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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

________________

FORM 10-K

_______________

(Mark One)

x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission File Number 000-51018

The Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 23-3016517
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

409 Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE |  |  | 19809
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (302) 385-5000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share |  | TBBK | Nasdaq Global Select

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Title of class
None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer o | Non-accelerated filer o
Smaller reporting company o | Emerging growth company o |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of the common shares of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of such shares on June 30, 2024 of $37.76 was approximately $1.78 billion.

As of February 24, 2025, 48,067,178 shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share, of the registrant were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the proxy statement for registrant’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

#####

THE BANCORP, INC.
INDEX TO ANNUAL REPORT
ON FORM 10-K
|  |  |  | Page
PART I |  |  |  |
|  | Forward-looking statements |  | 1
Item 1: |  | Business |  | 3
Item 1A: |  | Risk Factors |  | 21
Item 1B: |  | Unresolved Staff Comments |  | 40
Item 1C: |  | Cybersecurity |  | 41
Item 2: |  | Properties |  | 43
Item 3: |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 43
Item 4: |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 43
PART II |  |  |  |
Item 5: |  | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |  | 43
Item 6: |  | Reserved |  | 47
Item 7: |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 47
Item 7A: |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 84
Item 8: |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |  | 85
Item 9: |  | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |  | 142
Item 9A: |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 142
Item 9B: |  | Other Information |  | 145
Item 9C: |  | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections |  | 145
PART III |  |  |  |
Item 10: |  | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance |  | 145
Item 11: |  | Executive Compensation |  | 145
Item 12: |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |  | 145
Item 13: |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |  | 145
Item 14: |  | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |  | 145
PART IV |  |  |  |
Item 15: |  | Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules |  | 146
Item 16: |  | Fo rm 10-K Summary |  | 149
Signatures |  |  |  | 150

FOR WARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Words such as “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should” and words and terms of similar substance used in connection with any discussion of future operating and financial performance identify these forward-looking statements. Unless we have indicated otherwise, or the context otherwise requires, references in this report to “we,” “us,” “our,” “the holding company” or similar terms, are to The Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Actual results may differ materially from the anticipated results discussed in these forward-looking statements.

Factors that could cause results to differ from those expressed in these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described or referenced in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” herein and in our other public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), as well as the following:

an inconsistent recovery from an extended period of unpredictable economic and growth conditions in the U.S. economy may adversely impact our assets and operating results and result in increases in payment defaults and other credit risks, decreases in the fair value of some assets and increases in our provision for credit losses;

weak economic and credit market conditions, either globally, nationally or regionally, may result in a reduction in our capital base, reducing our ability to maintain deposits at current levels;

changes in the interest rate environment, particularly in response to inflation, could adversely affect our revenue and expenses and the availability and cost of capital, cash flows and liquidity;

volatility in the banking sector (including perception of such conditions) and responsive actions taken by governmental agencies to stabilize the financial system could result in increased regulation or liquidity constraints;

operating costs may increase;

adverse legislation or governmental or regulatory policies may be promulgated;

we may fail to satisfy our regulators with respect to legislative and regulatory requirements;

management and other key personnel may leave or change roles without effective replacements;

increased competition may reduce our client base or cause us to lose market share;

the costs of our interest-bearing liabilities, principally deposits, may increase relative to the interest received on our interest-bearing assets, principally loans, thereby decreasing our net interest income;

loan and investment yields may decrease, resulting in a lower net interest margin;

geographic concentration could result in our loan portfolio being adversely affected by regional economic factors;

the market value of real estate that secures certain of our loans may be adversely affected by economic and market conditions and other conditions outside of our control such as lack of demand, natural disasters, changes in neighborhood values, competitive overbuilding, weather, casualty losses and occupancy rates;

cybersecurity risks, including data security breaches, ransomware, malware, “denial of service” attacks and identity theft, could result in disclosure of confidential information, operational interruptions and legal and financial exposure;

natural disasters, pandemics, other public health crises, acts of terrorism, geopolitical conflict, including trade disputes and tariffs, sanctions, war or armed conflict, such as the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and Israel and Hamas and the possible expansion of such conflicts in surrounding areas, or other catastrophic events could disrupt the systems of us or third party service providers and negatively impact general economic conditions;

we may not be able to sustain our historical growth rates in our loan, prepaid and debit card and other lines of business;

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our entry into consumer fintech lending and its future potential impact on our operations and financial condition may result in new operational, legal and financial risks;

our internal controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented, and our risk management policies may not be adequate; and

we may not be able to manage credit risk to desired levels, improve our net interest margin and monitor interest rate sensitivity, manage our real estate exposure to capital levels and maintain flexibility if we achieve asset growth.

We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

‎

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

Overview

The Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” or “the holding company”) is a Delaware financial holding company and our primary, wholly-owned subsidiary is The Bancorp Bank, National Association (the “Bank”). The vast majority of our revenue and income is generated through the Bank. As described more fully below, our business strategy is focused on fintech activities including payments and related deposits and credit sponsorship. We expect our fintech business to generate non-interest income and attract stable, lower cost deposits which we then seek to deploy into lower risk assets in specialized markets through our specialty lending activities.

Our national specialty lending segment includes institutional banking, commercial real estate bridge lending, small business lending and commercial fleet leasing. Our Institutional Banking business line offers securities-backed lines of credit (“SBLOCs”) and insurance policy cash value-backed lines of credit (“IBLOCs”) through affinity groups such as investment advisors. SBLOCs and IBLOCs are collateralized by marketable securities and the cash value of insurance policies, respectively, and are typically offered in conjunction with brokerage accounts. Our Institutional Banking business line also offers financing to investment advisors, made for purposes of debt refinance, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. Additionally, we offer commercial real estate bridge loans (sometimes referred to herein as “REBLs” or “real estate bridge loans”), the majority of which are collateralized by apartment buildings. We also offer small business loans (“SBLs”) which are comprised primarily of Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans and vehicle fleet leasing and, to a lesser extent, other equipment leasing (“direct lease financing”) to small- and medium-sized businesses. Vehicle fleet and equipment leases consist of commercial vehicles including trucks and special purpose vehicles and equipment. In 2024, we began making consumer fintech loans which consist of short-term extensions of credit including secured credit card loans, fixed term loans, payroll advances and others, made in conjunction with marketers and servicers.

At December 31, 2024, loan types and amounts were:

SBLOC and IBLOC –$1.56 billion, or approximately 25% of total loans and commercial loans, at fair value;

Investor advisor financing –$273.9 million, or approximately 4% of total loans and commercial loans, at fair value;

Direct lease financing –$700.6 million, or approximately 11% of total loans and commercial loans, at fair value;

Commercial real estate bridge loans, at fair value (excluding SBA, at fair value) –$133.2 million, or approximately 2% of total loans and commercial loans, at fair value;

REBL –$2.11 billion, or approximately 33% of total loans and commercial loans, at fair value;

SBL (including SBA, at fair value) –$987.0 million (including SBA held at fair value), or approximately 16% of total loans and commercial loans, at fair value; and

Consumer fintech loans–$454.4 million, or approximately 7% of total loans and commercial loans, at fair value.

Commercial real estate loans, at fair value consist of REBL loans originated for securitization but which we now intend to hold on our balance sheet. Our investment portfolio amounted to $1.50 billion at December 31, 2024, representing an increase from the prior year. See Item 7,“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information.

The majority of our deposits and non-interest income are generated in our fintech segment, which consists of consumer transaction accounts accessed by Bank-issued prepaid or debit cards and payment companies that process their clients’ corporate and consumer payments, automated clearing house (“ACH”) accounts, the collection of card payments on behalf of merchants and other payments through our Bank. In 2024, we began making consumer fintech loans which consist of short-term extensions of credit including secured credit card loans, fixed term loans, payroll advances and others, made in conjunction with marketers and servicers.

The card-accessed deposit accounts are comprised of debit and prepaid card accounts that are generated by companies that market directly to end users. Our card-accessed deposit account types are diverse and include: consumer and business debit, general purpose reloadable prepaid, pre-tax medical spending benefit, payroll, gift, government, corporate incentive, reward, business payment accounts and others. Our ACH accounts facilitate bill payments and our acquiring accounts provide clearing and settlement services for payments made to merchants which must be settled through associations such as Visa or Mastercard. Consumer

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transaction account banking services are provided to organizations with a pre-existing customer base tailored to support or complement the services provided by these organizations to their customers, which we refer to as “affinity or private label banking.” These services include loan and deposit accounts for investment advisory companies through our Institutional Banking department. We typically provide these services under the name and through the facilities of each organization with whom we develop a relationship. In 2024, we began offering loans through credit sponsorship with third parties, in our fintech segment.

Our Strategies

Our principal strategies are to:

Fund our Loan and Investment Portfolio Growth with Stable Deposits and Generate Non-Interest Income from Prepaid and Debit Card Accounts and Other Payment Processing. Our principal focus is to grow our specialty lending operations and investment portfolio, and fund these loans and investments through a variety of sources that provide stable deposits, which are lower cost compared to certain other types of funding. Funding sources include prepaid and debit card accounts and balances generated through servicing companies providing various types of payment processing. We derive the largest component of our deposits and non-interest income from our prepaid, debit card and other payment related operations.

Develop Relationships with Affinity Groups to Gain Sponsored Access to their Membership, Client or Customer Bases to Market our Services through Private Label Banking. We seek to continue to develop relationships with organizations with established membership, client or customer bases. Through these affinity group relationships, we gain access to an organization’s members, clients and customers under the organization’s sponsorship. We believe that by marketing targeted products and services to these constituencies through their pre-existing relationships with the organizations, we will continue to generate stable and lower cost deposits compared to certain other funding sources, generate fee income and, with respect to private label banking, lower our customer acquisition costs and build close customer relationships. In 2024, we began offering loans through credit sponsorship with third parties, in our fintech segment.

Offer Products Through Private Label Banking. Through our private label banking strategy, we provide our affinity group partners with banking services that have been customized to the needs of their respective customers. This allows these affinity groups to provide their members the affinity-branded banking services they desire. Affinity group websites identify the Bank as the provider of these banking services. We and the affinity group also may create products and services, or modify products and services already on our menu, that specifically relate to the needs and interests of the affinity group itself, or the affinity group’s members or customers. Our private label banking services have been developed to include both deposit and lending-related products and services.

We pay fees to certain affinity groups based upon deposits and loans they generate. These fees vary, and certain fees increase as market interest rates increase, while other fee rates may be fixed. Such fees comprise the majority of the interest expense on deposits in our consolidated statement of operations.

Service Companies which Provide Payment Services to Businesses and Individuals. We process payments through the banking system for payment companies which aggregate their clients’ payments using our infrastructure to transmit funds to the destination financial institutions of payees.

Use Our Existing Infrastructure as a Platform for Growth. We have made significant investments in our banking infrastructure to support our growth. We believe that this infrastructure can accommodate significant additional growth without proportionate increases in expense. We believe that this infrastructure enables us to maximize efficiencies through economies of scale as we grow without adversely affecting our relationships with our customers.

Specialty Finance: Lending Activities

Lending activities within our specialty lending segment include SBLOC, IBLOC and investment advisor loans, direct lease financing, SBLs and consumer fintech loans.

SBLOC, IBLOC and Investment Advisor Financing. We make SBLOC loans to individuals, trusts and entities which are secured by a pledge of marketable securities maintained in one or more accounts with respect to which we obtain a securities account control agreement. The securities pledged may be either debt or equity securities or a combination thereof, but all such securities must be listed for trading on a national securities exchange or automated inter-dealer quotation system. SBLOCs are typically payable on

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demand. Most of our SBLOCs are drawn to meet a specific need of the borrower (such as for bridge financing of real estate) and are typically drawn for 12 to 18 months at a time. Maximum SBLOC line amounts are calculated by applying a standard “advance rate” calculation against the eligible security type depending on asset class: typically up to 50% for equity securities and mutual fund securities and 80% for investment grade (Standard & Poor’s rating of BBB- or higher, or Moody’s rating of Baa3 or higher) municipal or corporate debt securities. Borrowers generally must have a credit score of 660 or higher, although we may allow exceptions based upon a review of the borrower’s income, assets and other credit information. Substantially all SBLOCs have full recourse to the borrower. The underlying securities that act as collateral for our SBLOC commitments are monitored on a daily basis to confirm the composition of the client portfolio and its daily market value. Although these accounts are closely monitored, severely falling markets or sudden drops in price with respect to individual pledged securities could result in the loan being under-collateralized and consequently in default and, upon sale of the collateral, could result in losses to the Bank. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors—The Bank may suffer losses in its loan portfolio despite its underwriting practices.”

We also make loans which are collateralized by the cash surrender value of eligible life insurance policies, or IBLOCs. Should a loan default, th e primary risks for IBLOCs are if the insurance company issuing the policy were to become insolvent, or if that company would fail to recognize the Bank’s assignment of policy proceeds. To mitigate these risks, insurance company ratings are periodically evaluated for compliance with our standards. Additionally, the Bank utilizes assignments of cash surrender value.

The Bank also originates loans to investment advisors for purposes of debt refinance, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. Maximum loan amounts are limited to 70% of the estimated business enterprise value, based on a third-party valuation, but may be increased depending upon the debt service coverage ratio. Personal guarantees and blanket business liens are obtained as appropriate.

SBLOC and IBLOC loans are demand loans and generally reprice monthly, as the prime rate changes. Investment advisor loans generally have seven year terms with fixed rates.

Leases. We provide lease financing for commercial and government vehicle fleets, including trucks and other special purpose vehicles and, to a lesser extent, provide lease financing for other equipment. Our leases are either open-end or closed-end. An open-end lease is one in which, at the end of the lease term, the lessee must pay us the difference between the amount at which we sell the leased asset and the stated termination value. Termination value is a contractual value agreed to by the parties at the inception of a lease as to the value of the leased asset at the end of the lease term. A closed-end lease is one for which no such payment is due on lease termination. In a closed-end lease, the risk that the amount received on a sale of the leased asset will be less than the residual value is assumed by us, as lessor. We use a credit matrix which outlines the required financial information needed to evaluate credits over $150,000. For amounts less than $150,000 that meet a set criteria, we support our decisioning process by utilizing a scoring model. Terms for leases are generally 36 to 60 months.

SBLs. SBLs, or small business loans, consist primarily of SBA loans. We participate as an SBA Preferred Lender in two ongoing loan programs established by the SBA: the 7(a) Loan Guarantee Program (the “7(a) Program”) and the 504 Fixed Asset Financing Program (the “504 Program”). The 7(a) Program is designed to help small business borrowers start or expand their businesses by providing partial guarantees of loans made by banks and non-bank lending institutions for specific business purposes, including long- or short-term working capital; funds for the purchase of equipment, machinery, supplies and materials; funds for the purchase, construction or renovation of real estate; and funds to acquire, operate or expand an existing business or refinance existing debt, all under conditions established by the SBA. The terms of the loans must come within parameters set by the SBA, including borrower eligibility, loan maturity, and maximum loan amount. While 7(a) Program loans have historically had five to seven year average lives, they initially reprice between 90 days to 60 months, at which point rates are variable and adjust on a quarterly basis based on prime rate changes. 7(a) Program loan amounts are not limited to a percentage of estimated collateral value and are instead based on the business’s ability to repay the loan from its cash flow. 7(a) Program loans must be secured by all available business assets and personal real estate until the recovery value equals the loan amount or until all personal real estate of the borrower has been pledged. Personal guarantees are required from all owners of 20% or more of the equity of the business, although lenders may also require personal guarantees of owners of less than 20%. Loan guarantees can range up to 85% of loan principal for loans of up to $150,000 and 75% for loans in excess of that amount.

The SBA loan guaranty is typically paid to the lender after the liquidation of all collateral, but may be paid prior to liquidation of certain assets, mitigating the losses due to collateral deficiencies up to the percentage of the guarantee. To maintain the guarantee, we must comply with applicable SBA regulations, and we risk loss of the guarantee should we fail to comply. For further discussion of compliance risk and other risks associated with our SBA loans, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors— The success of our SBA

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lending program is dependent upon the continued availability of SBA loan programs, our status as a preferred lender under the SBA loan programs, our ability to comply with applicable SBA lending requirements and our ability to successfully manage related risks.”

The 504 Program is designed to provide small businesses with financing for the purchase of fixed assets, including real estate and buildings; the purchase of improvements to real estate; the construction of new facilities or modernizing, renovating or converting existing facilities; the purchase of long-term machinery and equipment; and debt refinancing. A 504 Program loan may not be used for working capital, trading asset purchases or investment in rental real estate. In a 504 Program financing, the borrower must supply 10% of the financing amount, we provide 50% of the financing amount and a Certified Development Company (“CDC”) provides 40% of the financing amount. If the borrower has less than two years of operating history or if the assets being financed are considered “special purpose,” the funding percentages are 15%, 50% and 35%, respectively. If both conditions are met, the funding percentages are 20%, 50% and 30%, respectively. We receive a first lien on the assets being financed and the CDC receives a second lien. Personal guarantees of the principal owners of the business are required. The funds for the CDC loans are raised through a monthly auction of bonds that are guaranteed by the U.S. government and, accordingly, if the government guarantees are curtailed or terminated, our ability to make 504 Program loans would be curtailed or terminated. Certain basic loan terms, as with the 7(a) Program, are established by the SBA, including borrower eligibility, maximum loan amount, maximum maturity date, interest rates and loan fees. While real estate is appraised and values are established for other collateral, and the loan amount is limited to a percentage of cost of the assets being acquired by the borrower, such amounts may not be realized upon resale if the borrower defaults and the Bank forecloses on the collateral. 504 Program loans generally have rates which are variable after an initial five year period, at which point rates adjust every 90 days or 60 months based on prime rate changes.

SBA 7(a) Program and 504 Program loans may include construction advances which are subject to risk inherent to construction projects, including environmental risks, engineering defects, contractor risk and risk of project completion. Delays in construction may also compromise the owner’s business plan and result in additional stresses on cash flow required to service the loan. Higher than expected construction costs may also result, impacting repayment capability and collateral values.

Additionally, we make SBA loans to franchisees of various business concepts, including loans to multiple franchisees with the same concept. In making loans to franchisees, we consider franchisee failure rates for the specific franchise concept. However, factors adversely affecting a specific type of franchisor or franchise concept, including in particular risks that a franchise concept loses popularity with consumers or encounters negative publicity about its products or services, could harm the value not only of a particular franchisee’s business but also of multiple loans to other franchisees with the same concept.

Non-SBA Commercial Loans, at Fair Value and Real Estate Bridge Lending. Prior to 2020, we originated commercial real estate loans for sale into securitizations. In 2020, we decided to retain the loans which had not been sold on our balance sheet and continue to account for such loans at fair value. These loans are collateralized by various types of commercial real estate, primarily multifamily (apartment buildings) but also include legacy amounts of retail, hotel and office real estate, and do not have recourse to the borrower (except for carve-outs such as fraud) and, accordingly, generally depend on cash reserves and cash generated by the underlying properties for repayment. In the third quarter of 2021, we resumed the origination of apartment loans, which we also plan to retain and which are transitional commercial mortgage loans to improve and rehabilitate existing properties that already have cash flow. While these loans generally have three year terms, the vast majority are variable rate, with monthly rate adjustments and, as a result, higher market rates will result in higher payments and greater cash flow requirements, although such loans generally require an interest rate cap to mitigate that risk. Should cash flow and available cash reserves prove inadequate to cover debt service on these loans, repayment will primarily depend upon the sponsor’s ability to service the debt, or the value of the property in disposition. Low occupancy or rental rates may negatively impact loan repayment. Because these loans were previously originated for sale, or because we may decide to sell certain REBL loans in the future, the underwriting and other criteria used were those which buyers in the capital markets indicated were most crucial when determining whether to buy the loans. Such criteria include the loan-to-value ratio and debt yield (net operating income divided by first mortgage debt). However, property values may fall below appraised values and below the outstanding balance of the loan, which would reduce the price at which we could sell the loan.

Consumer fintech loans.

In 2024, the Company began making consumer fintech loans in conjunction with marketers and servicers. These loans consist of short-term extensions of credit including secured credit card loans, fixed term loans, payroll advances and others. While credit cards are secured by deposit balances, the other extensions of credit in the consumer fintech lending programs are not. While the sale of such loans and other mitigations are utilized to manage risk, these loans are at risk of complete loss if not repaid.

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Deposit Products and Services

We offer a range of deposit products and services deployed through our Fintech Solutions and Institutional Banking business lines for the benefit of our affinity group clients and their customer bases. These products may be offered directly, or through our private label banking strategy. These include:

checking accounts;

savings accounts;

money market accounts;

commercial accounts; and

various types of prepaid and debit cards.

We also offer ACH bill payment and other payment services.

Payments Products and Services Offered Through Our Fintech Solutions Group

We provide a variety of checking and savings accounts and other banking services to fintech companies and other affinity groups, which may vary and which include fraud detection, anti-money laundering, consumer compliance and other regulatory functions, reconciliation, sponsorship in Visa or Mastercard associations, ACH processing, rapid funds transfer and other payment capabilities.

Card Issuing Services. We issue debit and prepaid cards to access diverse types of deposit accounts including: consumer and business debit, general purpose reloadable prepaid, pre-tax medical spending benefit, payroll, gift, government, corporate incentive, reward, business payment accounts and others. Our accounts are offered to end users throughout the United States through our relationships with fintech companies, benefits administrators, third-party administrators, insurers, corporate incentive companies, rebate fulfillment organizations, payroll administrators, large retail chains, consumer service organizations and others. Our cards are network-branded through our agreements with Visa, Mastercard, and Discover. The majority of fees that we earn result from contractual fees paid by third-party sponsors, computed on a per transaction basis, and monthly service fees. Additionally, we earn interchange fees paid through settlement associations such as Visa, which are also determined on a per transaction basis. These accounts have demonstrated a history of stability and lower cost compared to certain other types of funding.

Card Payment, Bill Payment and ACH Processing. We act as the depository institution for the processing of credit and debit card payments made to various businesses, which require collection through associations such as Visa and Mastercard. We also act as the bank sponsor and depository institution for independent service organizations that process such payments and for other companies, such as bill payment companies for which we process ACH payments enabling those organizations to more easily process electronic payments and to better manage their risk of loss. These accounts are a source of demand deposits and fee income.

Institutional Banking

We have developed strategic relationships with affinity-based clients such as limited-purpose trust companies, registered investment advisors, broker-dealers and other firms offering institutional banking services. In addition to the SBLOC, IBLOC and investment advisor loans discussed above, our Institutional Banking business also provides customized, private label deposit products such as demand and money market accounts to customers of these affinity-based clients.

Other Operations

Account Services. Depending upon the product, account holders may access our products through the website or app of their affinity group, or through our website. This access may allow account holders to apply for loans, review account activity, pay bills electronically, receive statements electronically and print statements.

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Third-Party Service Providers. To reduce operating costs and capitalize on the technical capabilities of selected vendors, we outsource certain bank operations and systems to third-party service providers, principally the following:

data processing services, check imaging, loan processing, electronic bill payment and statement rendering;

servicing of prepaid and debit card accounts;

call center customer support, including institutional banking for overflow and after-hours support;

access to automated teller machine (“ATM”) networks;

bank accounting and general ledger system;

data warehousing services; and

certain software development.

Because we outsource these operational functions to experienced third-party service providers with the capacity to process a high volume of transactions, we believe we can more readily and cost-effectively respond to growth than if we sought to develop these capabilities internally. Should any of our current relationships terminate, we believe we could maintain business continuity by securing the required services from an alternative source without material interruption of our operations.

Sales and Marketing

Affinity Group Banking Relationships. Our sales and marketing efforts to existing and potential affinity group organizations and fintech companies are national in scope. We use a personal sales/targeted media advertising approach to market to these clients and business partners. Under our direction, the affinity group organizations with which we have relationships perform additional sales and marketing functions to the ultimate individual customers. Our marketing program to affinity group organizations consists of:

print and digital advertising;

attending and creating presentations at trade shows and other events for targeted affinity organizations; and

direct contact with potential affinity organizations by our marketing staff, with relationship managers focusing on particular regional markets.

Technology and Cybersecurity

Primary System Architecture. We provide financial products and services through a secure, tiered architecture using commercially available software and with third-party providers whom we believe to be industry leaders. We maintain a platform of web technologies, databases, firewalls, and licensed and proprietary financial services software to support our unique client base. User activity is distributed across our service offerings, with internally developed software and cloud services, as well as third-party platforms and processors. The goal of our systems design is to service our client requirements efficiently, which has been accomplished using data and service replication between data centers and cloud platforms for our critical applications. The system’s flexible architecture is designed to meet current capacity needs and allow expansion for future demands. In addition to built-in redundancies, we monitor our systems using automated internal tools as well as third parties for Security and Network Operations Center Services and to validate our controls.

Cybersecurity. We have an established Cybersecurity Program that is mapped to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework, the Center for Internet Security® (“CIS”) Critical Security Controls, and relevant International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) standards. We also obtain annual Payment Card Industry (“PCI”) certification. Highlights of the program include:

A security testing schedule, which includes internal/external penetration testing;

Regular vulnerability assessments;

Detailed vulnerability management;

Monitoring and reporting of systems and critical applications;

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Data loss prevention controls;

File access and integrity monitoring and reporting;

Threat intelligence;

A training and compliance program for staff, including a detailed policy; and

Third-party vendor management.

Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights

We use third-party providers for a significant portion of our core and internet banking systems and operations. Where applicable, we rely principally upon trade secret and trademark law to protect our intellectual property. We do not typically enter into intellectual property-related confidentiality agreements with our affinity group customers, because we maintain control over the software used for banking functions rather than licensing them for customers to use. Moreover, we believe that factors such as the relationships we develop with our affinity group and banking customers, the quality of our banking products, the level and reliability of the service we provide, and the customization of our products and services to meet the needs of our affinity groups are substantially more significant to our ability to succeed.

Competition

We compete with numerous banks and other financial institutions such as finance companies, leasing companies, credit unions, insurance companies, money market funds, investment firms and private lenders, as well as online lenders and other non-traditional competitors. Our primary competitors in each of our business lines differ significantly from those in our other business lines principally because few financial institutions compete against us in all business segments in which we operate. For prepaid and debit card accounts, our largest source of funding and fee income, competitors include Pathward Financial and for SBLOC competitors include TriState Capital. For SBA loans, our competitors include Live Oak Bank, and for leasing our competitors include Enterprise. For REBL loans, competitors include companies such as Bridge Investment Group. Significant costs of entry include consumer protection compliance, and Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and other regulatory compliance costs, which may impact competition for prepaid and debit card accounts. We believe that our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including:

our ability to expand our affinity group banking program;

competitors’ interest rates and service fees;

the scope of our products and services;

the relevance of our products and services to customer needs and the rate at which we and our competitors introduce them;

satisfaction of our customers with our customer service;

our perceived safety as a depository institution, including our size, credit rating, capital strength, earnings strength and regulatory posture;

ease of use of our banking websites and other customer interfaces; and

the capacity, reliability and security of our network infrastructure.

The risks associated with our competitors are more fully discussed in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

Human Capital Management

We believe that human capital management is an essential component of our continued growth and success. Key human capital resources and management strategies are described below.

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Employees. As of December 31, 2024, we had 771 full-time employees and believe our relationship with our employees to be good. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. Our workforce as of that date included approximately 50% women and 23% racial and ethnic minorities.

Oversight. The Company’s Chief Human Resources Officer reports directly to the President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and oversees most aspects of the employee experience, including talent acquisition, learning and development, talent management, inclusion, employee relations, payroll, compensation and benefits.

Talent Acquisition and Development. W e aim to attract, develop and retain high-performing talent with a range of backgrounds and experiences who can further the Company’s strategic business objectives. To that end, we offer market-competitive compensation and s trive to accelerate employees’ professional development through performance management and fostering a learning culture. Our employees work together with their managers to set business and professional development goals, supported by a variety of resources and tools developed to help employees enhance their leadership skills.

Total Rewards and Employee Well-Being. The Company is committed to providing competitive benefit programs designed with the everyday needs of our employees and their families in mind. Full-time employees are eligible for healthcare coverage, life and disability coverage, retirement benefits, paid and unpaid leave, employee assistance programs, and tuition reimbursement. These programs offer resources that promote employee well-being in various aspects, including mental, physical, and financial wellness.

