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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
(8) Income Taxes

CVR is a member of the consolidated federal tax group of American Entertainment Properties Corporation ("AEPC"), an affiliate of IEP, and is party to a tax allocation agreement with AEPC (the "Tax Allocation Agreement"). The Tax Allocation Agreement provides that AEPC will pay all consolidated federal income taxes on behalf of the consolidated tax group. CVR is required to make payments to AEPC in an amount equal to the tax liability, if any, that it would have paid if it were to file as a consolidated group separate and apart from AEPC. As of March 31, 2017, the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet reflected a payable of $12.5 million for federal income taxes due to AEPC. During the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, no payments were made to AEPC under the Tax Allocation Agreement.

The Company recognizes liabilities, interest and penalties for potential tax issues based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes may be due as determined under FASB ASC Topic 740 — Income Taxes. As of March 31, 2017, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $44.1 million, of which $28.7 million, if recognized, would impact the Company’s effective tax rate. Approximately $25.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits were netted with deferred tax asset carryforwards. The remaining unrecognized tax benefits are included in other long-term liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has accrued interest of $8.7 million related to uncertain tax positions. The Company's accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties related to tax uncertainties is to classify these amounts as income taxes.

The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was 27.9% and 41.4%, respectively, as compared to the Company's combined federal and state expected statutory tax rate of 39.3% and 39.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 varies from the statutory rate primarily due to the reduction of income subject to tax associated with the noncontrolling ownership interests of CVR Refining's and CVR Partners' earnings (loss) and state income tax credits. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 varies from the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to the correlation of the effective tax rate with state income tax credits applied to pre-tax income in the first quarter of 2017 as compared to a pre-tax loss in the first quarter of 2016 and the change in the noncontrolling interest of CVR Partners resulting from the East Dubuque Merger in April 2016.