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NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES [Abstract] |
NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | NOTE 1 – NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of business First BanCorp. (the “Corporation”) is a publicly owned, Puerto Rico-chartered financial holding company organized under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1948. The Corporation is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”). Through its subsidiaries, including its banking subsidiary, FirstBank Puerto Rico (“FirstBank” or the “Bank”), the Corporation provides full-service commercial and consumer banking services, mortgage banking services, automobile financing, trust services, insurance agency services, and other financial products and services with operations in Puerto Rico, the United States, the U.S. Virgin Islands (the “USVI”), and the British Virgin Islands (the “BVI”). The Corporation has two wholly-owned subsidiaries: FirstBank Puerto Rico (“FirstBank” or the “Bank”), and FirstBank Insurance Agency, Inc. (“FirstBank Insurance Agency”). FirstBank is a Puerto Rico-chartered commercial bank, and FirstBank Insurance Agency is a Puerto Rico-chartered insurance agency. FirstBank is subject to the supervision, examination, and regulation of both the Office of the Commissioner of Financial Institutions of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (the “OCIF”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Deposits are insured through the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund. FirstBank also operates in the State of Florida, subject to regulation and examination by the Florida Office of Financial Regulation and the FDIC; in the USVI, subject to regulation and examination by the USVI Division of Banking, Insurance, and Financial Regulation; and in the BVI, subject to regulation by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) regulates FirstBank’s consumer financial products and services. FirstBank Insurance Agency is subject to the supervision, examination, and regulation of the Office of the Insurance Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the Division of Banking and Insurance Financial Regulation in the USVI. FirstBank conducts its business through its main office located in San Juan, Puerto Rico, 59 banking branches in Puerto Rico, eight banking branches in the USVI and the BVI, and nine banking branches in the state of Florida (USA). FirstBank has six wholly-owned subsidiaries with operations in Puerto Rico: First Federal Finance Corp. (d/b/a Money Express La Financiera), a finance company specializing in the origination of small loans with 27 offices in Puerto Rico; First Management of Puerto Rico, a Puerto Rico corporation, which holds tax-exempt assets; FirstBank Overseas Corporation, an international banking entity (an “IBE”) organized under the International Banking Entity Act of Puerto Rico; two companies engaged in the operation of certain real estate properties; and a wholly-owned subsidiary of FirstBank organized in 2022 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Act 60 of 2019, which will commence operations in 2023 and will engage in investing and lending transactions. General The accompanying consolidated audited financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The following is a description of the Corporation’s most significant accounting policies. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Corporation and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations of companies or assets acquired are included from the date of acquisition. Statutory business trusts that are wholly-owned by the Corporation and are issuers of trust- preferred securities (“TRuPs”) and entities in which the Corporation has a non-controlling interest, are not consolidated in the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with authoritative guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) for consolidation of variable interest entities (“VIEs”). See “Variable Interest Entities” below for further details regarding the Corporation’s accounting policy for these entities . Use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and contingent liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management makes significant estimates in determining the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), income taxes, as well as fair value measurements of investment securities, goodwill, other intangible assets, pension assets and liabilities, mortgage servicing rights, and loans held for sale. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Change in accounting method Effective on September 30, 2022, the Corporation changed the accounting method for accounting for its treasury stock from a par value to a cost method. The Corporation believes the cost method is preferable as it more accurately reflects in treasury stock the cost of stocks repurchased and it enhances comparability of financial results with other financial institutions. The Corporation reflected the application of this new accounting method retrospectively by adjusting prior period amounts for treasury stock and additional paid-in capital. The retrospective adjustment, which was reflected in the consolidated statements of financial condition and statements of changes in stockholders’ equity, was limited to an increase in the beginning balance of treasury stock at January 1, 2020 of $ 19 million and an increase in additional paid-in capital for the same amount, which was considered immaterial. These adjustments had no impact on previously issued statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows, and executive compensation and regulatory capital measures. Cash and cash equivalents For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash items in transit, and amounts due from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the “Federal Reserve” or the “FED”) and other depository institutions. The term also includes money market funds and short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less. Investment securities The Corporation classifies its investments in debt and equity securities into one of four categories: Held-to-maturity — Debt securities that the entity has the intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are carried at amortized cost. The Corporation may not sell or transfer held-to-maturity securities without calling into question its intent to hold other debt securities to maturity, unless a nonrecurring or unusual event that could not have been reasonably anticipated has occurred. Trading — Debt securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term. These securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, the Corporation did not hold debt securities for trading purposes. Available-for-sale — Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading. These securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses, net of deferred taxes, reported in other comprehensive loss (“OCL”) as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. The unrealized holding gains and losses do not affect earnings until they are realized, or an ACL is recorded. Equity securities — Equity securities that do not have readily available fair values are classified as equity securities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. These securities are stated at cost less impairment, if any. This category is principally composed of FHLB stock that the Corporation owns to comply with FHLB regulatory requirements. The realizable value of the FHLB stock equals its cost. Also included in this category are marketable equity securities held at fair value with changes in unrealized gains or losses recorded through earnings in other non-interest income. Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized as an adjustment to interest income on investments over the life of the related securities under the interest method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) where prepayments are anticipated. Premiums on callable debt securities, if any, are amortized to the earliest call date. Purchases and sales of securities are recognized on a trade-date basis, the date the order to buy or sell is executed . Gains and losses on sales are determined using the specific identification method. A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payment becomes 90 days delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. See Note 3 – Debt Securities for additional information on nonaccrual debt securities. Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities: As of December 31, 2022, the held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio consisted of U.S. government-sponsored entities (“GSEs”) MBS and Puerto Rico municipal bonds. The ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities is based on an expected loss methodology referred to as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology by major security type. Any expected credit loss is provided through the ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities and is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the security so that the statement of financial condition reflects the net amount the Corporation expects to collect. The Corporation does not recognize an ACL for GSEs’ MBS since they are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. For the ACL of held-to-maturity Puerto Rico municipal bonds, the Corporation considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. These Puerto Rico municipal obligations typically are not issued in bearer form, nor are they registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and are not rated by external credit agencies. These financing arrangements with Puerto Rico municipalities were issued in bond form and accounted for as securities but underwritten as loans with features that are typically found in commercial loans. Accordingly, similar to commercial loans, an internal risk rating ( i.e ., pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful, or loss) is assigned to each bond at the time of issuance or acquisition and monitored on a continuous basis with a formal assessment completed, at a minimum, on a quarterly basis. The Corporation determines the ACL for held-to-maturity Puerto Rico municipal bonds based on the product of a cumulative probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”), and the amortized cost basis of each bond over its remaining expected life. PD estimates represent the point -in-time as of which the PD is developed, and are updated quarterly based on, among other things, the payment performance experience, financial performance and market value indicators, and current and forecasted relevant forward-looking macroeconomic variables over the expected life of the bonds, to determine a lifetime term structure PD curve. LGD estimates are determined based on, among other things, historical charge-off events and recovery payments (if any), government sector historical loss experience, as well as relevant current and forecasted macroeconomic expectations of variables, such as unemployment rates, interest rates, and market risk factors based on industry performance, to determine a lifetime term structure LGD curve. Under this approach, all future period losses for each instrument are calculated using the PD and LGD loss rates derived from the term structure curves applied to the amortized cost basis of each bond. For the relevant macroeconomic expectations of variables, the methodology considers an initial forecast period (a “reasonable and supportable period”) of two years and a reversion period of up to three years, utilizing a straight-line approach and reverting back to the historical macroeconomic mean. After the reversion period, the Corporation uses a historical loss forecast period covering the remaining contractual life based on the changes in key historical economic variables during representative historical expansionary and recessionary periods. Furthermore, the Corporation periodically considers the need for qualitative adjustments to the ACL. Qualitative adjustments may be related to and include, but not be limited to, factors such as: (i) management’s assessment of economic forecasts used in the model and how those forecasts align with management’s overall evaluation of current and expected economic conditions; (ii) organization specific risks such as credit concentrations, collateral specific risks, nature and size of the portfolio and external factors that may ultimately impact credit quality, and (iii) other limitations associated with factors such as changes in underwriting and resolution strategies, among others. The Corporation has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to held-to-maturity debt securities, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner. See Note 3 – Debt Securities for additional information about ACL balances for held-to-maturity debt securities, activity during the period, and information about changes in circumstances that caused changes in the ACL for held-to-maturity debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale Debt Securities: For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Corporation first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value. Any previously recognized ACL should first be written off and the write-down in excess of such ACL would be recorded through a charge to the provision for credit losses. For available -for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Corporation evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the cash position of the issuer and its cash and capital generation capacity, which could increase or diminish the issuer’s ability to repay its bond obligations, the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, any adverse change to the credit conditions and liquidity of the issuer, taking into consideration the latest information available about the financial condition of the issuer, credit ratings, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments, recent legislation and government actions affecting the issuer’s industry, and actions taken by the issuer to deal with the economic climate. The Corporation also takes into consideration changes in the near-term prospects of the underlying collateral of a security, if any, such as changes in default rates, loss severity given default, and significant changes in prepayment assumptions and the level of cash flows generated from the underlying collateral, if any, supporting the principal and interest payments on the debt securities. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and the Corporation records an ACL for the credit loss, limited to the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The Corporation recognizes in OCL any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL. Non-credit-related impairments result from other factors, including changes in interest rates. The Corporation records changes in the ACL as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of an available-for-sale debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. The Corporation has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to available-for-sale debt securities, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner. Substantially all of the Corporation’s available-for-sale debt securities are issued by GSEs. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. Accordingly, there is a zero-credit loss expectation on these securities. For further information, including the methodology and assumptions used for the discounted cash flow analyses performed on other available-for-sale debt securities such as private label MBS and bonds issued by the Puerto Rico Housing Finance Authority (“PRHFA”), see Note 3 – Debt Securities, and Note 25 – Fair Value. Loans held for investment Loans that the Corporation has the ability and intent to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for investment and are reported at amortized cost, net of its ACL. The substantial majority of the Corporation’s loans are classified as held for investment. Amortized cost is the principal outstanding balance, net of unearned interest, cumulative charge -offs, unamortized deferred origination fees and costs, and unamortized premiums and discounts. The Corporation reports credit card loans at their outstanding unpaid principal balance plus uncollected billed interest and fees net of such amounts deemed uncollectible. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Fees collected and costs incurred in the origination of new loans are deferred and amortized using the interest method or a method that approximates the interest method over the term of the loan as an adjustment to interest yield. Unearned interest on certain personal loans, auto loans, and finance leases and discounts and premiums are recognized as income under a method that approximates the interest method. When a loan is paid-off or sold, any remaining unamortized net deferred fees, or costs, discounts and premiums are included in loan interest income in the period of payoff. Nonaccrual and Past-Due Loans - Loans on which the recognition of interest income has been discontinued are designated as nonaccrual. Loans are classified as nonaccrual when they are 90 days past due for interest and principal, except for residential mortgage loans insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration (the “FHA”), the Veterans Administration (the “VA”) or the PRHFA, and credit card loans. It is the Corporation’s policy to report delinquent mortgage loans insured by the FHA, or guaranteed by the VA or the PRHFA, as loans past due 90 days and still accruing as opposed to nonaccrual loans since the principal repayment is insured or guaranteed. However, the Corporation discontinues the recognition of income relating to FHA/VA loans when such loans are over 15 months delinquent, taking into consideration the FHA interest curtailment process, and relating to PRHFA loans when such loans are over 90 days delinquent. Credit card loans continue to accrue finance charges and fees until charged off at 180 days. Loans generally may be placed on nonaccrual status prior to when required by the policies described above when the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain (generally based on an assessment of the borrower’s financial condition and the adequacy of collateral, if any). When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any accrued but uncollected interest income is reversed and charged against interest income and amortization of any net deferred fees is suspended. Interest income on nonaccrual loans is recognized only to the extent it is received in cash. However, when there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectability of loan principal, all cash thereafter received is applied to reduce the carrying value of such loans ( i.e. , the cost recovery method). Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance has been collected in full, including the charged-off portion. Generally, the Corporation returns a loan to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal becomes current under the terms of the loan agreement, or after a sustained period of repayment performance ( six months ) and the loan is well secured and in the process of collection, and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected. Loans that are past due 30 days or more as to principal or interest are considered delinquent, with the exception of residential mortgage, commercial mortgage, and construction loans, which are considered past due when the borrower is in arrears on two or more monthly payments. The Corporation has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to loans held for investment, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner. Loans Acquired – Loans acquired through a purchase or a business combination are recorded at their fair value as of the acquisition date. The Corporation performs an assessment of acquired loans to first determine if such loans have experienced a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since their origination and thus should be classified and accounted for as purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. For loans that have not experienced a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, referred to as non-PCD loans, the Corporation records such loans at fair value, with any resulting discount or premium accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. Additionally, upon the purchase or acquisition of non-PCD loans, the Corporation measures and records an ACL based on the Corporation’s methodology for determining the ACL. The ACL for non-PCD loans is recorded through a charge to the provision for credit losses in the period in which the loans are purchased or acquired. Acquired loans that are classified as PCD are recognized at fair value, which includes any premiums or discounts resulting from the difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value. Premiums and non-credit loss related discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. Unlike non-PCD loans, the initial ACL for PCD loans is established through an adjustment to the acquired loan balance and not through a charge to the provision for credit losses in the period in which the loans are acquired. At acquisition, the ACL for PCD loans, which represents the fair value credit discount, is determined using a discounted cash flow method that considers the PDs and LGDs used in the Corporation’s ACL methodology. Characteristics of PCD loans include the following: delinquency, payment history since origination, credit scores migration and/or other factors the Corporation may become aware of through its initial analysis of acquired loans that may indicate there has been a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since a loan’s origination. In connection with the Banco Santander Puerto Rico (“BSPR”) acquisition on September 1, 2020, the Corporation acquired PCD loans with an aggregate fair value at acquisition of approximately $ 752.8 million, and recorded an initial ACL of approximately $ 28.7 million, which was added to the amortized cost of the loans. Subsequent to acquisition, the ACL for both non-PCD and PCD loans is determined pursuant to the Corporation’s ACL methodology in the same manner as all other loans. For PCD loans that prior to the adoption of ASC 326 were classified as purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans and accounted for under the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification” or “ASC”) Subtopic 310-30, “Accounting for Purchased Loans Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality” (ASC Subtopic 310-30), the Corporation adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach. As allowed by ASC 326, the Corporation elected to maintain pools of loans accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30 as “units of accounts,” conceptually treating each pool as a single asset. As of December 31, 2022, such PCD loans consisted of $ 101.7 million of residential mortgage loans and $ 1.9 million of commercial mortgage loans acquired by the Corporation as part of acquisitions completed prior to 2020. These previous transactions include a transaction completed on February 27, 2015, in which FirstBank acquired ten Puerto Rico branches of Doral Bank, acquired certain assets, including PCD loans, and assumed deposits, through an alliance with Banco Popular of Puerto Rico, which was the successful lead bidder with the FDIC on the failed Doral Bank, as well as other co-bidders, and the acquisition from Doral Financial in the first quarter of 2014 of all of its rights, title and interest in first and second residential mortgage loans in full satisfaction of secured borrowings owed by such entity to FirstBank. As the Corporation elected to maintain pools of units of account for loans previously accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30, the Corporation is not able to remove loans from the pools until they are paid off, written off or sold (consistent with the Corporation’s practice prior to adoption of ASC 326), but is required to follow ASC 326 for purposes of the ACL. Regarding interest income recognition for PCD loans that existed at the time of adoption of ASC 326, the prospective transition approach for PCD loans required by ASC 326 was applied at a pool level, which froze the effective interest rate of the pools as of January 1, 2020. According to regulatory guidance, the determination of nonaccrual or accrual status for PCD loans that the Corporation has elected to maintain in previously existing pools pursuant to the policy election right upon adoption of ASC 326 should be made at the pool level, not the individual asset level. In addition, the guidance provides that the Corporation can continue accruing interest and not report the PCD loans as being in nonaccrual status if the following criteria are met: (i) the Corporation can reasonably estimate the timing and amounts of cash flows expected to be collected, and (ii) the Corporation did not acquire the asset primarily for the rewards of ownership of the underlying collateral, such as use of the collateral in operations or improving the collateral for resale. Thus, the Corporation continues to exclude these pools of PCD loans from nonaccrual loan statistics. In accordance with ASC 326, the Corporation did not reassess whether modifications to individual acquired loans accounted for within pools were troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) as of the date of adoption. Charge-off of Uncollectible Loans - Net charge -offs consist of the unpaid principal balances of loans held for investment that the Corporation determines are uncollectible, net of recovered amounts. The Corporation records charge -offs as a reduction to the ACL and subsequent recoveries of previously charged-off amounts are credited to the ACL. The Corporation designates as collateral dependent certain commercial, residential and consumer loans secured by collateral when foreclosure is probable or when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties based on its assessment as of the reporting date. Commercial and construction loans are considered collateral dependent when they exhibit specific risk characteristics such as repayment capacity under certain thresholds or credit deterioration. Residential mortgage loans are considered collateral dependent when 180 days or more past due and secured by residential real estate. Moreover, since the ACL of auto loans and finance leases is calculated using either a PD/LGD model or a risk- adjusted discounted cash flow method for loans modified or reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR and performing in accordance with restructured terms, these loans are not considered collateral dependent. The ACL of collateral dependent loans is based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for undiscounted estimated costs to sell. Collateral dependent loans in the construction, commercial mortgage, and commercial and industrial (“C&I”) loan portfolios are written down to their net realizable value (fair value of collateral, less estimated costs to sell) when loans are considered to be uncollectible and have balances of $ 0.5 million or more. Within the consumer loan portfolio, closed-end consumer loans are charged off when payments are 120 days in arrears. Open-end (revolving credit) consumer loans, including credit card loans, are charged off when payments are 180 days in arrears. Residential mortgage loans that are 180 days delinquent are reviewed and charged-off, as needed, to the fair value of the underlying collateral less cost to sell. Generally, all loans may be charged off or written down to the fair value of the collateral prior to the application of the policies described above if a loss-confirming event has occurred. Loss- confirming events include, but are not limited to, bankruptcy (unsecured), continued delinquency, or receipt of an asset valuation indicating a collateral deficiency when the asset is the sole source of repayment. Troubled Debt Restructurings - A restructuring of a loan constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. However, not all loan modifications are TDRs. Modifications resulting in TDRs may include changes to one or more terms of the