New standards, amendments and interpretations issued by the IASB not yet effective and which have not been early adopted by the Company

4.2

New standards, amendments and interpretations issued by the IASB not yet effective and which have not been early adopted by the Company

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IFRS 17 - “Insurance Contracts”: issued in May 2017 and modified in June 2020 and December 2021. It supersedes IFRS 4, introduced in 2004 as an interim standard, which gave companies dispensation to carry on accounting for insurance contracts using national accounting standards, thus resulting in several application approaches. IFRS 17 sets the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of information associated with insurance contracts and is applicable as from January 1, 2023, allowing for its early adoption for entities already applying IFRS 9 and IFRS 15. Its application will not have a significant impact on the Company’s operating results or financial position.

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IAS 1 - “Presentation of financial statements”: amended in February 2021. It incorporates amendments to the information to be disclosed on accounting policies. Amendments are applicable to fiscal years starting on or after January 1, 2023, allowing for early adoption. Its application will not have a significant impact on the Company’s operating results or financial position.

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IAS 8 - “Accounting Policies”: amended in February 2021. Clarifies the treatment of estimates required in the application of accounting policies. Amendments are applicable to fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2023, allowing for early adoption. Their application will not have an impact on the Company’s operating results or financial position.

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IAS 12 - “Income Tax”: amended in May 2021. It incorporates modifications regarding the recognition of deferred tax related to assets and liabilities that arise from a single transaction, giving riso to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. Amendments are applicable to fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2023, allowing for early adoption. Their application will not have an impact on the Company’s operating results or financial position.

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IFRS 16 - “Leases”: amended in September 2022. It incorporates amendments on sale and leaseback transactions. Amendments are applicable to fiscal years starting on or after January 1, 2024, allowing for early adoption. Its application will not have a significant impact on the Company’s operating results or financial position.

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IAS 1 - “Presentation of financial statements”: amended in January 2020, July 2020 and October 2022. It incorporates amendments to the classification of liabilities as current or non-current and provides clarification on the treatment to be given to liabilities with covenants. Amendments are applicable to fiscal years starting on or after January 1, 2024, allowing for early adoption. Their application will not have a significant impact on the Company’s operating results or financial position.

Principles of consolidation and equity accounting

4.4

Principles of consolidation and equity accounting

4.4.1 Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. The Group ceases consolidation of entities from the date that control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the Group (see Note 4.4.5 below).

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between Group entities are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed when necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity and Consolidated Statement of Financial Position respectively.

4.4.2 Associates

Associates are all entities over which the group has significant influence but not control or joint control. This is generally the case where the Group holds between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting (see Note 4.4.4 below), after initially being recognised at cost.

4.4.3 Joint arrangements

Investments in joint arrangements are classified as either joint operations or joint ventures, according to IFRS 11. The classification depends on the contractual rights and obligations of each investor, rather than the legal structure of the joint arrangement. The Company has both joint operations and joint ventures.

4.4.3.1 Joint operations

The Company recognizes its direct right to the assets, liabilities, incomes and expenses of joint operations and its share of any jointly held or incurred assets, liabilities, incomes and expenses. These have been incorporated in the Consolidated Financial Statements under the appropriate headings.

4.4.3.2 Joint ventures

Interests in joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method, after initially being recognised at cost (see Note 4.4.4 below).

4.4.4 Equity Method

Under the equity method of accounting, the investments are initially recognised at cost and adjusted to recognize the Group’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of the investee in profit or loss, and the Group’s share of movements in other comprehensive income of the investee in other comprehensive income.

On acquisition of the investment, any difference between the cost of the investment and the entity’s share of the net fair value of the investee’s identifiable assets and liabilities is accounted for as follows: (i) goodwill relating to an associate or a joint venture is included in the carrying amount of the investment and is not amortised, and (ii) any excess of the net fair value over the cost is included as income in the determination of the entity’s share of the associate or joint venture’s profit or loss.

Dividends received or receivable from associates and joint ventures are recognised as a reduction in the carrying amount of the investment.