Inclusive Work Environment. We strive to maintain an inclusive work culture in which individual differences and experiences are valued and all employees have the opportunity to contribute and thrive. We believe that leveraging our employees’ diverse perspectives and capabilities will enhance innovation, foster a collaborative work culture and enable us to better serve our customers and communities. The Company implements strategies and initiatives that promote these values at all levels of the Company, such as training, employee resource groups (“ERGs”), and community service activities.

Employee Engagement. The Company strives to foster and maintain a workplace that offers a positive, inclusive culture for all employees and uses annual employee engagement surveys to gather employee feedback. These survey results are considered in the planning and implementation of employee programs, initiatives, and communications.

Regulation and Supervision

Overview

The Bancorp, Inc. is a Delaware corporation and a financial holding company registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”). The Company maintains its headquarters in Wilmington, Delaware. The Company’s subsidiary, The Bancorp Bank, National Association, is a federally chartered and federally insured commercial bank supervised and examined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) as its primary regulator, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the federal agency that administers the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”). On September 15, 2022, the Bank converted from a state-chartered bank regulated by the FDIC and the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner to a federally chartered bank regulated by the OCC. On February 1, 2023, the Bank relocated its main office from Wilmington, Delaware to Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

Both the Company and the Bank are subject to extensive regulation in connection with their respective activities and operations. The regulatory framework by which both the Company and Bank are supervised and examined is complex and dynamic and is designed to protect customers of and depositors in insured depository institutions, the DIF, and the U.S. banking system. This framework includes acts of the U.S. Congress (“Congress”), regulations, policy statements and guidance, and other interpretative materials that define the obligations and requirements for entities participating in the U.S. banking system. Moreover, regulation of holding companies and their subsidiaries is subject to continual revision, both through statutory changes and corresponding regulatory revisions as well as through evolving supervisory objectives of applicable banking agencies that supervise the Company and the Bank.

The requirements and restrictions under federal and state laws to which the Bank is subject include requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the types and amounts of loans that may be made and the interest that may be charged, and limitations on the types of investments that may be made and the types of services that may be offered. Various consumer laws and regulations also affect the Bank’s operations. Any change in the regulatory requirements and policies by the OCC, the Federal

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Reserve, other federal regulatory agencies, Congress, or the states in which we operate, or where our customers reside, could have a material adverse impact on the Company, the Bank, and our operations.

In addition to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”), the Company is a reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), and is required to file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and otherwise comply with federal securities laws.

Set forth below is a summary of certain regulatory requirements applicable to the Company and the Bank. Descriptions of statutes and regulations in this summary are not intended to be complete explanations of such statutes and regulations, or their effects on the Bank or the Company, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the actual statutes and regulations. While we continue to have a compliance framework in place to comply with both existing and proposed rules and regulations, it is possible that the existing regulatory framework may be amended, which amendments could have a positive or negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Federal Regulation

As a financial holding company, the Company is subject to regular examination by the Federal Reserve and must file quarterly reports and provide any additional information the Federal Reserve may request. Under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”), a financial holding company may not directly or indirectly acquire ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares or substantially all of the assets of any bank, or merge or consolidate with another financial holding company, without prior approval of the Federal Reserve.

Permitted Activities. The BHCA generally limits the activities of a financial holding company and its subsidiaries to that of banking, managing or controlling banks, or any other activity that is determined to be so closely related to banking or to managing or controlling banks that an exception is allowed for those activities.

Change in Control. Additionally, under the Change in Bank Control Act and the BHCA, a person or company that acquires control of a bank holding company or bank must obtain the non-objection or approval of the Federal Reserve in advance of the acquisition. For a publicly-traded bank holding company such as The Bancorp, Inc., control for purposes of the Change in Bank Control Act is presumed to exist if the acquirer will have 10% or more of any class of the company’s voting securities.

Limitations on Company Dividends. It is the policy of the Federal Reserve that financial holding companies should pay cash dividends on common stock only out of income available over the past year and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition. The policy provides that financial holding companies should not maintain a level of cash dividends that undermines the financial holding company’s ability to serve as a source of strength to its banking subsidiaries. See “Holding Company Liability” below. Federal Reserve policies also affect the ability of a financial holding company to pay in-kind dividends.

Limitations on Bank Dividends. Various federal provisions limit the amount of dividends that subsidiary banks can pay to their holding companies without regulatory approval. Without the prior approval of the OCC, a dividend may not be paid if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year is in excess of the current year’s net income combined with the retained net income of the two preceding years. Additionally, a dividend may not be paid in excess of a bank’s retained earnings. Moreover, an insured depository institution may not pay a dividend if the payment would cause it to be less than “adequately capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework or if the institution is in default in the payment of an assessment due to the FDIC. Similarly, under other regulatory capital rules, a banking organization that fails to satisfy the minimum capital conservation buffer requirement will be subject to certain limitations, which include restrictions on capital distributions. Additionally, regulators are authorized to prohibit a banking subsidiary or financial holding company from engaging in unsafe or unsound banking practices. Depending upon the circumstances, agencies could take the position that paying a dividend would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice.

Because the Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank, its rights to participate in the distribution of assets of the Bank, or any other subsidiary, upon the Bank’s or the subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization will be subject to the prior claims of the Bank’s or subsidiary’s creditors. In the event of liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors and other general or subordinated creditors have priority of payment over the claims of holders of any obligation of the institution’s holding company or any of the holding company’s shareholders or creditors.

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Holding Company Liability. Under Federal Reserve policy as codified by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank”), a financial holding company is expected to act as a source of financial strength to each of its banking subsidiaries. Under this requirement, the Company is expected to commit resources to support the Bank, including at times when it may not be in a financial position to provide such resources. As discussed below under “Prompt Corrective Action” a financial holding company in certain circumstances could be required to guarantee the capital plan of an undercapitalized banking subsidiary.

Capital Adequacy. The Federal Reserve and OCC have issued standards for measuring capital adequacy for financial holding companies and banks that are designed to provide risk-based capital guidelines and to incorporate a consistent framework. The risk-based guidelines are used by the agencies in their examination and supervisory process, as well as in the analysis of any bank regulatory applications. As discussed below under “Prompt Corrective Action” a failure to meet minimum capital requirements could subject the Company or the Bank to a variety of enforcement remedies available to federal regulatory authorities, including, in the most severe cases, termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC and placing the Bank into conservatorship or receivership.

In general, these risk-related standards require banks and financial holding companies to maintain capital based on “risk-adjusted” assets so that the categories of assets with potentially higher credit risks will require more capital backing than categories with lower credit risk. In addition, banks and financial holding companies are required to maintain capital to support off-balance sheet activities such as loan commitments.

The risk-related standards classify capital into two tiers, referred to as Tier 1 and Tier 2. Together, these two categories of capital comprise a bank’s or financial holding company’s “qualifying total capital.” However, capital that qualifies as Tier 2 capital is limited in amount to 100% of Tier 1 capital in testing compliance with the total risk-based capital minimum standards. Banks and financial holding companies must have a minimum ratio of 8% of qualifying total capital to total risk-weighted assets, and a minimum ratio of 4% of qualifying Tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets. At December 31, 2024, the Company and the Bank had total capital to risk-adjusted assets ratios of 14.46% and 15.87%, respectively, and Tier 1 capital to risk-adjusted assets ratios of 13.88% and 15.29%, respectively.

In addition, the Federal Reserve and the OCC have established minimum leverage ratio guidelines to supplement the risk-based capital guidelines. The principal objective of these guidelines is to constrain the maximum degree to which a financial institution can leverage its equity capital base. These guidelines provide for a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to adjusted average total assets of 3% for financial holding companies that meet certain specified criteria, including those having the highest regulatory rating. Other financial institutions generally must maintain a leverage ratio of at least 3% plus 100 to 200 basis points. However, banks under $10 billion in assets typically maintain a Tier 1 capital to adjusted average total assets ratio exceeding 8%. Currently, the Bank’s internal guidelines suggest a ratio of 9%. The regulatory guidelines also provide that financial institutions experiencing internal growth or making acquisitions will be expected to maintain strong capital positions substantially above minimum supervisory levels, without significant reliance on intangible assets. Furthermore, the banking agencies have indicated that they may consider other indicia of capital strength in evaluating proposals for expansion or new activities. At December 31, 2024, the Company and the Bank had leverage ratios of 9.41% and 10.38%, respectively.

The federal banking agencies’ standards provide that concentration of credit risk and certain risks arising from non-traditional activities, as well as an institution’s ability to manage these risks, are important factors when assessing a financial institution’s overall capital adequacy. The risk-based capital standards also provide for the consideration of interest rate risk in the determination of a financial institution’s capital adequacy, which requires financial institutions to effectively measure and monitor their interest rate risk and to maintain capital adequate for that risk.

Dodd-Frank also includes provisions referred to as the “Collins Amendment,” which subject bank holding companies to the same capital requirements as their bank subsidiaries and eliminate or significantly reduce the use of hybrid capital instruments, especially trust preferred securities, as regulatory capital. Under the Collins Amendment, trust preferred securities issued by a company, such as our Company, with total consolidated assets of less than $15 billion before May 19, 2010 and treated as regulatory capital were grandfathered, but any such securities issued later are not eligible as regulatory capital. The Company’s $13.4 million of outstanding trust preferred securities qualified as Tier 1 capital under this grandfathering.

Basel III Capital Rules. The federal banking agencies have adopted rules, referred to as the Basel III rules, which implement the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s December 2010 final capital framework for strengthening international capital standards. The Basel III rules, among other things, (i) introduced a new capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1” (“CET1”) and related regulatory capital ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets; (ii) specified that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting certain revised requirements; (iii) mandated that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital

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measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital; and (iv) expanded the scope of the deductions from and adjustments to capital as compared to existing regulations. Under the Basel III rules, for most banking organizations, the most common form of Additional Tier 1 capital is non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and the most common form of Tier 2 capital is subordinated notes and a portion of the allocation for loan and lease losses, in each case, subject to the specific requirements of the Basel III rules.

Minimum capital ratios in effect at December 31, 2024 were as follows:

4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets;

6.0% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets;

8.0% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets; and

4.0% Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements (known as the “leverage ratio”).

The Basel III rules also introduced a new “capital conservation buffer,” composed entirely of CET1, on top of the minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. The capital conservation buffer was designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. Thus, the Company and the Bank are required to maintain an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, and (iii) Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%.

The Basel III rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. These include, for example, the requirement that deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that could not be realized through net operating loss carrybacks and significant investments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% if CET1 or all such items, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET1.

With respect to the Bank, the Basel III rules revised the “prompt corrective action” (“PCA”) regulations adopted pursuant to Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the “FDIA”), by: (i) introducing a CET1 ratio requirement at each PCA category (other than critically undercapitalized), with the required CET1 ratio being 6.5% for well-capitalized status; (ii) increasing the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio requirement for each category, with the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio for well-capitalized status being 8% (as compared to the current 6%); and (iii) eliminating the provision that a bank with a composite supervisory rating of 1 may have a 3% leverage ratio and still be adequately capitalized. The Basel III rules did not change the total risk-based capital requirement for any PCA category.

The Basel III rules prescribe a standardized approach for risk weightings that expanded the risk-weighting categories from four Basel I-derived categories (0%, 20%, 50% and 100%) to a larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset classes.

As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the Basel III rules. We remain in compliance with such rules and believe the Company and the Bank will continue to be able to meet targeted capital ratios. Actual ratios as of December 31, 2024 are shown in the following paragraph.

Prompt Corrective Action. Federal banking agencies must take prompt supervisory and regulatory actions against undercapitalized depository institutions pursuant to the PCA provisions of the FDIA. Depository institutions are assigned one of five capital categories – “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” and “critically undercapitalized” – and are subject to different regulation corresponding to the capital category within which the institution falls. Under certain circumstances, a well capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized institution may be treated as if the institution were in the next lower capital category. As described in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations –Capital Resources,” an institution is deemed well capitalized if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.00%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.50%, and a leverage ratio of at least 5.00%. An institution is adequately capitalized if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.00%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 4.50%, and a leverage ratio of at least 4.00%. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s total risk-based capital ratio was 14.46%, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio was 13.88%, and leverage ratio was 9.41% while the Bank’s ratios were 15.87%, 15.29% and 10.38%, respectively and, accordingly, both the Company and the Bank were well capitalized within the meaning of applicable regulations. A depository

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institution is generally prohibited from making capital distributions (including paying dividends) or paying management fees to a holding company if the institution would thereafter be undercapitalized.

As a result of Dodd-Frank, our financial holding company status depends upon our maintaining our status as “well capitalized” and “well managed” under applicable Federal Reserve regulations. Should a financial holding company cease meeting these requirements, the Federal Reserve may impose corrective capital and managerial requirements on the financial holding company and place limitations on its ability to conduct the broader financial activities permissible for financial holding companies. In addition, the Federal Reserve may require divestiture of the holding company’s depository institution if the deficiencies persist.

Brokered Deposits. A “brokered deposit” is any deposit that is obtained from or through the mediation or assistance of a deposit broker. Prior to June 30, 2021, the majority of the Bank’s deposits were classified as brokered, because related accounts, primarily prepaid and debit card deposit accounts, are obtained with the assistance of third parties. In December 2020, the FDIC issued a regulation which resulted in the reclassification of the majority of the Bank’s deposits from brokered to non-brokered, which generally resulted in a reduction of FDIC insurance expense rates. See “Insurance of Deposit Accounts” below. These designations are subject to the FDIC’s ongoing assessment and there can be no assurance that such classifications will be permanent.

Adequately capitalized institutions cannot accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits, except with a waiver from the FDIC, and are subject to restrictions on the interest rates that can be paid on such deposits. Undercapitalized institutions may not accept, renew, or roll over brokered deposits.

Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Bank’s deposits are insured to the maximum extent permitted by the DIF. Dodd-Frank permanently increased the maximum amount of deposit insurance to $250,000 per depositor, per insured institution for each account ownership category. FDIC insurance is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.

As the insurer, the FDIC is authorized to conduct examinations of, and to require reporting by, FDIC-insured institutions. The FDIC also may prohibit any FDIC-insured institution from engaging in any activity the FDIC determines by regulation or order to pose a serious threat to the DIF. The FDIC also has the authority to initiate enforcement actions against banks.

The FDIC has implemented a risk-based assessment system under which FDIC-insured depository institutions pay annual premiums at rates based on their risk classification. A bank’s risk classification is based on its capital levels and the level of supervisory concern the bank poses to the regulators. Institutions assigned to higher risk classifications pay assessments at higher rates than institutions that pose a lower risk. A decrease in the Bank’s capital ratios or the occurrence of events that have an adverse effect on the Bank’s asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity or sensitivity to market risk could result in a substantial increase in deposit insurance premiums paid by the Bank, which would adversely affect earnings. In addition, the FDIC can impose special assessments in certain instances. The range of assessments in the risk-based system is a function of the reserve ratio in the DIF. Each insured institution is assigned to one of four risk categories based on supervisory evaluations, regulatory capital levels and certain other factors and its assessment rate depends upon the category to which it is assigned. Unlike the other categories, Risk Category I contains further risk differentiation based on the FDIC’s analysis of financial ratios, examination component ratings and other information. Assessment rates are determined by the FDIC and, including potential adjustments to reflect an institution’s risk profile, currently range from five to nine basis points for the healthiest institutions (Risk Category I) to 35 basis points of assessable liabilities for the riskiest (Risk Category IV). Rates may be increased an additional ten basis points depending on the amount of brokered deposits utilized. The above-referenced rates apply to institutions with assets under $10 billion. Other rates apply for larger or “highly complex” institutions. The FDIC may adjust rates uniformly from one quarter to the next, except that no single adjustment can exceed three basis points. At December 31, 2024, the Bank’s DIF assessment rate was 5 basis points, subject to increase at any time in the future.

Pursuant to Dodd-Frank, the FDIC has established 2.0% as the designated reserve ratio (“DRR”), or the ratio of the DIF to insured deposits of the total industry. In 2022, the FDIC projected that the DRR was at risk of not reaching the statutory minimum of 1.35% by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028 and, based on this update, increased the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules applicable to all insured depository institutions uniformly by 2 basis points. The increase was effective as of January 1, 2023 and applicable to the first quarterly assessment period of 2023 (i.e., January 1 through March 31, 2023).

Loans-to-One Borrower. Generally, a bank may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of its unimpaired capital and surplus. At December 31, 2024, the Bank’s limit on loans to one borrower was

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$138.3 million. An additional amount may be lent, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if such loan is secured by marketable securities.

Transactions with Affiliates and other Related Parties. There are various legal restrictions on the extent to which a financial holding company and its non-bank subsidiaries can borrow or otherwise obtain credit from banking subsidiaries or engage in other transactions with or involving those banking subsidiaries. The Bank’s authority to engage in transactions with related parties or “affiliates” (that is, any entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with an institution, including the Company and our non-bank subsidiaries) is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act (the “FRA”) and Regulation W promulgated thereunder. Section 23A restricts the aggregate amount of covered transactions with any individual affiliate to 10% of the Bank’s capital and surplus. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not indebted to the Bank. The aggregate amount of covered transactions with all affiliates is limited to 20% of the Bank’s capital and surplus. Certain transactions with affiliates are required to be secured by collateral in an amount and of a type described in Section 23A and the purchase of low-quality assets from affiliates are generally prohibited. Section 23B generally provides that certain transactions with affiliates, including loans and asset purchases, must be on terms and under circumstances, including credit standards, that are substantially the same or at least as favorable to the institution as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with non-affiliated companies.

Dodd-Frank generally enhanced the restrictions on transactions with affiliates under Sections 23A and 23B of the FRA, including an expansion of the definition of “covered transactions” and an increase in the amount of time for which collateral requirements regarding covered credit transactions must be satisfied. Insider transaction limitations were expanded through the strengthening of loan restrictions to insiders and the expansion of the types of transactions subject to the various limits, including derivatives transactions, repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements and securities lending or borrowing transactions. Restrictions were also placed on certain assets sales to and from an insider to an institution including requirements that such sales be on market terms and, in certain circumstances, approved by the institution’s board of directors.

The Bank’s authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10% shareholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the FRA and Regulation O of the Federal Reserve. Among other things, these provisions require that extensions of credit to insiders (i) be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features; and (ii) not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the Bank’s capital. In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, loans to these related parties amounted to $6.9 million and $5.7 million respectively.

Standards for Safety and Soundness. The FDIA requires each federal banking agency to prescribe for all insured depository institutions standards relating to, among other things, internal controls, information and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees, benefits and such other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. The federal banking agencies have adopted final regulations and interagency guidelines to implement these safety and soundness standards. The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard.

Privacy and Information Security. Financial institutions are required to disclose their policies for collecting and protecting confidential information. Customers generally may prevent financial institutions from sharing nonpublic personal financial information with nonaffiliated third parties except under narrow circumstances, such as the processing of transactions requested by the consumer or when the financial institution is jointly sponsoring a product or service with a nonaffiliated third party. Additionally, financial institutions generally may not disclose consumer account numbers to any nonaffiliated third party for use in telemarketing, direct mail marketing or other marketing to consumers. The Bank has adopted privacy standards that we believe will satisfy regulatory scrutiny and communicates its privacy practices to its customers through privacy disclosures designed in a manner consistent with recommended model forms. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLBA”) and other laws require us to implement a comprehensive information security program that includes administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to provide for the security and confidentiality of customer records and information. As a result, we have implemented and continue to assess and improve our security and privacy policies and procedures to protect personal and confidential information.

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Data privacy and data protection are areas of increasing regulatory focus, particularly at the state level. Following enactment of the California Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (as modified by the California Privacy Rights Act, the “CCPA”) which became effective in January 2020, we made operational adjustments in response to the law and its regulations. The CCPA gives California consumers each of the following rights: to request disclosure of information collected about them and be informed about whether such information has been sold or shared; to request deletion of personal information (subject to certain exceptions); to opt out of the sale of such consumer’s personal information; and to not be discriminated against for having exercised the foregoing rights. The CCPA contains several exemptions, including an exemption applicable to information that is collected, processed, sold or disclosed pursuant to GLBA. More states including, but not limited to, Colorado, Connecticut, Utah and Virginia, have implemented or are considering implementing similar legislation in the future. We believe that the Company is taking the necessary steps to comply with these evolving laws.

Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (the “FACT Act”) provides consumers with the ability to restrict companies from using certain information obtained from affiliates to make marketing solicitations. In general, a person is prohibited from using information received from an affiliate to make a solicitation for marketing purposes to a consumer, unless the consumer is given notice and had a reasonable opportunity to opt out of such solicitations. The rule permits opt-out notices to be given by any affiliate that has a pre-existing business relationship with the consumer and permits a joint notice from two or more affiliates. Moreover, such notice would not be applicable if the company using the information has a pre-existing business relationship with the consumer. This notice may be combined with other required disclosures, including notices required under other applicable privacy provisions.

Section 315 of the FACT Act requires each financial institution or creditor to develop and implement a written Identity Theft Prevention Program to detect, prevent and mitigate identity theft in connection with the opening of certain accounts or certain existing accounts. In accordance with this rule, the Bank adopted such a program.

Cybersecurity. The federal banking regulators regularly issue guidance regarding cybersecurity that is intended to enhance cyber risk management among financial institutions. A financial institution is expected to establish lines of defense and to ensure that its risk management processes address the risk posed by potential threats to the institution. A financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption, and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyberattack. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to a cyberattack.

Pursuant to a joint final rule issued by the federal banking agencies that became effective in May 2022, a banking organization must notify its primary federal regulator of any significant computer-security incident as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the banking organization determines that a cyber incident has occurred. Notification is required for incidents that have materially affected—or are reasonably likely to materially affect—the viability of a banking organization's operations, its ability to deliver banking products and services, or the stability of the financial sector. The final rule also requires a bank service provider to notify affected banking organization customers as soon as possible when the provider determines that it has experienced a computer-security incident that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect banking organization customers for four or more hours. In addition, certain state laws could potentially impact the Bank’s operations, including those related to applicable notification requirements when computer-security incidents or unauthorized access to customers’ nonpublic personal information have occurred.

See Item 1A. Risk Factors for a further discussion of risks related to cybersecurity and Item 1C. Cybersecurity for a further discussion of risk management strategies and governance processes related to cybersecurity.

Anti-Money Laundering, Sanctions, and Related Regulations. The BSA requires the Bank to implement a risk-based compliance program in order to protect the Bank from being used as a conduit for financial or other illicit crimes including but not limited to money laundering and terrorist financing. These rules are administered by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, (“FinCEN”), a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Under the law, the Bank must have a written BSA/Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”) program which has been approved by the board of directors and contains the following key requirements: (1) appointment of responsible persons to manage the program, including a BSA Officer; (2) ongoing training of all appropriate Bank staff and management on BSA-AML compliance; (3) development of a system of internal controls (including appropriate policies, procedures and processes); and (4) required independent testing to ensure effective implementation of the program and appropriate compliance. Under BSA regulations, the Bank is subject to various reporting requirements such as currency transaction reporting, monitoring of customer activity and transactions and filing a suspicious activity report when warranted. The BSA also contains numerous recordkeeping requirements.

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USA PATRIOT Act. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “USA PATRIOT Act”) expanded provisions of the BSA, criminalized the financing of terrorism and augmented the existing BSA framework by strengthening customer identification procedures, requiring financial institutions to implement a written customer identification program, have due diligence procedures, including enhanced due diligence procedures and, most significantly, improving information sharing between financial institutions and the U.S. government. In January 2021, the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 ("AMLA") was enacted, amending the Bank Secrecy Act ("BSA").The AMLA was intended to comprehensively reform and modernize U.S. bank secrecy and anti-money laundering laws, to include goals of preventing money laundering , terrorism financing, tax evasion and fraud. impacting our operations. Key provisions include the codification of a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance, the requirement for the U.S. Department of the Treasury to establish priorities for anti-money laundering policies, and the development of standards for testing technology and internal processes related to BSA compliance. Additionally, the AMLA imposed ultimate beneficial ownership reporting requirements via corporate transparency requirements, subject to multiple categories of exemptions. In June 2021, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN") issued priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy as mandated by AMLA. These national priorities, including corruption, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, transnational crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking, and proliferation financing, guide our compliance efforts. Certain statutory provisions in the AMLA are expected to require additional rulemakings, reports and other measures by FinCEN, and the impact of the AMLA will depend on, among other things, rulemaking and implementation guidance. The Company has implemented the required customer identification program and the other required elements of these laws and related regulations.

Under the USA PATRIOT Act, FinCEN can send bank regulatory agencies lists of the names of persons suspected of involvement in terrorist activities or money laundering. The Bank must search its records for any relationships or transactions with persons on those lists and, if it finds any such relationships or transactions, must report specific information to FinCEN and implement other internal compliance procedures in accordance with the Bank’s BSA/AML compliance procedures.

Office of Foreign Assets Control. The Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), a division of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign countries, terrorists, international narcotics traffickers, and those engaged in activities related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. OFAC maintains lists of names of persons and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts, as well as sanctions programs for certain countries. If the Bank finds a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list or is otherwise asked to facilitate a transaction prohibited under a government sanctions program, the Bank must freeze or block such account or reject a transaction, and perform additional procedures as required by OFAC regulations. The Bank filters its customer base and transactional activity against OFAC-issued lists. The Bank performs these checks using purpose directed software, which is updated each time a modification is made to the lists provided by OFAC and other agencies.

Unfair or Deceptive or Abusive Acts or Practices. Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act prohibits all persons, including financial institutions, from engaging in any unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce. Dodd-Frank codified this prohibition and expanded it even further by prohibiting abusive practices. These prohibitions, commonly referred to as “UDAAP,” apply to all areas of the Bank’s operations, including its marketing and advertising practices, product features, account agreements terms and conditions, operational practices, and the conduct of third parties with whom the Bank may partner or on whom the Bank may rely in bringing Bank products and services to the marketplace.

Other Consumer Protection-Related Laws and Regulations. The Bank is subject to a wide range of consumer protection laws and regulations which may have an enterprise-wide impact or may principally govern its lending or deposit operations. To the extent the Bank engages third-party service providers in any aspect of its products and services, the third parties may also be subject to compliance with applicable law and must therefore be subject to Bank oversight.

The Bank is subject to numerous federal consumer protection laws related to its lending activities, including but not limited to: (1) the Truth in Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers; (2) the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves; (3) the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit; (4) the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1978, as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, governing the use and provision of information to credit reporting agencies, certain identity theft protections and certain credit and other disclosures; (5) the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected by collection agencies; (6) the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act prohibiting unfair, abusive or deceptive home mortgage lending practices, restricting mortgage

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lending activities and providing advertising and mortgage disclosure standards; (7) the Service Members Civil Relief Act, postponing or suspending some civil obligations of service members during periods of transition, deployment and other times; and (8) related rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with implementing these federal laws. In addition, interest and other charges collected or contracted for by the Bank will be subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates.

Deposit-related activities of the Bank are also subject to various consumer protection laws, including but not limited to: (1) the Truth in Savings Act, which imposes disclosure obligations to enable consumers to make informed decisions about accounts at depository institutions; (2) the Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records; (3) the Expedited Funds Availability Act, which establishes standards related to when financial institutions must make various deposit items available for withdrawal, and requires depository institutions to disclose their availability policies to their depositors; (4) the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, which governs electronic fund transfers to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of ATMs and other electronic banking services as well as the process for reporting and investigating errors; and (5) related rules and regulations of various federal agencies charged with implementing these federal laws.