loan, including but not limited to, a change in interest rate, an extension of the repayment period, a reduction in payment amount, and partial forgiveness or deferment of principal or accrued interest. TDR loans are classified as either accrual or nonaccrual loans. Loans in accrual status may remain in accrual status when their contractual terms have been modified in a TDR if the loans had demonstrated performance prior to the restructuring and payment in full under the restructured terms is expected. Otherwise, loans on nonaccrual status and restructured as TDRs will remain on nonaccrual status until the borrower has proven the ability to perform under the modified structure, generally for a minimum of six months, and there is evidence that such payments can, and are likely to, continue as agreed. A loan that had previously been modified in a TDR and is subsequently refinanced under then-current underwriting standards at a market rate with no concessionary terms is accounted for as a new loan and is no longer reported as a TDR. Refer to Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2022-02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” below for information on the amendments to the TDR guidance that are effective on or after January 1, 2023 . Allowance for credit losses for loans and finance leases The ACL for loans and finance leases held for investment is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management confirms the loan balance is uncollectable. The Corporation estimates the allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience is a significant input for the estimation of expected credit losses, as well as adjustments to historical loss information made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as any difference in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term. Additionally, the Corporation’s assessment involves evaluating key factors, which include credit and macroeconomic indicators, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, and other relevant factors, to account for current and forecasted market conditions that are likely to cause estimated credit losses over the life of the loans to differ from historical credit losses. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted by prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: the Corporation has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a TDR will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Corporation. The Corporation estimates the ACL primarily based on a PD/LGD modeled approach, or individually primarily for collateral dependent loans and certain TDR loans. The Corporation evaluates the need for changes to the ACL by portfolio segments and classes of loans within certain of those portfolio segments. Factors such as the credit risk inherent in a portfolio and how the Corporation monitors the related quality, as well as the estimation approach to estimate credit losses, are considered in the determination of such portfolio segments and classes. The Corporation has identified the following portfolio segments: ● Residential mortgage – Residential mortgage loans are loans secured by residential real property together with the right to receive the payment of principal and interest on the loan. The majority of the Corporation’s residential loans are fixed-rate first lien closed-end loans secured by 1-4 single-family residential properties. ● Commercial mortgage – Commercial mortgage loans are loans secured primarily by commercial real estate properties for which the primary source of repayment comes from rent and lease payments that are generated by an income-producing property. ● Commercial and Industrial – C&I loans include both unsecured and secured loans for which the primary source of repayment comes from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the borrower and not from rental income or the sale or refinancing of any underlying real estate collateral; thus, credit risk is largely dependent on the commercial borrower’s current and expected financial condition. The C&I loan portfolio consists of loans granted to large corporate customers as well as middle-market customers across several industries, and the government sector. ● Construction – Construction loans consisted generally of loans secured by real estate made to finance the construction of industrial, commercial, or residential buildings and included loans to finance land development in preparation for erecting new structures. These loans involve an inherently higher level of risk and sensitivity to market conditions. Demand from prospective tenants or purchasers may erode after construction begins because of a general economic slowdown or otherwise. ● Consumer – Consumer loans generally consisted of unsecured and secured loans extended to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures, including several classes of products. For purposes of the ACL determination, the Corporation stratifies portfolio segments by two main regions ( i.e., the Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands region and the Florida region). The ACL is measured using a PD/LGD model that is calculated based on the product of a cumulative PD and LGD. PD and LGD estimates are updated quarterly for each loan over the remaining expected life to determine lifetime term structure curves. Under this approach, the Corporation calculates losses for each loan for all future periods using the PD and LGD loss rates derived from the term structure curves applied to the amortized cost basis of the loans, considering prepayments. For residential mortgage loans, the Corporation stratifies the portfolio segment by the following two classes: (i) government- guaranteed residential mortgage loans, and (ii) conventional mortgage loans. Government-guaranteed loans are those originated to qualified borrowers under the FHA and the VA standards. Originated loans that meet the FHA’s standards qualify for the FHA’s insurance program whereas loans that meet the standards of the VA are guaranteed by such entity. No credit losses are determined for loans insured or guaranteed by the FHA or the VA due to the explicit guarantee of the U.S. federal government. On the other hand, an ACL is calculated for conventional residential mortgage loans, which are loans that do not qualify under the FHA or VA programs. PD estimates are based on, among other things, historical payment performance and relevant current and forward-looking macroeconomic variables, such as regional unemployment rates. On the other hand, LGD estimates are based on, among other things, historical charge-off events and recovery payments, loan-to-value attributes, and relevant current and forecasted macroeconomic variables, such as the regional housing price index. For commercial mortgage loans, PD estimates are based on, among other things, industry historical loss experience, property type, occupancy, and relevant current and forward-looking macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, LGD estimates are based on historical charge-off events and recovery payments, industry historical loss experience, specific attributes of the loans, such as loan-to- value, debt service coverage ratios, and net operating income, as well as relevant current and forecasted macroeconomic variables expectations, such as commercial real estate price indexes, the gross domestic product (“GDP”), interest rates, and unemployment rates, among others. For C&I loans, PD estimates are based on industry historical loss experience, financial performance and market value indicators, and current and forecasted relevant forward-looking macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, LGD estimates are based on industry historical loss experience, specific attributes of the loans, such as loan to value, as well as relevant current and forecasted expectations for macroeconomic variables, such as unemployment rates, interest rates, and market risk factors based on industry performance and the equity market. For construction loans, PD estimates are based on, among other things, historical payment performance experience, industry historical loss experience, underlying type of collateral, and relevant current and forward-looking macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, LGD estimates are based on historical charge-off events and recovery payments, industry historical loss experience, specific attributes of the loans, such as loan-to-value, debt service coverage ratios, and relevant current and forecasted macroeconomic variables, such as unemployment rates, GDP, interest rates, and real estate price indexes. For consumer loans, the Corporation stratifies the portfolio segment by the following five classes: (i) auto loans; (ii) finance leases; (iii) credit cards; (iv) personal loans; and (v) other consumer loans, such as open-end home equity revolving lines of credit and other types of consumer credit lines, among others. In determining the ACL, management considers consumer loans risk characteristics including, but not limited to, credit quality indicators such as payment performance period, delinquency and original FICO scores. For auto loans and finance leases, PD estimates are based on, among other things, the historical payment performance and relevant current and forward-looking macroeconomic variables, such as regional unemployment rates. On the other hand, LGD estimates are primarily based on historical charge-off events and recovery payments. For