When the Group’s share of losses in an equity-accounted investment equals or exceeds its interest in the entity, together with any long-term interests that, in substance, form part of the net investment, the Group does not recognize further losses, unless it has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the other entity.

Unrealized gains on transactions between the Group and its associates and joint ventures are eliminated to the extent of the group’s interest in these entities. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Accounting policies of equity accounted investees have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

The carrying amount of equity accounted investments is tested for impairment in accordance with the policy described below in Note 4.9.

4.4.5 Business combinations

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for all business combinations, regardless of whether equity instruments or other assets are acquired. The consideration transferred for the acquisitions comprises:

(i)

the fair value of the transferred assets,

(ii)

the liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquired business,

(iii)

the equity interests issued by the group,

(iv)

the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement, and

(v)

the fair value of any pre-existing equity interest in the subsidiary.

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values in the acquisition date. The group recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets.

Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. The value of the goodwill represents the excess of: i) the consideration transferred, ii) the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity, and iii) the acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity, over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired exceeds those amounts, the gain on bargain purchase is recognised directly in profit or loss.

Where settlement of any part of cash consideration is deferred, the amounts payable in the future are discounted to their present value as at the date of exchange. The discount rate used is the entity’s incremental borrowing rate, being the rate at which a similar borrowing could be obtained from an independent financier under comparable terms and conditions.

Contingent consideration is classified either as equity or a financial liability. Amounts classified as a financial liability are subsequently remeasured to fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss.

If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree is remeasured to fair value at the acquisition date. Any gains or losses arising from such remeasurement are recognised in profit or loss.

The Group has up to 12 months to finalize the accounting for a business combination. Where the accounting for a business combination is not complete by the end of the year in which the business combination occurred, the Group reports provisional amounts.

4.4.6 Changes in ownership interests

The Group treats transactions with non-controlling interests that do not result in a loss of control as transactions with equity owners of the group. A change in ownership interest results in an adjustment between the carrying amounts of the controlling and non-controlling interests to reflect their relative interests in the subsidiary. Any difference between the amount of the adjustment to non-controlling interests and any consideration paid or received is recognised in “Other reserves” within equity attributable to owners of the Company.

When the Group ceases to consolidate or equity account for an investment because of a loss of control, joint control or significant influence, any retained interest in the entity is remeasured to its fair value with the change in carrying amount recognised in profit or loss. This fair value becomes the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities, this means that amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.

If the ownership interest in a joint venture or an associate is reduced but joint control or significant influence is retained, only a proportionate share of the amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss where appropriate.

Property, plant and equipment

4.6

Property, plant and equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment is measured following the cost model. It is recognised at acquisition cost less depreciation a less any accumulated impairment.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.

The cost of work in progress whose construction will extend over time includes, if applicable, the computation of financial costs accrued on loans granted by third parties and other pre-production costs. Revenues and costs arising from the sale of elements obtained during the start-up process are charged to the profit and loss of the period.

Works in progress are valued according to their degree of progress. Works in progress are recorded at cost less any loss due to impairment, if applicable.

Assets’ residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each year. An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the sale price with the carrying amount, stated in terms of the measuring unit current at the disposal date.

4.6.1

Depreciation methods and useful lives

The group depreciates productive wells, machinery and camps in the oil and gas production areas according to the units of production method, by applying the ratio of oil and gas produced to estimated proved developed oil and gas reserves. The acquisition cost of property with proved reserves is depreciated by applying the ratio of oil and gas produced to estimated proved oil and gas reserves. Acquisition costs related to properties with unproved reserves is valued at cost with recoverability periodically assessed on the basis of geological and engineering estimates of possible and probable reserves that are expected to be proved over the life of each concession.

Machinery and generation equipment (including any significant identifiable component) are depreciated under the unit of production method.

The group´s remaining items of property, plant and equipment (including any significant identifiable component) are depreciated by the straight-line method based on estimated useful lives, as detailed below:

Buildings:	50 years
Vehicles:	3 - 5 years
Furniture, fittings and communication equipment:	5 years
Computer equipment and software:	3 years
Tools:	10 years
Equipment and machinery:	10 - 30 years

If appropriate, the depreciation method is reviewed and adjusted at the end of each year.

