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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements (the “Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”) are unaudited. These Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 28, 2019 (the “2018 Annual Report”). The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, results of operations, comprehensive income, and changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. These interim period results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or the full year. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, were adjusted due to the impact of the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below and elsewhere in these notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of September 30, 2019, there have been no material changes in the Company's significant accounting policies from those that were disclosed in the 2018 Annual Report, other than those resulting from the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (as amended, “ASC 842”), which is described below. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company prepares its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP. Subsequent Event Considerations The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of the financial statements to provide additional evidence for certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. Subsequent events have been evaluated as required. The Company has evaluated all subsequent events and determined that there are no material recognized or unrecognized subsequent events requiring disclosure. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates relied upon in preparing these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include revenue recognition and revenue reserve, variable consideration, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, the capitalization of product, technology, and development costs for website development and internal‑use software, and the recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance. Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. Concentration of Credit Risk The Company has no significant off‑balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, investments, and trade accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents, and investments principally with accredited financial institutions of high credit standing. Although the Company deposits its cash and investments with multiple financial institutions, its deposits, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is dispersed due to the large number of customers. The Company routinely assesses the creditworthiness of its customers. The Company generally has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. The Company does not require collateral. Due to these factors, no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection losses is believed by management to be probable in the Company’s accounts receivable. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue. As of September 30, 2019, one customer accounted for 26% of net accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2018, two customers accounted for 21% and 14% of net accounts receivable, respectively. No other individual customer accounted for more than 10% of net accounts receivable at September 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018. Included in net accounts receivable at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, is $6,509 and $5,815, respectively, of unbilled accounts receivable primarily related to advertising customers billed within a quarter subsequent to services rendered. Revenue Recognition The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers by revenue source for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Revenue by Revenue Stream |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketplace subscription revenue |  | $ | 135,542 |  |  | $ | 105,930 |  |  | $ | 385,481 |  |  | $ | 292,812 |
Advertising and other revenue |  |  | 14,920 |  |  |  | 13,195 |  |  |  | 45,282 |  |  |  | 35,184 |
Total |  | $ | 150,462 |  |  | $ | 119,125 |  |  | $ | 430,763 |  |  | $ | 327,996 |
The Company provides disaggregation of revenue based on the marketplace subscription versus advertising and other revenue classification in the table above and based on geographic region (see Note 12) as it believes these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. From time to time, the Company may enter into contracts that include variable consideration, for which the Company estimates the value of the variable consideration in determining the transaction price and allocates it to the appropriate performance obligation(s). The Company reassesses any estimates of variable consideration at each reporting period. Topic 606 requires that the Company disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of the relevant quarter end. For contracts with an original expected duration greater than one year, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that were unsatisfied as of September 30, 2019 was $2,865, which the Company expects to recognize over an average of nine months. For contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less, the Company has applied the practical expedient available under Topic 606 to not disclose the amount of transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations as of September 30, 2019. For performance obligations not satisfied as of September 30, 2019, and to which this expedient applies, the nature of the performance obligations, the variable consideration and any consideration from contracts with customers not included in the transaction price is consistent with performance obligations satisfied as of September 30, 2019. The remaining duration is less than one year. Revenue recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period was approximately $8,811. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted Lease Accounting In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASC 842. ASC 842 requires a lessee to recognize most leases on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet but recognize expenses on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statement in a manner similar to current practice. The update states that a lessee will recognize a lease liability for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use asset for the right to use the underlying assets for the lease term. The Company adopted ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019, using the additional transition method offered through ASU No. 2018-11. This approach provides a method for recording existing leases at the adoption date and recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. Lease Overview The Company’s operating lease obligations consist of various leases for office space in: Cambridge, Massachusetts; Detroit, Michigan; Los Angeles, California; Dublin, Ireland; and London, United Kingdom. The Detroit, Los Angeles and London leases are immaterial to the Company. The Company also has an operating lease obligation for data center space in Needham, Massachusetts. On August 30, 2019, the Company amended its operating lease agreement in Cambridge, Massachusetts at 55 Cambridge Parkway, which was originally entered into on March 11, 2016 and subsequently amended on July 30, 2016, for the lease of 51,923 square feet of office space. The 2019 amendment granted the Company an additional 36,689 square feet of office space and extended the non-cancellable lease term through 2025 for the office space currently occupied. The Company accounted for the additional 36,689 square feet of office space as a new lease as it provides an additional right-of-use asset that is not included in the original lease and the additional lease payments were determined to be commensurate with the standalone price of the additional space. The non-cancellable lease term of the additional space ends in 2025, with a portion ending in 2023. The term extension of the existing 51,923 square feet of office space was recorded as a lease modification within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2019. The lease, as amended, provides for (i) an option to extend the lease term with respect to a portion of the office space for an additional period of five-years, (ii) leasehold improvement incentives and (iii) annual rent increases through the term of the lease. On May 1, 2019, the Company entered into an operating lease in Needham, Massachusetts for the lease of data center space with a non-cancellable term through 2022 with automatic renewal for one year thereafter if not terminated. The lease provides for annual rent increases through the term of the lease. On June 19, 2018, the Company entered into an operating lease in Cambridge, Massachusetts at 121 First St. for the lease of 48,393 square feet of office space with a non-cancellable lease term through 2033 with an option to extend the lease term for two additional periods of five years each. The lease provided for leasehold improvement incentives and provides for annual rent increases through the term of the lease. The Company subleases