4. Employee Stock Plans

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes the components of stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended October 31,						Six Months Ended October 31,
	2013			2012			2013			2012
	(in thousands)
Restricted stock	$	2,727		$	2,847		$	5,547		$	5,833
Stock options		105			226			245			436

Total stock-based compensation expense, pre-tax		2,832			3,073			5,792			6,269
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense		(865	)		(1,581	)		(2,057	)		(2,745	)

Total stock-based compensation expense, net of tax	$	1,967		$	1,492		$	3,735		$	3,524

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option valuation model to estimate the grant date fair value of employee stock options. The expected volatility reflects consideration of the historical volatility in the Company’s publicly traded stock during the period the option is granted. The Company believes historical volatility in these instruments is more indicative of expected future volatility than the implied volatility in the price of the Company’s common stock. The expected life of each option is estimated using historical data. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with a remaining term approximating the expected term of the option. The Company uses historical data to estimate forfeiture rates applied to the gross amount of expense determined using the option valuation model. The Company did not grant stock options in the three and six months ended October 31, 2013 and 2012.

The Black-Scholes option pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options. The assumptions used in option valuation models are highly subjective, particularly the expected stock price volatility of the underlying stock.

Stock Incentive Plans

At the Company’s 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, held on September 27, 2012, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment and restatement to the Korn/Ferry International Amended and Restated 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2012 amendment and restatement being the “Second A&R 2008 Plan”), which among other things, increased the current maximum number of shares that may be issued under the plan to 5,700,000 shares, subject to certain changes in the Company’s capital structure and other extraordinary events. The Second A&R 2008 Plan provides for the grant of awards to eligible participants, designated as either nonqualified or incentive stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units, any of which may be performance-based or market-based, and incentive bonuses, which may be paid in cash or a combination thereof. Under the Second A&R 2008 Plan, the ability to issue full-value awards is limited by requiring full-value stock awards to count 1.91 times as much as stock options.

Stock Options

Stock options transactions under the Company’s Second A&R 2008 Plan, as amended to date, were as follows:


	Six Months Ended October 31, 2013
	Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (In Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Outstanding, April 30, 2013		1,100		$	14.72
Exercised		(315	)	$	12.53
Forfeited/expired		(26	)	$	12.51

Outstanding, October 31, 2013		759		$	15.70		2.28	$	6,145

Exercisable, October 31, 2013		685		$	15.60		2.11	$	5,616

As of October 31, 2013, there was $0.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards of stock options. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.7 year. For stock option awards subject to graded vesting, the Company recognizes the total compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the service period for the entire award.

Additional information pertaining to stock options:


	Three Months Ended October 31,				Six Months Ended October 31,
	2013		2012		2013		2012
	(in thousands)
Total fair value of stock options vested	$	75	$	78	$	877	$	907
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	705	$	751	$	2,369	$	911

Restricted Stock

The Company grants time-based restricted stock awards to executive officers and other senior employees generally vesting over a three to four year period. Employees may receive restricted stock annually in conjunction with the Company’s performance review as well as upon commencement of employment. Time-based restricted stock awards are granted at a price equal to fair value, which is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The Company recognizes compensation expense for time-based restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

The Company also grants market-based restricted stock units to executive officers and other senior employees. The market-based units vest after three years depending upon the Company’s total stockholder return over the three-year performance period relative to other companies in its selected peer group. The fair value of these market-based restricted stock units was determined by a third-party valuation using extensive market data that are based on historical Company and peer group information. The Company recognizes compensation expense for market-based restricted stock units on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

Restricted stock activity during the six months ended October 31, 2013 is summarized below:


	Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Non-vested, April 30, 2013		1,810		$	16.38
Granted		589		$	19.77
Vested		(492	)	$	14.35
Forfeited/expired		(197	)	$	16.92

Non-vested, October 31, 2013		1,710		$	18.08

As of October 31, 2013, there were 0.3 million shares outstanding relating to market-based restricted stock units, with total unrecognized compensation totaling $3.1 million.

As of October 31, 2013, there was $23.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost (including market-based restricted stock units) related to non-vested awards of restricted stock, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years. For restricted stock subject to graded vesting, the Company recognizes the total compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the service period for the entire award. During the three and six months ended October 31, 2013, shares of restricted stock of 1,025 and 101,399 totaling $0.1 million and $2.0 million, respectively, were repurchased by the Company, at the option of the employee, to pay for taxes related to vesting of restricted stock. During the three and six months ended October 31, 2012, shares of restricted stock of 9,080 and 186,206 totaling $0.1 million and $2.6 million, respectively, were repurchased by the Company, at the option of the employee, to pay for taxes related to vesting of restricted stock.

Common Stock

During the three and six months ended October 31, 2013, the Company issued 126,244 shares and 315,123 shares of common stock, respectively, as a result of the exercise of stock options, with cash proceeds from the exercise of $2.0 million and $3.8 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended October 31, 2012, the Company issued 111,230 shares and 135,511 shares of common stock, respectively, as a result of the exercise of stock options, with cash proceeds from the exercise of $0.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

No shares were repurchased during the three and six months ended October 31, 2013 and 2012, other than to satisfy minimum tax withholding requirements upon the vesting of restricted stock as described above.