4.6.2 Asset retirement obligations and wind turbines decommissioning

Estimated future costs of asset retirement obligations on well abandonment in oil and gas areas and wind turbines decommissioning in wind farms, discounted at a risk adjusted rate, are capitalized in the cost of the assets and depreciated using the units of production method. Additionally, a liability at the estimated value of the discounted amounts payable is recognised. Changes in the measurement of asset retirement obligations that result from changes in the estimated timing, amount of the outflow of resources required to settle the obligation, or the discount rate, are added to, or deducted from, the cost of the related asset. If a decrease in the liability exceeds the carrying amount of the asset, the excess is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

Assets for oil and gas exploration

4.8

Assets for oil and gas exploration

The Company uses the successful efforts method of accounting for its oil and gas exploration and production activities. This method involves the capitalization of: (i) the cost of acquiring properties in oil and gas exploration and production areas; (ii) the cost of drilling and equipping exploratory wells that result in the discovery of commercially recoverable reserves; (iii) the cost of drilling and equipping development wells, and (iv) the estimated asset retirement obligations (see Note 4.6.2).

According to the successful efforts method of accounting, exploration costs (including geological and geophysical costs), excluding exploratory well costs, are expensed during the period in which they are incurred. Drilling costs of exploratory wells are capitalized until it is determined that proved reserves exists and they justify the commercial development. If reserves are not found, such drilling costs are expensed. Occasionally, an exploratory well may determine the existence of oil and gas reserves but they cannot be classified as proved when drilling is complete. In those cases, such costs continue to be capitalized insofar as the well has allowed determining the existence of sufficient reserves to warrant its completion as a production well and the Company is making sufficient progress in evaluating the economic and operating feasibility of the project.

Financial assets

4.10

Financial assets

4.10.1

Classification

The Group classifies its financial assets in the following categories:

(i)

those that are subsequently measured at fair value, and

(ii)

those that are subsequently measured at amortised cost.

The classification depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics.

Gains and losses from financial assets measured at fair value, will be recorded in the Statement of Comprehensive Income or in the Other Comprehensive Income.

Investments in equity instruments are measured at fair value. For those investments that are not held for trading, the Company may make an irrevocable election at initial recognition to present subsequent changes in other comprehensive income. The Company's election was to recognize changes in fair value through profit and loss.

The company reclassifies financial assets when and only when it changes its business model for managing those financial assets.

4.10.2

Recognition and derecognition

The conventional purchases and sales of financial assets are accounted for at settlement date. Financial assets are derecognised when contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial assets have expired or been transferred, and the Company has substantially transferred all risks and rewards of ownership of the asset.

4.10.3

Measurement

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.

A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at fair value and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in profit or loss and disclosed in “Changes in the fair value of financial instruments” within “Other financial Results. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortized cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in profit or loss when the financial asset is derecognised or impaired and through the amortization process using the effective interest rate method.

The Group subsequently measures equity investments at fair value. Dividends from such investments continue to be recognised in profit or loss as long as they represent a return on investment.

4.10.4

Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses the expected credit losses related to its financial instruments at amortized cost and financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income, if applicable.

The Company applies the simplified approach allowed by IFRS 9 to measure expected credit losses for trade receivables and other receivables with similar risk characteristics. For this purpose, receivables are grouped by business segment and based on shared credit risk characteristics and expected credit losses are determined based on rates calculated for different ranges of default days from the due date.

The expected loss rates are based on the sales collection profiles over a period of 24 months before the end of each year, considering historical credit losses experienced within this period that are adjusted, if applicable, to reflect forward-looking information that could affect the ability of customers to settle the receivables.

4.10.5

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are offset, and the net amount reported in the consolidated statements of financial position, when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts, and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Derivative financial instruments and hedging account

4.12

Derivative financial instruments and hedging account

Derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value, determined as the amount of cash to be collected or paid to settle the instrument as of the measurement date, net of any prepayment collected or paid. Fair value of derivative financial instruments traded in active markets is disclosed based on their quoted market prices and fair value of instruments that are not traded in active markets is determined using different valuation techniques. Subsequent accounting of changes in fair value depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument and, if so, the nature of the item being hedged.

