such investments. We consider the competing interests of short and long-term debt (interest rates, maturities and other terms) versus the higher cost of new equity. We accept some level of risk associated with
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leveraging our investments. We intend to continue to make new investments that meet our underwriting criteria and where the spreads over our cost of capital will generate sufficient returns to our shareholders.
In February 2019, we announced an increase in our quarterly dividend to $1.05 per common share ($4.20 on an annual basis). Our dividends per share for the last two years are as follows:

2018 |  | 2017
$ | 4.00 |  |  | $ | 3.80 |

Our investments in healthcare real estate have been partially accomplished by our ability to effectively leverage our balance sheet. However, we continue to maintain a lower-leverage balance sheet when compared with many in our peer group. We believe that our fixed charge coverage ratio, which is the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, including amounts in discontinued operations, excluding real estate asset impairments and gains on dispositions) to fixed charges (interest expense at contractual rates net of capitalized interest and principal payments on debt), and the ratio of consolidated net debt to Adjusted EBITDA are meaningful measures of our ability to service our debt. We use these two measures as a useful basis to compare the strength of our balance sheet with those in our peer group. We also believe this gives us a competitive advantage when accessing debt markets.
We calculate our fixed charge coverage ratio as approximately 5.2x for the six months ended June 30, 2019 (see our discussion under the heading Adjusted EBITDA including a reconciliation to our net income). Giving effect to our acquisitions and financings on an annualized basis, our consolidated net debt to Annualized Adjusted EBITDA ratio is approximately 4.8x for the three months ended June 30, 2019 (in thousands):

Consolidated Total Debt | $ | 1,471,787 |
Less: cash and cash equivalents | (5,635 | )
Consolidated Net Debt | $ | 1,466,152 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 73,519 |
Annualizing Adjustment | 220,557 |
Annualized impact of recent investments | 10,184 |
| $ | 304,260 |
Consolidated Net Debt to Annualized Adjusted EBITDA | 4.8 | x

According to the Administration on Aging (“AoA”) of the US Department of Health and Human Services, in 2016, the latest year for which data is available, 49.2 million people were age 65 or older in the United States (a 33% increase over the last ten years). Census estimates showed that, by 2040, those 65 or older are expected to constitute 21.7% of the population. The population aged 85 and above is projected to rise from 6.4 million in 2016 to 14.6 million in the US by 2040 (a 129% increase).
Per the AoA, in 2015, the median value of homes owned by older homeowners age 75 and over was $150,000 (with a median purchase price of $53,000). In comparison, the median home value of all homeowners was $180,000. Of the 11.9 million households headed by persons age 75 and over in 2015, 76% were owners. About 78% of these older homeowners in 2015 owned their homes free and clear. Home ownership provides the elderly with greater freedom to choose their lifestyles.
Equipped with the basics of financial security, many will be economically able to enter the market for senior housing. These strong demographic trends provide the context for continued growth in senior housing in 2019 and the years ahead. We plan to fund any new real estate and mortgage investments during 2019 using our liquid assets and debt financing. As the weight of additional debt resulting from new acquisitions suggests the need to rebalance our capital structure, we would then expect to access the capital markets through an at-the-market (“ATM”) or other equity offering. Our disciplined investment strategy implemented through measured increments of debt and equity sets the stage for access to capital at the lowest possible rates, annual dividend growth, continued low leverage, a portfolio of diversified, high-quality assets, and business relationships with experienced operators whom we make our priority, continue to be the key drivers of our business plan.
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Critical Accounting Policies
See our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of critical accounting policies including those concerning revenue recognition, our status as a REIT, principles of consolidation, evaluation of impairments and allocation of property acquisition costs.
Major Tenants
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, we have four lessees (including their affiliated entities, which are the legal tenants) from whom we individually derive at least 10% of our rental income as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Rental Income |  |  |
|  |  | Investment |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Lease
| Asset Class |  | Amount |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Renewal
Senior Living Communities | EFC |  | $ | 597,061 |  |  | $ | 23,077 |  | 16% |  | $ | 22,905 |  | 16% |  | 2029
Holiday Retirement | ILF |  | 531,378 |  |  | 20,106 |  | 14% |  | 21,908 |  | 16% |  | 2035
Bickford Senior Living | ALF |  | 525,576 |  |  | 26,511 |  | 19% |  | 23,856 |  | 17% |  | Various
National HealthCare Corporation | SNF |  | 171,297 |  |  | 19,209 |  | 14% |  | 19,064 |  | 14% |  | 2026
All others | Various |  | 1,230,903 |  |  | 52,031 |  | 37% |  | 51,389 |  | 37% |  | Various
|  |  | $ | 3,056,215 |  |  | $ | 140,934 |  |  |  | $ | 139,122 |  |  |  |

The table above, for the six months ended June 30, 2019, excludes $2,597,000 of property tax and insurance costs covered by our tenants through escrow reimbursement. Straight-line rent of $3,294,000 and $3,061,000 was recognized from the Holiday lease for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Straight-line rent of $2,115,000 and $2,717,000 was recognized from the Senior Living Communities lease for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Straight-line rent of $2,695,000 and $2,372,000 was recognized from the Bickford leases for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. For NHC, rent escalations are based on a percentage increase in revenue over a base year and do not give rise to non-cash, straight-line rental income.
Bickford
We are closely monitoring the occupancy and financial performance of our major customer Bickford. Their management is focused on improving occupancy in the Company’s facilities and they have been successful so far in 2019. Bickford is also an active developer of new facilities in underserved markets.
The following table summarizes the average portfolio occupancy for the periods indicated, excluding development properties in operation less than 24 months, notes receivable and assets held for sale. Same-store (SS) occupancy excludes properties that have been operated by Bickford for less than 24 months.

| Q2 2018 | Q3 2018 | Q4 2018 | Q1 2019 | Q2 2019 | June 2019
Bickford | 85.6% | 85.8% | 84.3% | 83.0% | 84.2% | 85.1%
Bickford (SS) | 86.5% | 87.3% | 85.7% | 84.1% | 85.9% | 87.2%

Tenant Monitoring
Our operators report to us the results of their operations on a periodic basis, which we in turn subject to further analysis as a means of monitoring potential concerns within our portfolio. We have identified EBITDARM (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, rent and management fees) as the most elemental barometer of success for our tenants, based on results they have reported to us. We believe EBITDARM is useful in our most fundamental analyses, as it is a property level measure of our operators’ success, by eliminating the effects of the operator’s method of acquiring the use of its assets (interest and rent), its non-cash expenses (depreciation and amortization), expenses that are dependent on its level of success (income taxes), and also excluding the effect of the operator’s payment of its management fees, as typically those fees are contractually subordinate to our lease payment. For operators of our entrance-fee communities, our calculation of EBITDARM includes other cash flow adjustments typical of the industry which may include, but are not limited to, net cash flows from entrance fees; amortization of deferred entrance fees; adjustments for tenant rent obligations, depreciation and amortization; and management fee true-ups. The eliminations and adjustments reflect covenants in our leases and provide a comparable basis for assessing our various relationships.
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We believe that EBITDARM is a useful way to analyze the cash potential of a group of assets. From EBITDARM we calculate a lease coverage ratio (EBITDARM/Cash Rent), measuring the ability of the operator to meet its monthly rental obligation. In addition to EBITDARM and the lease coverage ratio, we rely on, a careful balance sheet analysis, and other analytical procedures to help us identify potential areas of concern relative to our operators’ ability to generate sufficient liquidity to meet their obligations, including their obligation to continue to pay the rent due to us. Typical among our operators is a varying lag in reporting to us the results of their operations. Across our portfolio, however, our operators report their results, at the latest, within ninety days of month’s end. For computational purposes, we exclude development and lease-up properties that have been in operation less than 24 months and selected immaterial properties identified in 2019 as available for sale. For stabilized acquisitions in the portfolio less than 24 months and renewing leases with changes in scheduled rent, we include pro forma cash rent.
The results by asset type are presented below on a trailing twelve-month basis, as of March 31, 2019 and 2018 (the most recent periods available):

Total Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |
| SHO | SNF | HOSP | MOB | TOTAL |  |
Properties | 135 | 73 | 3 | 2 | 213 |  |
1Q18 | 1.24x | 2.51x | 1.88x | 6.57x | 1.65x |  |
1Q19 | 1.15x | 2.76x | 2.02x | 2.28x | 1.65x |  |
| Need Driven | Need Driven excl. Bickford | Need Driven excl. Bickford & BKD | Discretionary | Discretionary excl. SLC & Holiday | Medical | Medical excl. NHC
Properties | 97 | 49 | 40 | 38 | 3 | 78 | 36
1Q18 | 1.18x | 1.17x | 1.20x | 1.30x | 2.41x | 2.50x | 1.66x
1Q19 | 1.08x | 1.10x | 1.14x | 1.22x | 1.97x | 2.69x | 1.75x
| NHC | SLC | Bickford | Holiday |  |  |
Properties | 42 | 9 | 48 | 26 |  |  |
1Q18 | 3.59x | 1.28x | 1.19x | 1.17x |  |  |
1Q19 | 3.91x | 1.14x | 1.07x | 1.20x |  |  |
Same-Store Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |
| SHO | SNF | HOSP | MOB | Total |  |
Properties | 119 | 73 | 2 | 2 | 196 |  |
1Q18 | 1.26x | 2.51x | 1.51x | 6.57x | 1.68x |  |
1Q19 | 1.19x | 2.76x | 1.75x | 2.28x | 1.69x |  |
| Need Driven | Need Driven excl. Bickford | Need Driven excl. Bickford & BKD 2 | Discretionary | Discretionary excl. SLC & Holiday | Medical | Medical excl. NHC
Properties | 82 | 43 | 34 | 37 | 2 | 78 | 36
1Q18 | 1.22x | 1.21x | 1.25x | 1.30x | 2.56x | 2.50x | 1.66x
1Q19 | 1.15x | 1.17x | 1.24x | 1.22x | 2.08x | 2.69x | 1.75x
| NHC | SLC | Bickford | Holiday |  |  |
Properties | 42 | 9 | 39 | 26 |  |  |
1Q18 | 3.59x | 1.28x | 1.22x | 1.17x |  |  |
1Q19 | 3.91x | 1.14x | 1.13x | 1.20x |  |  |