the credit card and personal loan portfolios, the Corporation determines the ACL on a pool basis, based on products PDs and LGDs developed considering historical losses for each origination vintage by length of loan terms, by geography, payment performance and by credit score. The PD and LGD for each cohort consider key macroeconomic variables, such as regional GDP, unemployment rates, and retail sales, among others. For the ACL determination of all portfolios, the expectations for relevant macroeconomic variables related to the Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands region consider an initial reasonable and supportable period of two years and a reversion period of up to three years , utilizing a straight-line approach and reverting back to the historical macroeconomic mean. For the Florida region, the methodology considers a reasonable and supportable forecast period and an implicit reversion towards the historical trend that varies for each macroeconomic variable. After the reversion period, a historical loss forecast period covering the remaining contractual life, adjusted for prepayments, is used based on the changes in key historical economic variables during representative historical expansionary and recessionary periods. Furthermore, the Corporation periodically considers the need for qualitative adjustments to the ACL. Qualitative adjustments may be related to and include, but not be limited to factors such as: (i) management’s assessment of economic forecasts used in the model and how those forecasts align with management’s overall evaluation of current and expected economic conditions, including, but not limited to, expectations about interest rate, inflation, and real estate price levels, as well as labor challenges; (ii) organization specific risks such as credit concentrations, collateral specific risks, nature and size of the portfolio and external factors that may ultimately impact credit quality, and (iii) other limitations associated with factors such as changes in underwriting and loan resolution strategies, among others. In addition to loans previously written down to their respective realizable values, the ACL on loans that have been modified or are reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR and that have balances of $ 0.5 million or more in the case of commercial and construction loans (other than commercial mortgage and construction loans, in which the ACL is based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for undiscounted estimated costs to sell) is generally measured using a risk-adjusted discounted cash flow method. Under this approach, all future cash flows (interest and principal) for each loan are adjusted by the PDs and LGDs derived from the term structure curves and prepayments and then discounted at the rate of the loan prior to the restructuring (or at the effective interest rate as of the reporting date for non-TDRs previously written down to their respective realizable values) to arrive at the net present value of future cash flows. For credit cards, personal loans, and nonaccrual auto loans and finance leases modified in a TDR, the ACL is measured using the same methodologies as those used for all other loans in those portfolios. See Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans and Finance Leases for additional information about reserve balances for each portfolio segment, activity during the period, and information about changes in circumstances that caused changes in the ACL for loans and finance leases during the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Refer to ASU 2022-02 discussion below for information on the amendments to the TDR guidance that are effective on or after January 1, 2023. Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures and other assets The Corporation estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Corporation is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Corporation. The ACL on off- balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. As of December 31, 2022, the off-balance sheet credit exposures primarily consisted of unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit for commercial and construction loans. The Corporation utilized the PDs and LGDs derived from the above-explained methodologies for the commercial and construction loan portfolios. Under this approach, all future period losses for each loan are calculated using the PD and LGD loss rates derived from the term structure curves applied to the usage given default exposure. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is included as part of accounts payable and other liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial condition with adjustments included as part of the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income. See Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans and Finance Leases for additional information about reserve balances for unfunded loan commitments, activity during the period, and information about changes in circumstances that caused changes in the ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The Corporation also estimates expected credit losses for certain accounts receivable, primarily claims from government- guaranteed loans, loan servicing-related receivables, and other receivables. The ACL on other assets measured at amortized cost is included as part of other assets in the consolidated statement of financial condition with adjustments included as part of other non- interest expenses in the consolidated statements of income. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the ACL on other assets measured at amortized cost was immaterial. Loans held for sale Loans that the Corporation intends to sell or that the Corporation does not have the ability and intent to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held-for-sale loans. Loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. Generally, the loans held-for-sale portfolio consists of conforming residential mortgage loans that will be pooled into Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) MBS, which are then sold to investors, and conforming residential mortgage loans that the Corporation intends to sell to GSEs, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and the U.S. Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”). Generally, residential mortgage loans held for sale are valued on an aggregate portfolio basis and the value is primarily derived from quotations based on the MBS market. The amount by which cost exceeds market value in the aggregate portfolio of residential mortgage loans held for sale, if any, is accounted for as a valuation allowance with changes therein included in the determination of net income and reported as part of mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income. Loan costs and fees are deferred at origination and are recognized in income at the time of sale and are included in the amortized cost basis when evaluating the need for a valuation allowance. The fair value of commercial and construction loans held for sale, if any, is primarily derived from external appraisals, or broker price opinions that the Corporation considers, with changes in the valuation allowance reported as part of other non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income. In certain circumstances, the Corporation transfers loans from/to held for sale or held for investment based on a change in strategy. If such a change in holding strategy is made, significant adjustments to the loans’ carrying values may be necessary. Reclassifications of loans held for investment to held for sale are made at the amortized cost on the date of transfer and establish a new cost basis upon transfer. Write-downs of loans transferred from held for investment to held for sale are recorded as charge-offs at the time of transfer. Any previously recorded ACL is reversed in earnings after applying the write-down policy. Subsequent changes in value below amortized cost are reflected in non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income. Reclassifications of loans held for sale to held for investment are made at the amortized cost on the transfer date and any previously recorded valuation allowance is reversed in earnings. Upon transfer to held for investment, the Corporation calculates an ACL using the CECL impairment model. Transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishment of liabilities After a transfer of financial assets in a transaction that qualifies for accounting as a sale, the Corporation derecognizes the financial assets when it has surrendered control and derecognizes liabilities when they are extinguished. A transfer of financial assets in which the Corporation surrenders control over the assets is accounted for as a sale to the extent that consideration other than beneficial interests is received in exchange. The criteria that must be met to determine that the control over transferred assets has been surrendered include the following: (i) the assets must be isolated from creditors of the transferor; (ii) the transferee must obtain the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets; and (iii) the transferor cannot maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. When the Corporation transfers financial assets and the transfer fails any one of the above criteria, the Corporation is prevented from derecognizing the transferred financial assets and the transaction is accounted