Prepaid Account Rule Amending Regulation E and Regulation Z. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) has adopted amendments to Regulation E and Regulation Z to add protections for prepaid accounts (the “Prepaid Rule”). The Prepaid Rule includes a significant number of changes to the regulatory framework for prepaid products, some of which include: (1) establishment of a definition of “prepaid account” within Regulation E to include reloadable and non-reloadable physical cards, as well as codes or other devices; (2) modification of Regulation E to require prescribed disclosures be provided to the consumer; (3) extending to prepaid accounts the periodic transaction history and statement requirements of Regulation E applicable to payroll and federal government benefit accounts; (4) extending the error resolution and limited liability provisions of Regulation E applicable to payroll cards to registered network branded prepaid cards; (5) requiring financial institutions to post prepaid account agreements to the issuers’ websites and to submit them to the CFPB; (6) extending Regulation Z’s credit card rules and disclosure requirements to prepaid accounts providing overdraft protection and other credit features; (7) requiring a prepaid account holder’s consent prior to adding overdraft services or other credit features and prohibiting an issuer from adding such services or features for at least 30 calendar days after the consumer registers the prepaid account; and (8) prohibiting application of different terms and conditions, such as charging different fees, to a prepaid account depending on whether the consumer elects to link the prepaid account to overdraft services or other credit features. The Bank has evaluated the impact of the Prepaid Rule on its operations and its third-party relationships and established internal processes accordingly.

Community Reinvestment Act. Under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”), a federally-insured institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation to help meet the credit needs of its community, including low-and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the institution. The CRA requires financial institutions to delineate one or more assessment areas within which the regulator evaluates the bank’s record of helping to meet the credit needs of its community. The CRA further requires that a record be kept of whether a financial institution meets its community’s credit needs, which record will be considered when evaluating applications for, among other things, domestic branches and mergers and acquisitions. The regulations promulgated pursuant to the CRA contain three tests which are part of the traditional CRA evaluation. As an alternative to the traditional evaluation tests, the CRA permits a financial institution to develop its own strategic plan with specific goals for CRA compliance and related performance ratings. If its strategic plan is approved by its regulator, the financial institution’s CRA ratings will be applied based on its performance under the strategic plan.

The Bank operates its CRA program under a strategic plan approved by its regulator. While operating as a state-chartered institution under the supervision of the FDIC, the Bank operated under an FDIC-approved strategic plan covering the period of January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2023. In 2022, after converting to a national bank under the supervision of the OCC, the Bank revised its strategic plan, which was approved by the OCC on December 15, 2022. The current strategic plan covers the period of January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2025. The Bank continues to closely monitor its performance in alignment with the strategic plan to meet the lending, service and investment requirements it contains. Additionally, the Bank was assigned a “Satisfactory” CRA rating in its most recent CRA performance evaluation, which was completed in February 2023.

On October 24, 2023, the OCC, FDIC and Federal Reserve issued a final rule to modernize CRA regulations. The rule encourages banks to expand access to credit, investment and banking services in low-income to moderate-income communities and adapts CRA regulations to changes in the banking industry, including internet and mobile banking. The changes are also intended to provide greater clarity and consistency in the application of CRA regulations while tailoring CRA evaluations and data collection to bank size and type. Most of the rule’s requirements will be applicable beginning January 1, 2026. The revised regulations permit

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banks to meet their CRA requirements within an individually tailored strategic plan. Accordingly, prior to the December 31, 2025 expiration of our current CRA strategic plan, we plan to submit a new strategic plan to the OCC for their approval.

Enforcement. Under the FDIA, federal banking regulators have authority to bring actions against a bank and all affiliated parties, including stockholders, attorneys, appraisers and accountants, who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful actions likely to have an adverse effect on the bank. Formal enforcement action may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order, to removal of officers and/or directors, to the institution of receivership or conservatorship proceedings, or termination of deposit insurance. Civil money penalties cover a wide range of violations and can amount to $27,500 per day, or even $1.1 million per day in especially egregious cases. Federal law also establishes criminal penalties for certain violations.

Reserve Requirements. Federal Reserve regulations require banks to maintain reserves against their demand deposits, with lesser reserves on limited transaction accounts, after subtraction of exempted amounts. For 2024, the exemptions for demand deposits and limited transaction accounts were, respectively, $36.1 million and $644.0 million. At December 31, 2024, the Bank had $564.1 million in cash and balances at the Federal Reserve. While legal statutes require recalculation of these exemptions annually, the Federal Reserve, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, waived reserve requirements and has not reinstated them through December 31, 2024. We believe we have sufficient sources of liquidity to offset the impact of reserve requirements if or when they are reinstated.

Dodd-Frank. Enacted in 2010, Dodd-Frank implemented far-reaching changes across the financial regulatory landscape in the United States. Since its enactment, banks and financial services firms have experienced enhanced regulation and oversight. Certain Dodd-Frank provisions directly impacting the Company or the Bank included: (1) creation of the CFPB which was given broad rulemaking, supervision and enforcement authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws applicable to all banks and certain others, and examination and enforcement powers with respect to any bank with more than $10 billion in assets; (2) restriction of the preemption of state consumer financial protection law by federal law, and disallowing subsidiaries and affiliates of national banks from availing themselves of such preemption; (3) requiring new capital rules and application of the same leverage and risk-based capital requirements that apply to insured depository institutions to most bank holding companies; changing the assessment base for federal deposit insurance from the amount of insured deposits to consolidated average assets less tangible capital, increasing the minimum DRR from 1.15% to 1.35%, and requiring the FDIC, in setting assessments, to offset the effect of the increase on institutions with assets of less than $10 billion; see “Capital Adequacy,” “Basel III Capital Rules,” and “Prompt Corrective Action” above; (4) requiring all bank holding companies to serve as a source of financial strength to their depository institution subsidiaries in the event such subsidiaries suffer from financial distress; see “Holding Company Liability,” “Capital Adequacy,” and “Prompt Corrective Action” above; (5) providing new disclosure and other requirements relating to executive compensation and corporate governance, including guidelines or regulations on incentive-based compensation and a prohibition on compensation arrangements that encourage inappropriate risks or that could provide excessive compensation; see “Federal Regulatory Guidance on Incentive Compensation” below for details; (6) repeal of the federal prohibitions on the payment of interest on demand deposits, thereby permitting depository institutions to pay interest on business transaction and other accounts; (7) provisions in what is known as the Durbin Amendment designed to restrict interchange fees for certain debit card issuers and limiting the ability of networks and issuers to restrict debit card transaction routing; see “Regulation II” below; (8) increasing the authority of the Federal Reserve to examine holding companies and their non-bank subsidiaries; and (9) restricting proprietary trading by banks, bank holding companies and others, and their acquisition and retention of ownership interests in and sponsorship of hedge funds and private equity funds. This restriction is commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule.” See “Volcker Rule Adoption” below.

Federal Regulatory Guidance on Incentive Compensation. The federal banking regulators have issued guidance on sound incentive compensation policies for banking organizations. This guidance, which covers all employees with the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization either individually or as a part of a group, is based upon key principles designed to ensure that incentive compensation practices are not structured in a manner to give employees incentives to take imprudent risks. Federal regulators actively monitor actions being taken by banking organizations with respect to incentive compensation arrangements and review and update their guidance as appropriate to incorporate emerging best practices.

The Federal Reserve reviews, as part of the regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations such as ours that are not considered “large, complex banking organizations.” The reviews are tailored to each organization based on the scope and complexity of the organization’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements and any findings are included in reports of examination. Deficiencies are incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management controls or governance processes, pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness, and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.

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Dodd-Frank requires that the federal banking agencies, including the Federal Reserve and the OCC, issue a rule related to incentive-based compensation. No final rule implementing this provision of Dodd-Frank has, as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, been adopted, but a proposed rule was published in 2016 that expanded upon a prior proposed rule published in 2011. The proposed rule is intended to (i) prohibit incentive-based payment arrangements that the banking agencies determine could encourage certain financial institutions to take inappropriate risks by providing excessive compensation or that could lead to material financial loss, (ii) require the board of directors of those financial institutions to take certain oversight actions related to incentive-based compensation, and (iii) require those financial institutions to disclose information concerning incentive-based compensation arrangements to the appropriate federal regulator. Although a final rule has not been issued, the Company and the Bank have undertaken efforts to ensure that their incentive compensation plans do not encourage inappropriate risks, consistent with the principles identified above.

Regulation II. The “Durbin Amendment” to Dodd-Frank and the Federal Reserve’s implementing Regulation II exempt from debit card interchange fee standards any issuing bank that, together with its affiliates, have assets of less than $10 billion. Because of our asset size, we are exempt from the debit card interchange fee standards but may lose the exemption if Regulation II is amended or if we, together with our subsidiaries, surpass $10 billion in assets. Regulation II also prohibits network exclusivity arrangements on debit card transactions and ensures merchants will have choices in debit card routing, and these provisions apply to us. Under the Durbin Amendment to Dodd-Frank and the Federal Reserve’s implementing regulations, the debit card interchange fee that the Bank charges merchants must be reasonable and proportional to the cost of clearing the transaction. The maximum permissible interchange fee is capped at the sum of $0.21 plus five basis points of the transaction value for many types of debit interchange transactions. The Bank may also recover $0.01 per transaction for fraud prevention purposes if it complies with certain fraud-related requirements. The Federal Reserve also has established rules governing routing and exclusivity that require debit card issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product.

Volcker Rule. Under provisions of Dodd-Frank known as the “Volcker Rule” and implementing regulations, banking entities may not (1) engage in short-term proprietary trading for their own accounts or (2) have certain ownership interests in and relationships with hedge funds or private equity funds, referred to as “covered funds.” The Volcker Rule also requires each regulated entity to establish an internal compliance program consistent with the extent to which it engages in prohibited activities, which must include (for the largest entities) making regular reports about those activities to regulators. Smaller banks and community banks, including the Bank, are afforded some relief under the Volcker Rule. Smaller banks, including the Bank, that are engaged only in exempted proprietary trading, such as trading in U.S. government, agency, state and municipal obligations, are exempt from compliance program requirements. Moreover, even if a community or small bank engages in proprietary trading or covered fund activities under the Volcker Rule, they need only incorporate references to the Volcker Rule into their existing policies and procedures.

Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act of 2018. In 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”) was signed into law, which amended provisions of Dodd-Frank and was intended to ease regulatory burdens, particularly with respect to smaller-sized banking institutions, e.g., those with less than $10 billion in assets, such as us. EGRRCPA’s highlights include: (i) exemption of banks with less than $10 billion in assets from the ability-to-repay requirements for certain qualified residential mortgage loans held in portfolio; (ii) clarification that, subject to various conditions, reciprocal deposits of another depository institution obtained using a deposit broker through a deposit placement network for purposes of obtaining maximum deposit insurance would not be considered brokered deposits subject to the FDIC’s brokered-deposit regulations; and (iii) simplification of capital calculations by requiring regulators to establish for institutions under $10 billion in assets a community bank leverage ratio (tangible equity to average consolidated assets) at a percentage not less than 8% and not greater than 10% that such institutions may elect to replace the general applicable risk-based capital requirements for determining well capitalized status.

Consumer Protections for Remittance Transfers. In 2012, the CFPB published a final Remittance Transfer Rule (the “Remittance Rule”) to implement Section 1073 of Dodd-Frank. The Remittance Rule creates a comprehensive set of consumer protections, found in Regulation E, covering remittance transfers sent by consumers in the United States to parties in foreign countries. The Remittance Rule, among other things, mandates certain disclosures and consumer cancellation rights for foreign remittances covered by the rule.

Effect of Governmental Monetary Policies. The commercial banking business is affected not only by general economic conditions but also by both U.S. fiscal policy and the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve. Some of the instruments of fiscal and monetary policy available to the Federal Reserve include changes in the discount rate on member bank borrowings, the fluctuating availability of borrowings at the “discount window,” open market operations, the imposition of and changes in reserve requirements

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against member banks’ deposits and assets of foreign branches, the imposition of and changes in reserve requirements against certain borrowings by banks and their affiliates, and the placing of limits on interest rates that member banks may pay on time and savings deposits. Such policies influence to a significant extent the overall growth of bank loans, investments, and deposits and the interest rates charged on loans or paid on time and savings deposits. See Item 7,“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We cannot predict the nature of the future fiscal and monetary policies and the effect of such policies on future business and our earnings.

OCC Supervisory Strategies Related to Banking Regulations. The OCC announced on September 28, 2023 that its supervisory strategies for 2024 will focus on: (a) asset and liability management; (b) credit risk management and allowance for credit losses (“ACL”); (c) cybersecurity; (d) operational resilience; (e) distributed ledger technology (“DLT”) related activities; (f) change management; (g) new products and services, including those related to payments and fintech/digital assets; (h) BSA/anti-money laundering and OFAC/sanctions programs compliance management; (i) consumer compliance and fair lending risk; (j) CRA performance; and (k) climate-related financial risk management. The OCC’s 2024 supervisory plan provides the foundation for policy initiatives and for supervisory strategies as applied to national banks as well as their technology service providers. OCC staff members use the supervisory plan to guide their supervisory priorities, planning, and resource allocations. The OCC typically provides periodic updates about supervisory priorities through the Semiannual Risk Perspective process in the fall and spring of each year.

State Laws and Regulations. Notwithstanding its federal charter, the Bank is governed by other state laws and regulations in connection with some of its business and operational practices. This includes, for example, complying with state laws governing abandoned or unclaimed property, state and local licensing requirements, and other state-based rules which direct how the Bank may conduct its activities, unless otherwise preempted by its federal charter.

Available Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 409 Silverside Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19809 and our telephone number is (302) 385-5000. The Bank headquarters are located at 345 North Reid Place, Suite 700, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57103. We make available free of charge on our website, www.thebancorp.com, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Investors are encouraged to access these reports and other information about our business on our website. Information found on our website shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into, and does not form any part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We also will provide copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, free of charge, upon written request to our Investor Relations Department at our address for our principal executive offices. Also posted on our website, and available in print upon request by any stockholder to our Investor Relations Department, are the charters of the standing committees of our Board and standards of conduct governing our directors, officers and employees.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Risk Factors Summary

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Periods of weak economic and slow growth conditions in the U.S. economy have had, and may continue to have, significant adverse effects on our assets and operating results.

Recent developments in the banking industry related to specific problem banks could have a negative impact on the industry as a whole and may negatively impact stock prices and result in additional regulations that could increase our expenses and otherwise affect our operations.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to accomplish our strategic goals as necessary to meet our financial targets.

We may have difficulty managing our growth which may divert resources and limit our ability to expand our operations successfully.

Risk management processes and strategies must be effective, and concentration of risk increases the potential for losses.

We operate in highly competitive markets, and our affinity group marketing strategy has been adopted by other institutions with which we compete.

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As a financial institution whose principal medium for delivery of banking services is the internet, we are subject to risks particular to that medium and other technological risks and costs.

Our operations may be interrupted if our network or computer systems, or those of our third-party service providers, fail.

We face cybersecurity risks, which could result in a loss of customers, cause disclosure of confidential information, adversely affect our operations, cause reputational damage and create significant legal and financial exposure.

Failure to comply with personal data protection and privacy laws can adversely affect our business.

We and the Bank are subject to and may be affected by extensive government regulation.

Any additional future FDIC insurance premium increases will adversely affect our earnings.

We are subject to extensive government supervision with respect to our compliance with numerous laws and regulations.

Our reputation and business could be damaged by our entry into any future enforcement matters with our regulators and other negative publicity.

We are subject to risks associated with the third parties to whom we outsource many essential services, including risks related to our agreements and oversight of their activities.

Legislative and regulatory actions taken now or in the future, including as a result of the new U.S. administration, may increase our operating costs and impact our business, governance structure, financial condition or results of operations.

A downgrade of the U.S. credit rating could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

New lines of business, and new products and services may result in exposure to new risks and the value and earnings related to existing lines of business are subject to market conditions.

Potential acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value.

Inflation could negatively and materially impact our business directly or indirectly by its impact on our borrowers.

The loss or transition of key members of our senior management team or key staff in the Bank's divisions, or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business.

Increased scrutiny with respect to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices may impose additional costs on the Company or expose it to new risks.

Climate change or government action and societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Specialty Lending Business Activities

Changes in interest rates and loan production could reduce our income, cash flows and asset values.

We are subject to lending risks.

The success of our SBA lending program is dependent upon the continued availability of SBA loan programs, our status as a Preferred Lender under the SBA loan programs, our ability to comply with applicable SBA lending requirements and our ability to successfully manage related risks.

The Bank’s allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual losses.

Our lending limit may adversely affect our competitiveness.

Revised accounting standards require current recognition of credit losses over the estimated remaining lives of loans.

The Bank may suffer losses in its loan portfolio despite its underwriting practices.

Environmental liability associated with lending activities could result in losses.

A prolonged U.S. government shutdown or default by the United States on government obligations could harm our results of operations.

Agreements between the Bank and third parties to market and service Bank-originated consumer loans may subject the Bank to credit, fraud and other risks, as well as claims from regulatory agencies and third parties that, if successful, could negatively impact the Bank's current and future business.

We have entered into agreements with third party marketers and servicers for consumer fintech loans which we have begun originating, and which present credit and other risks.

Risks Relating to Our Payments Business Activities

Regulatory and legal requirements applicable to the prepaid and debit card industry are unique and frequently changing.

Changes in rules or standards set by the payment networks, or changes in debit network fees or products or interchange rates, could adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. The potential for fraud in the card payment industry is significant and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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There is a significant concentration in prepaid and debit card fee income which is subject to various risks.

If our prepaid and debit card and other deposit accounts generated by third parties were no longer classified as non-brokered, our FDIC insurance expense might increase.

We may depend in part upon wholesale and brokered certificates of deposit to satisfy funding needs.

We derive a significant percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts generated by diverse independent companies, including those which provide card account marketing services, and investment advisory firms.

We face fund transfer and payments-related risks.

Unclaimed funds from deposit accounts or represented by unused value on prepaid cards present compliance and other risks.

Risks Relating to Taxes and Accounting

We are subject to tax audits, and challenges to our tax positions or adverse changes or interpretations of tax laws could result in tax liability.

The appraised fair value of the assets from our commercial loans, at fair value or collateral from other loan categories may be more than the amounts received upon sale or other disposition.

A failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in our financial statements which could require us to restate financial statements, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and have a negative effect on our stock price.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may decline or otherwise become volatile.

An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit.

Future offerings of debt, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, and/or preferred equity securities which may be senior to our common stock for purposes of dividend distributions or upon liquidation, may reduce the market price at which our common stock trades.

The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations which, to the extent we require such dividends in the future, may affect our ability to pay our obligations and pay dividends.

Anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law may make it more difficult for holders of our common stock to receive a change in control premium.

Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that certain courts in the State of Delaware or the federal district courts of the United States will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

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General Risks

Stimulus programs may result in potential liability or losses.

Severe weather, natural disasters, geopolitical events, public health crises, trade disputes, acts of war or terrorism or other adverse external events could harm our business.

Investing in our common stock involves risk. The following risk factors should be read carefully in connection with evaluating our business and the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any of these risk factors could lead to material adverse effects on our business, operating results and financial condition. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not view as material may also become materially adverse our business in future periods or if circumstances change.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Periods of weak economic and slow growth conditions in the U.S. economy have had, and may continue to have, significant adverse effects on our assets and operating results.

In recent periods, the U.S. economy has been subject to low rates of growth in general and, in particular localities, recession-like conditions have occurred. As a result, the financial system in the United States, including credit markets and markets for real estate and real-estate related assets, has periodically been subject to weakness. These weaknesses have episodically resulted in declines in the availability of credit, reduction in the values of real estate and real estate-related assets, the reduction of markets for those assets and impairment of the ability of certain borrowers to repay their obligations. Weak economic conditions can also impact consumer spending and related fees in our payments businesses. A continuation of weak economic conditions could further harm our financial condition and results of operations.

Recent developments in the banking industry related to specific problem banks could have a negative impact on the industry as a whole and may negatively impact stock prices and result in additional regulations that could increase our expenses and otherwise affect our operations.

Recent high-profile bank failures have generated market volatility among publicly traded bank holding companies, unrelated to the Company, and industry commentary through social media and other outlets has negatively impacted confidence in depository institutions and created uncertainty with respect to the health of the U.S. banking system. If such levels of financial market volatility continue, or if rumored or actual events occur which further erode the actual or perceived stability of the banking system and financial markets, this could trigger additional regulatory scrutiny, increased FDIC insurance premiums or assessments, and new or amended regulations which may adversely affect the Company. While the underlying causes of these recent market events are not apparent within the Company or the Bank, these recent events and regulatory agency responses, including increased FDIC insurance premiums or assessments, could have a material impact on our business.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to accomplish our strategic goals as necessary to meet our financial targets.

Our future earnings will reflect our level of success in replacing and growing both our loans and deposits at targeted rates and yields, and the payments transactions from which we derive fee income. Our businesses differ from most banks in the nature of both our lending niches and our payments businesses, and changes in loan acquisition and repayment speeds. Loan, deposit and transaction growth rates and financial targets may also be impacted by other strategic goals and key considerations. Our key considerations for growth include whether we will be able to manage credit risk to desired levels, improve our net interest margin and monitor interest rate sensitivity, manage our real estate exposure to capital levels and maintain flexibility if we achieve asset growth. Our strategic goals which will also impact our ability to meet our performance goals also include maintaining a scalable infrastructure, continuing technology innovations, maintaining our compliance and risk function; non-interest expense management and others. There can be no assurance that we will maintain or increase loan and deposit balances or payment transactions at the required yields or volumes, or succeed in achieving these key considerations or other strategic goals, as necessary to achieve financial targets.

We may have difficulty managing our growth which may divert resources and limit our ability to expand our operations successfully.

Our future profitability will depend in part on our continued ability to grow; however, we may not be able to sustain our historical growth rate or be able to grow. Our future success will depend on the ability of our officers and key employees to continue

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to implement and improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and manage a growing number of customer relationships. We may not implement improvements to our management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. Consequently, any future growth may place a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure. Any such strain could increase our costs, reduce or eliminate our profitability and reduce the price at which our common stock trades.

Risk management processes and strategies must be effective, and concentration of risk increases the potential for losses.

Our risk management processes and strategies must be effective, otherwise losses may result. We manage asset quality, liquidity, market sensitivity, operational, regulatory, third-party vendor and partner relationship risks and other risks through various processes and strategies throughout the organization. However, our risk management measures may not be fully effective in identifying and mitigating risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk, including risks that are unidentified or unanticipated, even if the frameworks for assessing risk are properly designed and implemented. Some of our methods of managing risk are based upon the use of observed historical market behavior and management’s judgment. These methods may not accurately predict future exposures, which could be significantly greater than historical measures indicate. If our risk management judgments and strategies are not effective, or unanticipated risks arise, our income could be reduced or we could sustain losses.

We operate in highly competitive markets, and our affinity group marketing strategy has been adopted by other institutions with which we compete.

We face substantial competition in all phases of our operations from a variety of different competitors, including commercial banks and their holding companies, credit unions, leasing companies, consumer finance companies, factoring companies, insurance companies, money market mutual funds and card issuers, online lenders, financial technology companies and other non-traditional competitors. See Item 1, “Business—Competition.”

We face national and even global competition with respect to our other products and services, including payment acceptance products and services, private label banking, fleet leasing, government guaranteed lending and payment solutions. Our commercial partners and banking customers for these products and services are located throughout the United States, and the competition is strong in each category. We encounter competition from some of the largest financial institutions in the world as well as smaller specialized regional banks and financial service companies. Increased competition with any of these product or service offerings could result in reduced pricing and lower profit margins, fragmented market share and a failure to enjoy economies of scale, loss of customer and depositor base, and other risks that individually, or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, some of the financial services organizations with which we compete are not subject to the same degree of regulation as federally-insured and regulated financial institutions such as ours. As a result, those competitors may be able to access funding and provide various services more easily or at less cost than we can.

Several online banking operations as well as the online banking programs of conventional banks have instituted affinity group marketing strategies similar to ours. As a consequence, we have encountered competition in this area and anticipate that we will continue to do so in the future. This competition may increase our costs, reduce our revenues or revenue growth or, because we are a relatively small banking operation without the name recognition of other, more established banking operations, make it difficult for us to compete effectively in obtaining affinity group relationships.

As a financial institution whose principal medium for delivery of banking services is the internet, we are subject to risks particular to that medium and other technological risks and costs.

We utilize the internet and other automated electronic processing in our banking services without physical locations, as distinguished from the internet banking service of an established conventional bank. Independent internet banks often have found it difficult to achieve profitability and revenue growth. Several factors contribute to the unique problems that internet banks face. These include concerns for the security of personal information, the absence of personal relationships between bankers and customers, the absence of loyalty to a conventional hometown bank, the customer’s difficulty in understanding and assessing the substance and financial strength of an internet bank, a lack of confidence in the likelihood of success and permanence of internet banks and many individuals’ unwillingness to trust their personal assets to a relatively new technological medium such as the internet. As a result, many potential customers may be unwilling to establish a relationship with us.

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Many conventional financial institutions offer the option of internet banking and financial services to their existing and prospective customers. The public may perceive conventional financial institutions as being safer, more responsive, more comfortable to deal with and more accountable as providers of their banking and financial services, including their internet banking services. We may not be able to offer internet banking and financial services and personal relationship characteristics that have sufficient advantages over the internet banking and financial services and other characteristics of established conventional financial institutions to enable us to compete successfully.

Moreover, both the internet and the financial services industry are undergoing rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition to improving the ability to serve customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Our ability to compete will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Such products may also prove costly to develop or acquire.

Our operations may be interrupted if our network or computer systems, or those of our third-party service providers, fail.

Because we deliver our products and services over the internet and outsource several critical functions to third parties, our operations depend on our ability, as well as that of our service providers, to protect computer systems and network infrastructure against interruptions in service due to damage from fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, software or hardware defects physical attacks, computer hacking or similar events. Our operations also depend upon our ability to replace a third-party provider if it experiences difficulties that interrupt our operations or if an operationally essential third-party service terminates. Any damage to, or failure of, or delay in our processes or systems generally, or those of our service providers, or an improper action by our employees, agents or third-party vendors, could result in interruptions in our service. Service interruptions impacting customers may adversely affect our ability to obtain or retain customers and could result in regulatory sanctions. Moreover, if a customer were unable to access their account or complete a financial transaction due to a service interruption, we could be subject to a claim by the customer for their loss. While our accounts and other agreements contain disclaimers of liability for these kinds of losses, we cannot predict the outcome of litigation if a customer were to make a claim against us. If we face system interruptions or failures, our business interruption insurance may not be adequate to cover the losses or damages that we incur. In addition, our insurance costs may also increase substantially in the future to cover the costs our insurance carriers may incur.

We face cybersecurity risks, which could result in a loss of customers, cause disclosure of confidential information, adversely affect our operations, cause reputational damage and create significant legal and financial exposure.

A significant barrier to online and other financial transactions is the secure transmission of confidential information over public networks and other mediums. The systems we use rely on encryption and authentication technology to provide secure transmission of confidential information. These systems, as well as those of third-party service providers, may be targeted in cyberattacks, such as denial of service attacks, hacking, malware or ransomware intrusion, data corruption attempts, terrorist activities, or identity theft. Cyberattacks may expose security vulnerabilities in our systems or the systems of third parties that could result in the unauthorized gathering, monitoring, misuse, release, loss, or destruction of confidential, proprietary, or sensitive information. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant resources to modify or enhance protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents. Additionally, if we, or another provider of financial services through the internet, were to suffer damage from a security breach, public acceptance and use of the internet as a medium for financial transactions could suffer.

A successful penetration or circumvention of system security could cause serious negative consequences, including deterrence of potential customers or loss of existing customers, thereby impairing our ability to grow and maintain profitability and, possibly, our ability to continue delivering our products and services through the internet. A successful breach could also result in significant disruption to our operations and business; misappropriation, exposure or destruction of confidential information, intellectual property, funds and those of our clients; damage to the computers or systems of us, our clients or third party service providers; or a violation of applicable privacy laws and other laws. This could result in litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties, loss of confidence in our security measures, reputational damage, remediation, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, and additional compliance costs, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate for losses from a cybersecurity event. Although we, with the help of third-party

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service providers, intend to continue to implement security technology and establish operational procedures to prevent security breaches, these measures may not be successful.

Failure to comply with personal data protection and privacy laws can adversely affect our business.

