Loss before income taxes consisted of the following for the periods indicated:


	Year Ended January 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	(33,953	)	$	(18,968	)	$	(5,842	)
Non-U.S. operations		(114,577	)		(51,970	)		(22,799	)
Loss before income taxes	$	(148,530	)	$	(70,938	)	$	(28,641	)

Income tax provision (benefit) consisted of the following for the periods indicated:


	Year Ended January 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Current:
U.S. federal tax	$	303		$	(3,525	)	$	907
U.S. state taxes		1			175			—
Non-U.S. foreign taxes		1,711			2,395			1,778
		2,015			(955	)		2,685
Deferred:
U.S. federal tax		18,909			(4,231	)		(4,819	)
U.S. state taxes		—			—			(14	)
Non-U.S. foreign taxes		(37	)		(366	)		(82	)
		18,872			(4,597	)		(4,915	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	20,887		$	(5,552	)	$	(2,230	)

The Company consists of a Cayman Islands parent company with various foreign and U.S. subsidiaries. Effective December 31, 2019, the Company has structured its activities to comply with the International Tax Co-Operation (Economic Substance) Law, 2018 in the Cayman Islands. As part of the new structure, the Company is the general partner of a Canadian limited partnership, the ultimate beneficial owner, and is allocated all of the earnings of the partnership. The primary jurisdiction where our foreign earnings are derived is the Cayman Islands, where the Company is domiciled. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on its income. For purposes of the reconciliation between the provision (benefit) for income taxes at the statutory rate and the effective tax rate, a notional U.S. 21% rate is applied to pretax income (loss) as a result of the following for the periods indicated, respectively:


	Year Ended January 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Provision at U.S. notional statutory rate	$	(31,191	)	$	(14,897	)	$	(6,015	)
U.S. state taxes		6			114			(11	)
Non-U.S. foreign tax differential		25,736			12,943			6,483
Stock-based compensation		4,847			10,004			1,900
U.S. R&D credit		(7,232	)		(5,045	)		(5,886	)
Valuation allowance		28,311			2,124			765
FIN48 interest		45			(739	)		311
Uncertain tax position release		—			(10,188	)		—
Other		365			132			223
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	20,887		$	(5,552	)	$	(2,230	)

Temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at January 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


	As of January 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Federal and state credits	$	51,344		$	40,134
Net operating losses		6,099			6,659
Expenses not currently deductible		3,988			3,164
Operating lease liabilities		1,009			1,582
Stock-based compensation		3,820			3,678
Other deferred tax assets		220			262
Gross deferred tax assets		66,480			55,479
Valuation allowance		(60,036	)		(28,596	)
Total deferred tax assets	$	6,444		$	26,883
Deferred tax liabilities
Intangible assets		(5,722	)		(6,782	)
Property and equipment		(460	)		(617	)
Operating lease assets		(918	)		(1,452	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	(656	)	$	18,032

Tax valuation allowance for the periods indicated below were as follows:


							Deductions
					Additions		Charged to
	Balance at		Additions		Charged to		Expenses		Balance at
	Beginning of		Charged to		Other		or Other		End of
	Period		Expenses		Account		Accounts		Period
	(in thousands)
Tax Valuation Allowance
Year ended January 31, 2024	$	28,596		31,440		—		—	$	60,036
Year ended January 31, 2023	$	24,083		4,513		—		—	$	28,596
Year ended January 31, 2022	$	17,962		4,874		1,247		—	$	24,083

The Company conducts its business in several countries and regions and is subject to taxation in those jurisdictions. The Company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands with foreign subsidiaries in the U.S., China, Taiwan, Italy and other foreign countries and regions. As such, the Company’s worldwide operating income is subject to varying tax rates and its effective tax rate is highly dependent upon the geographic distribution of its earnings or losses and the tax laws and regulations in each geographical region. Consequently, the Company has experienced lower effective tax rates as a substantial amount of its operations are conducted in lower-tax jurisdictions. If the Company’s operational structure was to change in such a manner that would increase the amount of operating income subject to taxation in higher-tax jurisdictions, or if the Company was to commence operations in jurisdictions assessing relatively higher tax rates, its effective tax rate could fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis and/or be adversely affected. Dividend distributions received from the Company’s U.S. subsidiary and certain other foreign subsidiaries may be subject to local country withholding taxes when, and if, distributed. Deferred tax liabilities have not been recorded on unremitted earnings of certain subsidiaries because management’s intent is to indefinitely reinvest any undistributed earnings in those subsidiaries. If dividend distributions from those subsidiaries were to occur, the liability as of January 31, 2024 would be approximately $7.8 million. Cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries for which no deferred taxes have been provided were approximated $86.4 million at January 31, 2024.