1 NHC based on corporate-level FCCR and includes 3 independent living facilities
2 Brookdale
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Fluctuations in portfolio coverage are a result of market and economic trends, local market competition, and regulatory factors as well as the operational success of our tenants. We use the results of individual leases to inform our decision making with respect to specific tenants, but trends described above by property type and operator bear analysis. Our Need-Driven SHO portfolio shows a decline brought about primarily by a softening in occupancy within particular markets, as well as rising wage pressures. For many of the affected operators, as is typical of our portfolio in general, NHI has significant security deposits in place and/or corporate guarantees should actual cash rental shortfalls eventually materialize. In certain instances, our operators may elect to increase their security deposits with us in an amount equal to the coverage shortfall, and, upon subsequent compliance with the required lease coverage ratio, the operator would then be entitled to a full refund. The metrics presented in the tables above give no effect to the presence of these security deposits. For Skilled Nursing, coverage in the All Other category of our portfolio has improved due to a better operating environment, as a whole, and for the Ensign portfolio transition, in particular. Each MOB’s coverage is driven by the underlying performance of its on-campus hospital as the tenant or guarantor under the lease. In Texas, the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in 2017 witnessed the shut-down of the guarantor hospital for a few days resulting in lost revenue, overtime and other one-time charges, negatively impacting the hospital’s bottom-line and resultant coverage ratios for that MOB. Within the context of this event-specific occurrence, it is also typical of MOB operations that there may be other large fluctuations in coverage resulting from hospital operations.
Potential Effects of Medicare Reimbursement
Our SNF operators receive a significant portion of their revenues from governmental payors, primarily Medicare (federal) and Medicaid (states). Changes in reimbursement rates and limits on the scope of services reimbursed to skilled nursing facilities could have a material impact on the operators’ liquidity and financial condition. On August 1, 2018, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) announced the CMS Skilled Nursing Prospective Payment System (“PPS”) final rule whereby, effective October 1, 2019, its Patient-Driven Payment Model (“PDPM”) will replace Resource Utilization Groups (“RUGs”)-IV. Facilities will have one year to transition to PDPM from RUGs-IV by the October 1, 2019 implementation date. PDPM is designed as a more simplified payment model than RUGs-IV and is projected to reduce administrative costs and foster innovation to improve care to patients. Regulators forecast a $2 billion reduction in provider costs over 10 years as a result of simplified paperwork requirements for resident assessments. The new model shifts care delivery under Medicare away from fee-for-service, which in the past has based reimbursement on the amount of care provided, to focus on value-based care, which will base reimbursement on clinical complexity and the resident’s conditions and care needs. The final rule also established a 2.4% market basket increase beginning October 1, 2018. On April 19, 2019, CMS proposed a net 2.5% increase to Medicare skilled nursing payments for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2019. We believe a rate increase in line with inflation, along with general demographic growth among the oldest seniors, will help to stabilize lease coverages among our skilled nursing tenants at a time when they are implementing the PDPM payment model.
We currently estimate that our borrowers and lessees will find these Medicare increases to be adequate in the near term due to their credit quality, profitability and their debt or lease coverage ratios, although no assurances can be given as to what the ultimate effect that PDPM increases on an annual basis will have on each of our borrowers and lessees. According to industry studies, state Medicaid funding is not expected to keep pace with inflation. Any future acquisitions by NHI of skilled nursing facilities are planned on a selective basis, with emphasis on operator quality and newer construction.
Investment Highlights
Since January 1, 2019, we have made or announced the following investments ($ in thousands):

|  | Date |  | Properties |  | Asset Class |  | Amount
Lease Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wingate Healthcare |  | January 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | $ | 52,200 |
Holiday Retirement |  | January 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 38,000 |
Comfort Care Senior Living |  | April 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 10,800 |
Comfort Care Senior Living |  | May 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 13,500 |
Discovery Senior Living |  | May 2019 |  | 6 |  | SHO |  | 128,350 |
Cappella Living Solutions |  | July 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 7,600 |
Note Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Living Communities |  | June 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 32,700 |
41 Management |  | June 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 10,800 |
Discovery Senior Living |  | July 2019 |  | 1 |  | SHO |  | 750 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 294,700 |

