
		As of December 31,
		2023	2022
Tax carryforward		(494,367)	(94,690)
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(16,783)	(27,971)
Legal Claims and contingent liabilities		(7,316)	(9,386)
PP&E, intangible assets and right of use assets		622,539	666,335
Cash dividends from foreign companies		13,632	7,589
Income tax inflation adjustment effect		330,668	256,107
Other deferred tax liabilities (assets), net		(158)	(5,050)
Total deferred tax liabilities, net		448,215	792,934
Actions for recourse tax receivable		(888)	(2,765)
Total deferred tax liability, net	*()**	447,327	790,169

Net deferred tax assets		(13,815)	(7,698)
Net deferred tax liabilities		461,142	797,867

(*)	Includes $ (1,901) million of currency translation adjustments on foreign subsidiaries’ initial balances.


	Years ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021

	Profit (loss)
Income (loss) before income tax expense	(587,944)		(722,915)		262,399
Non-taxable items – Earnings from associates and joint ventures	1,888		(2,550)		(2,398)
Non-taxable items – Impairment of Goodwill charges	—		759,722		4,045
Non-taxable items – Other	1,299		4,771		(6,901)
Restatement in current currency of Equity, Goodwill and others	1,016,337		779,531		616,961
Subtotal	431,580		818,559		874,106
Effective income tax rate	33.65	%	34.41	%	34.34	%
Income tax expense at statutory tax rate of each subsidiary	(145,208)		(281,689)		(300,149)
Deferred tax liability restatement in current currency and others	924,425		674,272		357,714
Income tax inflation adjustment	(429,765)		(306,768)		(254,280)
Actions for recourse	—		(3)		44
Income tax on cash dividends of foreign companies	(11,195)		(3,276)		(5,434)
*Income tax benefit (expense) ()**	338,257		82,536		(202,105)

Current tax	(2,899)		54,562		(113,011)
Deferred tax	341,156		27,974		(89,094)
Income tax benefit (expense)	338,257		82,536		(202,105)

(*)In 2023 includes $ (571) million corresponding to the adjustment made in the Income tax affidavit of 2022.