We are subject to a variety of continuously evolving and developing laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions regarding personal data protection and privacy. These laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied differently from state to state, and can create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. Our efforts to comply with these laws and regulations, including the CCPA as well as comprehensive privacy legislation passed in Virginia, Colorado, Utah and Connecticut and other states, impose significant costs and challenges that are likely to continue to increase over time, particularly as additional jurisdictions continue to adopt similar regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations or to otherwise protect personal data from unauthorized access, use or other processing, could in the future result in litigation, claims, legal or regulatory proceedings, inquiries or investigations, damage to our reputation, fines or penalties, all of which can adversely affect our business.

We and the Bank are subject to and may be affected by extensive government regulation.

We are subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision, which has increased in recent years as a result of stress to the financial system. Our subsidiary, the Bank, is a national bank that is also subject to broad federal regulation and oversight extending to all of its operations by its primary federal regulator, the OCC, and by its deposit insurer, the FDIC. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect customers, depositors’ funds, the federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, rather than our stockholders. These regulations affect the Bank’s lending practices, capital structure and requirements, investment activities, dividend policy, product offerings, expansionary strategies and growth, among other things. For example, under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification of us and the Bank are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Moreover, capital requirements may be modified based upon regulatory rules or by regulatory discretion at any time due to a variety of factors, including deterioration in asset quality. A failure by either the Bank or us to meet regulatory capital requirements will result in the imposition of limitations on our operations and could, if capital levels drop significantly, result in our being required to cease operations. Regulatory capital requirements must also be satisfied such that mandated capital ratios are maintained as the Bank grows, or growth may be required to be curtailed. Moreover, a failure by either the Bank or us to comply with regulatory requirements regarding lending practices, investment practices, customer relationships, anti-money laundering detection and prevention, and other operational practices, as discussed further under Item 1, “Business – Regulation Under Banking Law,” could result in regulatory sanctions and possibly third-party liabilities.

Additionally, failure to maintain a satisfactory CRA rating may result in business restrictions. Until September 15, 2022, the Bank operated its CRA program under an FDIC-approved CRA strategic plan and was assigned an “Outstanding” CRA rating. The Bank began operating under an OCC-approved strategic plan effective January 1, 2023 and the Bank was assigned a “Satisfactory” CRA rating in its most recent CRA performance evaluation, which was completed in February 2023.

The Bank continues to closely monitor its performance in alignment with its CRA strategic plan to meet the specified lending, service and investment requirements contained therein. There can be no assurance that we will maintain a satisfactory rating, and if not maintained, the Bank would be subject to certain business restrictions as required by the CRA and FDIC regulations.

The legal and regulatory landscape is frequently changing as Congress and regulatory agencies adopt or amend laws, or change interpretation of existing statutes, regulations or policies. These changes could affect us and the Bank in substantial and unpredictable ways and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, the Bank pays assessment fees both to the OCC and the FDIC, and the level of such assessments reflects the condition of the Bank. If the condition of the Bank were to deteriorate, the level of such assessments could increase significantly, having a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, any change in regulators or policy changes within current regulators could result in modified regulatory requirements, which could adversely impact credit, capital, earnings, liquidity and other operations, and should they require modifications in our lines of business, could impact profitability.

Any additional future FDIC insurance premium increases will adversely affect our earnings.

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The DIF maintained by the FDIC to resolve bank failures is funded by fees assessed on insured depository institutions. Any further assessments or special assessments that the FDIC levies will be recorded as an expense during the appropriate period and will decrease our earnings. T he deposit insurance assessment base is set as average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity, and the rate applied against that base reflects factors including loan performance, capital levels and supervisory examination classification. with increased rates for brokered deposits. Changes in the aforementioned factors or further increases in assessment rates will adversely affect our earnings.

We are subject to extensive government supervision with respect to our compliance with numerous laws and regulations.

We have policies and procedures designed to prevent violations of the extensive federal and state laws and regulations that we are subject to, however there can be no assurance that such violations will not occur. Failure to comply with these statutes, regulations or policies could result in a determination of an apparent violation of law, and could trigger formal or informal enforcement actions or other sanctions against us or the Bank by regulatory agencies, including entering into consent orders or other agreements, assessment of civil money penalties, criminal penalties, reputational damage, and a downgrade in the Company’s ratings or the Bank’s ratings for capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity and market sensitivity, any of which alone or in combination could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, we are at risk of the imposition of additional civil money penalties by our regulators, based on, among other things, repeat violations, or supervisory determinations of non-compliance with any consent order. Depending on the circumstances, the imposition and size of any such penalty is at the discretion of the regulator. While the Bank may be contractually indemnified for certain violations attributable to third parties, civil money penalties, if assessed against the Bank, are not recoverable from third parties.

Our reputation and business could be damaged by our entry into any future enforcement matters with our regulators and other negative publicity.

Reputational risk, or the risk to our business, earnings and capital from negative publicity, is inherent in our business. Negative publicity can result from actual or alleged conduct in a number of areas, including legal and regulatory compliance, lending practices, corporate governance, litigation, inadequate protection of customer data, ethical behavior of our employees, and from actions taken by regulators and others as a result of that conduct. Damage to our reputation, including as a result of negative publicity associated with any regulatory enforcement actions, could impact our ability to attract new and maintain existing loan and deposit customers, employees and business relationships, which could result in the imposition of additional regulatory requirements, operational restrictions, enhanced supervision and/or civil money penalties. Such damage could also adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms.

We are subject to risks associated with the third parties to whom we outsource many essential services, including risks related to our agreements and oversight of their activities.

We obtain essential technological, marketing and customer services support for our systems from third-party providers. For example, we outsource our check processing, check imaging, transaction processing, electronic bill payment, statement rendering, and other services to third-party vendors. Our agreements with each service provider are generally cancelable without cause by either party upon specified notice periods. If one of our third-party service providers terminates its agreement with us and we are unable to replace it with another service provider, our operations may be interrupted. Even a temporary disruption in services could result in our losing customers, incurring liability for any damages our customers may sustain, or losing revenues. Moreover, there can be no assurance that a replacement service provider will provide its services at the same or a lower cost than the service provider it replaces. Our agreements with such third parties may also indirectly subject us to credit risk, fraud and other risks, which could adversely impact our profitability.

Additionally, our regulators or auditors may require us to increase the level and manner of our oversight of these third parties. Although we have added significant compliance staff and have used outside consultants, our internal and external compliance examiners continually evaluate our practices and must be satisfied with the results of our third-party oversight activities. We cannot assure you that we will satisfy all related requirements. Not maintaining a compliance management system which is deemed adequate could result in sanctions against the Bank. Our ongoing review and analysis of our compliance management system and implementation of any changes resulting from that review and analysis would likely result in increased non-interest expense.

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Legislative and regulatory actions taken now or in the future, including as a result of the new U.S. administration, may increase our operating costs and impact our business, governance structure, financial condition or results of operations.

Federal and state regulatory agencies frequently adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are interpreted and applied. Changes to the laws and regulations applicable to the financial industry, if enacted or adopted, could expose us to additional costs, including increased compliance costs, require higher levels of capital and liquidity, negatively impact our business practices, including the ability to offer new products and services and attract and retain new customers and business partners who may do business with us based, in whole or in part, upon our corporate and governance structure, regulatory status, asset size and other factors tied to the legal and regulatory framework governing the financial industry. The passage of Dodd-Frank, and the rules and regulations emanating therefrom, have significantly changed, and will continue to change the bank regulatory structure, and affect the lending, deposit, investment and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies. A significant number of regulations have been promulgated to implement Dodd-Frank, including, for example, the Collins Amendment and the Durbin Amendment, t he latter of which exempts banks with under $10 billion in assets from regulated limitations on interchange fees. To maintain such exemptions, management must manage the balance sheet to remain under that limit and failure to do so could adversely impact revenues. F uture changes or interpretations to these rules and other bank regulations are uncertain and could negatively impact our business, thereby increasing our operating and compliance costs and obligations, and reducing or eliminating our ability to generate profits.

A downgrade of the U.S. credit rating could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In August 2011, Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating on the U.S. from “AAA” to “AA+” and in August 2023, Fitch Ratings downgraded the U.S.’ long-term foreign-currency issuer default rating from “AAA” to “AA+”. If U.S. debt ceiling, budget deficit or debt concerns, domestic or international economic or political concerns, or other factors were to result in further downgrades to the U.S. government’s sovereign credit or long-term foreign-currency ratings or its perceived creditworthiness, it could adversely affect the U.S. and global financial markets and economic conditions. A downgrade of the U.S. government’s credit rating or any failure by the U.S. government to satisfy its debt obligations could create financial turmoil and uncertainty, which could weigh heavily on the global banking system. It is possible that any such impact could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

New lines of business, and new products and services may result in exposure to new risks and the value and earnings related to existing lines of business are subject to market conditions.

The Bank has introduced, and in the future, may introduce new products and services to differing markets either alone or in conjunction with third parties. N ew line s of business, product s or service s could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls or the controls of third parties and could reduce our revenues and potentially generate losses. There are material inherent risks and uncertainties associated with offering new products and services, especially when new markets are not fully developed, or when the laws and regulations regarding a new product are not mature. New products and services, or entrance into new markets, may require substantial time, resources and capital, and profitability targets may not be achieved. Factors outside of our control, such as developing laws and regulations, regulatory orders, competitive product offerings and changes in commercial and consumer demand for products or services may also materially impact the successful launch and implementation of new products or services. Failure to manage these risks, or failure of any product or service offerings to be successful and profitable, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, there are uncertainties regarding the market values of existing lines of business, which are difficult to measure and are subject to market conditions which may change significantly. Significant amounts of loans are accounted for at fair market value, and a decrease in such value would reduce income.

Potential acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value.

Acquiring other banks or businesses involves various risks including, but not limited to:

potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of the target entity;

exposure to potential asset quality issues of the target entity;

difficulty and expense of integrating the operations and personnel of the target entity;

potential disruption to our business;

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potential diversion of our management’s time and attention;

the possible loss of key employees and customers of the target entity;

difficulty in estimating the value of the target entity;

potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target entity; and

difficulty navigating and integrating legal, operating cultural differences between the United States and the countries of the target entity’s operations.

From time to time, we evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities and conduct due diligence activities related to possible transactions with other financial institutions and financial services companies. As a result, merger or acquisition discussions and, in some cases, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions involving cash, debt or equity securities may occur at any time. Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values, and, therefore, some dilution of our tangible book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future transaction. Furthermore, failure to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other projected benefits from an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Inflation could negatively and materially impact our business directly or indirectly by its impact on our borrowers.

Prolonged periods of inflation may impact our profitability should higher related borrowing costs stress borrower repayment or should our non-interest expense increases not be adequately offset by revenue increases. Increases in such expenses for borrowers could also negatively and materially impact loan performance and loan demand.

The loss or transition of key members of our senior management team or key staff in the Bank's divisions, or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business.

The universe of management and staff for certain of our niche lending and payments businesses is significantly smaller than that for most financial institutions’ lines of business, while our businesses may also be more complex to manage. Our ability to retain and attract new professional management with sufficient experience and expertise, and successfully execute our succession plans can significantly impact our performance.

Increased scrutiny with respect to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices may impose additional costs on the Company or expose it to new risks.

There is an increased focus and scrutiny from certain government regulators, investors, customers and other stakeholders on ESG practices and disclosure related to climate risk, hiring practices, the diversity of the work force, equity and inclusion. Failure to adapt to or comply with governmental requirements or meet the expectations of , investors, customers or other stakeholders could negatively impact the Company’s reputation, ability to do business with certain partners and stock price. In addition, we could be criticized for the speed, or scope, of adoption of policies and practices in response to such expectations. As a result, we could suffer negative publicity and our reputation could be adversely impacted, which in turn could have a negative impact on investor perception and customer engagement. This may also impact our ability to attract and retain talent to compete in the marketplace.

“Anti-ESG” sentiment has gained momentum across the U.S., with a growing number of states, federal agencies, the executive branch and Congress having enacted, proposed or indicated an intent to pursue “anti-ESG” policies, legislation or issued related legal opinions and engaged in related investigations and litigation. In addition, corporate diversity, equity and inclusion (“DEI”) practices have recently come under increasing scrutiny. For example, some advocacy groups and federal and state officials have asserted that the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision striking down race-based affirmative action in higher education in June 2023 should be analogized to private employment matters and private contract matters and several media campaigns and cases alleging discrimination based on such arguments have been initiated since the decision. Additionally, in January 2025, President Trump signed a number of Executive Orders focused on DEI, which indicate continued scrutiny of DEI initiatives and potential related investigations of certain private entities with respect to DEI initiatives, including publicly traded companies. We could also be subjected to negative responses by governmental actors (such as anti-ESG legislation or retaliatory legislative treatment) or customers (such as boycotts or negative publicity campaigns) that could adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

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Climate change or government action and societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our results of operations.

Climate change can increase the likelihood of the occurrence and severity of natural disasters and can also result in longer-term shifts in climate patterns such as extreme heat, sea level rise and more frequent and prolonged drought. Such significant climate change effects may negatively impact the Company’s geographic markets, disrupting the operations of the Company, our customers or third parties on which we rely. Damages to real estate underlying mortgage loans or real estate collateral and declines in economic conditions in geographic markets in which the Company’s customers operate may impact our customers’ ability to repay loans or maintain deposits due to climate change effects, which could increase our delinquency rates and average credit loss.

Risks Related to Our Specialty Lending Business Activities

Changes in interest rates and loan production could reduce our income, cash flows and asset values.

A significant portion of our income and cash flows depends on the difference between the interest rates we earn on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the interest rates we pay on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. The value of our assets, and particularly loans with fixed or capped rates of interest, may also vary with interest rate changes. We discuss the effects of interest rate changes on the market value of our portfolio and net interest income in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Asset and Liability Management.”

Interest rates are highly sensitive to factors which are beyond our control, including economic conditions and policies of governmental agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, will influence the interest we receive on our loans and securities and pay on deposits, and loan and deposit growth. If deposit rates increase more than rates on loans and securities, our net interest income could decline or we could sustain losses. Our earnings could also decline, or we could sustain losses, if the rates on our loans and securities decrease more than deposit rates. While the Bank is generally asset sensitive, which implies that significant increases in market rates would generally increase margins, while decreases in interest rates would generally decrease margins, we cannot assure you that increases or decreases in margins will follow such a pattern in the future. Our net interest income is also determined by our level of loan production to replace loan payoffs and grow our different loan portfolios. In particular, our SBLOC, non-SBA commercial loans, at fair value and real estate bridge lending portfolios have at times experienced accelerated prepayments, while the durations of those portfolios at inception are relatively short and generally under three years. Loan demand to replace these loans and grow portfolios may vary for economic and competitive reasons and we cannot assure you that historical rates of loan growth will continue or as to other loan production. Net interest income is difficult to project, and our models for making such projections are theoretical. While they may indicate the general direction of changes in net interest income, they do not indicate actual future results. As a result of Federal Reserve federal funds rate increases in 2022 and 2023, net interest income increased significantly as a result of the Bank’s asset sensitivity. While we may pursue strategies to increase fixed rate securities purchases to decrease asset sensitivity, and lower the decrease in net interest income resulting from Federal Reserve rate decreases, there can be no assurance that these can be implemented. Additionally, to the extent that fixed rate securities purchases are funded with higher rate short-term deposits, which occurs when yield curves are inverted, net interest income may also be decreased, at least in the short-term, prior to Federal Reserve rate reductions.

We are subject to lending risks.

There are risks inherent in making all loans. These risks include interest rate changes over the time period in which loans may be repaid and changes in economic conditions nationwide or in the localities in which our borrowers operate. Weak economic conditions have caused increases in our delinquent and defaulted loans in recent years. We cannot assure you that we will not experience further increases in delinquencies and defaults, or that any such increases will not be material. On a consolidated basis, an increase in non-performing loans could result in an increase in our provision for credit losses or in loan charge-offs and consequent reductions in our earnings. For our commercial fleet and equipment leasing business line, while we have access to underlying collateral, the value of such collateral can be impacted by many factors including age and condition, market prices and applicable economic conditions. For closed end leases, any deficiency between the residual value of the lease and net sales price results in a loss. For more information about the risks which are specific to the different types of loans we make and which could impact our allowance for credit losses, see Item 1, “Business –Lending Activities.”

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The success of our SBA lending program is dependent upon the continued availability of SBA loan programs, our status as a Preferred Lender under the SBA loan programs, our ability to comply with applicable SBA lending requirements and our ability to successfully manage related risks.

Our specialty lending operations are subject to additional risks including, with respect to our SBA loans, the risk that the U.S. government’s partial guaranty on SBA loans is withdrawn due to noncompliance with regulations. Our SBA lending program is dependent upon the federal government. As an SBA Preferred Lender, we enable our clients to obtain SBA loans without being subject to the potentially lengthy SBA approval process necessary for lenders that are not SBA Preferred Lenders. The SBA periodically reviews the lending operations of participating lenders to assess, among other things, whether the lender exhibits prudent risk management. When weaknesses are identified, the SBA may request corrective actions or impose enforcement actions, including revocation of the lender’s Preferred Lender status. If we lose our status as an SBA Preferred Lender, we may lose some or all of our customers to lenders who are SBA Preferred Lenders, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. Also, in the event of a loss resulting from default and a determination by the SBA that there is a deficiency in the manner in which a loan was originated, funded or serviced by us, the SBA may require us to repurchase the previously sold portion of the loan, deny its liability under the guaranty, reduce the amount of the guaranty or, if it has already paid under the guaranty, seek recovery of the principal loss related to the deficiency from us.

Additionally, in order for a borrower to be eligible to receive an SBA loan, the lender must establish that the borrower would not be able to secure a bank loan without the credit enhancements provided by a guaranty under the SBA program. Accordingly, the SBA loans in our portfolio generally have weaker credit characteristics than the rest of our portfolio, and may be at greater risk of default in the event of deterioration in economic conditions or the borrower’s financial condition. For instance, in the case of 7(a) Program loans, if businesses to which we lend generate inadequate cash flow to repay principal and interest, and borrowers are otherwise unable to repay the loan, losses may result if related collateral is sold for less than the unguaranteed balance of the loan. Because these loans are generally at variable rates, higher rate environments will increase required payments from borrowers, with increased payment default risk. As a result of a wide variety of collateral with very specific uses, markets for resale of the collateral may be limited, which could adversely affect amounts realized upon sale and therefore our financial results.

Further, any changes to the SBA program, including changes to the level of guarantee provided by the federal government on SBA loans, may also have a material adverse effect on our business. The SBA program is funded through annual appropriations approved by Congress matching funding requirements for loans approved within the budget year. Should those appropriations be reduced or cease, our ability to make SBA loans will be curtailed or terminated.

The Bank’s allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual losses.

Like all financial institutions, the Bank maintains an ACL to provide for current and future expected losses inherent in its loan portfolio. At December 31, 2024, the ratios of the ACL to total loans and to non-performing loans were, respectively, 0.52% and 94.61%. The Bank’s allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual loan losses and future provisions for loan losses could materially and adversely affect the Bank’s operating results. The Bank’s allowance for credit losses is determined by management after analyzing historical loan losses, current trends in delinquencies and charge-offs, plans for problem loan resolution, changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, industry information, economic conditions and events and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The determination by management of the allowance for credit losses involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires management to estimate current and future credit risk based on both qualitative and quantitative factors, each of which is subject to significant change. The amount of future loan losses is susceptible to changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates that may be beyond the Bank’s control, and these loan losses may exceed current estimates. Bank regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, review the Bank’s loans and allowance for credit losses. Although we believe that the Bank’s allowance for credit losses is appropriate and supportable in providing for current and future expected credit losses and that our methodology to determine the amount of both the allowance and provision is effective, we cannot assure you that we will not need to increase the Bank’s allowance for credit losses or change our methodology for determining our allowance and provision for credit losses, or that our regulators will not require us to increase this allowance. Any of these occurrences could materially reduce our earnings and profitability and result in losses. For more information about risks which are specific to the different types of loans we make and which could impact the allowance for credit losses, see Item 1,”Business –Lending Activities.”

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Our lending limit may adversely affect our competitiveness.

Our regulatory lending limit as of December 31, 2024, to any one customer or related group of customers was $138.3 million, computed on the basis of 15% of capital as defined by our regulators. That limit may be increased to 25% of regulatory defined capital, if the excess over 15% is collateralized by marketable securities. Our lending lim it is substantially smaller than that of many financial institutions with which we compete. While we believe that our lending limit is sufficient for our targeted market of small to mid-size businesses within our four specialty lending operations, as well as affinity group members, it may in the future affect our ability to attract or maintain customers or to compete with other financial institutions. Moreover, to the extent that we incur losses and do not obtain additional capital, our lending limit, which depends upon the amount of our capital, will decrease.

Revised accounting standards require current recognition of credit losses over the estimated remaining lives of loans.

In June 2016, the FASB, issued an update to ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which we adopted in 2020. The update changes the accounting for credit losses on loans and debt securities. For loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, the update requires a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) approach to determine the allowance for credit losses. CECL requires loss estimates for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Also, the update eliminates the existing guidance for purchased credit deteriorated loans and debt securities, but requires an allowance for purchased financial assets with more than insignificant deterioration since origination. In addition, the update modifies the other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities to require an allowance for credit losses instead of a direct write-down, which allows for reversal of credit losses in future periods based on improvements in credit. The CECL model has and will materially impact how we determine our allowance for credit losses and may require us to significantly increase our allowance for credit losses. Furthermore, our allowance for credit losses may experience more fluctuations, some of which may be significant. I f we determined that we would need to increase the allowance for credit losses to appropriately capture the credit risk that exists in our lending and investment portfolios, it may negatively impact our business, earnings, financial condition and results of operations.

The Bank may suffer losses in its loan portfolio despite its underwriting practices.

The Bank seeks to mitigate the risks inherent in its loan portfolio by adhering to specific underwriting practices. These practices vary depending on the facts and circumstances of each loan. For loans other than SBLOC and IBLOC loans, these practices may include analysis of a borrower’s prior credit history, financial statements, tax returns and cash flow projections, valuation of certain types of collateral based on reports of independent appraisers and verification of liquid assets. For SBLOC loans, a primary element of the credit decision is the market value of the borrower’s brokerage account, which is reduced by the varying collateral percentages against which we are willing to lend, resulting in excess collateral. For example, we typically lend against 50% of the value of equity securities. Rapid excessive movements in the market value of brokerage accounts may not be sufficiently offset by the excess collateral, and losses could result. For IBLOC, the credit decision is primarily based upon the cash value of eligible life insurance policies, which may ultimately depend upon the insurer for repayment. Although the Bank believes that its underwriting criteria are appropriate for the various kinds of loans it makes, the Bank may incur losses on loans that meet its underwriting criteria, and these losses may exceed the amounts set aside as reserves in the Bank’s allowance for credit losses. In addition, only certain SBA loans are 75% guaranteed by the U.S. government, and even for those, we still assume credit risk on the remaining 25%. These borrowers, which include new start-ups, may have a higher probability of failure, which may result in higher losses on such loans. The vast majority of commercial loans, at fair value and REBL loans are variable rate and, as a result, higher market rates will result in higher payments and greater cash flow requirements, although REBL loans generally require an interest rate cap to mitigate that risk. Should cash flow and available cash reserves prove inadequate to cover debt service on these loans, repayment will primarily depend upon the sponsor’s ability to service the debt, or the value of the property in disposition. Low occupancy or rental rates may negatively impact loan repayment. Because these loans were previously originated for sale, or because we may decide to sell certain REBL loans in the future, the underwriting and other criteria used were those which buyers in the capital markets indicated were most crucial when determining whether to buy the loans. Such criteria include the loan-to-value ratio and debt yield (net operating income divided by first mortgage debt). However, property values may fall below appraised values and below the outstanding balance of the loan, which could result in losses. Risks for SBA construction loans include engineering defects, contractor risk, and risks of delays and project completions. Higher than expected construction costs may also result, impacting repayment capability and collateral values.

Other real estate owned (“OREO”), which results upon foreclosure of real estate collateral for defaulted loans, may increase significantly, especially if larger REBL loans default. Maintenance expense for such properties can be significant and may not be offset by related revenues. If OREO or other non-performing assets increase, interest income will be reduced. National bank

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regulations permit the holding of OREO for five years, with the possibility of an additional five year holding upon regulatory approval. Depending upon market conditions at the time of sale, there can be no assurance that the carrying value will be offset by the sales price, which would result in a loss. If we experience loan defaults in excess of amounts that we have included in our allowance for credit losses, we will have to further increase the provision for credit losses, which will reduce our income and might cause us to incur losses. For more information about the risks which are specific to the different types of loans we make and which could impact loan losses, see Item 1, “Business –Lending Activities.”

Environmental liability associated with lending activities could result in losses.

In the course of our business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing our loans. If hazardous substances were discovered on any of these properties, we may be liable to governmental entities or third parties for the costs of remediation of the hazard, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Many environmental laws can impose liability regardless of whether we knew of, or were responsible for, the contamination. In addition, if we arrange for the disposal of hazardous or toxic substances at another site, we may be liable for the costs of cleaning up and removing those substances from the site, even if we neither own nor operate the disposal site. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially limit use of properties we acquire through foreclosure, reduce their value or limit our ability to sell them in the event of a default on the loans they secure. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability.

A prolonged U.S. government shutdown or default by the United States on government obligations could harm our results of operations.

Our results of operations, including revenue, non-interest income, expenses and net interest income, could be adversely affected in the event of widespread financial and business disruption due to a default by the United States on U.S. government obligations or a prolonged failure to maintain significant U.S. government operations, particularly those pertaining to the SBA. Any such failure to maintain such U.S. government operations would impede our ability to originate SBA loans and our ability to sell such loans, which could in turn adversely impact our results of operations.

Agreements between the Bank and third parties to market and service Bank-originated consumer loans may subject the Bank to credit, fraud and other risks, as well as claims from regulatory agencies and third parties that, if successful, could negatively impact the Bank's current and future business.

The Bank has entered into various agreements with unaffiliated third parties ("Marketers"), whereby the Marketers will market and service consumer loans underwritten and originated by the Bank. These agreements present potential increased credit, operational, and reputational risks. Because the loans originated under such programs are unsecured, in the event a borrower does not repay the loan in accordance with its terms or otherwise defaults on the loan, the Bank may not be able to recover from the borrower an amount sufficient to pay any remaining balance on the loan. We may also become subject to claims by regulatory agencies, customers, or other third parties due to the conduct of the third parties with which the Bank operates such lending programs if such conduct is deemed to not comply with applicable laws in connection with the marketing and servicing of loans originated pursuant to these programs.

Certain types of these arrangements have been challenged both in the courts and in regulatory actions. In these actions, plaintiffs have generally argued that the "true lender" is the marketer and that the intent of such lending program is to evade state usury and loan licensing laws. Other cases have also included other claims, including racketeering and other state law claims, in their challenge of such programs.

In 2020, the OCC issued final rules designed to clarify when a national bank such as the Bank will be considered the “true lender” in such relationships (the "True Lender Rule"). In June 2021, the True Lender Rule was repealed and the OCC was prohibited from issuing any replacement of the True Lender Rule absent Congressional authorization. In the wake of the repeal of the True Lender Rule, several states have announced their intention to broaden oversight of non-bank fintech lenders, while certain parties have initiated litigation in order to obtain court guidance on how particular jurisdictions may weigh loan program facts and rule on “true lender” challenges. In addition, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Federal Trade Commission have each announced their intention to explore their authority to supervise nonbank lending partnerships in markets for consumer financial products and services.

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Consequently, state and federal regulatory authorities may proceed on different paths to promulgate “true lender” restrictions, and, absent binding court rulings or direct legislative action, impacted parties may have little to no advance notice of new restrictions and compliance obligations. In the absence of applicable laws or regulations addressing these matters, true lender disputes will be determined on a case-by-case basis, informed by differing state laws and the facts in each instance. There can be no assurance that lawsuits or regulatory actions in connection with any such lending programs the Bank has entered, or will enter, into will not be brought in the future. If a regulatory agency, consumer advocate group, or other third party were to bring successful action against the Bank or any of the third parties with which the Bank operates such lending programs, there could be a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have entered into agreements with third party marketers and servicers for consumer fintech loans which we have begun originating, and which present credit and other risks.