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Wingate
On January 15, 2019, we acquired a 267-unit senior living campus in Massachusetts for a purchase price of $50,300,000, including closing costs of $300,000. The facility is being leased to Wingate Healthcare, Inc. (“Wingate”) for a term of 10 years, with three five-year renewal options, at an initial lease rate of 7.5% plus annual fixed escalators. We have committed to the additional funding of up to $1,900,000 in capital improvements, and the lease provides for incentive payments up to $5,000,000 to become available beginning in 2020 upon the attainment of certain operating metrics. NHI has a right of first offer on two additional Wingate-operated facilities. We accounted for the transaction as an asset purchase.
Holiday
In November 2018, we entered into a lease amendment and guaranty release (“the Agreement”) with an affiliate of Holiday Retirement (“Holiday”). Among other provisions, the Agreement decreased base rent beginning in 2019 from $39,000,000 to $31,500,000, extended the term of the original lease through 2035, improved the credit position of the tenant and increased required minimum capital expenditure per unit. As consideration for amending provisions included in the original 2013 lease, Holiday agreed to pay NHI $55,125,000 in cash or real estate and forfeit $10,637,000 of their original $21,275,000 security deposit.
On January 31, 2019, we acquired a senior housing facility in Vero Beach, Florida from Holiday consisting of 157 independent living and 71 assisted living units in exchange for $38,000,000 toward the $55,125,000 receivable arising from the lease amendment, discussed above. The property was added to the master lease at a 6.71% lease rate. Under the restructured master lease, annual lease escalators ranging from 2% to 3%, based on portfolio revenue growth, will go into effect on November 1, 2020. Holiday settled the remaining commitment to NHI with cash of $17,125,000 at closing. Initial lease payments from Holiday for 2019 under the amended lease are scheduled to be $33,838,000, while straight-line rent income is scheduled to be $40,459,000.
Comfort Care
On April 30, 2019, we acquired a newly-constructed 60-unit assisted living facility in Shelby, Michigan which has 14 memory care units under construction. The total commitment of $10,800,000 includes $9,282,000 funded at closing with the remaining amount to be funded as construction progresses. On May 20, 2019, we acquired a property in Brighton, Michigan, consisting of 73 assisted living/memory care units. The purchase price for the Brighton acquisition was $13,500,000, inclusive of closing costs. We leased the properties to Comfort Care Senior Living (“Comfort Care”), under leases which provide for initial lease rate of 7.75%, with annual fixed escalators beginning in year three over the term of ten years plus two five-year renewal options. The lease each include a $3,000,000 earnout incentive which will be added to the lease base if funded. We accounted for the acquisitions as asset purchases.
Discovery
On May 31, 2019, we invested $25,028,000 in cash for a 97.5% equity interest in a consolidated subsidiary ("PropCo"), which simultaneously acquired from a third party six senior housing facilities comprising 145 independent-living units, 356 assisted-living units and 95 memory-care units, for a total of 596 units. Discovery Senior Housing Investor XXIV, LLC, (“Discovery”) contributed $642,000 for its non-controlling 2.5% equity interest. We invested an additional $102,680,000 as a preferred equity contribution, for a total NHI investment of $127,708,000. The additional equity contribution of $102,680,000 carries a preference in liquidation as well as in the distribution of operating cash flow. Total cash of $128,350,000 invested in PropCo included approximately $1,067,000 in closing costs and $433,000 reserved for working capital needs.
The facilities were leased by PropCo to an affiliate of Discovery for a term of ten years with two five-year renewal periods at an initial lease rate of 6.5% with fixed annual escalators through the fifth year of the initial lease term followed by CPI-based escalators, subject to floor and ceiling, thereafter. The total purchase price for the properties acquired, as discussed above, was allocated to the tangible assets based upon their relative fair values consisting of $6,301,000 to the land and $121,616,000 to the buildings and improvements. Based upon the contribution agreement between the parties, NHI and Discovery estimated the value of the six facilities owned by PropCo at May 31, 2019 to be $127,917,000. Discovery’s 2.5% noncontrolling interest also reflects its estimated fair value as of the acquisition date.
Additionally, NHI anticipates extending a senior mortgage loan of $6,000,000 at 7% annual interest to affiliates of Discovery for an additional property in Indiana for which the joint venture will have the option to purchase at stabilization. The facility consists of 52 assisted living units and 22 memory care units. The loan is anticipated to close by August 31 st.
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NHI as the managing member manages Propco, subject to certain consent rights of Discovery for certain significant business decisions. Because of our control of PropCo, we include its assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interest and operations in our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 810, Consolidation, and ASC Topic 970, Real Estate - General.
Effective July 1, 2019 we transitioned an Indiana, independent living/assisted living facility to Discovery, as discussed in Note 2 in conjunction with our other properties in transition. By its terms, the triple-net lease matures in June 2024 with two five-year options to extend. Rent is initially based on net operating income. Beginning in 2022, rent is to reset to the greater of $1,400,000 or fair value as provided by formula. For the duration of the lease, the rent, as reset, is subject to a 2.5% escalator. Concurrent with Discovery’s entrance into the lease, NHI provided a working capital loan for amounts up to $750,000 at an interest rate of 6.50%. The loan extends during the term of the lease.
Cappella Living Solutions
On July 23, 2019, for $7,600,000 including $100,000 of closing costs, we acquired a 54-unit assisted living facility in Pueblo, Colorado. We leased the facility to Christian Living Services, Inc., d/b/a Cappella Living Solutions, for a term of fifteen years at an initial lease rate of 7.25%, with CPI escalators subject to a floor and ceiling.
41 Management
On June 14, 2019 we committed to providing first mortgage financing to 41 Management, LLC (d/b/a as Matthews Senior Living) for up to $10,800,000 to fund the construction of a 51-unit assisted living facility in Wisconsin. The loan carries an interest rate of 8.50% for its five-year term, subject to two one-year renewals. The agreement provides for a 1% commitment fee as well as an exit fee that is subject to waiver should we exercise our purchase option, which is to open upon stabilization of the facility. Additional security on the loan includes personal and corporate guarantees and the funding of a working capital escrow.
Senior Living Communities
On June 25, 2019, we provided a mortgage loan of $32,700,000 to Senior Living for the acquisition of a 248-unit continuing care retirement community in Columbia, South Carolina. The financing is for a term of five years with two one-year extensions and carries an interest rate of 7.25%. Additionally, the loan conveys to NHI a purchase option at a stated minimum price of $38,250,000, subject to adjustment for market conditions.
Other Portfolio Activity
Tenant Transitioning
As of June 30, 2019, we have completed the contractual transition of three lease portfolios to new tenants following a period of non-compliance by the former operators, background for which is provided in the financial statements included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. The portfolios consist of three former Regency buildings, five former LaSalle Group buildings and one facility formerly leased to Landmark. To expedite stabilization of the facilities, we committed to specified income-generating capital expenditures for the re-branding and refurbishment of certain of these properties. The new leases each specify initial periods during which rental income to NHI shall be based on net operating income (“NOI”), after deduction of management fees. Following the initial periods, each lease converts to a structured payment based on a fair-value calculation.
The former Regency buildings have been leased to three operators, Senior Living, Discovery, and Vitality MC TN, LLC (“Vitality”). Of our total revenues, $69,000 and $1,262,000 (2%) in rental income were derived from the three former Regency buildings for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of our total revenues, $145,000 and $2,523,000 (2%) in rental income were derived from the three former Regency buildings for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
On April 16, 2019, Chancellor Health Care leased the five former LaSalle Group buildings. Our lease agreement with Chancellor provides for NHI to receive 100% of net operating cash flow generated by the facilities, after management fees, pending stabilization of the operations of the facility. During the first quarter of 2019, we also commenced litigation for the recovery of certain funds owed by LaSalle Group under the lease and against the principal executive personally under the guaranty agreement. Of our total revenues, $287,000 and $1,119,000 (2%) in rental income were derived from the five former LaSalle Group buildings for the three
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months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of our total revenues, $287,000 and $2,213,000 (2%) in rental income were derived from the five former LaSalle Group buildings for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
At December 31, 2018, we had a single-property lease in Wisconsin with Landmark Senior Living that was non-performing. In February 2019, we transitioned the lease to BAKA Enterprises, temporarily acting under a management agreement with Landmark. Under terms of the new lease, NHI receives 95% of net operating cash flow, after management fees, as generated by the facilities. Upon the establishment of an operational baseline, beginning in year two, the agreement calls for a rent reset to fair value. The agreement provides for a term of 8 years, with renewal options. Of our total revenues, $150,000 and $305,000 were derived from the former Landmark property for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of our total revenues, $775,000 (1%) and $762,000 (1%) were derived from the former Landmark property for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, including $625,000 received during 2019 as a settlement payment.
As we seek to stabilize the operations of these facilities, if our resulting tenants or operating partners do not have adequate liquidity to accept the risks and rewards of a tenant-lessee, NHI might be deemed the primary beneficiary of the operations and might be required to consolidate those statements of financial position and results of operations of the managers or operating partners into our consolidated financial statements.
The following table summarizes the transition properties for the six months ended June 30, 2019:

Former Tenant / Facility Name (New Tenant) | Units | Location | Q1 Occupancy 1 | Q2 Occupancy 2
SH-Regency Leasing, LLC |  |  |  |
The Cypress of College Park (Discovery) | 148 | IN | 19.6% | 18.9%
The Charlotte (SLC) | 98 | NC | —% | —%
Maybelle Carter (Vitality) | 135 | TN | 73.3% | 77.6%
LaSalle Autumn Leaves (Chancellor) | 196 | IL/TX | 74.7% | 70.7%
Landmark Senior Living (BAKA) | 120 | WI | 67.6% | 72.2%
| 697 |  | 51.0% | 51.4%

1 Monthly Average, as of March 31, 2019
2 Monthly Average, as of June 30, 2019
Assets Held For Sale
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we identified two assisted living properties for disposal and began active marketing of the properties. The buildings are smaller than are typical of our portfolio and are no longer considered to be an appropriate investment for NHI. In January we ceased recording depreciation on the properties, and we booked an adjustment to lease revenues to write off the associated $124,000 in straight-line receivables. We recognized an impairment loss of $2,500,000 to write down the properties to their estimated net realizable value of $3,745,000 and have classified the assets as available for sale on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at June 30, 2019.
Other
Our leases are typically structured as “triple net leases” on single-tenant properties having an initial leasehold term of 10 to 15 years with one or more five-year renewal options. As such, there may be reporting periods in which we experience few, if any, lease renewals or expirations. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we did not have any significant renewing or expiring leases.
Most of our existing leases contain annual escalators in rent payments. For financial statement purposes, rental income on our operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Certain of our operators hold purchase options allowing them to acquire properties they currently lease from NHI. We regularly engage in negotiations with these tenants to continue as lessor or in some other capacity.
We adjust rental income for the amortization of lease inducements paid to our tenants. Current outstanding commitments and contingencies are listed under our discussion of liquidity and capital resources. Amortization of these payments against revenues was $383,000 and $132,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Real Estate and Mortgage Write-downs
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Our borrowers and tenants experience periods of significant financial pressures and difficulties similar to those encountered by other health care providers. Governments at both the federal and state levels have enacted legislation to lower, or at least slow, the growth in payments to health care providers. Furthermore, the cost of professional liability insurance has increased significantly during this same period. Since inception, a number of our facility operators and mortgage loan borrowers have undergone bankruptcy. Others have been forced to surrender properties to us in lieu of foreclosure or, for certain periods, have failed to make timely payments on their obligations to us.
We believe that the carrying amounts of our real estate properties are recoverable and that mortgage and other notes receivable are realizable and supported by the value of the underlying collateral. However, it is possible that future events could require us to make significant adjustments to these carrying amounts.
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Results of Operations
The significant items affecting revenues and expenses are described below (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| June 30, |  | Period Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ |  | %
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SLC leased to Wingate Healthcare | $ | 944 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 944 |  |  | NM |
ALFs leased to Bickford Senior Living | 12,017 |  |  | 11,208 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 7.2 | %
SHOs leased to Discovery Senior Living | 1,569 |  |  | 859 |  |  | 710 |  |  | 82.7 | %
ALFs leased to Comfort Care Senior Living | 548 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 507 |  |  | NM |
SNFs leased to Fundamental Senior Living | 722 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 491 |  |  | NM |
SNFs leased to Ensign Group | 5,926 |  |  | 5,560 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 6.6 | %
ILFs leased to an affiliate of Holiday Retirement | 8,512 |  |  | 9,424 |  |  | (912 | ) |  | (9.7 | )%
SHOs leased to Chancellor Health Care | 2,277 |  |  | 3,051 |  |  | (774 | ) |  | (25.4 | )%
SHOs leased to Senior Living Communities | 10,488 |  |  | 10,935 |  |  | (447 | ) |  | (4.1 | )%
SLC leased to Vitality Senior Living | 69 |  |  | 425 |  |  | (356 | ) |  | (83.8 | )%
ALF leased to BAKA Enterprises | 150 |  |  | 305 |  |  | (155 | ) |  | (50.8 | )%
Other new and existing leases | 22,543 |  |  | 21,995 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 2.5 | %
| 65,765 |  |  | 64,034 |  |  | 1,731 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Straight-line rent adjustments, new and existing leases | 5,307 |  |  | 5,835 |  |  | (528 | ) |  | (9.0 | )%
Escrow funds received from tenants | 1,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,506 |  |  | NM |
Total Rental Income | 72,578 |  |  | 69,869 |  |  | 2,709 |  |  | 3.9 | %
Interest income and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life Care Services mortgages and construction loans | 2,896 |  |  | 961 |  |  | 1,935 |  |  | NM |
Bickford construction loans | 911 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 86.7 | %
Other existing mortgages and notes | 1,681 |  |  | 1,607 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Total Interest Income from Mortgage and Other Notes | 5,488 |  |  | 3,056 |  |  | 2,432 |  |  | 79.6 | %
Other income | 30 |  |  | 31 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (3.2 | )%
Total Revenues | 78,096 |  |  | 72,956 |  |  | 5,140 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SLC leased to Wingate Healthcare | 349 |  |  | — |  |  | 349 |  |  | NM |
ALFs leased to Bickford Senior Living | 3,746 |  |  | 3,435 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 9.1 | %
ILFs leased to an affiliate of Holiday Retirement | 3,493 |  |  | 3,229 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 8.2 | %
SNFs leased to Ensign Group | 1,833 |  |  | 1,716 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Other new and existing assets | 9,599 |  |  | 9,414 |  |  | 185 |  | 2 |  | 2.0 | %
Total Depreciation | 19,020 |  |  | 17,794 |  |  | 1,226 |  | 3 |  | 6.9 | %
Interest | 13,746 |  |  | 12,220 |  |  | 1,526 |  |  | 12.5 | %
Payroll and related compensation expenses | 1,396 |  |  | 1,561 |  |  | (165 | ) |  | (10.6 | )%
Non-cash stock-based compensation expense | 477 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 29.3 | %
Loan and realty losses | — |  |  | 1,849 |  |  | (1,849 | ) |  | NM |
Property taxes and insurance on leased properties | 1,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,506 |  |  | NM |
Other expenses | 1,974 |  |  | 1,324 |  |  | 650 |  |  | 49.1 | %
Total Expenses | 38,119 |  |  | 35,117 |  |  | 3,002 |  |  | 8.5 | %
Net income | 39,977 |  |  | 37,839 |  |  | 2,138 |  |  | 5.7 | %
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | NM |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 39,978 |  |  | $ | 37,839 |  |  | $ | 2,139 |  |  | — | %
NM - not meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Financial highlights of the quarter ended June 30, 2019, compared to the same quarter of 2018 were as follows:

• | The rental income received from our tenants increased by $1,731,000 primarily due to the impact of $155,644,000 of new investments in 2018 and $242,850,000 so far in 2019. This impact was partially offset by a decline in rental income received from Holiday as a result of the lease amendment described in Note 2. Rental income was also offset by lease defaults which resulted in transitions to new tenants described herein under the heading Tenant Transitioning.

• | The increase in rental income included a $528,000 decrease in straight-line rent adjustments. Generally accepted accounting principles require rental income to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease to give effect to scheduled rent escalators that are determinable at lease inception. Future increases in rental income depend on our ability to make new investments which meet our underwriting criteria.

• | Interest income from mortgage and other notes increased $2,432,000 primarily due to interest income received on loans to Bickford Senior Living and Life Care Services.

• | Depreciation expense increased $1,226,000 primarily due to new real estate investments completed in 2018 and 2019.

• | Interest expense, including amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, increased $1,526,000 primarily as a result of the September 2018 conversion of $300,000,000 of debt initially drawn on our revolving facility into a five-year term loan and the impact of additional borrowings on our revolving credit facility.

• | Payroll and related compensation expenses decreased $165,000 due primarily to the timing and amount of incentive compensation related to achieving certain company goals.

• | Non-cash stock-based compensation expense increased due primarily to fluctuations in the valuation assumptions used in the Black-Scholes pricing model.

• | Escrow funds received from tenants totaling $1,506,000 were used to pay property taxes and insurance, which is typical of triple net leases. Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors under ASU 2018-20 requires these items to be included as revenue and expense in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

• | The following table summarizes our transitioning tenants (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| June 30, |  | Period Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ |  | %
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SHOs leased to Chancellor Health Care | 287 |  |  | 1,119 |  |  | (832 | ) |  | (74.4 | )%
SHOs leased to Senior Living Communities | — |  |  | 837 |  |  | (837 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
SLC leased to Vitality Senior Living | 69 |  |  | 425 |  |  | (356 | ) |  | (83.8 | )%
ALF leased to BAKA Enterprises | 150 |  |  | 305 |  |  | (155 | ) |  | (50.8 | )%
Total Rental income | 506 |  |  | 2,686 |  |  | (2,180 | ) |  | (81.2 | )%
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SHOs leased to Chancellor Health Care | 406 |  |  | 406 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
SHOs leased to Senior Living Communities | 292 |  |  | 296 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (1.4 | )%
SLC leased to Vitality Senior Living | 154 |  |  | 156 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (1.3 | )%
ALF leased to BAKA Enterprises | 145 |  |  | 145 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total Depreciation | 997 |  |  | 1,003 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (0.6 | )%
Legal | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | NM |
Franchise, excise and other taxes | 528 |  |  | — |  |  | 528 |  |  | NM |
| 1,624 |  |  | 1,003 |  |  | 621 |  |  | 61.9 | %
Net income | (1,118 | ) |  | 1,683 |  |  | (2,801 | ) |  | NM |

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The significant items affecting revenues and expenses are described below (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended |  |
| June 30, |  | Period Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ |  | %
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ALFs leased to Bickford Senior Living | $ | 23,964 |  |  | $ | 21,483 |  |  | $ | 2,481 |  |  | 11.5 | %
SLC leased to Wingate Healthcare | 1,748 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,748 |  |  | NM |
SNFs leased to Ensign Group | 11,768 |  |  | 10,663 |  |  | 1,105 |  |  | 10.4 | %
ALFs leased to Comfort Care Senior Living | 858 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 817 |  |  | NM |
SHOs leased to Discovery Senior Living | 2,442 |  |  | 1,718 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 42.1 | %
SNFs leased to Fundamental Senior Living | 1,432 |  |  | 924 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 55.0 | %
ILFs leased to an affiliate of Holiday Retirement | 16,812 |  |  | 18,848 |  |  | (2,036 | ) |  | (10.8 | )%
SHOs leased to Chancellor Health Care | 4,264 |  |  | 6,072 |  |  | (1,808 | ) |  | (29.8 | )%
SHOs leased to Senior Living Communities | 20,962 |  |  | 21,862 |  |  | (900 | ) |  | (4.1 | )%
SLC leased to Vitality Senior Living | 145 |  |  | 850 |  |  | (705 | ) |  | (82.9 | )%
Other new and existing leases | 46,004 |  |  | 44,864 |  |  | 1,140 |  |  | 2.5 | %
| 130,399 |  |  | 127,325 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | 2.4 | %
Straight-line rent adjustments, new and existing leases | 10,535 |  |  | 11,797 |  |  | (1,262 | ) |  | (10.7 | )%
Escrow funds received from tenants | 2,597 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,597 |  |  | NM |
Total Rental Income | 143,531 |  |  | 139,122 |  |  | 4,409 |  |  | 3.2 | %
Interest income and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life Care Services mortgages and construction loans | 5,609 |  |  | 2,399 |  |  | 3,210 |  |  | 133.8 | %
Bickford construction loans | 1,696 |  |  | 913 |  |  | 783 |  |  | 85.8 | %
Other existing mortgages and notes | 3,301 |  |  | 3,204 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Total Interest income from mortgage and other notes | 10,606 |  |  | 6,516 |  |  | 4,090 |  |  | 62.8 | %
Other income | 67 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4.7 | %
Total Revenues | 154,204 |  |  | 145,702 |  |  | 8,502 |  |  | 5.8 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SLC leased to Wingate Healthcare | 698 |  |  | — |  |  | 698 |  |  | NM |
ALFs leased to Bickford Senior Living | 7,410 |  |  | 6,542 |  |  | 868 |  |  | 13.3 | %
ILFs leased to an affiliate of Holiday Retirement | 6,898 |  |  | 6,459 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 6.8 | %
SNFs leased to Ensign Group | 3,684 |  |  | 3,271 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 12.6 | %
Other new and existing assets | 18,821 |  |  | 18,857 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | (0.2 | )%
Total Depreciation | 37,511 |  |  | 35,129 |  |  | 2,382 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Interest | 27,264 |  |  | 23,834 |  |  | 3,430 |  |  | 14.4 | %
Payroll and related compensation expenses | 2,599 |  |  | 3,359 |  |  | (760 | ) |  | (22.6 | )%
Non-cash stock-based compensation expense | 2,478 |  |  | 1,794 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 38.1 | %
Loan and realty losses | 2,500 |  |  | 1,849 |  |  | 651 |  |  | 35.2 | %
Property taxes and insurance on leased properties | 2,597 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,597 |  |  | NM |
Other expenses | 3,598 |  |  | 2,728 |  |  | 870 |  |  | 31.9 | %
Total Expenses | 78,547 |  |  | 68,693 |  |  | 9,854 |  |  | 14.3 | %
Income before loss on convertible note retirement | 75,657 |  |  | 77,009 |  |  | (1,352 | ) |  | (1.8 | )%
Loss on convertible note retirement | — |  |  | (738 | ) |  | 738 |  |  | NM |
Net income | 75,657 |  |  | 76,271 |  |  | (614 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | NM |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 75,658 |  |  | $ | 76,271 |  |  | $ | (613 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
NM - not meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Financial highlights of the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018 were as follows:

• | Rental income received from our tenants increased $3,074,000, or 2.4%, primarily as a result of new investments funded since June 2018.