for as a secured borrowing. Servicing assets The Corporation recognizes as separate assets the rights to service loans for others, whether those servicing assets are originated or purchased. In the ordinary course of business, loans are pooled into GNMA MBS for sale in the secondary market or sold to FNMA or FHLMC, with servicing retained. When the Corporation sells mortgage loans, it recognizes any retained servicing right. Mortgage servicing rights (“servicing assets” or “MSRs”) retained in a sale or securitization arise from contractual agreements between the Corporation and investors in mortgage securities and mortgage loans. Under these contracts, the Corporation performs loan-servicing functions in exchange for fees and other remuneration. The MSRs, included as part of other assets in the statements of financial condition, entitle the Corporation to servicing fees based on the outstanding principal balance of the mortgage loans and the contractual servicing rate. The servicing fees are credited to income on a monthly basis when collected and recorded as part of mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income. In addition, the Corporation generally receives other remuneration consisting of mortgagor-contracted fees such as late charges and prepayment penalties, which are credited to income when collected. Considerable judgment is required to determine the fair value of the Corporation’s MSRs. Unlike highly liquid investments, the fair value of MSRs cannot be readily determined because these assets are not actively traded in securities markets. The initial carrying value of an MSR is determined based on its fair value. The Corporation determines the fair value of the MSRs using a discounted static cash flow analysis, which incorporates current market assumptions commonly used by buyers of these MSRs and was derived from prevailing conditions in the secondary servicing market. The valuation of the Corporation’s MSRs incorporates two sets of assumptions: (i) market-derived assumptions for discount rates, servicing costs, escrow earnings rates, floating earnings rates, and the cost of funds; and (ii) market assumptions calibrated to the Corporation’s loan characteristics and portfolio behavior for escrow balances, delinquencies and foreclosures, late fees, prepayments, and prepayment penalties. Once recorded, the Corporation periodically evaluates MSRs for impairment. Impairments are recognized through a valuation allowance for each individual stratum of servicing assets. For purposes of performing the MSR impairment evaluation, the servicing portfolio is stratified on the basis of certain risk characteristics, such as region, terms, and coupons. The Corporation conducts an other-than-temporary impairment analysis to evaluate whether a loss in the value of the MSR in a particular stratum, if any, is other than temporary or not. When the recovery of the value is unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the MSR in the stratum to its estimated recoverable value is charged to the valuation allowance. Impairment charges are recorded as part of revenues from mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income . The MSRs are amortized over the estimated life of the underlying loans based on an income forecast method as a reduction of servicing income. The income forecast method of amortization is based on projected cash flows. A particular periodic amortization is calculated by applying to the carrying amount of the MSRs the ratio of the cash flows projected for the current period to total remaining net MSR forecasted cash flow. Premises and equipment Premises and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each type of asset. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed over the terms of the leases ( i.e. , the contractual term plus lease renewals that are reasonably assured) or the estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter. Costs of maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of the respective assets are expensed as incurred. Costs of renewals and betterments are capitalized. When the Corporation sells or disposes of assets, their cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in earnings as part of other non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income. When the asset is no longer used in operations, and the Corporation intends to sell it, the asset is reclassified to other assets held for sale and is reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Premises and equipment are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Impairments on premises and equipment are included as part of occupancy and equipment expenses in the consolidated statements of income. Operating leases The Corporation, as lessee, determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception. Operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the discount rate for the lease at the commencement date, or at acquisition date in case of a business combination. As the rates implicit in the Corporation’s operating leases are not readily determinable, the Corporation generally uses an incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date to determine the present value of future lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is calculated based on fully amortizing secured borrowings. Operating right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are generally recognized based on the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability. Non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, are not considered a part of the gross-up of the ROU asset and lease liability and are recognized as incurred. The Corporation’s leases are primarily related to operating leases for the Bank’s branches. Most of the Corporation’s leases with operating ROU assets have terms of two years to 30 years , some of which include options to extend the leases for up to ten years . The Corporation does not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term leases (less than 12 months). Operating lease expense, which is included as part of occupancy and equipment expenses in the consolidated statements of income, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term that is based on the Corporation’s assessment of whether the renewal options are reasonably certain to be exercised. The Corporation includes the ROU assets and lease liabilities as part of other assets and accounts payable and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated statements of financial condition. As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation, as lessee, did no t have any leases that qualified as finance leases. Other real estate owned (“OREO”) OREO, which consists of real estate acquired in settlement of loans, is recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell the real estate acquired. Generally, loans have been written down to their net realizable value prior to foreclosure. Any further reduction to their net realizable value is recorded with a charge to the ACL at the time of foreclosure or within six months. Thereafter, costs of maintaining and operating these properties, losses recognized on the periodic reevaluations of these properties, and gains or losses resulting from the sale of these properties are charged or credited to earnings and are included as part of net gain (loss) on OREO operations in the consolidated statements of income. Appraisals are obtained periodically, generally on an annual basis . Claims arising from FHA/VA government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans Upon the foreclosure on property collateralizing an FHA/VA government-guaranteed residential mortgage loan, the Corporation derecognizes the government-guaranteed mortgage loan and recognizes a receivable as part of other assets in the consolidated statements of condition if the conditions in ASC Subtopic 310-40, “Reclassification of Residential Real Estate Collateralized Consumer Mortgage Loans upon Foreclosure,” (ASC Subtopic 310-40) are met. See Note 7– Other Real Estate Owned for information on foreclosures associated to FHA/VA government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans reclassified to other assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Goodwill and other intangible assets Goodwill – Goodwill represents the cost in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) in transactions accounted for as business combinations. The Corporation allocates goodwill to the reporting unit(s) that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination. Once goodwill has been assigned to a reporting unit, it no longer retains its association with a particular acquisition, and all of the activities within a reporting unit, whether acquired or internally generated, are available to support the value of the goodwill. The Corporation tests goodwill for impairment at least annually and more frequently if circumstances exist that indicate a possible reduction in the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. If, after assessing all relevant events or circumstances, the Corporation concludes that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying value, then an impairment test is required. In addition to the goodwill recorded at the Commercial and Corporate, Consumer Retail, and Mortgage Banking reporting units in connection with the acquisition of BSPR in 2020, the Corporation’s goodwill is mostly related to the United States (Florida) reporting