UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 40-F
[Check one]
☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13(a) OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended | Dec. 31, 2023 | Commission file number | 001-15214

TRANSALTA CORPORATION
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Not applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English (if applicable))
Canada
(Province or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
4911
(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number (if applicable))
Not Applicable
(I.R.S Employer Identification Number (if applicable))
1400, 1100 - 1st Street S.E.,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2G 1B1,
(403) 267-7110
(Address and telephone number of Registrant’s principal executive offices)
TransAlta Centralia Generation LLC
913 Big Hanaford Road, Centralia, Washington 98531, (360) 736-9901
(Name, address (including zip code) and telephone number (including area code)
of agent for service in the United States)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbols | Name of each exchange
|  | on which registered
Common Shares, no par value | TAC | New York Stock Exchange
Common Share Purchase Rights | TAC | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
Debt Securities
For annual reports, indicate by check mark the information filed with this form:

☒ Annual information form | ☒ Audited annual financial statements

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
At Dec. 31, 2023, 306,933,951 common shares were issued and outstanding.
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x | No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes x | No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Emerging growth company ☐
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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that require a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by an of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The documents, forming part of this Form 40-F, are incorporated by reference into the following registration statements under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Form | Registration No.
S-8 | 333-72454
S-8 | 333-101470
S-8 | 333-236894
S-8 | 333-260935
F-10 | 333-271953

CONSOLIDATED AUDITED ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AND MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS
A. Consolidated Audited Annual Financial Statements
For consolidated audited annual financial statements for the year ended Dec. 31, 2023, including the report of independent chartered professional accountants with respect thereto, see Exhibit 13.3 incorporated by reference herein.
B. Management’s Discussion and Analysis
For management’s discussion and analysis, see Exhibit 13.2 incorporated by reference herein.
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DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), management has evaluated, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Disclosure controls and procedures refer to controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission"). Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding our required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply its judgment in evaluating and implementing possible controls and procedures.
Based on the foregoing evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of Dec. 31, 2023, the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.
MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL
OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting.
Internal control over financial reporting refers to a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and members of our board of directors; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
Management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of Dec. 31, 2023 using the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) 2013 framework. Management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of Dec. 31, 2023. Certain matters relating to the scope of management’s evaluation
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and limitations of management’s conclusions are described below. See “Limitations and Scope of Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.”
Our Chartered Professional Accountants, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of Dec. 31, 2023 (PCAOB 1263). For the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm see page F3 of the Consolidated Audited Annual Financial Statements for the year ended Dec. 31, 2023, filed as Exhibit 13.3 and incorporated by reference herein, under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”)".
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE OF MANAGEMENT’S
REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper overrides. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process, and it is possible to design safeguards into the process to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
TransAlta proportionately consolidates the accounts of the Sheerness Generating Station joint operations and equity accounts for investment in SP Skookumchuck Investment, LLC, (the “Excluded Entities”), in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). Management does not have the contractual ability to assess the internal controls of these Excluded Entities. Management’s conclusion regarding the effectiveness of internal controls does not extend to the internal controls at the transactional level of these Excluded Entities. Accordingly, management’s evaluation of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting did not include an evaluation of the internal controls of any of the Excluded Entities, and management’s conclusion regarding the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting does not extend to the internal controls at the transactional level of any of the Excluded Entities.
The 2023 consolidated financial statements of TransAlta, in accordance with EITF 00-1, included for joint operations and equity accounted investments are three per cent and 12 per cent of the Company's total and net assets, respectively, as of Dec. 31, 2023, and seven per cent and 16 per cent of the Company's revenues and net earnings, respectively, for the year then ended. Once the financial information is obtained from these Excluded Entities it falls within the scope of TransAlta’s internal control framework.
AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
TransAlta’s board of directors has determined that each member of the Audit, Finance and Risk Committee (the “AFRC”) is an audit committee financial expert. Mr. Alan J. Fohrer, Ms. Candace J. MacGibbon, Mr. Thomas M. O'Flynn, Mr. Bryan D. Pinney and Ms. Manjit K. Sharma have each been determined to be an audit committee financial expert, within the meaning of Section 407 of
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the United States Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”), and are independent, as that term is defined by the New York Stock Exchange’s (“NYSE”) listing standards applicable to TransAlta. For further information regarding the experience and qualification of Mr. Fohrer, Ms. MacGibbon, Mr. O'Flynn, Mr. Pinney and Ms. Sharma, see the section titled “Audit, Finance and Risk Committee” in our Annual Information Form for the year ended Dec. 31, 2023, filed as Exhibit 13.1 and incorporated by reference herein. Under the Commission rules, the designation of persons as audit committee financial experts does not make them “experts” for any other purpose, impose any duties, obligations or liability on them that are greater than those imposed on members of their committee and the board of directors who do not carry this designation or affect the duties, obligations or liability of any other member of their committee.
CODE OF ETHICS
TransAlta has adopted a code of ethics as part of its “Corporate Code of Conduct” that applies to all employees and officers which has been filed with the Commission. In addition, TransAlta has adopted a code of conduct applicable to all directors of the Company, a separate financial code of conduct which applies to all financial management employees and an Energy Trading code of conduct for our employees working within energy marketing. Our codes of conduct are available on our Internet website at www.transalta.com. There has been no waiver of the codes granted during the 2023 fiscal year.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
For the years ended Dec. 31, 2023 and Dec. 31, 2022, Ernst & Young LLP and its affiliates billed or expect to bill, including out-of-pocket costs, $4,476,201 and $4,996,925, respectively, as detailed below:
Ernst & Young LLP