• | The increase in rental income was partially offset by a $1,262,000 decrease in straight-line rent adjustments. Generally accepted accounting principles require rental income to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease to give effect to scheduled rent escalators that are determinable at lease inception. Generally, future increases in rental income depend on our ability to make new investments which meet our underwriting criteria.

• | Interest income from mortgage and other notes increased $4,090,000, primarily due to interest income received on loans to Bickford Senior Living and Life Care Services.

• | Depreciation expense increased $2,382,000 primarily due to new real estate investments completed since June 2018.

• | Interest expense, including amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, increased $3,430,000 primarily as a result of the September 2018 conversion of $300,000,000 of debt initially drawn on our revolving facility into a five-year term loan and the impact of additional borrowings on our revolving credit facility.

• | Payroll and related compensation expenses decreased $760,000 due primarily to the timing and amount of incentive compensation related to achieving certain company goals.

• | Non-cash stock-based compensation expense increased due primarily to fluctuations in the valuation assumptions used in the Black-Scholes pricing model.

• | Loan and realty losses of $2,500,000 represent a writedown related to two facilities classified as held for sale with an estimated net realizable value of $3,745,000 at June 30, 2019.

• | Escrow funds received from tenants totaling $2,597,000 were used to pay property taxes and insurance, which is typical of triple net leases. Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors under ASU 2018-20 requires these items to be included as revenue and expense in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

• | The following table summarizes our transitioning tenants (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended |  |  |  |
| June 30, |  | Period Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ |  | %
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SHOs leased to Chancellor Health Care | 287 |  |  | 2,213 |  |  | (1,926 | ) |  | (87.0 | )%
SHOs leased to Senior Living Communities | — |  |  | 1,674 |  |  | (1,674 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
SLC leased to Vitality Senior Living | 145 |  |  | 850 |  |  | (705 | ) |  | (82.9 | )%
ALF leased to BAKA Enterprises 1 | 775 |  |  | 762 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Total Revenues | 1,207 |  |  | 5,499 |  |  | (4,292 | ) |  | (78.1 | )%
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SHOs leased to Chancellor Health Care | 811 |  |  | 811 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
SHOs leased to Senior Living Communities | 585 |  |  | 592 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (1.2 | )%
SLC leased to Vitality Senior Living | 308 |  |  | 312 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (1.3 | )%
ALF leased to BAKA Enterprises | 291 |  |  | 291 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total Depreciation | 1,995 |  |  | 2,006 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | (0.5 | )%
Legal | 133 |  |  | — |  |  | 133 |  |  | NM |
Franchise, excise and other taxes | 828 |  |  | — |  |  | 828 |  |  | NM |
| 2,956 |  |  | 2,006 |  |  | 950 |  |  | 47.4 | %
Net income | (1,749 | ) |  | 3,493 |  |  | (5,242 | ) |  | NM |
1 includes $625,000 received during 2019 as a settlement payment |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources and Uses of Funds
Our primary sources of cash include rent payments, principal and interest payments on mortgage and other notes receivable, proceeds from the sales of real property, net proceeds from offerings of equity securities and borrowings from our term loans and revolving credit facility. Our primary uses of cash include debt service payments (both principal and interest), new investments in real estate and notes, dividend distributions to our shareholders and general corporate overhead.
These sources and uses of cash are reflected in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as summarized below (dollars in thousands):

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  | One Year Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ |  | %
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, January 1 | $ | 9,912 |  |  | $ | 8,075 |  |  | $ | 1,837 |  |  | 22.7 | %
Net cash provided by operating activities | 126,914 |  |  | 102,217 |  |  | 24,697 |  |  | 24.2 | %
Net cash used in investing activities | (268,029 | ) |  | (140,897 | ) |  | (127,132 | ) |  | 90.2 | %
Net provided by financing activities | 147,741 |  |  | 39,054 |  |  | 108,687 |  |  | 278.3 | %
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, December 31 | $ | 16,538 |  |  | $ | 8,449 |  |  | $ | 8,089 |  |  | 95.7 | %

Operating Activities – Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was favorably impacted by new real estate investments in 2018 and 2019, an increase in lease payment collections arising from escalators on existing leases and the funding of lease incentives.
Investing Activities – Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was comprised primarily of $268,587,000 of investments in real estate and notes, and was partially offset by the collection of principal on mortgage and other notes receivable.
Financing Activities – Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 is primarily the result of (1) net proceeds of $47,854,000 from the issuance of common shares in 2019, (2) $29,985,000 used to complete targeted repurchases of a portion of our outstanding convertible notes during 2018 and (3) dividend payments which increased $7,072,000 over the same period in 2018.
Liquidity
Apart from operations, the main source of our liquidity is our unsecured bank credit facility. At June 30, 2019, we had $277,000,000 available to draw on our revolving credit facility.
Our bank credit facility derives from the Credit Agreement dated as of August 3, 2017 (the "2017 Agreement"), and the Term Loan Agreement dated as of September 17, 2018 (the "2018 Agreement"). Together these agreements establish our unsecured $1,100,000,000 bank credit facility, which consists of $250,000,000 and $300,000,000 term loans and a $550,000,000 revolving credit facility. The $250,000,000 term loan and $550,000,000 revolving facility mature in August 2022, and the $300,000,000 term loan is to mature in September 2023. With the 2018 Agreement, we converted $300,000,000 of debt initially drawn on our revolving facility into a five-year term loan.
The revolving facility fee is currently 20 basis points per annum, and floating interest on the revolver and the term loans are presently set at 30-day LIBOR plus 115 and a blended 127 bps, respectively. At June 30, 2019 and December 2018, 30-day LIBOR was 240 and 250 bps, respectively. Within the facility, the employment of interest rate swaps for a portion of our fixed term debt leaves only $213,000,000 of our revolving credit facility exposed to interest rate risk through June 2020, when our $80,000,000 and $130,000,000 swaps expire. Our swaps and the financial instruments to which they relate are described in the table below, under the caption “Interest Rate Swap Agreements.” The current interest spreads and facility fee reflect our leverage-ratio compliance based on the applicable margin for LIBOR loans, measuring debt to “Total Asset Value,” at Level 2 in the Interest Rate Schedule provided below in abridged format:
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Interest Rate Schedule

|  | LIBOR Margin |
Level | Leverage Ratio | Revolver | $300m Term Loan | $250m Term Loan | Facility Fee
1 | < 0.35 | 1.10% | 1.20% | 1.25% | 0.15%
2 | ≥ 0.35 & < 0.40 | 1.15% | 1.25% | 1.30% | 0.20%
3 | ≥ 0.40 & < 0.45 | 1.20% | 1.30% | 1.35% | 0.20%
4 | ≥ 0.45 & < 0.50 | 1.25% | 1.40% | 1.45% | 0.25%

Beyond the applicable ratios detailed above, increasing levels of leverage (not shown) will subject our debt to defined increases in interest rates and fees.
The 2017 Agreement requires that we calculate specified financial statement metrics and meet or exceed a variety of financial ratios, which are usual and customary in nature. These ratios are calculated quarterly and as of June 30, 2019 were within required limits.
The calculation of our leverage ratio involves intermediate determinations of our “total indebtedness” and of our “total asset value,” as defined in the 2017 Agreement. We are near the upper bounds delineated by Level 2 in the Interest Rate Schedule, above.
Aside from a more favorable rate, the 2018 Agreement generally calls for the same covenants and financial statement metrics required for compliance with terms of the 2017 Agreement. Although we are currently eligible under the 2017 and 2018 Agreements to transact in our unsecured bank credit facilities at the respective scheduled rates represented by Level 2, the movement of our leverage ratio into Level 3 or 4 at current levels of debt would result in additional annual costs from $375,000 to $1,300,000, respectively, assuming an average revolver balance of approximately $200,000,000. Further movement of our leverage ratio beyond levels currently contemplated by management would be subject to escalating increases in interest. If, in addition to changes in the leverage ratio, certain qualitative indicators of our risk profile were to materially change, further interest-rate escalations may result.
Our at-the-market (“ATM”) offering represents an additional source of liquidity. Through the program in 2019, we issued 618,654 common shares, with an average price for shares sold of $78.77, resulting after commissions in net proceeds of $47,999,000. Cash from these issuances was initially used to pay down our revolving credit facility.
As we continue our activity in the ATM program in 2019, we intend to use the proceeds for general corporate purposes, which may include future acquisitions and repayment of indebtedness, including borrowings under our credit facility. Acquisitions, if any, whose magnitude would entail an equity match unable to be efficiently sourced through the ATM would likely trigger a prospectus supplement and an underwritten or overnight offering of NHI common stock, rather than placement through the ATM. Offerings under the ATM program are made pursuant to a prospectus dated February 22, 2017, which constitutes a part of NHI’s effective shelf registration statement that was previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Traditionally, debt financing and operating and financing cash flows derived from proceeds of lease and mortgage collections, loan payoffs and the recovery of previous write-downs, have been used to satisfy our operational and investing needs and to provide a return to our shareholders. We expect to continue to access these sources of capital to meet those operational and investing needs, which are necessary to maintain and cultivate our funding sources and have generally fallen into three categories: debt service, REIT operating expenses, and new real estate investments.
The following table summarizes the issuances since inception of our ATM as of June 30, 2019:

| Shares | Weighted Average Share Price | Net Proceeds
2015 | 830,506 |  | $ | 60.33 |  | $ | 49,389,000 |
2016 | 1,395,642 |  | $ | 75.79 |  | 104,190,000 |
2017 | 1,661,161 |  | $ | 74.87 |  | 122,500,000 |
2018 | 1,112,363 |  | $ | 74.84 |  | 82,001,000 |
2019 | 618,654 |  | $ | 78.77 |  | 47,999,000 |
| 5,618,326 |  |  | $ | 406,079,000 |