As of January 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had net deferred tax liabilities after valuation allowance of $0.7 million and net deferred tax assets after valuation allowance of $18.0 million, respectively. The decrease in net deferred tax assets is primarily due to an increase in valuation allowance established against certain U.S. net deferred tax assets as of January 31, 2024. The Company evaluated the need for a valuation allowance by considering among other things, the nature, frequency and severity of current losses, reversal of taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies, future projections in the U.S. and the duration of statutory carryforward periods. The Company determined in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, that the negative evidence outweighed the positive evidence and determined that it is no longer more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets in the federal and state jurisdiction will be realized as of January 31, 2024. Among this negative evidence is the current year losses of the Company's federal tax consolidated group for tax purposes, the projected U.S. cumulative loss position of the Company's federal tax consolidated group and the inability to generate sources of income to utilize its federal and state attributes.

The Company has Federal and California net operating losses of $28.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively, as of January 31, 2024. The Federal net operating loss can be carried forward indefinitely, if not utilized. The California net operating loss begin to expire in fiscal year 2040, if not utilized. For financial statement purposes these carry forwards are offset by uncertain tax positions.

The Company also has Federal and California state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $24.0 million and $34.6 million, respectively, as of January 31, 2024. The Federal credits begin to expire in the fiscal year 2036. The California credits can be carried forward indefinitely.

Utilization of the net operating loss and research credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation due to the ownership percentage change limitations as defined by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code Section 382, as amended, and similar state provisions as well as separate return year limitation which limits the utilization of loss generated before a company joins the consolidated filing group. The annual limitations may result in the expiration of the U.S. Federal and state net operating loss (NOL) and research credit carryforwards before utilization. The Company has a full valuation allowance against all U.S. deferred tax assets due to lack of more likely than not future utilization of these deferred tax assets.

The Company applies the provisions of FASB’s guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. As of January 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $22.6 million in unrecognized tax benefits, $3.1 million of which would affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. The remainder of the unrecognized tax benefits would not affect the effective tax rate due to the full valuation recorded for U.S. deferred tax assets. The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits:


	Year Ended January 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Beginning balance:	$	21,656		$	30,884		$	29,527
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		997			1,033			1,412
Additions for tax positions of prior years		168			195			55
Reductions for tax positions in prior years		(38	)		(45	)		—
Settlements for prior periods		—			—			—
Lapse of applicable statute of limitations		(155	)		(10,411	)		(110	)
Ending balance:	$	22,628		$	21,656		$	30,884

The Company classified $3.1 million and $3.2 million of income tax liabilities as other long-term liabilities as of January 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively, because payment of cash or settlement is not anticipated within one year from the balance sheet date.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The Company recorded an expense of $0.05 million, benefit of $0.7 million and expense of $0.3 million for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company recorded noncurrent liabilities of $0.7 million and $0.6 million related to interest and penalties for uncertain tax positions at January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The primary jurisdiction where our foreign earnings are derived is the Cayman Islands, where the Company is domiciled. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction as well as many U.S. state and foreign jurisdictions. As of January 31, 2024, the Company’s fiscal year 2021 through 2024 tax years are generally open and subject to potential examination by U.S. federal tax authorities. The Company’s fiscal year 2020 through 2024 tax years are generally open and subject to potential examination by state tax authorities. The Company’s fiscal years 2017 to 2024 remain open to examination by foreign tax authorities. Fiscal years outside of the normal statute of limitations remain open to audit by tax authorities due to tax attributes generated in those earlier years, which have been carried forward and may be audited in subsequent years when utilized.

The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from potential tax examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. These assessments can require considerable estimates and judgments. During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits increased by approximately $1.0 million to $22.6 million. The increase was primarily due to changes to our uncertain tax positions related to research credits. If the estimates of income tax liabilities prove to be less than the ultimate assessment, then a further charge to expense could be required. If events occur, and the payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities could result in tax benefits being recognized in the period in which the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months the Company's unrecognized tax benefits could potentially be reduced by up to $9.0 million.

As of January 31, 2024, the Company’s long-term income taxes payable, including estimated interest and penalties, was approximately $3.8 million. The Company was unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of payments in individual years due to uncertainties in the timing of tax audits, if any, or their outcomes.

On July 27, 2015, the United States Tax Court issued a decision (“Tax Court Decision”) in Altera Corp. v. Commissioner, which concluded that related parties in a cost sharing arrangement are not required to share expenses related to share-based compensation. The Tax Court Decision was appealed by the Commissioner to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (“Ninth Circuit”). On June 7, 2019, the Ninth Circuit issued an opinion that reversed the Tax Court Decision. On July 22, 2019, the taxpayer requested a rehearing before the full Ninth Circuit and the request was denied on November 12, 2019. On February 10, 2020, the taxpayer filed a petition to appeal the decision with the Supreme Court of the United States which was denied on June 22, 2020. The denial of the request by the Supreme Court did not have a material impact to the Company’s provision for income taxes.