Consumer fintech loans present increased credit, fraud, operational and reputation risks. Unsecured loans which are not repaid, or mitigated by sale or other mitigations, will result in losses and reductions in income. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors—The Bank’s allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual losses.” The Bank is also subject to UDAAP and True Lender claims either through legislators or litigation. UDAAP claims may arise if aspects of the product are determined to be false or deceptive, while True Lender claims assert that the marketers are the “lender”.

Risks Relating to Our Payments Business Activities

Regulatory and legal requirements applicable to the prepaid and debit card industry are unique and frequently changing.

Achieving and maintaining compliance with frequently changing legal and regulatory requirements applicable to prepaid and debit card products requires a significant investment in qualified personnel, hardware, software and other technology platforms, external legal counsel and consultants and other infrastructure components. These investments may not ensure compliance or otherwise mitigate risks involved in this business. Our failure to satisfy regulatory mandates applicable to prepaid financial products could result in actions against us by our regulators, legal proceedings being instituted against us by consumers, each of which could reduce our earnings or result in losses, make it more difficult to conduct our operations, or prohibit us from conducting specific operations. Other risks related to prepaid cards include competition for prepaid, debit and other payment mediums, possible changes in the rules of networks, such as Visa and Mastercard and others, in which the Bank operates, changes in network fees or interchange rates and state regulations related to prepaid cards, including those regarding escheatment. The enactment of Dodd-Frank required the Federal Reserve Board to implement regulations that have substantially limited interchange fees for many issuers. While interchange rates are exempt from the limitations imposed by Dodd-Frank for institutions with less than $10 billion in assets such as ourselves, new legislation could result in changes to the rates we are able to charge. There can be no assurance that such possible future legislation or changes by the payment networks will not substantially impact our revenues.

Changes in rules or standards set by the payment networks, or changes in debit network fees or products or interchange rates, could adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations.

We are subject to network rules that could subject us to a variety of fines or penalties that may be levied by the card networks for acts or omissions by us or businesses that work with us, including card processors and Fintech Program Managers. Furthermore, a substantial portion of our operating revenues is derived directly or indirectly from interchange fees. The amount of prepaid, debit card and related fees that we earn is highly dependent on the interchange rates that the payment networks set and adjust from time to time.

The enactment of Dodd-Frank required the Federal Reserve Board to implement regulations that have substantially limited interchange fees for many issuers. While the interchange rates that may be earned by us are exempt from the limitations imposed by Dodd-Frank, federal legislators and regulatory authorities have become increasingly focused on interchange, and continue to propose new legislation that could result in significant adverse changes to the rates we are able to charge and there can be no assurance that future regulation or changes by the payment networks will not substantially impact our interchange revenues. If interchange rates decline, whether due to actions by the payment networks or future regulation, we would likely need to change our fee structure to offset the loss of interchange revenues. However, our ability to make these changes is limited by the terms of our contracts and other commercial factors, such as price competition. To the extent we increase the pricing of our products and services, we might find it more difficult to acquire consumers and to maintain or grow card usage and customer retention, and we could suffer reputational damage and become subject to greater regulatory scrutiny. We also might have to discontinue certain products or services. As a result,

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our total operating revenues, operating results, prospects for future growth and overall business could be materially and adversely affected.

The potential for fraud in the card payment industry is significant and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Issuers of prepaid and debit cards and other companies have suffered significant losses in recent years with respect to the theft of cardholder data that has been illegally exploited for personal gain. The theft of such information is regularly reported and affects individuals and businesses. Losses from various types of fraud have been substantial for certain card industry participants. We also rely upon third parties for transaction processing services, which subjects us and our customers to risks related to the vulnerabilities of those third parties. The Bank in many cases has indemnification agreements with third parties; however, such indemnifications may not fully cover losses. Fraudulent activity could also result in the imposition of regulatory sanctions, including significant monetary fines, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although fraud has not had a material impact on the profitability of the Bank, it is possible that such activity could adversely impact the Bank in the future.

There is a significant concentration in prepaid and debit card fee income which is subject to various risks.

A significant portion of our revenues are derived from prepaid, debit card and other related products, and prepaid and debit card account deposits also comprise the majority of the Bank’s deposits. Actions by government agencies relating to service charges, or increased regulatory compliance costs, could result in reductions in income which may not be offset by reductions in expense. Moreover, markets for fintech financial products and the related services from which we derive significant fees, are rapidly evolving. Our product mix includes prepaid card accounts for salary, medical spending, commercial, general purpose reloadable, corporate and other incentive, gift, government payments and transaction accounts accessed by debit cards. Our revenues could be impacted by the evolution of fintech products or changes within these product mixes. Related changes in volume including changes in client mix, or in pricing, can also result in variability of revenue between periods. Additionally, certain of our clients have significant volume, the loss of which would materially affect our revenues. In 2024, the top five largest contributors to prepaid, debit card and related fees, comprised approximately 52% of prepaid, debit card, ACH, and other payment fees. Additionally, prepaid and debit card fee income may be subject to quarterly and longer term variances resulting from seasonality, changes in fee structures, product mix and other factors, which also make projecting income trends difficult.

If our prepaid and debit card and other deposit accounts generated by third parties were no longer classified as non-brokered, our FDIC insurance expense might increase.

In December 2014, the FDIC issued guidance classifying prepaid deposit accounts and other deposit accounts obtained in cooperation with third parties as brokered, resulting in the vast majority of the Bank’s deposits being classified as brokered. However, in December 2020, the FDIC adopted a regulation which resulted in the reclassification of the majority of the Bank’s deposits from brokered to non-brokered beginning June 30, 2021, and a decrease in FDIC insurance expense. Such reclassifications and the resulting FDIC insurance expense decrease are dependent upon ongoing consideration by regulators, including recertification requirements for certain accounts. Should the Bank’s capital ratios fall below well-capitalized levels, it would be prohibited from accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits without the consent of the FDIC. Without such consent, the Bank could not operate its business lines as presently conducted.

We may depend in part upon wholesale and brokered certificates of deposit to satisfy funding needs.

We may rely, in part, on funds provided by wholesale deposits and brokered certificates of deposit to support the growth of our loan portfolio. Wholesale and brokered certificates of deposit are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and, accordingly, can be a more volatile source of funding. Use of wholesale and brokered deposits involves the risk that growth supported by such deposits would be halted, or the Bank’s total assets could contract, if the rates offered by the Bank were less than those offered by other institutions seeking such deposits, or if the depositors were to perceive a decline in the Bank’s safety and soundness, or both. In addition, if we were unable to match the maturities of the interest rates we pay for wholesale and brokered certificates of deposit to the maturities of the loans we make using those funds, increases in the interest rates we pay for such funds could decrease our consolidated net interest income. Moreover, if the Bank ceases to be categorized as “well capitalized” under banking regulations, it will be prohibited from accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits without the consent of the FDIC.

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We derive a significant percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts generated by diverse independent companies, including those which provide card account marketing services, and investment advisory firms.

Our funding is comprised primarily of millions of small transaction-based consumer balances, the vast majority of which are FDIC-insured. We have multi-year, contractual relationships with affinity groups which sponsor such accounts and with whom we have had long-term relationships (see Item 1, “Business—Our Strategies”). Those long-term relationships comprise the majority of our deposits while we continue to grow and add new client relationships. Of our deposits at year-end 2024, the top three affinity groups accounted for approximately $3.79 billion, the next three largest accounted for $1.64 billion, and the four subsequent largest accounted for $756.9 million. Of our deposits at year-end 2023, the top three affinity groups accounted for approximately $2.33 billion, the next three largest accounted for $1.46 billion, and the four subsequent largest accounted for $852.1 million. While certain of these relationships may have changed their ranking in the top ten of the affinity groups with which we have contractual relationships, the affinity groups themselves were generally identical at both dates. We believe that payroll, debit, and government-based accounts such as child support are comparable to traditional consumer checking accounts. Such balances in the top ten relationships at year-end 2024 totaled $3.81 billion while balances related to consumer and business payment companies, including companies sponsoring incentive and gift card payments, amounted to $2.38 billion. Such balances in the top ten relationships at year-end 2023 totaled $2.91 billion while balances related to consumer and business payment companies, including companies sponsoring incentive and gift card payments, amounted to $1.72 billion. We do not believe that the changes between these periods significantly impacted overall liquidity or cost of funds as a result of long-term relationships and a history of stability of small balance accounts which is further managed through multi-year contracts. We may exit relationships where our internal requirements are not met or be required by our regulators to exit such relationships. Also, an affinity group could terminate a relationship with us for many reasons, including being able to obtain better terms from another provider or dissatisfaction with the level or quality of our services. In 2021 and 2023, for instance, two of our affinity group clients transferred their operations to their newly chartered banks. Additionally, certain of our clients have been, and in the future may be, acquired by other entities, which may result in the transfer of their business to the acquiror or other institutions. In 2024, the top two largest contributors to prepaid, debit card and related fees comprised approximately 41% of prepaid, debit card, ACH, and other payment fees, while the three subsequent largest comprised 11% of such income. If other affinity group relationships were to be terminated in the future, it could materially reduce our deposits, assets and income. We cannot assure you that we could replace such relationships. If we cannot replace such relationships, we may be required to seek higher rate funding sources as compared to any exiting affinity group and interest expense might increase. We may also be required to sell securities or other assets to meet funding needs, which would reduce revenues or potentially generate losses.

We face fund transfer and payments-related risks.

As a financial institution, we bear fund transfer risks of different types, which result from large transaction volumes and large dollar amounts of incoming and outgoing money transfers. Loss exposure may result if money is transferred from the bank before it is received, or legal rights to reclaim monies transferred are asserted, including payments made to merchants for payment clearing, while customers have statutory periods to reverse their payments. Exposure also results from payments made prior to receipt of offsetting funds, as accommodations to customers. We are subject to unique settlement risks as our transfers may be larger than typical financial institutions of our size. Transfers could also be made in error or as a result of fraud. Additionally, as with other financial institutions, we may incur legal liability or reputational risk, if we unknowingly process payments for companies in violation of money laundering laws or other regulations or immoral activities.

Unclaimed funds from deposit accounts or represented by unused value on prepaid cards present compliance and other risks.

Unclaimed funds held in deposit accounts or represented by unused balances on prepaid cards may be subject to state escheatment laws where the Bank is the actual holder of the funds and when, after a period of time as set forth in applicable state law, the rightful owner of the funds cannot be readily located and/or identified. The Bank implements controls to comply with state unclaimed property laws and regulations, however these laws and regulations are often open to interpretation, particularly when being applied to unused balances on prepaid card products. State regulators may choose to initiate collection or other litigation action against the Bank for unreported abandoned property, and such actions may seek to assess fines and penalties.

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Risks Relating to Taxes and Accounting

We are subject to tax audits, and challenges to our tax positions or adverse changes or interpretations of tax laws could result in tax liability.

We are subject to federal and applicable state income tax laws and regulations and related audits, and when tax matters arise, a number of years may elapse before such matters are audited and finally resolved. We are also periodically subject to state escheatment audits. Income tax and escheatment laws and regulations are often complex and require significant judgment in determining our effective tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions. Challenges of such determinations or legislative changes in applicable laws may adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments or financial condition.

T he appraised fair value of the assets from our commercial loans, at fair value or collateral from other loan categories may be more than the amounts received upon sale or other disposition.

Various internal and external inputs were utilized to analyze the commercial loans, at fair value portfolio and other loan categories. A ctual sales prices could be significantly less than estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations in future quarters.

A failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in our financial statements which could require us to restate financial statements, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and have a negative effect on our stock price.

Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved internal and disclosure controls over financial reporting, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in material weaknesses, cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”) and the rules promulgated under Section 404. The existence of a material weakness could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause investors or customers to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our stock price or a loss of business, and could result in stockholder actions against us for damages.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may decline or otherwise become volatile.

Although our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, its trading volume is less than that of many financial services companies. A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends on the presence in the marketplace of willing buyers and sellers of our common stock at any given time, which relies on the individual decisions of investors and general economic and market conditions over which we have no control. Given the lower trading volume of our common stock, significant sales of our common stock, or the expectation of these sales, could cause our stock price to fall.

Additionally, we cannot predict whether future issuances of shares of our common stock or the availability of shares for resale in the open market will decrease the price of our common stock. We are not restricted from issuing additional shares of common stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive shares of common stock. The exercise of any options granted to directors, executive officers and other employees under our stock compensation plans, the vesting of restricted stock grants, the issuance of shares of common stock in acquisitions and other issuances of our common stock could also have an adverse effect on the market price of the shares of our common stock. The existence of options, or shares of our common stock reserved for issuance as restricted shares of our common stock may materially adversely affect the terms upon which we may be able to obtain additional capital in the future through the sale of equity securities.

An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit.

Our common stock is not a savings or deposit account or other obligation of any bank and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. Investment in our common stock is

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inherently risky and is subject to the same market forces that affect the price of common stock of any company. As a result, if you acquire our common stock, you may lose some or all of your investment.

Future offerings of debt, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, and/or preferred equity securities which may be senior to our common stock for purposes of dividend distributions or upon liquidation, may reduce the market price at which our common stock trades.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources or, if the Bank’s capital ratios fall below the required minimums, we could be forced to raise additional capital by conducting additional offerings of debt or preferred equity securities, including medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes or preferred stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution.

The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations which, to the extent we require such dividends in the future, may affect our ability to pay our obligations and pay dividends.

As a holding company, we are a separate legal entity from the Bank and our other subsidiaries, and we do not have significant operations of our own. We have historically depended on the Bank’s cash and liquidity, as well as dividends, to pay our operating expenses. Various federal provisions limit the amount of dividends that subsidiary banks can pay to their holding companies without regulatory approval. Without the prior approval of the OCC, a dividend may not be paid if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year is in excess of the current year’s net income combined with the retained net income of the two preceding years. Additionally, a dividend may not be paid in excess of a bank’s retained earnings. In addition to these explicit limitations, it is possible, depending upon the financial condition of the Bank and other factors, that regulatory agencies could take the position that payment of dividends by the Bank would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice and may, therefore, seek to prevent the Bank from paying such dividends. Although we believe we have sufficient existing liquidity for our needs for the foreseeable future, there is risk that we may not be able to service our obligations as they become due or to pay dividends on our common stock or trust preferred security obligations. Even if the Bank has the capacity to pay dividends, it is not obligated to pay the dividends, and its Board of Directors may determine, as it has in the past, to retain some or all of its earnings to support or increase its capital base.

Anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law may make it more difficult for holders of our common stock to receive a change in control premium.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest more difficult, even if such events were perceived by many of our stockholders as beneficial to their interests. These provisions include, in particular, our ability to issue shares of our common stock and preferred stock with such provisions as our Board may approve without further shareholder approval. In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law which, in general, prevents an interested stockholder, defined generally as a person owning 15% or more of a corporation’s outstanding voting stock, from engaging in a business combination with our company for three years following the date that person became an interested stockholder unless certain specified conditions are satisfied.

Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that certain courts in the State of Delaware or the federal district courts of the United States will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery located within the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, other employee or stockholder to us or our stockholders, any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws (as either may be amended or restated) or as to which the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the law of the State of Delaware. However, if the Court of Chancery within the State of Delaware lacks jurisdiction over such action, the action may be brought in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. Additionally, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The exclusive forum provisions will be

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applicable to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, subject to certain exceptions. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provisions will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. There is, however, uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce the exclusive forum provisions, and investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for state and federal courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

General Risks

Stimulus programs may result in potential liability or losses.

We may also face residual risk related to our participation in the SBA Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) program established by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020. Participation in the SBA PPP and any other programs or stimulus packages may give rise to claims, including by governments, regulators or customers or through class action lawsuits, or judgments against us that may result in the payment of damages or the imposition of fines, penalties or restrictions by regulatory authorities, or result in reputational harm. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Severe weather, natural disasters, geopolitical events, public health crises, acts of war or terrorism or other adverse external events could harm our business.

Catastrophic events over which we have no control, including severe weather, natural disasters, geopolitical events, public health crises, trade disputes, acts of war or terrorism and other adverse external events could have a significant impact on our ability to conduct business. A public health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could result in adverse consequences, including labor shortages, disruptions of global supply chains and inflationary pressures, which could adversely affect our business through, among other things, increased credit losses, workforce disruptions, increased liquidity demands, decreased collateral value, decreased stock price or third-party service provider disruptions. The nature and level of severe weather and/or natural disasters cannot be predicted and may be exacerbated by global climate change. Severe weather, or the threat of severe weather, may impact the value of collateral securing our loans and our borrowers’ operations, or the cost and availability of insurance, both of which could result in losses. Severe weather and natural disasters could harm our operations through interference with communications, including the interruption or loss of our computer systems, which could prevent or impede us from gathering deposits, originating loans, and processing and controlling the flow of business, or through the destruction of facilities and our operational, financial and management information systems. Additionally, the United States remains a target for potential acts of war or terrorism, and geopolitical conflict, such as the ongoing war in Ukraine and the conflict between Israel and Hamas, and the possible expansion of such conflicts in the surroundings areas, may continue to adversely impact general economic conditions and financial markets. Such catastrophic events could negatively impact our business operations or the stability of our deposit base, cause significant property damage, adversely impact the value of collateral securing our loans and/or interrupt our borrowers’ abilities to conduct their business in a manner that supports their debt obligations, which could result in losses and increased provisions for credit losses. There is no assurance that our business continuity and disaster recovery program can adequately mitigate the risks of such business disruptions and interruptions.

IT EM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

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IT EM 1C. CYBERSECURITY.

Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the increasing significance of cybersecurity in the financial industry and the potential risks associated with cyber threats. Our processes to identify, assess and monitor material risks from cybersecurity threats are part of our overall enterprise risk management program and are integrated into our operating procedures, internal controls and information systems. Our risk management program and processes are intended to maintain an effective and comprehensive Cybersecurity Program under the direction of a dedicated Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”). Our established Cybersecurity Program is mapped to the NIST Cybersecurity framework (“NIST CSF”), Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (“PCI DSS”), the Center for Internet Security (“CIS”) Critical Security Controls, and relevant ISO standards to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information systems, networks, and corporate and customer data. Highlights of the program include the following processes:

A security testing schedule, which includes internal/external penetration testing;

Regular vulnerability assessments;

Detailed vulnerability management;

24/7 Security Operations Center

Monitoring and reporting of systems and critical applications;

Data loss prevention controls;

File access and integrity monitoring and reporting;

Threat intelligence;

A training and compliance program for staff, including a detailed policy; and

Third-party vendor management.

The Company’s Security Operations Center (“SOC”) functions as the central point for all cybersecurity events that occur on our information systems. The SOC provides end-to-end operations to monitor, detect, alert and respond to any unusual, suspicious or malicious activities. In 2023, we expanded the SOC’s operational hours to 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, utilizing both internal and third party resources for that full coverage. We conduct risk assessments and compliance audits against the above-referenced standards and regularly benchmark and evaluate program maturity with industry leaders. We also engage both internal and external auditors and third party information security experts to examine our cybersecurity processes. Additionally, t he Company undergoes the PCI certification process and obtains the related certification on an annual basis.

Recognizing the interconnected nature of the financial industry, we evaluate and monitor the cybersecurity practices of our third party service providers and partners using a risk-based approach. Our Third Party Oversight Department evaluates new and existing relationships based upon due diligence requirements defined by our Cybersecurity Department to understand and mitigate material risks associated with third party service providers and partners. Risk assessments and audit results in connection with our Cybersecurity Program are reported to senior management and the Board of Directors. Risk owners from our Cybersecurity Program develop risk mitigation plans to resolve any cybersecurity risks identified in risk assessments or audits.

We recognize that a successful cybersecurity incident could lead to disruptions in operations, financial loss, reputational damage, and potential legal and regulatory consequences. The Company has a fully implemented incident response program, and internal forensics capabilities with third party forensic experts on retainer. We also maintain business continuity and disaster recovery plans so the Company can more effectively respond to cybersecurity incidents. It is possible we may not implement appropriate controls if we do not recognize or underestimate a particular risk. In addition, security controls, no matter how well designed or implemented, may only partially mitigate and not fully eliminate risks. Events, when detected by security tools or third parties, may not always be immediately understood or acted upon.

Although we believe risks from cybersecurity threats have not materially affected our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, they may in the future, and we continue to closely monitor risks from cybersecurity threats. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not aware of any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected the Company, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, in the prior fiscal period. For additional information on the impact of cybersecurity matters on us, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors—We face cybersecurity risks, which could result in a loss of customers, cause disclosure of confidential information, adversely affect our operations, cause reputational damage and create significant legal and financial exposure.”

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Governance

Management regularly evaluates and enhances its cybersecurity measures to mitigate cybersecurity risks. The Company’s CISO is responsible for all aspects of the Cybersecurity Program, including managing cybersecurity functions, ensuring that cybersecurity staff are adequately skilled and trained in the activities required for their respective job functions, and overseeing corporate cybersecurity initiatives. Under the direction of the CISO, the Cybersecurity Department regularly monitors for enterprise-wide compliance with Cybersecurity Program procedures and regulatory requirements. Our CISO, in collaboration with our Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”), and senior management, drives awareness, ownership and alignment of cybersecurity protocol for effective cybersecurity risk management across all lines of business and corporate functions. The CISO and CIO are responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards and processes to effectively prevent, detect, mitigate and remediate cybersecurity threats. Our CISO has expertise in cybersecurity, information security risk management, identity and access management, security architecture, application security, vulnerability management, threat intelligence, security operations and incident management and response through prior roles leading information security functions at financial institutions. The CISO holds multiple professional certifications, including Certified Chief Information Security Officer through the International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants, also known as the EC-Council.

The CISO reports to management’s Enterprise Risk Management Committee and quarterly to the Board’s Risk Committee regarding the Company’s cyber risks and threats, the status of efforts to strengthen information security systems, assessments of the Company’s Cybersecurity Program, and the emerging threat landscape. In these meetings and on an ad hoc basis senior management receives periodic reporting from the Cybersecurity Department, Operations Department and Information Technology Department on operational risks and the steps taken to monitor and control cybersecurity exposure.

The Board of Directors recognizes the importance of cybersecurity to safeguard confidential information and sensitive data and receives periodic training on cybersecurity risk and best practices for related oversight. To aid the Board with its cybersecurity and data privacy oversight responsibilities, the Board periodically hosts experts for presentations on these topics. For example, in 2023, the Board hosted an expert to discuss developments in the cybersecurity threat landscape and evaluate the Company’s cybersecurity program in the context of the global risk environment.

The Board has delegated responsibility for more detailed oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity and information security framework to the Risk Committee of the Board. The CISO and CIO provide updates on the cybersecurity threat environment and the Company’s programs to address and mitigate the risks associated with the evolving cybersecurity threat environment to the Risk Committee quarterly and to the full Board at least annually and on an ad hoc basis. Additionally, the Risk Committee also reviews and approves the Cyber Risk Management Program Policy and Information Security Program Policy at least annually. Elevation to a full Board communication and/or interaction would occur upon the initiation of a cyber incident response, or a material compromise of business functionality, customer data or network integrity.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

Our principal executive offices and an operations facility are located at 409 Silverside Road, Wilmington, Delaware. We maintain business development and administrative offices for SBL in Morrisville, North Carolina, Memphis, Tennessee, and Westmont, Illinois (suburban Chicago), primarily for SBA lending. Leasing offices are located in Crofton, Maryland, Smithfield, Utah, Orlando, Florida and Norristown, Pennsylvania. We maintain a loan operations office in New York, New York. Prepaid and debit card offices and other executive offices are located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. We own our property in Orlando, Florida, which houses our leasing operations, while the remainder of our properties are leased. Locations and certain additional information regarding our offices and other material properties at December 31, 2024 are listed below.

Location | Expiration |  | Square Feet |  | Monthly Rent
Bank Owned Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Orlando, Florida |  |  |  |  | 8,850 |  |  |
Leased Space |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Crofton, Maryland |  | 2025 |  |  | 3,364 |  | $ | 4,682
Smithfield, Utah |  | 2028 |  |  | 6,451 |  |  | 6,975
Memphis, Tennessee |  | 2025 |  |  | 1,128 |  |  | 1,950
Morrisville, North Carolina |  | 2027 |  |  | 3,590 |  |  | 6,579
New York, New York (one of three properties is subleased) |  | 2025 – 2035 |  |  | 13,782 |  |  | 45,033
Norristown, Pennsylvania |  | 2028 |  |  | 7,180 |  |  | 10,500
Sioux Falls, South Dakota |  | 2038 |  |  | 52,864 |  |  | 124,587
Westmont, Illinois |  | 2026 |  |  | 3,003 |  |  | 3,431
Wilmington, Delaware |  | 2028 |  |  | 70,968 |  |  | 160,139

We believe that our properties are suitable and adequate for our operations.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

For a discussion of our material pending legal proceedings, see “Note O—Commitments and Contingencies” to the audited consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information and Holders

Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “TBBK.” As of February 24, 2025, there were 48,067,178 shares of our common stock outstanding held by 22 record holders. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners with shares held in street name by brokers, financial institutions and other nominees. As of January 8, 2025, the most recent date for which we have beneficial ownership information, there were at least 29,784 beneficial owners of our common stock.

Dividends

We have not paid cash dividends on our common stock since our inception, and do not currently plan to pay cash dividends on our common stock in 2025. However, in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Bank began paying dividends to us to pay interest on certain obligations and to fund ongoing common stock repurchases. Stock repurchases are discretionary and may be terminated at any time. To the extent that planned repurchases of $37.5 million per quarter in 2025 continue, they will likely continue to be funded by dividends from the Bank to us. See Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity.”

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Our payment of dividends is subject to restrictions discussed in Item 1,“Business—Regulation under Banking Law.” Irrespective of such restrictions, it is our intent to generally retain earnings, if any, to increase our capital and fund the development and growth of our operations, and fund stock repurchases. Our Board will determine any changes in our dividend policy based upon its analysis of factors it deems relevant. We expect that these factors would include our earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, regulatory capital levels and available investment opportunities. Additionally our Board will consider the merits of stock repurchases versus dividends.

Common Stock Repurchase Plan

On November 5, 2020, the Board authorized a common stock repurchase program (the “2021 Common Stock Repurchase Program”). Under the 2021 Common Stock Repurchase Program, the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $10.0 million in each quarter of 2021 depending on the share price, securities laws and stock exchange rules which regulate such repurchases, and repurchased shares may have been reissued for various corporate purposes.

On October 20, 2021, the Board approved a revised stock repurchase program (the “2022 Common Stock Repurchase Program”). Under the 2022 Common Stock Repurchase Program, the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $15.0 million in each quarter of 2022 depending on the share price, securities laws and stock exchange rules which regulate such repurchases, and repurchased shares may have been reissued for various corporate purposes.

On October 26, 2022, the Board approved a revised stock repurchase program (the “2023 Common Stock Repurchase Program”). Under the 2023 Common Stock Repurchase Program, the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $25.0 million in each quarter of 2023 depending on the share price, securities laws and stock exchange rules which regulate such repurchases, and repurchased shares may have been reissued for various corporate purposes.

On October 26, 2023, the Board approved a common stock repurchase program for the 2024 fiscal year (the “2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program”). Under the 2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program, the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $50.0 million in each quarter of 2024 depending on the share price, securities laws and stock exchange rules which regulate such repurchases, and repurchased shares may have been reissued for various corporate purposes. The Company increased its share repurchase authorization for the second quarter of 2024 from $50.0 million to $100.0 million, which increased the maximum amount under the 2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program to $250.0 million.

The purchases authorized as described above, were made in each quarter of each respective year as noted above.

On October 23, 2024, the Board approved a common stock repurchase program for the 2025 fiscal year (the “2025 Common Stock Repurchase Program”), which authorizes the Company to repurchase $37.5 million in value of the Company’s common stock per fiscal quarter in 2025, for a maximum amount of $150.0 million. Under the 2025 Common Stock Repurchase Program, the Company intends to repurchase shares through open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act. The 2025 Common Stock Repurchase Program may be modified or terminated at any time. T he Company repurchased 329,790 common shares between January 1, 2025 and February 24, 2025, at a total cost of $18.6 million and an average price of $56.43 per share pursuant to the 2025 Common Stock Repurchase Program. With respect to further repurchases in subsequent quarters under this program, the Company cannot predict if, or when, it will repurchase any shares of common stock and the timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by management based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors.