Year Ended Dec. 31 | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Audit Fees | $ | 3,206,475 |  |  | $ | 3,175,932 |  |
Audit-related fees(1) | 1,224,851 |  |  | 1,754,943 |  |
Tax fees | 5,850 |  |  | 66,050 |  |
All other fees | 39,025 |  |  | — |  |
Total | $ | 4,476,201 |  |  | $ | 4,996,925 |  |

(1) Included in the audit-related fees are $354,570 (2022 - $$1,040,296 ) of fees billed to TransAlta Renewables.
All amounts are in Canadian dollars unless otherwise stated.
No other audit firms provided audit services in 2023 or 2022.
The nature of each category of fees is described below:
Audit Fees
Audit fees are for professional services rendered for the audit and review of our financial statements or services provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings and providing comfort letters associated with securities documents.
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Audit-Related Fees
Assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements that are not included under "Audit Fees". Audit-Related fees include statutory audits, pension audits and other compliance audits. In 2023 and 2022, we have included the fees billed to TransAlta Renewables, a controlled and consolidated subsidiary of TransAlta.
Tax Fees
Tax fees are tax-related services for review of tax returns, assistance with questions on tax audits, and tax planning.
All Other Fees
Products and services provided by the Corporation's auditor other than those services reported under "Audit Fees", "Audit-Related Fees" and "Tax Fees". This includes fees related to training services provided by the auditor.
Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
The AFRC has considered whether the provision of services other than audit services is compatible with maintaining the auditors’ independence. In May 2002, the AFRC adopted a policy that prohibits TransAlta from engaging the auditors for “prohibited” categories of non-audit services and requires pre-approval of the AFRC for other permissible categories of non-audit services, such categories being determined under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This policy also provides that the Chair of the AFRC may approve permissible non-audit services during the quarter and report such approval to the AFRC at its next regularly scheduled meeting.
Percentage of Services Approved by the AFRC
For the year ended Dec. 31, 2023, none of the services described above were approved by the AFRC pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(i)(C) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
TransAlta currently has no off-balance sheet arrangements. See page M44 of Exhibit 13.2, incorporated by reference herein under the heading “Unconsolidated Structured Entities or Arrangements”.
TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
See page M44 of Exhibit 13.2, incorporated by reference herein, under the heading “Other Consolidated Analysis” and page F94 under the heading “Commitments and Contingencies” of Exhibit 13.3, all incorporated by reference herein.
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IDENTIFICATION OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE
We have a separately-designated standing AFRC established in accordance with Section 3(a)58(A) of the Exchange Act, and made up of independent directors. The members of the AFRC are:
Bryan D. Pinney (Chair)
Alan J. Fohrer
Candace J. MacGibbon
Thomas M. O'Flynn
Manjit K. Sharma
MINE SAFETY
The information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act is included in Exhibit 13.1, incorporated herein, under the heading “Business of TransAlta – Energy Transition Segment – Reclamation Activities”.
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This Form 40-F (the "Form 40-F"), including the documents incorporated herein by reference, includes "forward-looking information," within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws, and "forward-looking statements," within the meaning of applicable United States securities laws, including the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (collectively referred to herein as "forward-looking statements"). All forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs as well as assumptions based on information available at the time the assumption was made and on management's experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors deemed appropriate in the circumstances. Forward-looking statements are not facts, but only predictions and generally can be identified by the use of statements that include phrases such as "may", "will" "can" "could" "would" "shall" "believe" "expect" "estimate" "anticipate" "intend" "plan" "forecast" "foresee" "potential" "enable" "continue" or other comparable terminology. These statements are not guarantees of our future performance, events or results and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause our actual performance, events or results to be materially different from those set out in or implied by the forward-looking statements.