The Company may designate derivative financial instruments in the following categories:

(i)

fair value hedge of recognised assets or liabilities or over firm commitment (fair value hedge);

(ii)

cash flow hedges of a particular risk associated with recognised assets and liabilities and highly probable future transactions (cash flow hedges), or

(iii)

net investment hedge in foreign operation (net investment hedges).

At the beginning of the hedge relationship, the Group documents the economic relationship between the hedging instruments and the hedged items, even if it is expected that changes in the cash flows of the hedging instruments offset changes in the cash flows of the hedged items. The Group documents its objective and risk management strategy to carry out its hedging operations.

Changes in the measurement of derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedge, which have been determined as effective, are recognised in equity. The gain or loss related to the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in profit or loss. Changes in the measurement of derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in profit or loss.

The Company has not formally designated financial instruments as hedging instruments.

Non-current assets (or disposal group) held for sale and discontinued operations

4.14

Non-current assets (or disposal group) held for sale and discontinued operations

Non-current assets are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use and a sale is considered highly probable. They are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell, except deferred tax assets, assets arising from employee benefits, financial assets and investment property that are carried at fair value and contractual rights from insurance contracts, which are specifically exempt from this requirement.

An impairment loss is recognized for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset until fair value less costs to sell. A gain is recognized for any subsequent increases in fair value less costs to sell of an asset (or disposal group), but not in excess of any cumulative impairment loss previously recognized. The gain or loss not previously recognized by the date of the sale of the non-current asset is recognized at the date of derecognition.

Non-current assets (including those that are part of a disposal group) are not depreciated or amortized while they are classified as held for sale. Interest and other expenses attributable to the liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale continue to be recognised.

Non-current assets or group of assets classified as held for sale are presented separately from the other assets in the balance sheet. The liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately from other liabilities in the balance sheet. These assets and liabilities are not offset.

If it is a discontinued operation, that is, an item which has been disposed of or classified as held for sale; and (i) it represents a significant business line or geographic area which may be considered separate from the rest; (ii) it is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of a significant business line or operating geographic area which may be deemed separate from the rest; or (iii) it is a subsidiary entity acquired solely for the purpose of reselling it; a single amount is disclosed in the statement of comprehensive income, which shows results of discontinued operations, net of tax, including the result for the valuation at fair value less cost of sales or asset disposal costs, if applicable.

Shareholder´s equity

4.16

Shareholder´s equity

Equity’s movements accounted for in accordance with the pertinent decisions of shareholders' meetings and legal or regulatory standards.

All equity accounts have been restated in terms of the measuring unit current as of December 31, 2018, with the exception of Share capital and Treasury shares, which represent the subscribed and paid in, and the outstanding treasury capital, respectively. The adjustment resulting from its restatement as of December 31, 2018 is disclosed in the Comprehensive share capital adjustment and Comprehensive treasury shares adjustment lines, respectively.

As from the change in functional currency, on January 1, 2019 the Company discontinued the preparation and presentation of financial statements under IAS 29, and has considered equity figures expressed in terms of the measuring unit current as of December 31, 2018 as the basis for subsequent financial statements’ amounts.

4.16.1

Share capital

Share capital represents the capital issued, composed of the contributions that were committed and/or made by the shareholders and represented by shares that comprise outstanding shares at nominal value.

4.16.2

Share premium

It includes:

(i)

The portion of the collected price exceeding the face value of the shares issued by the Company, net of absorbed accumulated losses.

(ii)

The difference between the fair value of the consideration paid/collected and the accounting value of the equity interest in the subsidiary acquired/sold/diluted which does not represent a loss of control or significant influence.

(iii)

The difference between the proportional equity value registered before the merger of the subsidiary and the value resulting from applying to the subsidiary’s merged equity interest, the new ownership share resulting from the exchange relationship.