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The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s purchases of its common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2024:

Period |  | Total number of shares purchased |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs(1) |  | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs(2)
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024 |  | 349,891 |  | $ | 52.92 |  | 349,891 |  | $ | 31,484
November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024 |  | 217,768 |  |  | 55.29 |  | 217,768 |  |  | 19,444
December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024 |  | 351,925 |  |  | 55.25 |  | 351,925 |  |  | —
Total |  | 919,584 |  |  | 54.37 |  | 919,584 |  |  | —

(1) During the fourth quarter of 2024, all shares of common stock were repurchased pursuant to the 2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program, which was approved by the Board on October 26, 2023 and publicly announced on October 26, 2023. Under the 2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program, the Company is authorized to repurchase shares of its common stock totaling up to $50.0 million per quarter, for a maximum amount of $200.0 million in 2024. The Company increased its share repurchase authorization for the second quarter of 2024 from $50.0 million to $100.0 million, which increased the maximum amount under the 2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program to $250.0 million. The Company may repurchase shares through open market purchases, including through written trading plans under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act.

(2) The 2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program may be suspended, amended or discontinued at any time and had an expiration date of December 31, 2024. With respect to further repurchases, the Company cannot predict if, or when, it will repurchase any shares of common stock, and the timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by management based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors.

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Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return of our common stock to that of the Nasdaq Composite Stock Index and the Nasdaq Bank Stock Index by showing the value of $100 invested in our common stock and both indices on December 31, 2019 for a five-year period and the change in the value of our common stock compared to the indices as of the end of each year. The graph assumes the reinvestment of all dividends. Historical stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

| Period Ending
Index | 12/31/2019 | 12/31/2020 | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2024
The Bancorp, Inc. | 100.00 | 105.24 | 195.14 | 218.81 | 297.30 | 405.78
Nasdaq Bank Stock Index | 100.00 | 89.37 | 124.84 | 101.92 | 95.12 | 111.03
Nasdaq Composite Stock Index | 100.00 | 143.64 | 174.36 | 116.65 | 167.30 | 215.22

‎

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The following graph similarly compares the cumulative total shareholder return of our common stock to that of the KBW Bank Index, which is an industry recognized peer group of regional and money center banks, by showing the value of $100 invested in our common stock and the index on December 31, 2019 for a five-year period and the change in the value of our common stock compared to the indices as of the end of each year. The graph assumes the reinvestment of all dividends.

| Period Ending
Index | 12/31/2019 | 12/31/2020 | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2024
The Bancorp, Inc. | 100.00 | 105.24 | 195.14 | 218.81 | 297.30 | 405.78
KBW Bank Index | 100.00 | 86.37 | 116.64 | 88.96 | 84.70 | 112.45

ITEM 6. R eserved.

I tem 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) provides information about the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and asset quality and provides comparisons between our results of operations for fiscal years 2024 and 2023. For discussion and comparison of fiscal years 2023 and 2022, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024. This information is intended to

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facilitate your understanding and assessment of significant changes and trends related to our financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the audited interim consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

The Bancorp’s balance sheet has a risk profile enhanced by the special nature of the collateral supporting its loan niches, and related underwriting. Those loan niches have contributed to increased earnings levels, even during periods in which markets have experienced various economic stresses. Real estate bridge lending is comprised of workforce housing which we consider to be working class apartments at more affordable rental rates, in selected states. We believe that underwriting requirements provide significant protection against loss, as supported by loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios based on third-party appraisals. SBLOC and IBLOC loans are collateralized by marketable securities and the cash value of life insurance, respectively, while SBA loans are either SBA 7(a) loans that come with significant government-related guarantees, or SBA 504 loans that are made at 50-60% LTVs. Additional detail with respect to these loan portfolios is included in the related tables in “Financial Condition.” In 2024, we began originating consumer fintech loans, which are short-term loans made with the assistance of third party marketers and servicers. We believe that the nature of certain such loans, such as credit cards secured by deposits, or other aspects of these lending programs, also enhance their risk profile. The earnings impact of our payment businesses also positively impact our risk profile.

Nature of Operations

We are a Delaware financial holding company and our primary, wholly-owned subsidiary is The Bancorp Bank, National Association. The vast majority of our revenue and income is currently generated through the Bank. In our continuing operations, we have five primary lines of specialty lending in our national specialty finance segment:

SBLOC, IBLOC, and investment advisor financing;

leasing (direct lease financing);

SBLs, primarily SBA loans,

non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loans; and

consumer fintech lending.

SBLOCs and IBLOCs are loans that are generated through affinity groups and are respectively collateralized by marketable securities and the cash value of insurance policies. SBLOCs are typically offered in conjunction with brokerage accounts and are offered nationally. IBLOC loans are typically viewed as an alternative to standard policy loans from insurance companies and are utilized by our existing advisor base as well as insurance agents throughout the country. Investment advisor financing are loans made to investment advisors for purposes of debt refinance, acquisition of another investment firm or internal succession. Vehicle fleet and, to a lesser extent, other equipment leases are generated in a number of Atlantic Coast and other states and are collateralized primarily by vehicles. SBA loans are generated nationally and are collateralized by commercial properties and other types of collateral. Our non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loans, at fair value, are primarily collateralized by multifamily properties (apartment buildings), and to a lesser extent, by hotel and retail properties. These loans were originally generated for sale through securitizations. In 2020, we decided to retain these loans on our balance sheet as interest-earning assets and resumed originating such loans in the third quarter of 2021. These new originations are identified as real estate bridge loans, consist of apartment building loans, and are held for investment in the loan portfolio. Prior originations originally intended for securitizations continue to be accounted for at fair value, and are included on the balance sheet in “Commercial loans, at fair value.”

In the second quarter of 2024, we initiated our measured entry into consumer fintech lending, by which we make consumer loans with the marketing and servicing assistance of existing and planned new fintech relationships. While the $454.4 million of such loans at December 31, 2024 did not significantly impact income during the year, such lending is expected to meaningfully impact both the balance sheet and income in the future. We expect that impact will be reflected in a lower cost of funds for related deposits and increased transaction fees.

The majority of our deposits and non-interest income are generated in our fintech segment, or Fintech Solutions Group, which consists of consumer transaction accounts accessed by Bank-issued prepaid or debit cards and payment companies that process their clients’ corporate and consumer payments, ACH accounts, the collection of card payments on behalf of merchants and other payments through our Bank. The card-accessed deposit accounts are comprised of debit and prepaid card accounts that are generated by companies that market directly to end users. Our card-accessed deposit account types are diverse and include: consumer and business debit, general purpose reloadable prepaid, pre-tax medical spending benefit, payroll, gift, government, corporate incentive, reward,

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business payment accounts and others. Our ACH accounts facilitate bill payments and our acquiring accounts provide clearing and settlement services for payments made to merchants which must be settled through associations such as Visa or Mastercard. Consumer transaction account banking services are provided to organizations with a pre-existing customer base tailored to support or complement the services provided by these organizations to their customers, which we refer to as “affinity or private label banking.” These services include loan and deposit accounts for investment advisory companies through our Institutional Banking department. We typically provide these services under the name and through the facilities of each organization with whom we develop a relationship. In 2024, we began offering loans through credit sponsorship with third parties, in our fintech segment.

Recent Developments

On December 31, 2024, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, The Bancorp Bank, National Association (the “Bank”), closed on the sale of an $82 million REBLs portfolio, collateralized by apartment buildings. The sale included a $32.5 million classified loan, which was current with respect to monthly payments. The Bank provided financing to a third party purchaser, which provided a 25% payment guaranty. The leverage and guaranty provided were consistent with market terms, and the Bank’s general underwriting standards for similar loans. The resulting weighted average look-through LTVs, of the related mortgaged properties are no more than 57% as-is and 55% as-stabilized, which are further supported by the 25% payment guaranty. The look-through LTVs are the weighted average of LTVs multiplied by the leverage provided by the Company, based upon appraisals performed within the past 15 months. There was no loss of principal in connection with the sale, although $1.3 million of accrued interest was reversed in connection therewith. We believe that the sale is an indication of the liquidity of the portfolio, as further evidenced by “as is” and “as stabilized” LTVs, respectively, of 77% and 68% for total special mention and substandard REBL loans, based upon appraisals performed within the past 12 months.

Primarily as a result of the aforementioned $32.5 million substandard loan in that sale, total substandard loans decreased 14%, to $134.4 million at December 31, 2024, from $155.4 million at September 30, 2024. Substandard loans were further reduced on January 2, 2025, on which date a $12.3 million substandard loan was repaid without loss of principal, as a result of the sale of the underlying apartment building collateral in Plainfield New Jersey. In January 2025, two loans totaling $9.8 million were transferred to non-accrual and were accordingly classified as substandard.

As noted in the third quarter earnings release, a significant portion of the REBL portfolio was reviewed during that quarter by a firm specializing in such analysis, which resulted in no additional Special Mention or Substandard determinations. Additionally, the 100 basis points of Federal Reserve rate reductions may provide cash flow benefits to floating rate borrowers. Underlying property values as supported by the LTVs noted above, also continue to facilitate the recapitalization of certain loans from borrowers experiencing cash flow issues, to borrowers with greater financial capacity. At December 31, 2024, special mention real estate bridge loans amounted to $84.4 million which was unchanged from September 30, 2024.

The majority of the Company’s real estate owned is comprised of an apartment complex, with a balance as of December 31, 2024 of $41.1 million. That property is under agreement of sale with a sales price that is expected to cover the Company’s current balance plus the forecasted cost of improvements to the property. The purchaser has increased the total of earnest money deposits to $1.6 million, from $500,000, in consideration of extending the closing date to March 21, 2025. The Company believes that the purpose for the extension is to allow time for this sale to be included in a larger transaction. There can be no assurance that the purchaser will consummate the sale of the property, but if not consummated, the earnest money deposits of $1.6 million would accrue to the Company.

Key Performance Indicators

In 2024, we recorded net income of $217.5 million compared to $192.3 million in 2023, with pre-tax income increasing to $292.2 million in 2024 from $256.8 million in 2023. The increases primarily reflected higher net interest income, excluding the impact of consumer fintech loan credit enhancement, which had a correlated amount of provision for credit losses on consumer fintech loans. The increase in net interest income reflected net loan growth and the cumulative impact of Federal Reserve rate increases in 2023 on the loan portfolio, prior to Federal Reserve rate decreases which began in September 2024. Additionally, non-interest income from our payments businesses continued to grow.

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We use a number of key performance indicators (“KPIs”) to measure our overall financial performance and believe they are useful to investors because they provide additional information about our underlying operational performance and trends. We describe how we calculate and use a number of these KPIs and analyze their results below.

Return on assets and return on equity. Two KPIs commonly used within the banking industry to measure overall financial performance are return on assets and return on equity. Return on assets measures the amount of earnings compared to the level of assets utilized to generate those earnings and is derived by dividing net income by average assets. Return on equity measures the amount of earnings compared to the equity utilized to generate those earnings and is derived by dividing net income by average shareholders’ equity.

Ratio of equity to assets. Ratio of equity to assets is another KPI frequently utilized within the banking industry and is derived by dividing period-end shareholders’ equity by period-end total assets.

Net interest margin and credit losses. Net interest margin is a KPI associated with net interest income, which is the largest component of our earnings and is the difference between the interest earned on our interest-earning assets consisting of loans and investments, less the interest on our funding, consisting primarily of deposits. Net interest margin is derived by dividing net interest income by average interest-earning assets. Higher levels of earnings and net interest income on lower levels of assets, equity and interest-earning assets are generally desirable. However, these indicators must be considered in light of regulatory capital requirements, which impact equity, and credit risk inherent in loans. Accordingly, the magnitude of credit losses is an additional KPI.

Other KPIs. Other KPIs we use from time to time include growth in average loans and leases, non-interest income growth, the level of non-interest expense and various capital measures.

Results of KPIs

| As of and for the years ended
|  | December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income Statement Data: |  | (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Net interest income | $ | 376,241 |  | $ | 354,052 |  | $ | 248,841
Provision for credit losses on non-consumer fintech loans |  | 9,319 |  |  | 8,465 |  |  | 5,741
Provision (reversal) for credit loss on security |  | (1,000) |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | —
Non-interest income |  | 146,482 |  |  | 112,094 |  |  | 105,683
Non-interest expense |  | 203,225 |  |  | 191,042 |  |  | 169,502
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 217,540 |  | $ | 192,296 |  | $ | 130,213
Net income per share – diluted | $ | 4.29 |  | $ | 3.49 |  | $ | 2.27
Selected Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets |  | 2.71% |  |  | 2.59% |  |  | 1.81%
Return on average common equity |  | 27.24% |  |  | 25.62% |  |  | 19.34%
Net interest margin |  | 4.85% |  |  | 4.95% |  |  | 3.55%
Book value per common share | $ | 16.55 |  | $ | 15.17 |  | $ | 12.46
Equity/assets |  | 9.05% |  |  | 10.48% |  |  | 8.78%

In the past three years, we have continued to target loan niches which we believe have lower credit risk than certain other forms of lending. These include SBLOC and IBLOC; SBA loans, a significant portion of which are government guaranteed or must have loan-to-value ratios lower than other forms of lending; leasing to which we have access to underlying vehicles; and real estate bridge lending for apartment buildings in selected national regions. Significant amounts of balances of these loans are variable rate and adjust more fully to Federal Reserve rate changes than do our deposits, which are derived primarily from our payments businesses. In 2024, we significantly increased our fixed rate investment portfolio to reduce exposure to lower rate environments. Average loans and leases grew to $5.93 billion in 2024 from $5.73 billion in 2023.

Increases in the return on average assets (‘ROA”) and return on average common equity (“ROE”) KPIs in 2024 reflected the impact of net loan growth and higher rates on loans as a result of Federal Reserve rate increases, prior to decreases which began in September 2024. The impact of loan growth in certain categories was offset by SBLOC and IBLOC payoffs, which we believe resulted from customer resistance to such higher rates. The net interest margin decreased to 4.85% in 2024 from 4.95% in 2023 and return on assets and return on equity respectively amounted to 2.71% and 27.24%, compared to 2.59% and 25.62%. ROA and ROE also reflected growth in ACH, card and other payment processing fees, prepaid, debit card and related fees and consumer credit

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fintech fees. Changes in book value per common share and the equity to assets ratio primarily reflect earnings retention, net of the impact of share repurchases and changes in the value of available-for-sale securities.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our accounting and reporting policies conform with GAAP and general practices within the financial services industry. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We believe that the determination of our allowance for credit losses on loans, leases and securities requires estimates made in accordance with GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

We determine our allowance for credit losses with the objective of maintaining an allowance level we believe to be sufficient to absorb our estimated current and future expected credit losses. We base our determination of the adequacy of the allowance on periodic evaluations of our loan portfolio and other relevant factors. However, this evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, including, among others, expected default probabilities, the amount of loss we may incur on a defaulted loan, expected commitment usage, the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, collateral values and historical loss experience. We also evaluate economic conditions and uncertainties in estimating losses and other risks in our loan portfolio. To the extent actual outcomes differ from our estimates, we may need additional provisions for credit losses. Any such additional provisions for credit losses will be a direct charge to our earnings. We utilize a CECL model to determine the adequacy of the allowance and inputs include net charge-off history and estimated loan lives. The allowance for credit losses is accordingly sensitive to changes in these inputs, such that related increases would increase the allowance and provision. See “Allowance for Credit Losses”, “Note E—Loans” and “Note D—Investment Securities” to the audited consolidated financial statements herein for other factors to which the allowance and provision are sensitive.

We periodically review our investment portfolio to determine whether unrealized losses on securities result from credit, based on evaluations of the creditworthiness of the issuers or guarantors, and underlying collateral, as applicable. In addition, we consider the continuing performance of the securities. We recognize credit losses through the consolidated statements of operations. If management believes market value losses are not credit related, we recognize the reduction in other comprehensive income, through equity. Our evaluation of whether a credit loss exists is sensitive to the following factors: (a) the extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost of the security, (b) changes in the financial condition, credit rating and near-term prospects of the issuer, (c) whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, (d) changes in the financial condition of the security’s underlying collateral, and (e) the payment structure of the security. If a credit loss is determined, we estimate expected future cash flows to estimate the credit loss amount with a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources and internal assumptions and judgments regarding the future performance of the security.

Results of Operations

Overview

Net interest income continued its upward trend in 2024, increasing $22.2 million to $376.2 million in 2024 from $354.1 million in 2023. The increase reflected the impact of the higher interest rate environment on loans and growth in certain loan categories, partially offset by the impact of lower balances for SBLOCs and IBLOCs, and commercial loans, at fair value which are in runoff. At December 31, 2024, our total loans, including commercial loans, at fair value, amounted to $6.34 billion, an increase of $642.8 million, or 11.3%, over the $5.69 billion balance at December 31, 2023. Our investment securities available-for-sale increased $755.3 million to $1.50 billion from $747.5 million between those respective dates reflecting $900 million of fixed rate securities purchases in April, 2024. Those securities purchases were made to reduce exposure to lower rate environments. The provision for credit losses on non-consumer fintech loans increased $854,000 to $9.3 million in 2024, reflecting the $2.0 million impact of a new qualitative factor for classified REBL loans in the third quarter of 2024. The provision also reflected the impact of continuing higher leasing net charge-offs. Please see “Results of Operations-Provision for Credit Losses on Loans” below.

A $34.4 million increase in non-interest income in 2024 compared to 2023 reflected $19.6 million of consumer fintech loan credit enhancement income, which correlated to a like amount for provision for credit loss for consumer fintech loans. It also reflected an $8.0 million increase in prepaid, debit card and related fees and increased ACH, card and other payment processing fees.

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While the dollar amount of payment transactions continued its upward trend, prepaid, debit card and related fees do not necessarily grow proportionately, as transactions have been shifting to debit cards, for which margins are generally lower. Fees earned for volumes above certain thresholds for individual relationships may also be lower.

In 2024, total non-interest expense increased $12.2 million to $203.2 million compared to $191.0 million in 2023, reflecting an increase of $10.5 million in salaries expense which reflected increases in payments related financial crimes and IT salary expense and incentive compensation expense, including stock compensation expense.

Net Income: 2024 compared to 2023

Net income was $217.5 million in 2024 compared to $192.3 million in 2023, while income before taxes was, respectively, $292.2 million and $256.8 million, an increase of $35.4 million. In 2024, net interest income grew by $22.2 million and non-interest income increased $34.4 million. The $22.2 million, or 6.3%, increase in 2024 net interest income over 2023 reflected the impact of net loan growth and Federal Reserve rate increases. While the Federal Reserve began decreasing rates in September 2024, approximately $900 million of fixed rate securities purchases in April 2024, had significantly reduced related downward exposure to our net interest income resulting from our variable rate loan and securities portfolios. The $34.4 million increase in non-interest income reflected $19.6 million of consumer fintech loan credit enhancement income, which correlated to a like amount for provision for credit loss for consumer fintech loans, and an increase in prepaid, debit card and related fees. The increase also reflected increased ACH, card and other payment processing fees partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in net realized and unrealized gains on commercial loans, primarily non-SBA commercial real estate loans, at fair value. That decrease reflected lower fees recognized at the time those loans are repaid, as a result of the run-off of that fair value portfolio.

Reflecting the above changes, net income amounted to $217.5 million in 2024 compared to $192.3 million in 2023, or earnings per diluted share of $4.29 compared to $3.49 in 2023.

Net Interest Income: 2024 compared to 2023

Our net interest income for 2024 increased to $376.2 million, an increase of $22.2 million, or 6.3%, from $354.1 million for 2023, reflecting a $42.1 million, or 8.3%, increase in interest income to $551.6 million from $509.5 million for 2023. The growth in interest income reflected net loan growth and increases in yields as a result of Federal Reserve rate hikes, prior to reductions which began in September 2024.

Our average loans and leases increased 3.4% to $5.93 billion in 2024 from $5.73 billion for 2023. The increase in loans reflected growth in, SBA, direct lease financing, real estate bridge lending and investment advisor loans, partially offset by decreases in SBLOC and IBLOC loans. The balance of our commercial loans, at fair value also decreased primarily reflecting non-SBA commercial real estate loan payoffs of loans previously held for sale, but which continue to be accounted for at fair value. In the third quarter of 2021, we resumed originating such loans, referred to as real estate bridge loans which are accounted for as held for investment. Of the total $22.2 million increase in loan interest income on a tax equivalent basis, the largest increases were $13.1 million for all real estate bridge loans, $12.2 million for small business lending, $9.7 million for leasing and $5.3 million for investment advisor financing, while total SBLOC and IBLOC decreased $19.9 million. Our average investment securities were $1.33 billion for 2024 compared to $770.0 million for 2023, while related interest income increased $27.2 million on a tax equivalent basis primarily reflecting an increase in yields.

While interest income increased by $42.1 million, or 8.3%, interest expense increased by $19.9 million, or 12.8%, to $175.4 million in 2024 from $155.5 million in 2023. As a result of contractual relationships with its clients, deposit rates adjust to a portion of Federal Reserve rate changes, while loans, especially variable rate loans, adjust more fully.

Our net interest margin (calculated by dividing net interest income by average interest-earning assets) for 2024 decreased 10 basis points to 4.85% from 4.95% for 2023. The average yield on our interest-earning assets decreased to 7.11% from 7.13% for 2023, a decrease of 2 basis points, while the cost of total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities increased to 2.46% for 2024 from 2.38% for 2023, an increase of 8 basis points, or a net change of 10 basis points. The yield on loans in total increased to 7.74% from 7.62%, an increase of 12 basis points, while the yield on taxable investment securities de creased 12 basis points to 4.98% from 5.10%.

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In 2024, average demand and interest checking deposits amounted to $6.88 billion, compared to $6.31 billion in 2023, an increase of 9.0%, reflecting growth in debit, prepaid card account and other payments balances. The yield on those deposits increased to 2.35% in 2024 compared to 2.30% in 2023, reflecting the impact of Federal Reserve rate hikes on contractually based fees. Savings and money market balances averaged $72.0 million in 2024 compared to $78.1 million in 2023 with an average 3.52% rate in 2024 compared to 3.66% in 2023. Lower savings and money market balances compared to prior periods reflected the sweeping of deposits off our balance sheet to other institutions. Such sweeps are utilized to optimize diversity within our funding structure by managing the percentage of individual client deposits to total deposits.

Average Daily Balance

The following table presents the average daily balances of assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity and the respective interest earned or paid on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as average rates for the periods indicated:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Average |  |  |  |  | Average |  | Average |  |  |  |  | Average
|  | balance |  | Interest |  | rate |  | balance |  | Interest |  | rate
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs(1) |  | $ | 5,920,643 |  | $ | 458,405 |  |  | 7.74% |  | $ | 5,724,679 |  | $ | 436,343 |  | 7.62%
Leases-bank qualified(2) |  |  | 5,064 |  |  | 522 |  |  | 10.31% |  |  | 4,106 |  |  | 388 |  | 9.45%
Investment securities-taxable |  |  | 1,331,234 |  |  | 66,262 |  |  | 4.98% |  |  | 766,906 |  |  | 39,078 |  | 5.10%
Investment securities-nontaxable(2) |  |  | 3,487 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 6.80% |  |  | 3,118 |  |  | 193 |  | 6.19%
Interest-earning deposits at Federal Reserve Bank |  |  | 497,180 |  |  | 26,326 |  |  | 5.30% |  |  | 649,873 |  |  | 33,627 |  | 5.17%
Net interest-earning assets |  |  | 7,757,608 |  |  | 551,752 |  |  | 7.11% |  |  | 7,148,682 |  |  | 509,629 |  | 7.13%
Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (28,707) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23,412) |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  | 308,814 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 292,501 |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 8,037,715 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,417,771 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and interest checking |  | $ | 6,875,368 |  | $ | 161,841 |  |  | 2.35% |  | $ | 6,308,509 |  | $ | 144,814 |  | 2.30%
Savings and money market |  |  | 71,962 |  |  | 2,531 |  |  | 3.52% |  |  | 78,074 |  |  | 2,857 |  | 3.66%
Time |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,794 |  |  | 858 |  | 4.13%
Total deposits |  |  | 6,947,330 |  |  | 164,372 |  |  | 2.37% |  |  | 6,407,377 |  |  | 148,529 |  | 2.32%
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 44,220 |  |  | 2,469 |  |  | 5.58% |  |  | 5,739 |  |  | 271 |  | 4.72%
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  | —
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 35,232 |  |  | 2,420 |  |  | 6.87% |  |  | 9,995 |  |  | 507 |  | 5.07%
Subordinated debt |  |  | 13,401 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 8.62% |  |  | 13,401 |  |  | 1,121 |  | 8.37%
Senior debt |  |  | 96,027 |  |  | 4,935 |  |  | 5.14% |  |  | 96,864 |  |  | 5,027 |  | 5.19%
Total deposits and liabilities |  |  | 7,136,213 |  |  | 175,351 |  |  | 2.46% |  |  | 6,533,417 |  |  | 155,455 |  | 2.38%
Other liabilities |  |  | 102,970 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 133,698 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 7,239,183 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,667,115 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity |  |  | 798,532 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 750,656 |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 8,037,715 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,417,771 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income on tax equivalent basis(2) |  |  |  |  | $ | 376,401 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 354,174 |  |
Tax equivalent adjustment |  |  |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 122 |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | $ | 376,241 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 354,052 |  |
Net interest margin(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.85% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.95%
(1) Includes commercial loans, at fair value. All periods include non-accrual loans.
(2) Full taxable equivalent basis, using 21% respective statutory federal tax rates in 2024 and 2023.

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In 2024 compared to 2023, average interest-earning assets increased to $7.76 billion, an increase of $608.9 million, or 8.5%. The increase reflected a $196.9 million, or 3.4%, increase in average loans and leases. The increase in average loans reflected decreases in SBLOC and IBLOC and commercial loans, at fair value which partially offset increases in small business, direct lease financing, real estate bridge lending and investment advisor financing. Average balances of investment securities increased $564.7 million, or 73.3%, reflecting $900 million of securities purchases in April, 2024.

Volume and Rate Analysis

The following table sets forth the changes in net interest income attributable to either changes in volume (average balances) or to changes in average rates from 2023 through 2024 on a tax equivalent basis. The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.

|  | 2024 versus 2023
|  | Due to change in:
|  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Total
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable loans net of unearned discount |  | $ | 15,098 |  | $ | 6,964 |  | $ | 22,062
Bank qualified tax free leases net of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
unearned discount |  |  | 96 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 134
Investment securities-taxable |  |  | 28,756 |  |  | (1,572) |  |  | 27,184
Investment securities-nontaxable |  |  | 24 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 44
Interest-earning deposits |  |  | (8,105) |  |  | 804 |  |  | (7,301)
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 35,869 |  |  | 6,254 |  |  | 42,123
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and interest checking |  |  | 13,270 |  |  | 3,757 |  |  | 17,027
Savings and money market |  |  | (218) |  |  | (108) |  |  | (326)
Time |  |  | (858) |  |  | — |  |  | (858)
Total deposit interest expense |  |  | 12,194 |  |  | 3,649 |  |  | 15,843
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 1,817 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 2,198
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 1,281 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 1,913
Subordinated debt |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 34
Senior debt |  |  | (43) |  |  | (49) |  |  | (92)
Total interest expense |  |  | 15,249 |  |  | 4,647 |  |  | 19,896
Net interest income: |  | $ | 20,620 |  | $ | 1,607 |  | $ | 22,227

Provision for Credit Losses on Loans

Our provision for credit losses on non-consumer fintech loans was $9.3 million for 2024 and $8.5 million for 2023. Provisions are based on our evaluation of the adequacy of our ACL, particularly in light of the estimated impact of charge-offs and the potential impact of current economic conditions which might impact our borrowers. The increased provision in 2024 over 2023 reflected a new qualitative factor for classified REBL loans, which resulted in a $2.0 million increase in the provision in the third quarter of 2024. The provision in both years also reflected the impact of continuing higher leasing net charge-offs, especially in long haul and local trucking, transportation and related activities for which total exposure was approximately $32 million at December 31, 2024. For additional related information see “Note E—Loans” to the audited consolidated financial statements herein. At December 31, 2024, our ACL amounted to $31.9 million, or 0.52%, of total loans. We believe that our allowance is appropriate and supportable in providing for current and future expected losses, consistent with CECL guidance. For more information about our provision and ACL and our loss experience see “—Financial Condition—Allowance for Credit Losses” and “—Summary of Loan and Lease Loss Experience,” below.