In particular, this Form 40-F (or a document incorporated herein by reference) contains forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, statements relating to: the acquisition of Heartland (as defined below) and its entire business operations in Alberta and British Columbia, including closing conditions and regulatory approvals pursuant to the Heartland acquisition and the anticipated timing and completion of the acquisition; the annual average earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") to be generated from the Heartland acquisition and other benefits expected to arise from such transaction; the Company’s 2024 Outlook, including adjusted EBITDA, free cash flow, annualized dividend per share, sustaining capital and energy marketing gross margin; the Company’s expanded growth targets to deliver 1.75 GW with a target investment of $3.5 billion by 2028 which is anticipated to deliver annual EBITDA of $350 million; the expansion of the Company's development pipeline to 10 GW by 2028; the Company’s investment strategy to deliver long-term value to shareholders; the common share dividend level through 2024; the Company's projects under construction, including capital costs, the timing of commercial operations and expected annual EBITDA; the impact of new asset additions in 2024 of Garden Plain, Northern Goldfields solar, Kent Hills, Mount Keith transmission, White Rock and Horizon Hill; the development of the early-stage and advanced-stage projects; achieving the anticipated benefits of the transfer of Production Tax Credits generated from the White Rock and Horizon Hill wind projects; executing growth with Hancock under the Joint
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Development Agreement; the proportion of EBITDA to be generated from renewable sources to increase to 70 per cent by the end of 2028; the Company’s ability to achieve its long-term decarbonization goal to be net zero by 2045; the reduction of carbon emissions by 75 per cent from 2015 emissions levels by 2026; the expected impact and quantum of carbon compliance costs; regulatory developments and their expected impact on the Company; expectations regarding refinancing debt; and the Company continuing to maintain adequate liquidity.
The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 40-F (or a document incorporated herein by reference) are based on many assumptions including, but not limited to, the following: no significant changes to applicable laws and regulations beyond those that have already been announced; no significant changes to fuel and purchased power costs; no material adverse impacts to long-term investment and credit markets; no significant changes to power price and hedging assumptions, including hedged volumes and prices; no significant changes to gas commodity prices and transport costs; no significant changes to decommissioning and restoration costs; no significant changes to interest rates; no significant changes to the demand and growth of renewables generation; no significant changes to the integrity and reliability of our assets; and no significant changes to the Company's debt and credit ratings.
Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of significant risks and uncertainties that could cause actual plans, performance, results or outcomes to differ materially from current expectations. Factors that may adversely impact what is expressed or implied by forward-looking statements contained in this Form 40-F (or a document incorporated herein by reference) include risks relating to: fluctuations in power prices, including merchant pricing in Alberta, Ontario and Mid-Columbia; failure or delay in closing the Heartland acquisition; failure to realize the benefits of the Heartland acquisition, including the inability to advance the Battle River Carbon Hub Project to final investment decision or commercial operation, and any loss of value in the Heartland portfolio during the interim period prior to closing; reductions in production; restricted access to capital and increased borrowing costs, including any difficulty raising debt, equity or tax equity, as applicable, on reasonable terms or at all; labour relations matters, reduced labour availability and the ability to continue to staff our operations and facilities; reliance on key personnel; disruptions to our supply chains, including our ability to secure necessary equipment; force majeure claims; our ability to obtain regulatory and any other third-party approvals on the expected timelines or at all in respect of our growth projects; long-term commitments on gas transportation capacity that may not be fully utilized over time; adverse financial impacts arising from the Company's hedged position; risks associated with development and construction projects, including as it pertains to increased capital costs, permitting, labour and engineering risks, disputes with contractors and potential delays in the construction or commissioning of such projects; significant fluctuations in the Canadian dollar against the US dollar and Australian dollar; changes in short-term and long-term electricity supply and demand; counterparty credit risk and any higher rate of losses on our accounts receivables; inability to achieve our environmental, social and governance ("ESG") targets; the impact of the energy transition on our business; impairments and/or writedowns of assets; adverse impacts on our information technology systems and our internal control systems, including cybersecurity threats; commodity risk management and energy trading risks, including the effectiveness of the Company’s risk management tools associated with hedging and trading procedures to protect against significant losses; our ability to contract our generation for prices that will provide expected returns and to replace contracts as they expire; changes to the legislative, regulatory and political environments in the jurisdictions in which we operate; environmental requirements and changes in, or liabilities under, these requirements; disruptions in the transmission and distribution of electricity; the effects of weather, including man-made or natural disasters and climate-change related risks; increases in costs; reductions to our generating units’ relative efficiency or capacity factors; disruptions in the source of fuels, including natural, coal, water, solar or wind resources required to operate our facilities; operational risks, unplanned outages and equipment failure and our ability to carry out or have completed any repairs in a cost-effective or timely manner or at all; failure to meet financial expectations; general domestic and international economic and political developments, including armed hostilities, the threat of terrorism, adverse diplomatic developments or other similar events; industry risk and competition in the business in which we operate; structural subordination of securities; public
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health crisis risks; inadequacy or unavailability of insurance coverage; our provision for income taxes and any risk of reassessment; and legal, regulatory and contractual disputes and proceedings involving the Company.
The foregoing risk factors, among others, are described in further detail in the "Governance and Risk Management" section of our Management Discussion and Analysis for the year ended Dec. 31, 2023, filed as Exhibit 13.2.
Readers are urged to consider these factors carefully when evaluating the forward-looking statements, which reflect the Company's expectations only as of the date hereof and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on them. The forward-looking statements included in this document are made only as of the date hereof and we do not undertake to publicly update these forward-looking statements to reflect new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable laws. The purpose of the financial outlooks contained herein is to give the reader information about management's current expectations and plans and readers are cautioned that such information may not be appropriate for other purposes. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking statements might occur to a different extent or at a different time than we have described, or might not occur at all. We cannot assure that projected results or events will be achieved.
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UNDERTAKING
TransAlta undertakes to make available, in person or by telephone, representatives to respond to inquiries made by the Commission staff, and to furnish promptly, when requested to do so by the Commission staff, information relating to: the securities registered pursuant to Form 40-F; the securities in relation to which the obligation to file an annual report on Form 40-F arises; or transactions in said securities.
CONSENT TO SERVICES OF PROCESS
TransAlta has previously filed a Form F-X in connection with the class of securities in relation to which the obligation to file this report arises and is filing contemporaneously herewith an amendment to the Form F-X to report a change in the agent for service of process. Any change to the name or address of the agent for service of process of TransAlta shall be communicated promptly to the Commission by an amendment to the Form F-X referencing the file number of TransAlta.
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EXHIBIT INDEX

13.1 |  | TransAlta Corporation Annual Information Form for the year ended Dec. 31, 2023
13.2 |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the year ended Dec. 31, 2023
13.3 |  | Consolidated Audited Annual Financial Statements for the year ended Dec. 31, 2023
13.4 |  | Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (included on page F2 of Exhibit 13.3 filed herewith)
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1 |  | Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 |  | Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97 |  | Executive Compensation Clawback Policy
101 |  | Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL)
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 40-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized, in the City of Calgary, Province of Alberta, Canada.

| TRANSALTA CORPORATION
| /s/ Todd J. Stack
| Todd J. Stack
| Executive Vice-President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer
Dated: February 22, 2024 |

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