4.16.3

Legal reserve

In accordance with the Argentine Commercial Companies General Law, 5% of the profit arising from the statement of income for the year, prior years' adjustments, the translation differences which are directly accumulated in Retained earnings (see Note 4.3.4), the amounts transferred from other comprehensive income and prior years' accumulated losses, must be appropriated to a legal reserve until such reserve equals 20% of the Company’s share capital and the related adjustment of share capital. When for any reason, the amount of this reserve is reduced, dividends may not be distributed, until such amount is reached.

4.16.4

Voluntary reserve

This reserve results from an allocation made by the Shareholders’ Meeting, whereby a specific amount is set aside to cover for the funding needs of projects and situations associated with Company policies.

4.16.5

Other reserves

It includes the result of operations with non-controlling interest that do not result in a loss of control and reserves for stock compensation plans.

4.16.6

Retained earnings

Comprise accumulated profits or losses without a specific appropriation; positive earnings can be distributable by the decision of Shareholders' meeting, as long as they are not subject to legal restrictions. Earnings comprise current earnings, prior years' earnings that were not distributed, translation differences which are directly accumulated in retained earnings pursuant to the policy described in Note 4.3.4, the amounts transferred from other comprehensive income and prior years' adjustments, according to IFRS.

General Resolution No. 593/11 issued by the CNV provided that Shareholders in the Meetings at which they should decide upon the approval of financial statements in which the Retained earnings account has a positive balance, should adopt an express resolution as to the allocation of such balance, whether to dividend distribution, capitalization, setting up of reserves or a combination of these. The Company’s Shareholders have complied with these requirements.

4.16.7

Other comprehensive income

It includes gains and losses from the remeasurement process of foreign operations and the translation differences which are not classified and directly accumulated in retained earnings pursuant to the policy described in Note 4.3.4 and actuarial gains and losses for defined benefit plans and the related tax effect.

4.16.8

Dividends distribution

Dividend distribution to Company shareholders is recognised as a liability in the year in which the dividends are approved by the Shareholders' Meeting. The distribution of dividends is made based on the Company’s Stand-Alone Financial Statements, which are presented in pesos, the legal currency in Argentina, pursuant to regulatory requirements.

Trade payables and other payables

4.18

Trade payables and other payables

Trade payables and other payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Employee benefits

4.20

Employee benefits

4.20.1

Short-term obligations

Payroll liabilities, including non-monetary benefits and accumulated sick leave expected to be settled in full within 12 months after the end of the reporting period in which the employees provide the associated service are recognised for the amount expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are disclosed as Salaries and social security payable in the consolidated statement of financial position.

4.20.2

Defined benefit plans

Labor costs liabilities are accrued in the periods in which the employees provide the services that trigger the consideration.

Additionally, the Company operates several defined benefit plans. Defined benefit plans define an amount of pension benefit that an employee will receive on retirement, depending on one or more factors, such as age, years of service and compensation. In accordance with conditions established in each plan, the benefit may consist in a single payment, or in making complementary payments to those made by the pension system.

The defined benefit liability recognised in the financial statement balance sheet, at the end of the reporting period, is the present value of the defined benefit obligation net of the fair value of the plan assets, when applicable. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using future actuarial assumptions about demographic and financial variables that affect the determination of the amount of such benefits.

Actuarial gains and losses from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions, are recognised in other comprehensive income (loss) in the period in which they arise and past service costs are recognised immediately in the statement of income (loss).

Revenue from contracts with customers

4.22

Revenue from contracts with customers

4.22.1

Generation segment:

4.22.1.1 Revenues from sales to the spot market (SE Resolution N°826/22)

The Company recognizes revenues from i) power availability on a monthly basis as the different power plants are available to generate; ii) power generated, operated energy and power generated in peak hours, when the delivery of energy is effective, based on the price applicable depending on the technology of each plant. Revenues are not adjusted for the effect of financing components as sales are made with an average credit term of 42 days, which is consistent with market practice.

4.22.1.2 Revenues from supply agreements with CAMMESA (SE Resolution No. 220/07, SEE Resolution No. 21/16, SEE Resolution No. 287/17 and Renovar Programs)

The Company recognizes revenues from supply contracts with CAMMESA for i) power availability, when applicable, on a monthly basis, as the different power plants are available to generate and ii) energy generated when the delivery of energy is effective, based on the price established in each contract. Revenues are not adjusted for the effect of financing components as sales are made with an average credit term of 42 days, which is consistent with market practice.