Provision for Credit Loss on Trust Preferred Security

The Bank owns one trust preferred security, which it purchased in 2006, and which has a par value of $10.0 million, and owns no other such security or similar security. The security was issued by an aggregator of insurance lines in run-off, including workmen’s compensation lines. In the third quarter of 2023, the Bank was notified that interest payments were being deferred on the security, as permitted under the terms of the trust preferred indenture which permits such deferrals for up to twenty consecutive quarters. At the end of the deferral, deferred interest must be repaid, including interest on the deferred interest. The Bank placed the security in non-accrual status and continued previous efforts to obtain financial information from the issuer, which is not required to provide such information under the terms of the related indenture. Limited financial and other information finally distributed to

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holders in the fourth quarter of 2023, did not provide a substantial basis for repayment. Accordingly, the Bank provided for a potential loss for the full amount of the $10.0 million par value of the security through a provision of $10.0 million. The security had previously been valued at $6.3 million through adjustments to equity. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the issuer tendered an offer to repurchase these securities which the Company accepted. Accordingly, $1.0 million was recovered which resulted in a reversal of the provision for credit loss in that amount, and a charge-off of the remaining $9.0 million of the security.

Non-Interest Income: 2024 compared to 2023

Non-interest income was $146.5 million for 2024 compared to $112.1 million for 2023. The $34.4 million, or 30.7%, increase between those respective periods reflected $19.6 million of consumer fintech loan credit enhancement income which correlated to a like amount for provision for credit loss for consumer fintech loans, and an $8.0 million increase in prepaid, debit card and related fees. The increase also reflected increased ACH, card and other payment processing fees, partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in net realized and unrealized gains on commercial loans, at fair value, as a result of the runoff of that fair value portfolio. The $2.7 million net realized and unrealized gains on commercial loans, at fair value for 2024 was comprised of $3.7 million of non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loan repayment related income, partially offset by $683,000 of fair value losses and $285,000 of hedge losses. The $3.7 million net realized and unrealized gains on commercial loans, at fair value for 2023 was comprised of $7.0 million of non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loan repayment related income, partially offset by $3.1 million of fair value losses and $124,000 of hedge losses.

Consumer credit fintech fees amounted to $4.8 million for the year ended 2024, as we began our entry into consumer fintech lending in the second quarter of 2024. These fees reflect credit sponsorship fees from third parties who market and service these loans. Related impact may also be reflected in a lower cost of deposits, as a result of associated deposits.

Prepaid and debit card and related fees increased $8.0 million, or 8.9%, to $97.4 million for 2024 from $89.4 million for 2023. The first quarter of 2023 included approximately $600,000 of non-interest income related to the fourth quarter of 2022, and a $1.4 million termination fee from a client which formed its own bank. The increase reflected higher transaction volume from new clients and organic growth from existing clients. ACH, card and other payment processing fees increased $4.8 million, or 48.6%, to $14.6 million for 2024 compared to $9.8 million for 2023, reflecting an increase in rapid funds transfer volume.

Leasing related income decreased $2.4 million, or 38.0%, to $3.9 million for 2024 from $6.3 million for 2023 , reflecting $1.1 million of losses related to an auto auction company which ceased operations.

Other non-interest income increased $626,000, or 22.5%, to $3.4 million in 2024 from $2.8 million in 2023, reflecting increased payoff fees on advisor financing loans.

Non-Interest Expense: 2024 compared to 2023

Total non-interest expense in 2024 was $203.2 million, an increase of $12.2 million, or 6.4%, from the $191.0 million in 2023. S alaries and employee benefits increased 8.7%, reflecting increases in payments business related financial crimes, IT salary expense and incentive compensation expense, including stock compensation expense.

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The following table presents the principal categories of non-interest expense for the periods indicated:

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Percent Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 131,597 |  | $ | 121,055 |  | $ | 10,542 |  |  | 8.7%
Depreciation |  | 4,155 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | 1,081 |  |  | 35.2%
Rent and related occupancy cost |  | 6,746 |  |  | 5,980 |  |  | 766 |  |  | 12.8%
Data processing expense |  | 5,666 |  |  | 5,447 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 4.0%
Audit expense |  | 1,484 |  |  | 1,620 |  |  | (136) |  |  | (8.4%)
Legal expense |  | 3,081 |  |  | 3,850 |  |  | (769) |  |  | (20.0%)
Legal settlements |  | 284 |  |  | — |  |  | 284 |  |  | 100.0%
FDIC insurance |  | 3,579 |  |  | 2,957 |  |  | 622 |  |  | 21.0%
Software |  | 17,913 |  |  | 17,349 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 3.3%
Insurance |  | 5,195 |  |  | 5,139 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 1.1%
Telecom and IT network communications |  | 1,227 |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | (89) |  |  | (6.8%)
Consulting |  | 1,852 |  |  | 1,938 |  |  | (86) |  |  | (4.4%)
Write-downs and other losses on OREO |  | — |  |  | 1,315 |  |  | (1,315) |  |  | (100.0%)
Other |  | 20,446 |  |  | 20,002 |  |  | 444 |  |  | 2.2%
Total non-interest expense | $ | 203,225 |  | $ | 191,042 |  | $ | 12,183 |  |  | 6.4%

Changes in categories of non-interest expense were as follows:

Salaries and employee benefits expense increased to $131.6 million, an increase of $10.5 million, or 8.7%, from $121.1 million for 2023.

Depreciation expense increased $1.1 million, or 35.2%, to $4.2 million in 2024 from $3.1 million in 2023, reflecting the impact of the Sioux Falls, South Dakota relocation to new and expanded offices and a new expanded data center.

Rent and related occupancy cost increased $766,000, or 12.8%, to $6.7 million in 2024 from $6.0 million in 2023, r eflecting the impact of the Sioux Falls, South Dakota relocation to new and expanded offices and a new expanded data center.

Data processing expense increased $219,000, or 4.0%, to $5.7 million in 2024 from $5.4 million in 2023, reflecting higher transaction volume.

Audit expense decreased $136,000, or 8.4%, to $1.5 million in 2024 from $1.6 million in 2023.

Legal expense decreased $769,000, or 20.0%, to $3.1 million for 2024 from $3.9 million in 2023, reflecting a reimbursement of legal fees related to the Del Mar complaint described in “Note O—Commitments and Contingencies” to the audited consolidated financial statements in the 2023 Form 10-K.

FDIC insurance expense increased $622,000, or 21.0%, to $3.6 million for 2024 from $3.0 million in 2023, reflecting increases in liabilities against which insurance rates are applied.

Software expense increased $564,000, or 3.3%, to $17.9 million in 2024 from $17.3 million in 2023. The increase reflected higher expenditures for information technology infrastructure including leasing, institutional banking, cybersecurity, cloud computing and enterprise risk, which more than offset decreased expenses related to financial crimes management.

Insurance expense increased $56,000, or 1.1%, to $5.2 million in 2024 from $5.1 million in 2023.

Telecom and IT network communications expense decreased $89,000, or 6.8%, to $1.2 million in 2024 from $1.3 million in 2023.

Consulting expense decreased $86,000, or 4.4%, to $1.9 million in 2024 from $1.9 million in 2023.

Other non-interest expense increased $444,000, or 2.2%, to $20.4 million in 2024 from $20.0 million in 2023. The $444,000 increase primarily reflected a $1.2 million loss from a transaction processing delay and a $989,000 increase in OREO expense offset by the following decreases: (i) other loan expense of $443,000 (ii) correspondent banking fees of $381,000 (iii) regulatory examination fees of $259,000 and (iv) other operating taxes of $353,000. The $989,000 increase in OREO expense, reflected expenses on the $39.4 million apartment property transferred to OREO in the second quarter of 2024, as described in “Note E—Loans”. The balance of that property, which is under agreement of sale as described in “Recent Developments”, was $41.1 million as of December 31, 2024.

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Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $74.6 million and $64.5 million respectively, for 2024 and 2023. The increase resulted primarily from an increase in income, substantially all of which is subject to income tax. The effective tax rate was 25.5% in 2024 compared to 25.1% in 2023 and reflects a 21% federal tax rate and state taxes. The lower rate in 2023 reflected the impact of adjustments related to state taxes in multiple states, including those related to the relocation of the Bank’s corporate headquarters to South Dakota.

Liquidity

Liquidity defines our ability to generate funds at a reasonable cost to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals, satisfy borrowing needs and otherwise operate on an ongoing basis. Maintaining an adequate level of liquidity depends on the institution’s ability to efficiently meet both expected and unexpected cash flows without adversely affecting daily operations or financial condition. Our liquidity management policy requirements include sustaining defined liquidity minimums, concentration monitoring and management, stress testing, contingency planning and related oversight. Based on our sources of funding and liquidity discussed below, we believe we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available for our needs in the next 12 months and for the longer-term beyond 12 months. The adequacy of liquidity is supported by (a) the historical stability and growth of its relationships which are further subject to multi-year contracts, (b) access to contingent funding and (c) the short terms and liquidity of significant amounts of our assets. We invest the funds we do not need for daily operations primarily in our interest-bearing account at the Federal Reserve. Interest-bearing balances at the FRB, maintained on an overnight basis, averaged $527.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to the prior year fourth quarter average of $677.5 million.

Our primary source of funding has been deposits, comprised primarily of millions of small transaction-based consumer balances, the majority of which are FDIC-insured. We have multi-year, contractual relationships with affinity groups which sponsor such accounts and with whom we have had long-term relationships (see Item 1, “Business—Our Strategies”). Those long-term relationships comprise the majority of our deposits and in addition to related organic growth, we continue to add new affinity groups. We do not believe that the changes in our deposits in the past two years significantly impacted overall liquidity or cost of funds as a result of such long-term relationships and a history of stability, further managed through multi-year contracts. Average deposits in 2024 increased by $540.0 million, or 8.4%, to $6.95 billion compared to $6.41 billion in 2023. Average savings and money market account balances decreased $6.1 million between those periods, reflecting the sweeping of deposits off our balance sheet to other institutions. Such sweeps are utilized to optimize diversity within our funding structure by managing the percentage of individual client deposits to total deposits. Overnight borrowings are also periodically utilized as a funding source to facilitate cash management.

One contingent source of liquidity is available-for-sale securities which amounted to $1.50 billion at December 31, 2024, reflecting $900 million of securities purchases in April, 2024, compared to $747.5 million at December 31, 2023. In excess of $1.0 billion of these securities, including those $900 million of April 2024 purchases, can be pledged to facilitate extensions of credit in addition to loans already pledged against lines of credit, as discussed later in this section. At December 31, 2024 outstanding loans amounted to $6.11 billion, compared to $5.36 billion at the prior year end, an increase of $752.5 million representing a use of funds. Commercial loans, at fair value decreased to $223.1 million from $332.8 million, or $109.7 million, representing a source of funds.

While we do not have a traditional branch system, we believe that our core deposits, which include our demand, interest checking, savings and money market accounts, have similar characteristics to those of a bank with a branch system. The majority of our deposit accounts are obtained with the assistance of third-parties and as a result have historically been classified as brokered by the FDIC. Prior to December 2020, FDIC guidance for classification of deposit accounts as brokered was relatively broad, and generally included accounts which were referred to or “placed” with the institution by other companies. If the Bank ceases to be categorized as “well capitalized” under banking regulations, it will be prohibited from accepting, renewing or rolling over any of its deposits classified as brokered without the consent of the FDIC. In such a case, the FDIC’s refusal to grant consent to our accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits could effectively restrict or eliminate the ability of the Bank to operate its business lines as presently conducted. In December 2020, the FDIC issued a new regulation which, in the third quarter of 2021, resulted in the majority of our deposits being reclassified from brokered to non-brokered. On July 30, 2024, the FDIC proposed a regulation eliminating certain automatic exceptions which resulted in the reclassification of significant amounts of our deposits from brokered to non-brokered as a result of the December 2020 rules changes, while retaining the ability of financial institutions to reapply. If the proposed regulation were to be adopted, significant amounts of our deposits could be reclassified as brokered, which could also result in an increase in our federal deposit insurance rate and expense. On January 21, 2025, the FDIC announced that the proposed regulation would not be adopted. Of our total deposits of $7.75 billion as of December 31, 2024, $810.6 million were classified as brokered and an estimated $501.1 million were not insured by FDIC insurance, which requires identification of the depositor and is limited to $250,000 per

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identified depositor. Uninsured accounts may represent a greater liquidity risk than FDIC-insured accounts should large depositors withdraw funds as a result of negative financial developments either at the Bank or in the economy. Significant amounts of our uninsured deposits are comprised of small balances, such as anonymous gift cards and corporate incentive cards for which there is no identified depositor. We do not believe that such uninsured accounts present a significant liquidity risk.

Certain components of our deposits experience seasonality, creating excess liquidity at certain times. The largest deposit inflows have generally occurred in the first quarter of the year when certain of our accounts are credited with tax refund payments from the U.S. Treasury.

While consumer deposit accounts, including prepaid and debit card accounts, comprise the majority of our funding needs, we maintain secured borrowing lines with the FHLB and the Federal Reserve which are collateralized by certain of our loans. The amount of loans pledged against these lines varies and the collateral may be unpledged at any time to the extent remaining collateral value exceeds advances. Our collateralized line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank had available accessible capacity of $1.99 billion as of December 31, 2024 and was collateralized by loans. We have also pledged in excess of $2.22 billion of multifamily loans to the FHLB. As a result, we have approximately $1.02 billion of availability on that line of credit which we can also access at any time. As of December 31, 2024, we had no amount outstanding on the Federal Reserve line or on our FHLB line. We expect to continue to maintain our facilities with the FHLB and Federal Reserve, which, with the approximate $1.0 billion of U.S. government agency securities, represent our most readily accessible liquidity sources. We actively monitor our positions and contingent funding sources daily. Included in our cash and cash-equivalents at December 31, 2024, were $564.1 million of interest-earning deposits, which primarily consisted of deposits with the Federal Reserve. These amounts may vary on a daily basis.

In 2024, $242.7 million of securities redemptions were exceeded by purchases of $991.2 million. In 2023, $71.1 million of securities redemptions exceeded purchases of $49.0 million. In 2022, $161.1 million of redemptions exceeded purchases of $24.2 million. As shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash required to fund loans was $877.4 million in 2024 and $1.68 billion in 2022. In 2023, loan repayments exceeded disbursements.

At December 31, 2024, we had outstanding commitments to fund loans, including unused lines of credit, of $1.98 billion, the vast majority of which are SBLOC lines of credit which are variable rate. We attempt to increase such line usage; however, usage percentages have been historically consistent and the majority of these lines of credit have historically not been drawn. The recorded amount of such commitments has, for many accounts, been based on the full amount of collateral in a customer’s investment account. Accordingly, the funding requirements for such commitments occur on a measured basis over time and are expected to be funded by deposit growth. Additionally, these loans are “demand” loans and as such, represent a contingency source of funding.

As a holding company conducting substantially all of our business through our subsidiaries, our near term needs for liquidity consist principally of cash needed to make required interest payments on our subordinated debentures, consisting of $13.4 million of debentures bearing interest at Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 3.51% and maturing in March 2038 (the “2038 Debentures”), and senior debt, consisting of $100.0 million senior notes with an interest rate of 4.75% and maturing in August 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”). Semi-annual interest payments on the 2025 Senior Notes are approximately $2.4 million, and quarterly interest payments on the 2038 Debentures are approximately $300,000. We may repay the notes with a dividend from the bank, or refinance the debt with a new debt offering. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash reserves of approximately $10.7 million at the holding company. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Bank began paying dividends to the holding company to pay interest on these obligations and to fund ongoing common stock repurchases. Stock repurchases are discretionary and may be terminated at any time. To the extent that planned repurchases of $37.5 million per quarter in 2025 continue, they will likely continue to be funded by dividends from the Bank to the holding company. The holding company’s sources of liquidity are primarily comprised of dividends paid to it by the Bank and the issuance of debt.

Capital Resources and Requirements

We must comply with capital adequacy guidelines issued by our regulators. A bank must, in general, have a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5.0%, a ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, a ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of 10.0% and a ratio of common equity to risk-weighted assets of 6.50% to be considered “well capitalized.” The Tier 1 leverage ratio is the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average assets for the most recent quarter. Tier 1 capital includes common shareholders’ equity, certain qualifying perpetual preferred stock and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries, less intangibles. At December 31, 2024, both the Company and the Bank were “well capitalized” under banking regulations.

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The following table sets forth our regulatory capital amounts and ratios for the periods indicated:

|  | Tier 1 capital |  | Tier 1 capital |  | Total capital |  | Common equity
|  | to average |  | to risk-weighted |  | to risk-weighted |  | tier 1 to risk-
|  | assets ratio |  | assets ratio |  | assets ratio |  | weighted assets
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. |  | 9.41% |  | 13.88% |  | 14.46% |  | 13.88%
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 10.38% |  | 15.29% |  | 15.87% |  | 15.29%
"Well capitalized" institution (under federal regulations-Basel III) |  | 5.00% |  | 8.00% |  | 10.00% |  | 6.50%
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. |  | 11.19% |  | 15.66% |  | 16.23% |  | 15.66%
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 12.37% |  | 17.35% |  | 17.92% |  | 17.35%
"Well capitalized" institution (under federal regulations-Basel III) |  | 5.00% |  | 8.00% |  | 10.00% |  | 6.50%

Asset and Liability Management

The management of rate sensitive assets and liabilities is essential to controlling interest rate risk and optimizing interest margins. An interest rate sensitive asset or liability is one that, within a defined time period, either matures or experiences an interest rate change in line with general market rates. Interest rate sensitivity measures the relative volatility of an institution’s interest margin resulting from changes in market interest rates. While it is difficult to predict the impact of inflation and responsive Federal Reserve rate changes on our net interest income, the Federal Reserve has historically utilized interest rate increases in the overnight federal funds rate as one tool in fighting inflation. As a result of high rates of inflation, the Federal Reserve raised rates in each quarter of 2022 and in the first three quarters of 2023. In the third quarter of 2024 the Federal Reserve began lowering rates. Our largest funding source, prepaid and debit card accounts, contractually adjusts to only a portion of increases or decreases in rates which are largely determined by such Federal Reserve actions. While deposits reprice to only a portion of rate increases, interest-earning assets tend to adjust more fully to rate increases at contractual pricing intervals which may be monthly or up to several years. While significant amounts of our loans and securities are variable rate and reprice monthly, quarterly or over several years, we increased fixed rate loans and securities in 2024, to reduce exposure to lower interest rate environments. Additionally, the impact of loan interest rate floors which must be exceeded before rates on certain loans increase, may result in decreases in net interest income with lesser increases in rates. At December 31, 2024, all of the floors had been exceeded.

As a financial institution, potential interest rate volatility is a primary component of our market risk. Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact the level of our earnings and the market value of our interest-earning assets, other than those with short-term maturities. We do not own any trading assets nor do we engage in hedging transactions.

We have adopted policies designed to manage net interest income and preserve capital over a broad range of interest rate movements. To effectively administer the policies and to monitor our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, we maintain an asset/liability committee, consisting of the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Credit Officer and others. This committee meets quarterly to review our financial results and develop strategies to achieve budgetary targets based upon current and anticipated market conditions. The primary goal of our policies is to optimize margins and manage interest rate risk, consistent with policy constraints for prudent management of interest rate risk.

We monitor, manage and control interest rate risk through a variety of techniques, including use of traditional interest rate sensitivity analysis (also known as “gap analysis”) and an interest rate risk management model. With the interest rate risk management model, we project future net interest income and then estimate the effect of various changes in interest rates on that projected net interest income. We also use the interest rate risk management model to calculate the change in net portfolio value over a range of interest rate change scenarios. Traditional gap analysis involves arranging our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities by repricing periods and then computing the difference (or “interest rate sensitivity gap”) between the assets and liabilities that we estimate will reprice during each time period and cumulatively through the end of each time period.

Both interest rate sensitivity modeling and gap analysis are done at a specific point in time and involve a variety of significant estimates and assumptions. Interest rate sensitivity modeling requires, among other things, estimates of how much and when yields and costs on individual categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities will respond to general changes in market rates, future cash flows and discount rates. Gap analysis requires estimates as to when individual categories of interest sensitive assets and liabilities will reprice, and assumes that assets and liabilities assigned to the same repricing period will reprice at the same time and in the same amount. Gap analysis does not account for the fact that repricing of assets and liabilities is discretionary and subject to competitive and other pressures. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest rate sensitive assets exceeds

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the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities. A gap is considered negative when the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities exceeds interest rate sensitive assets. During a period of falling interest rates, a positive gap would tend to adversely affect net interest income, while a negative gap would tend to result in an increase in net interest income, all else equal. During a period of rising interest rates, a positive gap would tend to result in an increase in net interest income while a negative gap would tend to affect net interest income adversely.

The following table sets forth the estimated maturity or repricing structure of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities at December 31, 2024. Except as stated below, the amounts of assets or liabilities shown which reprice or mature during a particular period were determined in accordance with the contractual terms of each asset or liability. The majority of demand and interest-bearing demand deposits and savings deposits are assumed to be “core” deposits, or deposits that will generally remain with us regardless of market interest rates. We estimate the repricing characteristics of these deposits based on historical performance, past experience, judgmental predictions and other deposit behavior assumptions. However, we may choose not to reprice liabilities proportionally to changes in market interest rates for competitive or other reasons. Additionally, although non-interest-bearing demand accounts are not paid interest, we estimate certain of the balances will reprice as a result of the contractual fees that are paid to the affinity groups which are based upon a rate index, and therefore are included in interest expense. We have adjusted the transaction account balances in the table downward, to better reflect the impact of their partial adjustment to changes in rates. Loans and security balances, which adjust more fully to market rate changes, are based upon actual balances. The largest segments of loans subject to interest rate floors are the majority of non-SBA commercial real estate loans-floating, at fair value, REBL, and IBLOC loans. While floors may provide some protection against future Federal Reserve rate reductions, that protection is limited since current rates generally significantly exceed such floors. The table does not assume any prepayment of fixed-rate loans and mortgage-backed securities based on their anticipated cash flow, including prepayments based on historical data and current market trends. The table does not necessarily indicate the impact of general interest rate movements on our net interest income because the repricing and related behavior of certain categories of assets and liabilities (for example, prepayments of loans and withdrawal of deposits) is beyond our control. As a result, certain assets and liabilities indicated as repricing within a stated period may in fact reprice at different times and at different rate levels. For instance, the majority of REBL loans are variable rate with floors, but prepayments may offset the benefit of such floors in decreasing rate environments.

|  | 1-90 |  | 91-364 |  | 1-3 |  | 3-5 |  | Over 5
|  | Days |  | Days |  | Years |  | Years |  | Years
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans, at fair value |  | $ | 115,834 |  | $ | 26,594 |  | $ | 70,660 |  | $ | 8,148 |  | $ | 1,879
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs |  |  | 3,268,965 |  |  | 541,838 |  |  | 1,488,365 |  |  | 581,952 |  |  | 232,508
Investment securities |  |  | 258,168 |  |  | 71,624 |  |  | 138,305 |  |  | 214,087 |  |  | 820,676
Interest-earning deposits |  |  | 564,059 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 4,207,026 |  |  | 640,056 |  |  | 1,697,330 |  |  | 804,187 |  |  | 1,055,063
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction accounts as adjusted(1) |  |  | 3,717,106 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Savings and money market |  |  | 311,834 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Senior debt and subordinated debentures |  |  | 13,401 |  |  | 96,214 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 4,042,341 |  |  | 96,214 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Gap |  | $ | 164,685 |  | $ | 543,842 |  | $ | 1,697,330 |  | $ | 804,187 |  | $ | 1,055,063
Cumulative gap |  | $ | 164,685 |  | $ | 708,527 |  | $ | 2,405,857 |  | $ | 3,210,044 |  | $ | 4,265,107
Gap to assets ratio |  |  | 2% |  |  | 6% |  |  | 19% |  |  | 9% |  |  | 12%
Cumulative gap to assets ratio |  |  | 2% |  |  | 8% |  |  | 27% |  |  | 36% |  |  | 48%

(1) Transaction accounts are comprised primarily of demand deposits. While demand deposits are non-interest-bearing, related fees paid to affinity groups may reprice according to specified indices.

The methods used to analyze interest rate sensitivity in this table have a number of limitations. Certain assets and liabilities may react differently to changes in interest rates even though they reprice or mature in the same or similar time periods. The interest rates on certain assets and liabilities may change at different times than changes in market interest rates, with some changing in advance of changes in market rates and some lagging behind changes in market rates. Additionally, the actual prepayments and withdrawals we experience when interest rates change may deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the data shown in the table.

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Because of the limitations in the gap analysis discussed above, we believe that interest sensitivity modeling may more accurately reflect the effects of our exposure to changes in interest rates, notwithstanding its own limitations. Net interest income simulation considers the relative sensitivities of the consolidated balance sheet including the effects of the aforementioned interest rate floors, interest rate caps on adjustable rate mortgages and the relatively stable aspects of core deposits. As such, net interest income simulation is designed to address the potential impact of interest rate changes and the behavioral response of the consolidated balance sheet to those changes. Market Value of Portfolio Equity (“MVPE”) represents the modeled fair value of the net present portfolio value of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items and is reflected in the Net portfolio value column in the table below.

We believe that the assumptions utilized in evaluating our estimated net interest income are reasonable; however, the interest rate sensitivity of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments, as well as the estimated effect of changes in interest rates on estimated net interest income, could vary substantially if different assumptions are used or actual experience differs from presumed behavior of various deposit and loan categories. The following table shows the effects of interest rate shocks on our net portfolio value described as MVPE and net interest income. Rate shocks assume that current interest rates change immediately and sustain parallel shifts. For interest rate increases or decreases of 100 and 200 basis points, our policy includes a guideline that our MVPE ratio should not decrease more than 10% and 15%, respectively, and that net interest income should not decrease more than 10% and 15%, respectively. As illustrated in the following table, we complied with our asset/liability policy guidelines at December 31, 2024. As a result of the Federal Reserve rate increases in 2022 and 2023, net interest income has increased and exceeded prior period levels, as the majority of loans and securities were variable rate in those periods. In April 2024, the Company purchased approximately $900 million of fixed rate commercial and residential mortgage securities of varying maturities to reduce its exposure to lower levels of net interest income, in anticipation of Federal Reserve rate reductions which commenced in September 2024. Those securities purchases had respective estimated weighted average yields and lives of approximately 5.11% and eight years. Those 2024 securities purchases and an emphasis on adding fixed rate loans, significantly reduced exposure to lower rate environments.

|  | Net portfolio value at |  | Net interest income
|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2024
|  |  |  | Percentage |  |  |  | Percentage
Rate scenario |  | Amount |  | change |  | Amount |  | change
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
+200 basis points |  | $ | 1,432,369 |  |  | 0.27% |  | $ | 407,660 |  |  | 3.70%
+100 basis points |  |  | 1,428,808 |  |  | 0.02% |  |  | 400,201 |  |  | 1.81%
Flat rate |  |  | 1,428,494 |  |  | — |  |  | 393,102 |  |  | —
-100 basis points |  |  | 1,422,501 |  |  | (0.42%) |  |  | 386,000 |  |  | (1.81%)
-200 basis points |  |  | 1,407,272 |  |  | (1.49%) |  |  | 377,172 |  |  | (4.05%)

If we should experience a mismatch in our desired gap ranges, or an excessive decline in our MVPE subsequent to an immediate and sustained change in interest rate, we have a number of options available to remedy such a mismatch. We could restructure our investment portfolio through the sale or purchase of securities with more favorable repricing attributes. We could also emphasize loan products with appropriate maturities or repricing attributes, or we could emphasize deposits or obtain borrowings with desired maturities. We continue to evaluate market conditions and may change our current interest rate strategy in response to changes in those conditions. For instance we may increase securities purchases to lock in higher rates for the terms of such securities. Such purchases would decrease our asset sensitivity, and could reduce the decrease in net interest income which would otherwise result from Federal Reserve rate decreases. To the extent that longer term securities purchases are funded with short-term deposits, the rate on such deposits may be higher than the rates on the securities purchased, if the yield curve is inverted. In that case, net interest income may also be decreased, at least in the short-term, prior to anticipated Federal Reserve rate reductions.