unit. See Note 9– Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for information on the qualitative assessment performed by the Corporation during the fourth quarter of 2022. Other Intangible Assets – The Corporation’s other intangible assets primarily relate to core deposits. The Corporation amortizes core deposit intangibles based on the projected useful lives of the related deposits, generally on a straight-line basis, and reviews these assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not exceed their fair value. Securities purchased and sold under agreements to repurchase The Corporation accounts for securities purchased under resale agreements and securities sold under repurchase agreements as collateralized financing transactions. Generally, the Corporation records these agreements at the amount at which the securities were purchased or sold. The Corporation monitors the fair value of securities purchased and sold, and obtains collateral from, or returns it to, the counterparties when appropriate. These financing transactions do not create material credit risk given the collateral involved and the related monitoring process. The Corporation sells and acquires securities under agreements to repurchase or resell the same or similar securities. Generally, similar securities are securities from the same issuer, with identical form and type, similar maturity, identical contractual interest rates, similar assets as collateral, and the same aggregate unpaid principal amount. The counterparty to certain agreements may have the right to repledge the collateral by contract or custom. The Corporation presents such assets separately in the consolidated statements of financial condition as securities pledged with creditors’ rights to repledge. Repurchase and resale activities may be transacted under legally enforceable master repurchase agreements that give the Corporation, in the event of default by the counterparty, the right to liquidate securities held and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. The Corporation offsets repurchase and resale transactions with the same counterparty in the consolidated statements of financial condition where it has such a legally enforceable right under a master netting agreement, the intention of setoff is existent, the transactions have the same maturity date, and the amounts are determinable. From time to time, the Corporation modifies repurchase agreements to take advantage of prevailing interest rates. Following applicable GAAP guidance, if the Corporation determines that the debt under the modified terms is substantially different from the original terms, the modification must be accounted for as an extinguishment of debt. The Corporation considers modified terms to be substantially different if the present value of the cash flows under the terms of the new debt instrument is at least 10 % different from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the original instrument. The new debt instrument will be initially recorded at fair value, and that amount will be used to determine the debt extinguishment gain or loss to be recognized through the consolidated statements of income and the effective rate of the new instrument. If the Corporation determines that the debt under the modified terms is not substantially different, then the new effective interest rate is determined based on the carrying amount of the original debt instrument. The Corporation has determined that none of the repurchase agreements modified in the past were substantially different from the original terms, and, therefore, these modifications were not accounted for as extinguishments of debt . Income taxes The Corporation uses the asset and liability method for the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Corporation’s financial statements or tax returns. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined for differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. The computation is based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to periods in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income at the time of enactment of such change in tax rates. Any interest or penalties due for payment of income taxes are included in the provision for income taxes. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In making such assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified, including both positive and negative evidence. The authoritative guidance for accounting for income taxes requires the consideration of all sources of taxable income available to realize the deferred tax asset, including the future reversal of existing temporary differences, tax planning strategies and future taxable income, exclusive of the impact of the reversal of temporary differences and carryforwards. In estimating taxes, management assesses the relative merits and risks of the appropriate tax treatment of transactions considering statutory, judicial, and regulatory guidance. See Note 22 – Income Taxes for additional information. Under the authoritative accounting guidance, income tax benefits are recognized and measured based on a two-step analysis: i) a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits in order to be recognized; and ii) the benefit is measured at the largest dollar amount of that position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon settlement. The difference between a benefit not recognized in accordance with this analysis and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return is referred to as an Unrecognized Ta x Benefit. The Corporation releases income tax effects from OCL as pension and postretirement liabilities are extinguished. Stock repurchases Treasury shares are recorded at their reacquisition cost, as a reduction of stockholders’ equity in the consolidated statements of financial condition. When reissuing treasury shares for the granting of stock-based compensation awards, treasury stock is reduced by the cost allocated to such stock and additional paid-in capital is credited for gains and debited for losses when treasury stock is reissued at prices that differ from the reacquisition cost. Stock-based compensation Compensation cost is recognized in the financial statements for all share-based payment grants. The First BanCorp. Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended (the “Omnibus Plan”) provides for equity-based and non-equity-based compensation incentives (the “awards”) through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, other stock-based awards and cash-based awards. The compensation cost for an award, determined based on the estimate of the fair value at the grant date (considering forfeitures and any post-vesting restrictions), is recognized over the period during which an employee or director is required to provide services in exchange for an award, which is the vesting period, taking into account the retirement eligibility of the award. Stock-based compensation accounting guidance requires the Corporation to reverse compensation expense for any awards that are forfeited due to employee or director turnover. Changes in the estimated forfeiture rate may have a significant effect on stock-based compensation as the Corporation recognizes the effect of adjusting the rate for all expense amortization in the period in which the forfeiture estimate is changed. If the actual forfeiture rate is higher than the estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made to increase the estimated forfeiture rate, which will decrease the expense recognized in the financial statements. If the actual forfeiture rate is lower than the estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made to decrease the estimated forfeiture rate, which will increase the expense recognized in the financial statements. For additional information regarding the Corporation’s equity-based compensation and awards granted, see Note 16 – Stock-Based Compensation. Comprehensive (loss) income Comprehensive (loss) income for First BanCorp. includes net income, as well as changes in unrealized gains (losses) on available- for-sale debt securities and change in unrecognized pension and post-retirement costs, net of estimated tax effects. Pension and other postretirement benefits The Corporation maintains two frozen qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (the “Pension Plans”) (including a complementary postretirement benefits plan covering medical benefits and life insurance after retirement) that it assumed in the BSPR acquisition. Pension costs are computed on the basis of accepted actuarial methods and are charged to current operations. Net pension costs are based on various actuarial assumptions regarding future experience under the plan, which include costs for services rendered during the period, interest costs and return on plan assets, as well as deferral and amortization of certain items such as actuarial gains or losses. The funding policy is to contribute to the plan, as necessary, to provide for services to date and for those expected to be earned in the future. To the extent that these requirements are fully covered by assets in the plan, a contribution may not be made in a particular year. The cost of postretirement benefits, which is determined based on actuarial assumptions and estimates of the costs of providing these benefits in the future, is accrued during the years that the employee renders the required service. The guidance for compensation retirement benefits of ASC Topic 715, “Retirement Benefits,” requires the recognition of the funded status of each defined pension benefit plan, retiree health care plan and other postretirement benefit plans on the statement of financial condition. In addition, the Corporation maintains contributory retirement plans covering substantially all employees. Employer contributions to the plan are charged to current earnings as part of employees’ compensation and benefits expenses in the consolidated statements of income. Segment information The Corporation reports financial and descriptive information about its reportable segments. Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by management in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Corporation’s management determined that the segregation that best fulfills the segment definition described above is by lines of business for its operations in Puerto Rico, the Corporation’s principal market, and by geographic areas for its operations outside of Puerto Rico. As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation had the following six operating segments that are all reportable segments: Commercial and Corporate Banking; Mortgage Banking; Consumer (Retail) Banking; Treasury and Investments; United States Operations; and Virgin Islands Operations. See Note 27 – Segment Information for additional information. Valuation of financial instruments The measurement of fair value is fundamental to the Corporation’s presentation of its financial condition and results of operations. The Corporation holds debt and equity securities, derivatives, and other financial instruments at fair value. The Corporation holds its investments and liabilities mainly to manage liquidity needs and interest rate risks. A meaningful part of the Corporation’s total assets is reflected at fair value on the Corporation’s financial statements. The FASB’s authoritative guidance for fair value measurement defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. This guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy for classifying financial instruments. The hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value are observable or unobservable. Under the fair value accounting guidance, an entity has the irrevocable option to elect, on a contract-by-contract basis, to measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value at the inception of the contract and, thereafter, to reflect any changes in fair value in current earnings. The Corporation did not make any fair value option election as of December 31, 2022 or 2021. See Note 25 – Fair Value for additional information. Revenue from contract with customers See Note 26 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers, for a detailed description of the Corporation’s policies on the recognition and presentation of revenues from contracts with customers, including the income recognition for the insurance agency commissions’ revenue. Earnings per common share Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares issued and outstanding. Net income attributable to common stockholders represents net income adjusted for any preferred stock dividends, including any preferred stock dividends declared but not yet paid, and any cumulative preferred stock dividends related to the current dividend period that have not been declared as of the end of the period. Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding excludes unvested shares of restricted stock that do not contain non-forfeitable dividend rights. The computation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share except that the number of weighted- average common shares is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive common shares had been issued, referred to as potential common shares. Potential dilutive common shares consist of unvested shares of restricted stock that do not contain non-forfeitable dividend rights, warrants outstanding during the period, and common stock issued under the assumed exercise of stock options, if any, using the treasury stock method. This method assumes that the potential dilutive common shares are issued and outstanding and the proceeds from the exercise, in addition to the amount of compensation cost attributable to future services, are used to purchase common stock at the exercise date. The difference between the number of potential dilutive shares issued and the shares purchased is added as incremental shares to the actual number of shares outstanding to compute diluted earnings per share. Unvested shares of restricted stock, stock options, and warrants outstanding during the period, if any, that result in lower potential dilutive shares issued than shares purchased under the treasury stock method are not included in the computation of dilutive earnings per share since their inclusion would have an antidilutive effect on earnings per share. Potential dilutive common shares also include performance units that do not contain non-forfeitable dividend rights if the performance condition is met as of the end of the reporting period. Accounting Standards Adopted in 2022 ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848”, which was effective upon the issuance of this ASU in December 2022, extends the sunset (or expiration date) of ASC Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. Notwithstanding, the Corporation expects to follow the provisions of the LIBOR Act for the transition of any residual exposure after June 30, 2023. The Corporation was not impacted by the adoption of the following ASUs during 2022: ● ASU 2021-05, “Leases (Topic 842): Lessors – Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments” ● ASU 2021-04, “Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt – Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options (a Consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)” ● ASU 2020-06, “Debt – Debt with Conversion and other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity” Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Effective or Not Yet Adopted Standard Description Effective Date Effect on the financial statements ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions” In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03 which, among other things, clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value; and introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. January 1, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Corporation is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on its financial statements and disclosures. The Corporation does not expect to be materially impacted by the adoption of this ASU during the first quarter of 2024. ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02 which eliminates the TDRs recognition and measurement guidance. As such, the requirement to use a discounted cash flow method for TDRs that involve a concession that can only be captured by means of this method is no longer required and the consideration of reasonably expected TDRs is eliminated from ASC Topic 326. In addition, the ASU enhances disclosure requirements for loan restructurings by creditors made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for which the terms of the receivables have been modified, regardless of whether the refinancing is accounted for as a new loan, and amends the guidance on vintage disclosures to require disclosure of gross write-offs by year of origination. January 1, 2023, unless early adopted in which case the amendments should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period The Corporation adopted the amendments of this update during the first quarter of 2023 using a modified retrospective transition method with respect to the portion of the standard that relates to the recognition and measurement of TDRs (i.e. adjustments to the ACL that had been calculated using a discounted cash flow methodology for loans modified as a TDR prior to the adoption of these amendments). As of January 1, 2023, the Corporation recorded a cumulative effect adjustment of $ 1 million, after-tax, as a reduction to retained earnings. In addition, the Corporation performed the necessary data updates to comply with the enhanced disclosure requirements. ASU 2022-01, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging – Portfolio Layer Method” In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01 which, among others, expands the current last-of- layer method to allow multiple hedged layers and the scope of the portfolio layer method to non- prepayable financial assets. January 1, 2023, unless early adopted in which case the amendments should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period The Corporation does not expect to be impacted by the amendments of this update since it does not apply fair value hedge accounting to any of its derivatives. ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities From Contracts With Customers” In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08 which, among others, requires that the acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606 and provides certain practical expedients. January 1, 2023, unless early adopted in which case the amendments should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period The Corporation will consider these amendments on business combinations completed on or after the adoption date.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 + Details
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