4.22.1.3 Revenues from sales contracts with large users within the MAT

The Company recognizes revenues from energy plus sales and renewable energy when the delivery of energy is effective based on the price established in each contract. Revenues are not adjusted for the effect of financing components as sales are made with an average credit term of 30 days, which is consistent with market practice.

4.22.2

Oil and gas segment

The Company recognizes revenues from the sale of oil and gas, to third parties and intersegment, when control of the product is transferred, that is, at the output of each area, when the oil and gas is delivered to the carrier and to the extent there is no unfulfilled obligation that could affect the acceptance of the product by the client. In all cases the transport of the gas is in charge of the client. Revenues from these sales are recognised based on the price by product specified in each contract or agreement to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur.

Revenues are not adjusted for the effect of financing components as sales are made with an average credit term not exceeding 45 days, which is consistent with market practice.

4.22.3 Petrochemical segment

The Company recognizes revenues from the sale of petrochemical products, whether in local or foreign markets, when the control of the product is transferred, that is, when the products are delivered to the client and there is no unfulfilled obligation that could affect the acceptance of the product by the client. The delivery, as established in each contract, is occurs:

(i) when the products are dispatched and transported by and in charge of the client, or,

(ii) when the products have been dispatched by the Company to a specific location, the obsolescence risks and loss have been transferred to the client, and the client has accepted the products according to the sale contract, the acceptance provisions have expired, or when the Company has objective evidence that all acceptance criteria have been met.

Revenues from these sales are recognised based on the price specified in each contract, to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur. Revenues are not adjusted for the effect of financing components as sales are made with an average credit term not exceeding 30 days, which is consistent with market practice.

4.22.4 Holding and others segment

The Company recognizes revenues from contracts with customers in relation to advisory services to related companies as services are rendered based on the price established in each agreement. Revenues are not adjusted for the effect of financing components, as sales are made with an average credit term of 30 days, which is consistent with market practice.

Income tax

4.24

Income tax

The tax expenses for the year include current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the income statement, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions, where appropriate, on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the Consolidated Financial Statements. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognised if they come from the initial recognition of goodwill; or if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.

Deferred income tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available and can be used against temporary differences.

Deferred income tax is provided on temporary differences from investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, except for deferred income tax liability where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the group and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred assets or liabilities are recognised on account of gains or losses from fiscal tax inflation which, pursuant to Law No. 27,541 and Law No 27,701, are deferred and accounted for in subsequent fiscal periods (see Note 2.6.1).

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and when the deferred income tax assets and liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities where there is an intention to settle the balances on a net basis.

Current and deferred tax assets and liabilities have not been discounted and are stated at their nominal value.

Income tax rates prevailing at year-end in Argentina (see Note 2.6.1), Ecuador, Bolivia and Uruguay are 35%, 25%, 25% and 25%, respectively. Additionally, a 3% surcharge is added to Ecuador’s income tax when the company’s shareholder residing in Ecuador is an entity established in a jurisdiction considered a tax haven under Ecuadorian laws.

In Bolivia, payment of Bolivian-source income to beneficiaries outside Bolivia is levied with a 12.5% withholding income tax. Furthermore, and pursuant to the last tax reform passed in Ecuador and effective as from January 1, 2020, dividends distributed to foreign shareholders will be subject to a 10% withholding.

In Uruguay, effective from January 1, 2023, the Income Tax on Economic Activities (“IRAE”) covers certain Uruguayan-source passive income derived by entities making up multinational groups.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates expected to apply in the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled.

Finally, receivables have been disclosed on account of the application of the minimum presumed income tax prior to its abrogation as from January 1, 2019, which are computable as an advance payment of income tax in any of the following ten years.

The Company’s management evaluates the recoverability of the recorded receivables at the closing of each fiscal year, and allowances are created as long as it is estimated that the computable amounts will not be recoverable within the statutory limitation period taking into consideration the Company’s current business plans.