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The table above does not include indirect legal and accounting costs associated with updating and maintaining our shelf registration statement.
The use of funds from our ATM program effects a rebalancing of our leverage in response to our acquisitions and has kept our options flexible for further expansion. We continue to explore various other funding sources including bank term loans, convertible debt, traditional equity placement, unsecured bonds and senior notes, debt private placement and secured government agency financing. We view our ATM program as an effective way to match-fund our smaller acquisitions by exercising control over the timing and size of transactions and achieving a more favorable cost of capital as compared to larger follow-on offerings.
We anticipate continued use of proceeds from the ATM program for general corporate purposes, which may include future acquisitions and repayment of indebtedness, including borrowings under our credit facility. Acquisitions, if any, whose magnitude would entail an equity match unable to be efficiently sourced through the ATM would likely trigger a prospectus supplement and an underwritten or overnight offering of NHI common stock, rather than placement through the ATM.
We expect that borrowings on our revolving credit facility, borrowings on term loans, and our ATM program will allow us to continue to make real estate investments during 2019. However, we anticipate that our historically low cost of debt capital will increase in the mid-term, if the federal government decides to revisit the upward transitioning of the federal funds rate. In response to the changed interest-rate environment, we may find it advisable within the coming year to acquire a public credit rating as a tool for managing our interest costs.
Concurrent with the amendments to our credit facility and with the exception of specific debt-coverage ratios, covenants pertaining to our private placement term loans were generally conformed with those governing the credit facility.
As of June 30, 2019, our $120,000,000 of senior unsecured convertible notes were convertible at a rate of 14.52 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount, representing a conversion price of approximately $68.86 per share for a total of 1,742,736 remaining underlying shares. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, dilution resulting from the conversion option within our convertible debt is 199,492 shares. If NHI’s current share price increases above the adjusted $68.86 conversion price, further dilution will be attributable to the conversion feature. On June 30, 2019, the value of the convertible debt, computed as if the debt were immediately eligible for conversion, exceeded its face amount by $15,986,000.
We may continue from time to time to seek to retire or purchase some of our outstanding convertible notes through cash open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions or otherwise. As with our 2018 repurchases, amounts and timing of further repurchases or exchanges, if any, will be dependent on prevailing market conditions, liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors.
When we take on new debt or when we modify or replace existing debt, we incur debt issuance costs. These costs are subject to amortization over the term of the new debt instrument and may result in the write-off of fees associated with debt which has been replaced or modified. Sustaining long-term dividend growth will require that we consider all sources of capital mentioned above, with the goal of maintaining a low-leverage balance sheet as mitigation against potential adverse changes in the business of our industry, tenants and borrowers.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
To mitigate our exposure to interest rate risk, we have in place the following interest rate swap contracts in place to hedge against floating rates on our bank term loans and a portion of our revolving credit facility as of June 30, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

Date Entered |  | Maturity Date |  | Fixed Rate |  | Rate Index |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value
June 2013 |  | June 2020 |  | 3.41% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 80,000,000 |  |  | $ | (208 | )
March 2014 |  | June 2020 |  | 3.46% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 130,000,000 |  |  | $ | (398 | )
March 2019 |  | December 2021 |  | 3.46% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 100,000,000 |  |  | $ | (1,436 | )
March 2019 |  | December 2021 |  | 3.47% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 100,000,000 |  |  | $ | (1,468 | )
June 2019 |  | December 2021 |  | 2.84% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 150,000,000 |  |  | $ | 48 |
June 2019 |  | December 2021 |  | 2.88% |  | 1-month LIBOR |  | $ | 50,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1 |

For instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative has been reported as a component of other comprehensive income, and reclassified into earnings in the same period, or periods, during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness have been recognized in earnings.
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In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) has proposed that the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) is the rate that represents best practice as the alternative to USD-LIBOR for use in derivatives and other financial contracts that are currently indexed to USD-LIBOR. ARRC has proposed a paced market transition plan to SOFR from USD-LIBOR and organizations are currently working on industry wide and company specific transition plans as it relates to derivatives and cash markets exposed to USD-LIBOR. The Company has material contracts that are indexed to USD-LIBOR and is monitoring this activity and evaluating the related risks.
We intend to comply with REIT dividend requirements that we distribute at least 90% of our annual taxable income for the year ending December 31, 2019 and thereafter. Dividends declared for the fourth quarter of each fiscal year are paid by the end of the following January and are, with some exceptions, treated for tax purposes as having been paid in the fiscal year just ended as provided in IRS Code Sec. 857(b)(8). We declare special dividends when we compute our REIT taxable income in an amount that exceeds our regular dividends for the fiscal year.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We currently have no outstanding guarantees. As described in Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, our leases, mortgages and other notes receivable with certain entities represent variable interests in those enterprises. However, because we do not control these entities, nor do we have any role in their day-to-day management, we are not their primary beneficiary. Except as discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, under Contractual Obligations and Contingent Liabilities, we have no further material obligations arising from our transactions with these entities, and we believe our maximum exposure to loss at June 30, 2019, due to this involvement would be limited to our contractual commitments and contingent liabilities and the amount of our current investments with them, as detailed further in Notes 1, 2, 3 and 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. As of June 30, 2019, we furnished no direct support to any of these entities.
In March 2014 we issued $200,000,000 of convertible notes, the conversion feature being intended to broaden the Company’s credit profile and as a means to obtain a more favorable coupon rate. For this feature we calculate the dilutive effect using market prices prevailing over the reporting period. Because the dilution calculation is market-driven, and per share guidance we provide is based on diluted amounts, the theoretical effects of the conversion feature result in per share unpredictability.
Additional disclosure requirements also give widely ranging results depending on market price variability. The notes will be freely convertible in the last six months of their contractual life, beginning in the fourth quarter of 2020; however, generally accepted accounting principles require us to periodically report the amount by which the notes’ convertible value exceeds their principal amount, without regard to the current availability of the conversion feature. Further, the mechanics of the calculation require the use of an end-of-period stock price, so that using that amount for the remaining notes outstanding of $120,000,000 at June 30, 2019, delivers an excess of $15,986,000, whereas the use of another price point would give a different result.
The conversion feature is generally available to the noteholders entering the last six months of the notes’ term but may also become actionable if the market price of NHI’s common stock should, for 20 of 30 consecutive trading days within a calendar quarter, sustain a level in excess of 130% of the adjusted conversion price, or $90.44 per share, down from $93.55 per share, initially. The notes are “optional net-share settlement” instruments, meaning that NHI has the ability and intent to settle the principal amount of the indebtedness in cash, with possible dilutive share issuances for any excess, at NHI’s option. Settlement of the notes requires management to allocate the consideration we ultimately pay between the debt component and the equity conversion feature as though they were separate instruments. The allocation is effected by valuing the debt component first, with any remainder allocated to the conversion feature. Amounts expended to settle the notes will be recognized first as a settlement of the notes at par and then will be recognized in income to the extent the portion allocated to the debt instrument differs from par value. The remainder of the allocation, if any, will be treated as settlement of equity and adjusted through our paid in capital account.
Contractual Obligations and Contingent Liabilities
For our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018, see our Management’s Discussion and Analysis contained in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Commitments and Contingencies
The following tables summarize information as of June 30, 2019 related to our outstanding commitments and contingencies which are more fully described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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| Asset Class |  | Type |  | Total |  | Funded |  | Remaining
Loan Commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LCS Sagewood Note A | SHO |  | Construction |  | $ | 118,800,000 |  |  | $ | (77,118,000 | ) |  | $ | 41,682,000 |
LCS Sagewood Note B | SHO |  | Construction |  | 61,200,000 |  |  | (22,464,000 | ) |  | 38,736,000 |
LCS Timber Ridge Note A | SHO |  | Construction |  | 60,000,000 |  |  | (59,349,000 | ) |  | 651,000 |
Bickford Senior Living | SHO |  | Construction |  | 56,700,000 |  |  | (42,391,000 | ) |  | 14,309,000 |
Senior Living Communities | SHO |  | Revolving Credit |  | 15,000,000 |  |  | (4,578,000 | ) |  | 10,422,000 |
41 Management | SHO |  | Construction |  | 10,800,000 |  |  | (1,495,000 | ) |  | 9,305,000 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 322,500,000 |  |  | $ | (207,395,000 | ) |  | $ | 115,105,000 |

See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for full details of our loan commitments. As provided above, loans funded do not include the effects of discounts or commitment fees. We expect to incrementally fund the LCS Sagewood Note A during 2019. Funding of the promissory note commitments to Bickford is expected to transpire monthly throughout 2019.