the fifth floor and records the sublease income in other income (expense), net within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statement. The sublease income is immaterial. On September 26, 2017, the Company assumed an operating lease, which was entered into by the original lessee on August 12, 2013, in Dublin, Ireland at Styne House, Upper Hatch St. for the lease of 13,345 square feet of office space with a non-cancellable term through 2023. The lease provided for a rent increase at the end of year five of the original lease term. On October 8, 2014, the Company entered into an operating lease in Cambridge, Massachusetts at 2 Canal Park for the lease of 48,059 square feet of office space with a non-cancellable lease term through 2022 with an option to extend the lease term for one additional period of five years. The lease provided for leasehold improvement incentives and provides for annual rent increases through the term of the lease. The Company’s financing lease obligations consist of a lease for office equipment and are immaterial. The leases in Cambridge, Massachusetts have associated letters of credit, which are recorded as restricted cash within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, restricted cash was $2,164 and $2,671, respectively, and primarily related to cash held at a financial institution in an interest‑bearing cash account as collateral for the letters of credit related to the contractual provisions for the Company’s building lease security deposits. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, portions of restricted cash were classified as a short-term asset and long‑term asset. Additionally, the 121 First St. lease agreement has an associated security deposit, which is recorded in other assets, net within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Prior to adoption of ASC 842 The Company categorized leases at their inception as either operating or capital leases. On certain lease arrangements, the Company may have received rent holidays or other incentives. The Company recognized lease costs on a straight‑line basis once it achieved control of the space, without regard to deferred payment terms, such as rent holidays, that deferred the commencement date of required payments or escalating payment amounts. The Company recorded the difference between required lease payments and rent expense as deferred rent. Additionally, incentives received were treated as a reduction of costs over the term of the agreement, as they were considered an inseparable part of the lease agreement. Post adoption of ASC 842 Upon adoption, the Company elected the transition relief package, permitted within the standard, pursuant to which the Company did not reassess the classification of existing leases, whether any expired or existing contracts contain a lease, and whether existing leases have any initial direct costs. The Company also elected the practical expedient on not separating lease components from non-lease components for all leases. The Company reviews all material contacts for embedded leases to determine if they have a right-of-use asset. The Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease period. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvement are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. The Company also made an accounting policy election to not recognize a lease liability or right-of-use asset on its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet for leases with an initial term of twelve months or less, and instead recognize lease payments o n the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate as expense in the period in which the achievement of the specified target that triggers the variable lease payments becomes probable. Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of net lease assets and lease liabilities of $52,334 and $63,280, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The standard did not materially impact the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows and had no impact on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statement. During the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $2,514, $1,610, $7,404 and $4,796, respectively, of lease costs for leases that have commenced. The Company allocates lease costs across all departments based on headcount in the respective location. As of September 30, 2019, the weighted average remaining lease term was 9.4 years and the weighted average discount rate was 5.3%. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company estimated the incremental borrowing rate based on the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow a similar amount on a collateralized basis over a similar term. The Company has no historical debt transactions and a collateralized rate is estimated based on a group of peer companies. The Company used the incremental borrowing rate on January 1, 2019 for leases that commenced prior to that date. Future minimum lease payments as of September 30, 2019 are as follows:
Year Ending December 31, |  | Operating Lease Commitments |
2019 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2019) |  | $ | 1,936 |
2020 |  |  | 11,219 |
2021 |  |  | 11,470 |
2022 |  |  | 11,369 |
2023 |  |  | 8,743 |
Thereafter |  |  | 43,257 |
Total lease payments |  | $ | 87,994 |
Less imputed interest |  |  | (22,365 | )
Total |  | $ | 65,629 |
The chart above does not include options to extend lease terms that are not reasonably certain of being exercised or leases signed but not yet commenced as of September 30, 2019. Total estimated future minimum lease payments for leases signed but not yet commenced as of September 30, 2019 are estimated to be $14,089 and have expected commencement dates ranging from November 2019 to December 2020. Stock-Based Compensation In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) (“ASU 2018-07”). ASU 2018-07 expands the scope of Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees. The amendments in this update state that an entity should apply the requirements of Topic 718 to non-employee awards except for specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost (that is, the period of time over which share-based payment awards vest and the pattern of cost recognition over that period). The amendments specify that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The amendments also clarify that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company has assessed the impact of this guidance on its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and does not deem it to be material. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2019. Internal-Use Software In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. This update aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This new standard requires companies to expense the capitalized implementation costs over the term of the hosting arrangement. Amounts expensed would be presented through operating expense, rather than depreciation or amortization. Accounting for the service component of a hosting arrangement remains unchanged. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted and an entity can elect to apply the new guidance on a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2019 and applied the guidance using a prospective transition method for each period presented. In the first quarter of 2019, the Company launched an initiative designed to evaluate and enhance its enterprise applications. As a result, $2,943 of implementation costs associated with service contracts have been classified in other long-term assets in the Unaudited Condensed Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2019. The implementation costs relate to assets that had not been placed in service as of September 30, 2019. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company on or prior to the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The new guidance simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Under current guidance, Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test requires entities to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in a business combination by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. The carrying value in excess of the implied fair value is recognized as goodwill impairment. Under the new standard, goodwill impairment is recognized based on Step 1 of the current guidance, which calculates the carrying value in excess of the reporting unit’s fair value. The new standard is effective beginning in January 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this guidance will have on its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 and its subsequent related updates establish a new forward-looking "expected loss model" that requires entities to estimate current expected credit losses on accounts receivable and financial instruments by using all practical and relevant information. The new standard and its subsequent related updates are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this guidance will have on its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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