| Asset Class |  | Type |  | Total |  | Funded |  | Remaining
Development Commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ignite Medical Resorts | SNF |  | Construction |  | $ | 25,350,000 |  |  | $ | (9,598,000 | ) |  | $ | 15,752,000 |
Woodland Village | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 7,450,000 |  |  | (7,323,000 | ) |  | 127,000 |
Senior Living Communities | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 6,830,000 |  |  | (5,869,000 | ) |  | 961,000 |
Senior Living Communities | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 3,100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,100,000 |
Wingate Healthcare | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 1,900,000 |  |  | (60,000 | ) |  | 1,840,000 |
Bickford Senior Living | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 1,750,000 |  |  | (1,750,000 | ) |  | — |
Navion Senior Solutions | SHO |  | Construction |  | 650,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 650,000 |
Discovery Senior Living | SHO |  | Renovation |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 500,000 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 47,530,000 |  |  | $ | (24,600,000 | ) |  | $ | 22,930,000 |

In addition to the commitments listed above, PropCo has committed to Discovery for funding up to $2,000,000 toward the purchase of condominium units located at one of the facilities.

| Asset Class |  | Type |  | Total |  | Funded |  | Remaining
Contingencies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bickford Senior Living | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | $ | 10,000,000 |  |  | $ | (10,000,000 | ) |  | $ | — |
Bickford Senior Living | SHO |  | Incentive Loan Draws |  | 8,000,000 |  |  | (250,000 | ) |  | 7,750,000 |
Comfort Care Senior Living | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | 6,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,000,000 |
Wingate Healthcare | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | 5,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,000,000 |
Navion Senior Solutions | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | 4,850,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,850,000 |
Discovery Senior Living | SHO |  | Lease Inducement |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,000,000 |
Ignite Medical Resorts | SNF |  | Lease Inducement |  | 2,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,000,000 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 39,850,000 |  |  | $ | (10,250,000 | ) |  | $ | 29,600,000 |

Contingent lease inducement payments of $10,000,000 related to the five Bickford development properties constructed in 2016 and 2017 include a licensure incentive of $250,000 per property and a three-tiered operator incentive schedule paying up to an additional $1,750,000, based on the attainment of certain performance metrics. Upon funding, these payments are added to the lease base and amortized against rental income.
For a discussion of incentive loan draws of $8,000,000 available to Bickford related to borrowings for the development of its properties in Illinois, Michigan, and Virginia, see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Litigation
Our facilities are subject to claims and suits in the ordinary course of business. Our lessees and borrowers have indemnified, and are obligated to continue to indemnify us, against all liabilities arising from the operation of the facilities, and are further obligated to indemnify us against environmental or title problems affecting the real estate underlying such facilities. While there may be lawsuits pending against certain of the owners and/or lessees of the facilities, management believes that the ultimate
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resolution of all such pending proceedings will have no material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
FFO, AFFO & FAD
These supplemental operating performance measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other REITs. Consequently, our Funds From Operations (“FFO”), Normalized FFO, Normalized Adjusted Funds From Operations (“AFFO”) and Normalized Funds Available for Distribution (“FAD”) may not provide a meaningful measure of our performance as compared to that of other REITs. Since other REITs may not use our definition of these operating performance measures, caution should be exercised when comparing our FFO, Normalized FFO, Normalized AFFO and Normalized FAD to that of other REITs. These financial performance measures do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) (these measures do not include changes in operating assets and liabilities) and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net earnings as an indication of operating performance, or to net cash flow from operating activities as determined by GAAP as a measure of liquidity, and are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.
Funds From Operations - FFO
Our FFO per diluted common share for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was unchanged over the same period in 2018 due primarily to the dilutive impact of 1,185,152 common shares issued since June 30, 2018. FFO, as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) and applied by us, is net income (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (or losses) from sales of real estate property, plus real estate depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures, if any. The Company’s computation of FFO may not be comparable to FFO reported by other REITs that do not define the term in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or have a different interpretation of the current NAREIT definition from that of the Company; therefore, caution should be exercised when comparing our Company’s FFO to that of other REITs. Diluted FFO assumes the exercise of stock options and other potentially dilutive securities.
Our normalized FFO per diluted common share for the six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased $0.05 (1.8%) over the same period in 2018 due primarily to the dilutive impact of 1,185,152 common shares issued since June 30, 2018. Normalized FFO excludes from FFO certain items which, due to their infrequent or unpredictable nature, may create some difficulty in comparing FFO for the current period to similar prior periods, and may include, but are not limited to, impairment of non-real estate assets, gains and losses attributable to the acquisition and disposition of assets and liabilities, and recoveries of previous write-downs.
FFO and normalized FFO are important supplemental measures of operating performance for a REIT. Because the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets requires depreciation (except on land), such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen and fallen with market conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT that uses historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative, and should be supplemented with a measure such as FFO. The term FFO was designed by the REIT industry to address this issue.
Adjusted Funds From Operations - AFFO
Our normalized AFFO per diluted common share for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was unchanged over the same period in 2018 due primarily to the dilutive impact of 1,185,152 common shares issued since June 30, 2018. In addition to the adjustments included in the calculation of normalized FFO, normalized AFFO excludes the impact of any straight-line rent revenue, amortization of the original issue discount on our convertible senior notes and amortization of debt issuance costs.
Normalized AFFO is an important supplemental measure of operating performance for a REIT. GAAP requires a lessor to recognize contractual lease payments into income on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the lease. This straight-line adjustment has the effect of reporting lease income that is significantly more or less than the contractual cash flows received pursuant to the terms of the lease agreement. GAAP also requires the original issue discount of our convertible senior notes and debt issuance costs to be amortized as non-cash adjustments to earnings. Normalized AFFO is useful to our investors as it reflects the growth inherent in the contractual lease payments of our real estate portfolio.
Funds Available for Distribution - FAD
Our normalized FAD for the six months ended June 30, 2019 increased $4,570,000 (4.3%) over the same period in 2018 due primarily to the impact of new investments completed since June 30, 2018. In addition to the adjustments included in the calculation of normalized AFFO, normalized FAD excludes the impact of non-cash stock based compensation. Normalized FAD is an important supplemental measure of liquidity for a REIT as a useful indicator of the ability to distribute dividends to shareholders.
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The following table reconciles net income, the most directly comparable GAAP metric, to FFO, Normalized FFO, Normalized AFFO and Normalized FAD and is presented for both basic and diluted weighted average common shares (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 39,979 |  |  | $ | 37,839 |  |  | $ | 75,658 |  |  | $ | 76,271 |
Elimination of certain non-cash items in net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 19,020 |  |  | 17,794 |  |  | 37,511 |  |  | 35,129 |
Depreciation related to noncontrolling interest | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | — |
Impairment of real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | — |
NAREIT FFO attributable to common stockholders | 58,992 |  |  | 55,633 |  |  | 115,662 |  |  | 111,400 |
Loss on convertible note retirement | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 738 |
Non-cash write-off of straight-line rent receivable | — |  |  | 1,436 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,436 |
Note receivable impairment | — |  |  | 413 |  |  | — |  |  | 413 |
Recognition of unamortized note receivable commitment fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (515 | )
Normalized FFO attributable to common stockholders | 58,992 |  |  | 57,482 |  |  | 115,662 |  |  | 113,472 |
Straight-line rent revenue, net | (5,307 | ) |  | (5,835 | ) |  | (10,535 | ) |  | (11,797 | )
Straight-line lease revenue, net, related to noncontrolling interest | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Amortization of lease incentives | 215 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 383 |  |  | 132 |
Amortization of original issue discount | 195 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 408 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 704 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 1,404 |  |  | 1,203 |
Normalized AFFO attributable to common stockholders | 54,801 |  |  | 52,493 |  |  | 107,304 |  |  | 103,418 |
Non-cash share-based compensation | 477 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 2,478 |  |  | 1,794 |
Normalized FAD attributable to common stockholders | $ | 55,278 |  |  | $ | 52,861 |  |  | $ | 109,782 |  |  | $ | 105,212 |
BASIC |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 43,232,384 |  |  | 41,704,819 |  |  | 43,029,104 |  |  | 41,618,487 |
NAREIT FFO attributable to common stockholders per share | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 2.69 |  |  | $ | 2.68 |
Normalized FFO attributable to common stockholders per share | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.38 |  |  | $ | 2.69 |  |  | $ | 2.73 |
Normalized AFFO attributable to common stockholders per share | $ | 1.27 |  |  | $ | 1.26 |  |  | $ | 2.49 |  |  | $ | 2.48 |
DILUTED |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 43,498,021 |  |  | 41,786,829 |  |  | 43,311,527 |  |  | 41,681,854 |
NAREIT FFO attributable to common stockholders per share | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 2.67 |  |  | $ | 2.67 |
Normalized FFO attributable to common stockholders per share | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.38 |  |  | $ | 2.67 |  |  | $ | 2.72 |
Normalized AFFO attributable to common stockholders per share | $ | 1.26 |  |  | $ | 1.26 |  |  | $ | 2.48 |  |  | $ | 2.48 |

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Adjusted EBITDA
We consider Adjusted EBITDA to be an important supplemental measure because it provides information which we use to evaluate our performance and serves as an indication of our ability to service debt. We define Adjusted EBITDA as consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, excluding real estate asset impairments and gains on dispositions and certain items which, due to their infrequent or unpredictable nature, may create some difficulty in comparing Adjusted EBITDA for the current period to similar prior periods. These items include, but are not limited to, impairment of non-real estate assets, gains and losses attributable to the acquisition and disposition of assets and liabilities, and recoveries of previous write-downs. Since others may not use our definition of Adjusted EBITDA, caution should be exercised when comparing our Adjusted EBITDA to that of other companies. EBITDA reflects GAAP interest expense, which excludes amounts capitalized during the period.
The following table reconciles net income, the most directly comparable GAAP metric, to Adjusted EBITDA:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income | $ | 39,978 |  |  | $ | 37,839 |  |  | $ | 75,657 |  |  | $ | 76,271 |
Interest expense | 13,746 |  |  | 12,220 |  |  | 27,264 |  |  | 23,834 |
Franchise, excise and other taxes | 775 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 1,320 |  |  | 612 |
Depreciation | 19,020 |  |  | 17,794 |  |  | 37,511 |  |  | 35,129 |
Loss on convertible note retirement | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 738 |
Non-cash write-off of straight-line rent receivable | — |  |  | 1,436 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,436 |
Note receivable impairment | — |  |  | 413 |  |  | — |  |  | 413 |
Recognition of unamortized note receivable commitment fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (515 | )
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 73,519 |  |  | $ | 69,968 |  |  | $ | 141,752 |  |  | $ | 137,918 |
Interest expense at contractual rates | $ | 13,355 |  |  | $ | 11,414 |  |  | $ | 26,429 |  |  | $ | 21,941 |
Principal payments | 294 |  |  | 283 |  |  | 589 |  |  | 568 |
Fixed Charges | $ | 13,649 |  |  | $ | 11,697 |  |  | $ | 27,018 |  |  | $ | 22,509 |
Fixed Charge Coverage | 5.4x |  |  | 6.0x |  |  | 5.2x |  |  | 6.1x |

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
At June 30, 2019, we were exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates on approximately $213,000,000 of variable-rate indebtedness (excludes $610,000,000 of variable-rate debt that has been hedged through interest-rate swap contracts) and on our mortgage and other notes receivable. The unused portion ($277,000,000 at June 30, 2019) of our revolving credit facility, should it be drawn upon, is subject to variable rates.
Interest rate fluctuations will generally not affect our future earnings or cash flows on our fixed rate debt and loans receivable unless such instruments mature or are otherwise terminated. However, interest rate changes will affect the fair value of our fixed rate instruments. Conversely, changes in interest rates on variable rate debt and investments would change our future earnings and cash flows, but not significantly affect the fair value of those instruments. Assuming a 50 basis-point increase or decrease in the interest rate related to variable-rate debt, and assuming no change in the outstanding balance as of June 30, 2019, net interest expense would increase or decrease annually by approximately $1,065,000 or $0.02 per common share on a diluted basis.
We use derivative financial instruments in the normal course of business to mitigate interest rate risk. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Derivatives are included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair value. We may engage in hedging strategies to manage our exposure to market risks in the future, depending on an analysis of the interest rate environment and the costs and risks of such strategies.
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to our debt (dollar amounts in thousands):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Balance 1 |  | % of total |  | Rate 3 |  | Balance 1 |  | % of total |  | Rate 3
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible senior notes | $ | 120,000 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 3.25 | % |  | $ | 120,000 |  |  | 9.3 | % |  | 3.25 | %
Unsecured term loans | 950,000 |  |  | 64.1 | % |  | 3.66 | % |  | 650,000 |  |  | 50.2 | % |  | 3.99 | %
HUD mortgage loans 2 | 43,804 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 4.04 | % |  | 44,226 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | 4.04 | %
Fannie Mae loans | 95,876 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 3.94 | % |  | 96,044 |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | 3.94 | %
Unsecured revolving credit facility | 60,000 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 2.76 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Variable rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured term loan | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 300,000 |  |  | 23.2 | % |  | 3.77 | %
Unsecured revolving credit facility | 213,000 |  |  | 14.4 | % |  | 3.55 | % |  | 84,000 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 3.92 | %
| $ | 1,482,680 |  |  | 100.1 | % |  | 3.61 | % |  | $ | 1,294,270 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 3.88 | %
1 Differs from carrying amount due to unamortized discounts and loan costs. |  |  |  |  |  |
2 Includes 10 HUD mortgages; rate is a weighted average inclusive of a mortgage insurance premium |  |  |  |  |  |
3 Total is weighted average rate |  |  |  |  |  |

The unsecured term loans in the table above reflect the effect of $50,000,000, $80,000,000, $130,000,000, two $100,000,000 and $150,000,000 notional amount interest rate swaps with maturities of June 2020, and December 2021, that effectively convert variable rate debt to fixed rate debt. These loans bear interest at LIBOR plus a spread, currently a blended 126 basis points, based on our Leverage-Based Applicable Margin, as defined.
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To highlight the sensitivity of our convertible senior notes and secured mortgage debt to changes in interest rates, the following summary shows the effects on fair value (“FV”) assuming a parallel shift of 50 basis points (“bps”) in market interest rates for a contract with similar maturities as of June 30, 2019 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Balance |  | Fair Value 1 |  | FV reflecting change in interest rates
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |  | -50 bps |  | +50 bps
Private placement term loans - unsecured | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 400,768 |  |  | $ | 410,408 |  |  | $ | 391,394 |
Convertible senior notes | 120,000 |  |  | 124,557 |  |  | 125,660 |  |  | 123,465 |
Fannie Mae loans | 95,876 |  |  | 94,133 |  |  | 96,601 |  |  | 91,734 |
HUD mortgage loans | 43,804 |  |  | 46,373 |  |  | 49,592 |  |  | 43,438 |
1 The change in fair value of our fixed rate debt was due primarily to the overall change in interest rates.

At June 30, 2019, the fair value of our mortgage and other notes receivable, discounted for estimated changes in the risk-free rate, was approximately $316,246,000. A 50 basis-point increase in market rates would decrease the estimated fair value of our mortgage and other loans by approximately $9,040,000, while a 50 basis point decrease in such rates would increase their estimated fair value by approximately $2,913,000.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Control and Procedures. As of June 30, 2019, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Accounting Officer (“CAO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of management’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934) to ensure information required to be disclosed in our filings under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms; and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and our CAO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving desired control objectives, and management is necessarily required to apply its judgment when evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of potential controls and procedures. Based upon the evaluation, the CEO and CAO concluded that the design and operation of these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2019.
There were no significant changes in our internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of their evaluation, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation during the six months ended June 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. The Company successfully completed a migration to new accounting software effective January 1, 2019.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Our health care facilities are subject to claims and suits in the ordinary course of business. Our lessees and borrowers have indemnified, and are obligated to continue to indemnify us, against all liabilities arising from the operation of the facilities, and are further obligated to indemnify us against environmental or title problems affecting the real estate underlying such facilities. While there may be lawsuits pending against certain of the owners and/or lessees of our facilities, management believes that the ultimate resolution of all such pending proceedings will have no material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
In June 2018, East Lake Capital Management LLC and certain related entities, including Regency (for three assisted living facilities in Tennessee, Indiana and North Carolina), filed suit against NHI in Texas seeking injunctive and declaratory relief and unspecified monetary damages. We countered with motions calling for the immediate appointment of a receiver and for pre-judgment possession. Resulting from these claims and counterclaims, on December 6, 2018, the plaintiff parties entered into an agreement resulting in Regency vacating the facilities in December 2018. Litigation is ongoing.
The LaSalle Group defaulted on its rent payment in November 2018. We transitioned the properties to a new operator and on April 16, 2019, we placed the five buildings with a new tenant under similar arrangements to those in place over the former Regency buildings, with NHI to receive operating cash flow, after management fees, generated by the facilities pending stabilization. We also commenced litigation for the recovery of certain funds owed under the lease and against the principal executive personally under a guaranty agreement. In the meantime, Autumn Leaves, the manager, has declared bankruptcy under Chapter 11. The litigation is ongoing.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
During the six months ended June 30, 2019, there were no material changes to the risk factors that were disclosed in Item 1A of National Health Investors, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit No. | Description
3.1 | Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form S-11 Registration Statement No. 33-41863, filed in paper - hyperlink is not required pursuant to Rule 105 of Regulation S-T)
3.2 | Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed March 21, 2009)
3.3 | Amendment to Articles of Incorporation approved by shareholders on May 2, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed August 4, 2014)
3.4 | Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 15, 2013)
3.5 | Amendment No. 1 to Restated Bylaws dated February 14, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 14, 2014)
4.1 | Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 39 to Form S-11 Registration Statement No. 33-41863, f iled in paper - hyperlink is not required pursuant to Rule 105 of Regulation S-T)
4.2 | Indenture, dated as of March 25, 2014, between National Health Investors, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed March 31, 2014)
4.3 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 25, 2014, to the Indenture, dated as of March 25, 2014, between National Health Investors, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed March 31, 20143)
10.1 | 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Proxy Statement filed March 19, 2019)
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
31.2 | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
32 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | NATIONAL HEALTH INVESTORS, INC.
|  | (Registrant)
Date: | August 7, 2019 | /s/ D. Eric Mendelsohn
|  | D. Eric Mendelsohn
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  | (duly authorized officer)
Date: | August 7, 2019 | /s/ Roger R. Hopkins
|  | Roger R. Hopkins
|  | Chief Accounting Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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