Financial Condition

Genera l

Our total assets at December 31, 2024 were $8.73 billion, of which our total loans and commercial loans, at fair value were $6.34 billion and investment securities available-for-sale were $1.50 billion. At December 31, 2023, our total assets were $7.71 billion, of which our total loans and commercial loans, at fair value were $5.69 billion and investment securities available-for-sale were $747.5 million. The increase in assets reflected an increase in available-for-sale securities, which resulted from the previously discussed $900 million of April 2024 securities purchases. The increase also reflected loan growth in various loan categories, which offset decreases in IBLOC loan balances and in commercial loans, at fair value as that portfolio continues to run off.

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Interest-earning Deposits

At December 31, 2024, we had a total of $564.1 million of interest-earning deposits, comprised primarily of balances at the Federal Reserve, which pays interest on such balances. At December 31, 2023, we had $1.03 billion of such balances. The decrease reflected the utilization of these overnight balances for the aforementioned securities purchases in the second quarter of 2024.

Investment Portfolio

For detailed information on the composition and maturity distribution of our investment portfolio, see “Note D—Investment Securities” to the audited consolidated financial statements herein. Total investment securities available-for-sale increased to $1.50 billion as of December 31, 2024, an increase of $755.3 million, or 101.0%, from a year earlier. The increase reflected the aforementioned $900 million of securities purchases in April 2024.

Under the accounting guidance related to CECL, changes in fair value of securities unrelated to credit losses continue to be recognized through equity. However, credit-related losses are recognized through an allowance, rather than through a reduction in the amortized cost of the security. CECL accounting guidance also permits the reversal of credit losses in future periods based on improvements in credit, which was not included in previous guidance. Generally, a security’s credit-related loss is the difference between its amortized cost basis and the best estimate of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. That difference is recognized through the income statement, as with prior guidance, but is renamed a provision for credit loss. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2022, we recognized no credit-related losses on our portfolio. In 2023, we recognized a provision for credit loss on a trust preferred security. See “Provision for Credit Loss on Trust Preferred Security”.

The following table presents the book value and the approximate fair value for each major category of our investment securities portfolio. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, our investments were all categorized as available-for-sale (dollars in thousands).

| December 31, 2024
| Amortized |  | Fair
| cost |  | value
U.S. Government agency securities | $ | 31,233 |  | $ | 29,962
Asset-backed securities |  | 214,346 |  |  | 214,499
Tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 6,860 |  |  | 6,787
Taxable obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 29,267 |  |  | 28,833
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 438,562 |  |  | 433,419
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  | 27,279 |  |  | 26,152
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 778,857 |  |  | 763,208
| $ | 1,526,404 |  | $ | 1,502,860

| December 31, 2023
| Amortized |  | Fair
| cost |  | value
U.S. Government agency securities | $ | 35,346 |  | $ | 33,886
Asset-backed securities |  | 327,159 |  |  | 325,353
Tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 4,860 |  |  | 4,851
Taxable obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 43,323 |  |  | 42,386
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 169,882 |  |  | 160,767
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  | 35,575 |  |  | 34,038
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 157,759 |  |  | 146,253
Corporate debt securities |  | 10,000 |  |  | —
| $ | 783,904 |  | $ | 747,534

Investments in FHLB, Atlantic Central Bankers Bank (“ACBB”), and FRB stock are recorded at cost and amounted to $15.6 million at December 31, 2024 and $15.6 million at December 31, 2023. Each of these institutions requires their member banking institutions to hold stock as a condition of membership. The Bank’s conversion to a national charter required the purchase of $11.0 million of FRB stock in September 2022. While a fixed stock amount is required by each of these institutions, the FHLB stock requirement increases or decreases with the level of borrowing activity.

We pledge loans against our line of credit at the FHLB and had no securities pledged against that line as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no investment securities were encumbered through pledging or otherwise.

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Of the six securities purchased by the Bank from our securitizations, all have been repaid except one issued by CRE-2, which is included in the commercial mortgage-backed securities classification in investment securities. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of the Bank’s CRE-2-issued security was reduced from $12.6 million to $3.5 million as a result of the sale of one of the two remaining collateral properties. The $3.5 million remains in non-accrual status. While the appraised value of the remaining property allocable to the Bank’s security exceeds the principal and unpaid interest, there can be no assurance as to the amounts received upon the servicer’s disposition of these properties, which will reflect additional servicing fees, actual disposition prices and other disposition costs.

The following tables show the contractual maturity distribution and the weighted average yields of our investment securities portfolio as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands). The weighted average yield was calculated by dividing the amount of individual securities to total securities in each category, multiplying by the yield of the individual security, and adding the results of those individual computations.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | After |  |  |  | After |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Zero |  |  |  | one to |  |  |  | five to |  |  |  | Over |  |  |  |  |
|  | to one |  | Average |  | five |  | Average |  | ten |  | Average |  | ten |  | Average |  |  |
Available-for-sale |  | year |  | yield |  | years |  | yield |  | years |  | yield |  | years |  | yield |  | Total
U.S. Government agency securities |  | $ | 1,134 |  | 2.56% |  | $ | 6,494 |  | 2.78% |  | $ | 14,481 |  | 5.02% |  | $ | 7,853 |  | 3.77% |  | $ | 29,962
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 2,437 |  | 6.46% |  |  | 8,170 |  | 6.23% |  |  | 175,890 |  | 6.28% |  |  | 28,002 |  | 6.16% |  |  | 214,499
Tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions(1) |  |  | 732 |  | 3.20% |  |  | 1,122 |  | 2.30% |  |  | 1,958 |  | 3.87% |  |  | 2,975 |  | 4.50% |  |  | 6,787
Taxable obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 12,111 |  | 3.00% |  |  | 15,566 |  | 3.53% |  |  | 1,156 |  | 4.33% |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 28,833
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 133 |  | 2.60% |  |  | 74 |  | 2.51% |  |  | 4,930 |  | 4.58% |  |  | 428,282 |  | 5.02% |  |  | 433,419
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,985 |  | 2.71% |  |  | 12 |  | 3.30% |  |  | 22,155 |  | 3.66% |  |  | 26,152
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 34,103 |  | 2.35% |  |  | 144,425 |  | 4.23% |  |  | 479,893 |  | 5.17% |  |  | 104,787 |  | 3.84% |  |  | 763,208
Total |  | $ | 50,650 |  |  |  | $ | 179,836 |  |  |  | $ | 678,320 |  |  |  | $ | 594,054 |  |  |  | $ | 1,502,860
Weighted average yield |  |  |  |  | 2.72% |  |  |  |  | 4.16% |  |  |  |  | 5.17% |  |  |  |  | 4.79% |  |  |

(1) If adjusted to their taxable equivalents, yields would approximate 4.05%, 2.91%, 4.90%, and 5.70% for zero to one year, one to five years, five to ten years, and over ten years, respectively, at a federal tax rate of 21%.

Commercial Loans, at Fair Value

Commercial loans, at fair value are comprised of non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loans and SBA loans which had been originated for sale or securitization through the first quarter of 2020. These loans are now being held on the balance sheet and continue to be accounted for at fair value. Non-SBA commercial real estate loans and SBA loans are valued using a discounted cash flow analysis based upon pricing for similar loans where market indications of the sales price of such loans are not available. SBA loans are valued on a pooled basis and commercial real estate bridge loans are valued individually. Commercial loans, at fair value decreased to $223.1 million at December 31, 2024 from $332.8 million at December 31, 2023, primarily reflecting the impact of loan repayments as this portfolio runs off. In the third quarter of 2021 we resumed originating non-SBA commercial real estate loans, after having suspended such originations for most of 2020 and the first half of 2021. These originations reflect lending criteria similar to the prior loan portfolio and are primarily comprised of multifamily (apartment buildings) collateral. The new originations, which are intended to be held for investment, are accounted for at amortized cost. See the table below prefaced by the introduction: “Commercial real estate loans, primarily real estate bridge loans, excluding SBA loans . . . .”

Loan Portfolio

We have developed a detailed credit policy for our lending activities and utilize loan committees to oversee the lending function. SBLOC, IBLOC and other consumer loans, investment advisor financing, SBLs, leases and real estate bridge lending each have their own loan committee. The Chief Executive Officer and Chief Credit Officer serve on all loan committees. Each committee also includes lenders from that particular type of specialty lending. The Chief Credit Officer is responsible for both regulatory compliance and adherence to our internal credit policy. Key committee members have lengthy experience and certain of them have had similar positions at substantially larger institutions.

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We originate substantially all of our portfolio loans, although from time to time we have purchased lease pools and may purchase other individual loans. If a proposed loan should exceed our lending limit, we would sell a participation in the loan to another financial institution. The following table summarizes our loan portfolio, excluding loans held at fair value, by loan category for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, |  | December 31, |  | December 31, |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
SBL non-real estate | $ | 190,322 |  | $ | 137,752 |  | $ | 108,954 |  | $ | 147,722 |  | $ | 255,318
SBL commercial mortgage |  | 662,091 |  |  | 606,986 |  |  | 474,496 |  |  | 361,171 |  |  | 300,817
SBL construction |  | 34,685 |  |  | 22,627 |  |  | 30,864 |  |  | 27,199 |  |  | 20,273
SBLs |  | 887,098 |  |  | 767,365 |  |  | 614,314 |  |  | 536,092 |  |  | 576,408
Direct lease financing |  | 700,553 |  |  | 685,657 |  |  | 632,160 |  |  | 531,012 |  |  | 462,182
SBLOC / IBLOC(1) |  | 1,564,018 |  |  | 1,627,285 |  |  | 2,332,469 |  |  | 1,929,581 |  |  | 1,550,086
Advisor financing(2) |  | 273,896 |  |  | 221,612 |  |  | 172,468 |  |  | 115,770 |  |  | 48,282
Real estate bridge lending |  | 2,109,041 |  |  | 1,999,782 |  |  | 1,669,031 |  |  | 621,702 |  |  | —
Consumer fintech(3) |  | 454,357 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans(4) |  | 111,328 |  |  | 50,638 |  |  | 61,679 |  |  | 5,014 |  |  | 6,426
|  | 6,100,291 |  |  | 5,352,339 |  |  | 5,482,121 |  |  | 3,739,171 |  |  | 2,643,384
Unamortized loan fees and costs |  | 13,337 |  |  | 8,800 |  |  | 4,732 |  |  | 8,053 |  |  | 8,939
Total loans, net of unamortized loan fees and costs | $ | 6,113,628 |  | $ | 5,361,139 |  | $ | 5,486,853 |  | $ | 3,747,224 |  | $ | 2,652,323

The following table shows SBLs and SBLs held at fair value for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, |  | December 31, |  | December 31, |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
SBLs, including costs net of deferred fees of $9,979 and $9,502 for December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | $ | 897,077 |  | $ | 776,867 |  | $ | 621,641 |  | $ | 541,437 |  | $ | 577,944
SBLs included in commercial loans, at fair value |  | 89,902 |  |  | 119,287 |  |  | 146,717 |  |  | 199,585 |  |  | 243,562
Total SBLs(5) | $ | 986,979 |  | $ | 896,154 |  | $ | 768,358 |  | $ | 741,022 |  | $ | 821,506

(1) SBLOC are collateralized by marketable securities, while IBLOC are collateralized by the cash surrender value of insurance policies. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, IBLOC loans amounted to $548.1 million and $646.9 million, respectively.

(2) In 2020, the Bank began originating loans to investment advisors for purposes of debt refinancing, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. Maximum loan amounts are subject to loan-to-value ratios of 70% of the business enterprise value based on a third-party valuation but may be increased depending upon the debt service coverage ratio. Personal guarantees and blanket business liens are obtained as appropriate.

(3) Consumer fintech loans included $201.1 million of secured credit card loans, with the balance consisting of other short-term extensions of credit.

(4) Includes demand deposit overdrafts reclassified as loan balances totaling $1.2 million and $1.7 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Estimated overdraft charge-offs and recoveries are reflected in the ACL and have been immaterial.

(5) The SBLs held at fair value are comprised of the government guaranteed portion of 7(a) Program (as defined below) loans at the dates indicated.

The following table summarizes our SBL portfolio, including loans held at fair value, by loan category as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Loan principal
U.S. government guaranteed portion of SBA loans(1) |  | $ | 384,571
PPP loans(1) |  |  | 1,423
Commercial mortgage SBA(2) |  |  | 353,709
Construction SBA(3) |  |  | 12,440
Non-guaranteed portion of U.S. government guaranteed 7(a) Program loans(4) |  |  | 114,652
Non-SBA SBLs |  |  | 99,954
Other(5) |  |  | 9,397
Total principal |  |  | 976,146
Unamortized fees and costs |  |  | 10,833
Total SBLs |  | $ | 986,979

(1) Includes the portion of SBA 7(a) Program loans and PPP loans which have been guaranteed by the U.S. government, and therefore are assumed to have no credit risk.

(2) Substantially all these loans are made under the 504 Program, which dictates origination date LTV percentages, generally 50-60%, to which the Bank adheres.

(3) Includes $11.2 million in 504 Program first mortgages with an origination date LTV of 50-60% and $1.2 million in SBA interim loans with an approved SBA post-construction full takeout/payoff.

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(4) Includes the unguaranteed portion of 7(a) Program loans which are generally70% or more guaranteed by the U.S. government. SBA 7(a) Program loans are not made on the basis of real estate LTV; however, they are subject to SBA's "All Available Collateral" rule which mandates that to the extent a borrower or its 20% or greater principals have available collateral (including personal residences), the collateral must be pledged to fully collateralize the loan, after applying SBA-determined liquidation rates. In addition, all 7(a) Program loans and 504 Program loans require the personal guaranty of all 20% or greater owners.

(5) Comprised of $9.4 million of loans sold that do not qualify for true sale accounting.

The following table summarizes our SBL portfolio, excluding the government guaranteed portion of SBA 7(a) Program loans and PPP loans, by loan type as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

|  | SBL commercial mortgage(1) |  | SBL construction(1) |  | SBL non-real estate |  | Total |  | % Total
Hotels (except casino hotels) and motels |  | $ | 87,032 |  | $ | 71 |  | $ | 15 |  | $ | 87,118 |  |  | 15%
Funeral homes and funeral services |  |  | 35,883 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,609 |  |  | 69,492 |  |  | 12%
Full-service restaurants |  |  | 29,244 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | 1,715 |  |  | 32,974 |  |  | 6%
Child day care services |  |  | 22,871 |  |  | 1,186 |  |  | 1,455 |  |  | 25,512 |  |  | 4%
Car washes |  |  | 11,527 |  |  | 5,263 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 16,875 |  |  | 3%
Homes for the elderly |  |  | 15,669 |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | 15,736 |  |  | 3%
Outpatient mental health and substance abuse centers |  |  | 15,253 |  |  | — |  |  | 209 |  |  | 15,462 |  |  | 3%
Gasoline stations with convenience stores |  |  | 14,646 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 15,128 |  |  | 3%
General line grocery merchant wholesalers |  |  | 13,374 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,374 |  |  | 2%
Fitness and recreational sports centers |  |  | 7,603 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,421 |  |  | 10,024 |  |  | 2%
Nursing care facilities |  |  | 9,447 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,447 |  |  | 2%
Lawyer's office |  |  | 9,066 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,066 |  |  | 2%
Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors |  |  | 7,922 |  |  | — |  |  | 740 |  |  | 8,662 |  |  | 1%
Used car dealers |  |  | 7,270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,270 |  |  | 1%
All other specialty trade contractors |  |  | 6,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 906 |  |  | 7,143 |  |  | 1%
Caterers |  |  | 7,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7,142 |  |  | 1%
Limited-service restaurants |  |  | 3,552 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,317 |  |  | 6,869 |  |  | 1%
General warehousing and storage |  |  | 6,274 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,274 |  |  | 1%
Automotive body, paint, and interior repair |  |  | 5,488 |  |  | — |  |  | 351 |  |  | 5,839 |  |  | 1%
Appliance repair and maintenance |  |  | 5,833 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,833 |  |  | 1%
Other accounting services |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | — |  |  | 364 |  |  | 5,615 |  |  | 1%
Offices of dentists |  |  | 4,868 |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | 4,926 |  |  | 1%
Other miscellaneous durable goods merchant |  |  | 4,678 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,678 |  |  | 1%
Packaged frozen food merchant wholesalers |  |  | 4,652 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,652 |  |  | 1%
Other(2) |  |  | 146,954 |  |  | 10,664 |  |  | 28,026 |  |  | 185,644 |  |  | 31%
Total |  | $ | 487,729 |  | $ | 19,543 |  | $ | 73,483 |  | $ | 580,755 |  |  | 100%

(1) Of the SBL commercial mortgage and SBL construction loans, $141.1 million represents the total of the non-guaranteed portion of SBA 7(a) Program loans and non-SBA loans. The balance of those categories represents SBA 504 Program loans with 50%-60% origination date LTVs. SBL Commercial excludes $9.4 million of loans sold that do not qualify for true sale accounting.

(2) Loan types of less than $4.6 million are spread over approximately one hundred different classifications such as commercial printing, pet and pet supplies stores, securities brokerage, etc.

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The following table summarizes our SBL portfolio, excluding the government guaranteed portion of SBA 7(a) Program loans and PPP loans, by state as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

|  | SBL commercial mortgage(1) |  | SBL construction(1) |  | SBL non-real estate |  | Total |  | % Total
California |  | $ | 130,557 |  | $ | 3,234 |  | $ | 6,254 |  | $ | 140,045 |  | $ | 24%
Florida |  |  | 77,395 |  |  | 7,781 |  |  | 3,957 |  |  | 89,133 |  |  | 15%
North Carolina |  |  | 43,991 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,462 |  |  | 48,453 |  |  | 8%
New York |  |  | 34,149 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 1,793 |  |  | 36,013 |  |  | 6%
Pennsylvania |  |  | 19,271 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,328 |  |  | 32,599 |  |  | 6%
Texas |  |  | 22,948 |  |  | 3,296 |  |  | 5,993 |  |  | 32,237 |  |  | 6%
New Jersey |  |  | 23,156 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 7,014 |  |  | 30,437 |  |  | 5%
Georgia |  |  | 24,945 |  |  | 2,224 |  |  | 1,156 |  |  | 28,325 |  |  | 5%
Other States |  |  | 111,317 |  |  | 2,670 |  |  | 29,526 |  |  | 143,513 |  |  | 25%
Total |  | $ | 487,729 |  | $ | 19,543 |  | $ | 73,483 |  | $ | 580,755 |  | $ | 100%

(1) Of the SBL commercial mortgage and SBL construction loans, $141.1 million represents the total of the non-guaranteed portion of SBA 7(a) Program loans and non-SBA loans. The balance of those categories represents SBA 504 Program loans with 50%-60% origination date LTVs. SBL Commercial excludes $9.4 million of loans that do not qualify for true sale accounting.

The following table summarizes the ten largest loans in our SBL portfolio, including loans held at fair value, as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Type(1) |  | State |  | SBL commercial mortgage(1)
General line grocery merchant wholesalers |  | California |  | $ | 13,374
Funeral homes and funeral services |  | Maine |  |  | 12,808
Funeral homes and funeral services |  | Pennsylvania |  |  | 12,298
Outpatient mental health and substance abuse center |  | Florida |  |  | 9,788
Hotel |  | Florida |  |  | 8,207
Lawyer's office |  | California |  |  | 7,888
Hotel |  | Virginia |  |  | 6,889
Hotel |  | North Carolina |  |  | 6,606
Used car dealer |  | California |  |  | 6,500
General warehousing and storage |  | Pennsylvania |  |  | 6,274
Total |  |  |  | $ | 90,632

(1) All ten largest loans in our SBL portfolio are SBA 504 Program loans with 50%-60% origination date LTVs. The table above does not include loans to the extent that they are U.S. government guaranteed.

Commercial real estate loans, primarily real estate bridge loans and excluding SBA loans, were as follows as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands).

| # Loans |  | Balance |  | Weighted average origination date LTV |  | Weighted average interest rate
Real estate bridge loans (multifamily apartment loans recorded at book value)(1) |  | 169 |  | $ | 2,109,041 |  |  | 70% |  |  | 8.73%
Non-SBA commercial real estate loans, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multifamily (apartment bridge loans)(1) |  | 5 |  | $ | 93,146 |  |  | 70% |  |  | 7.61%
Hospitality (hotels and lodging) |  | 1 |  |  | 19,000 |  |  | 66% |  |  | 9.75%
Retail |  | 2 |  |  | 12,249 |  |  | 72% |  |  | 8.19%
Other |  | 2 |  |  | 9,164 |  |  | 71% |  |  | 4.96%
|  | 10 |  |  | 133,559 |  |  | 70% |  |  | 7.79%
Fair value adjustment |  |  |  |  | (346) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-SBA commercial real estate loans, at fair value |  |  |  |  | 133,213 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total commercial real estate loans |  |  |  | $ | 2,242,254 |  |  | 70% |  |  | 8.67%

(1) In the third quarter of 2021, we resumed the origination of multifamily apartment loans. These are similar to the multifamily apartment loans carried at fair value, but at origination are intended to be held on the balance sheet, so are not accounted for at fair value.

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The following table summarizes our commercial real estate loans, primarily real estate bridge loans and excluding SBA loans, by state as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Balance |  | Origination date LTV
Texas |  | $ | 692,742 |  |  | 71%
Georgia |  |  | 276,117 |  |  | 70%
Florida |  |  | 235,600 |  |  | 68%
Indiana |  |  | 128,115 |  |  | 71%
New Jersey |  |  | 120,571 |  |  | 69%
Michigan |  |  | 103,911 |  |  | 65%
Ohio |  |  | 85,144 |  |  | 70%
Other States each <$65 million |  |  | 600,054 |  |  | 70%
Total |  | $ | 2,242,254 |  |  | 70%

The following table summarizes our fifteen largest commercial real estate loans, primarily real estate bridge loans and excluding SBA loans, as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands). All these loans are multifamily apartment loans.

|  | Balance |  | Origination date LTV
Texas |  | $ | 45,520 |  |  | 75%
Tennessee |  |  | 40,000 |  |  | 72%
Michigan |  |  | 38,480 |  |  | 62%
Texas |  |  | 37,259 |  |  | 64%
Texas |  |  | 36,318 |  |  | 67%
Florida |  |  | 34,850 |  |  | 72%
New Jersey |  |  | 33,867 |  |  | 62%
Pennsylvania |  |  | 33,600 |  |  | 63%
Indiana |  |  | 33,588 |  |  | 76%
Texas |  |  | 32,812 |  |  | 62%
Oklahoma |  |  | 31,153 |  |  | 78%
Texas |  |  | 31,050 |  |  | 77%
New Jersey |  |  | 31,007 |  |  | 71%
Michigan |  |  | 30,650 |  |  | 66%
Georgia |  |  | 29,650 |  |  | 69%
15 largest commercial real estate loans |  | $ | 519,804 |  |  | 69%

The following table summarizes our institutional banking portfolio by type as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Type |  | Principal |  | % of total
SBLOC |  | $ | 1,015,885 |  |  | 55%
IBLOC |  |  | 548,133 |  |  | 30%
Advisor financing |  |  | 273,896 |  |  | 15%
Total |  | $ | 1,837,914 |  |  | 100%

For SBLOC, we generally lend up to 50% of the value of equities and 80% for investment grade securities. While equities have fallen in excess of 30% in recent periods, the reduction in collateral value of brokerage accounts collateralizing SBLOCs generally has been less. This is because many collateral accounts are “balanced” and accordingly, have a component of debt securities, which did not necessarily decrease in value as much as equities, or in some cases may have increased in value. Further, many of these accounts have the benefit of professional investment advisors who provided some protection against market downturns, through diversification and other means. Additionally, borrowers often utilize only a portion of collateral value, which lowers the percentage of principal to the market value of collateral.

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The following table summarizes our ten largest SBLOC loans as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Principal amount |  | % Principal to collateral
|  | $ | 10,188 |  | 36%
|  |  | 9,465 |  | 53%
|  |  | 8,764 |  | 15%
|  |  | 8,393 |  | 86%
|  |  | 7,487 |  | 46%
|  |  | 7,482 |  | 21%
|  |  | 7,069 |  | 32%
|  |  | 6,250 |  | 21%
|  |  | 6,096 |  | 37%
|  |  | 5,509 |  | 42%
Total and weighted average |  | $ | 76,703 |  | 39%

IBLOC loans are backed by the cash value of life insurance policies which have been assigned to us. We generally lend up to 95% of such cash value. Our underwriting standards require approval of the insurance companies which carry the policies backing these loans. Currently, fifteen insurance companies have been approved and, as of January 15, 2025, all were rated A- (Excellent) or better by AM BEST.

The following table summarizes our direct lease financing portfolio by type as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Principal balance(1) |  | % Total
Government agencies and public institutions(2) |  | $ | 133,233 |  |  | 19%
Construction |  |  | 118,276 |  |  | 17%
Waste management and remediation services |  |  | 97,442 |  |  | 14%
Real estate and rental and leasing |  |  | 87,200 |  |  | 12%
Health care and social assistance |  |  | 28,704 |  |  | 4%
Professional, scientific, and technical services |  |  | 22,180 |  |  | 3%
Other services (except public administration) |  |  | 21,466 |  |  | 3%
Wholesale trade |  |  | 20,455 |  |  | 3%
General freight trucking |  |  | 19,269 |  |  | 3%
Finance and insurance |  |  | 14,326 |  |  | 2%
Transit and other transportation |  |  | 12,844 |  |  | 2%
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction |  |  | 8,984 |  |  | 1%
Other |  |  | 116,174 |  |  | 17%
Total |  | $ | 700,553 |  |  | 100%

(1) Of the total $700.6 million of direct lease financing, $639.6 million consisted of vehicle leases with the remaining balance consisting of equipment leases.

(2) Includes public universities and school districts.

The following table summarizes our direct lease financing portfolio by state as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Principal balance |  |  | % Total
Florida |  | $ | 108,614 |  |  | 16%
New York |  |  | 64,514 |  |  | 9%
Utah |  |  | 52,019 |  |  | 7%
Connecticut |  |  | 47,527 |  |  | 7%
California |  |  | 46,242 |  |  | 7%
Pennsylvania |  |  | 43,459 |  |  | 6%
New Jersey |  |  | 37,833 |  |  | 5%
North Carolina |  |  | 36,700 |  |  | 5%
Maryland |  |  | 36,587 |  |  | 5%
Texas |  |  | 24,842 |  |  | 4%
Idaho |  |  | 19,530 |  |  | 3%
Washington |  |  | 15,007 |  |  | 2%
Ohio |  |  | 13,800 |  |  | 2%
Georgia |  |  | 13,720 |  |  | 2%
Alabama |  |  | 13,015 |  |  | 2%
Other States |  |  | 127,144 |  |  | 19%
Total |  | $ | 700,553 |  |  | 100%

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The following table presents selected loan categories by maturity for the periods indicated. Actual repayments historically have, and will likely in the future, differ significantly from contractual maturities because individual borrowers generally have the right to prepay loans, with or without prepayment penalties. See “Asset and Liability Management” for a discussion of interest rate risk.

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Within |  |  | One to five |  |  | After five but |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | one year |  |  | years |  |  | within 15 years |  |  | After 15 years |  |  | Total
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
SBL non-real estate | $ | 481 |  | $ | 28,705 |  | $ | 188,102 |  | $ | 997 |  | $ | 218,285
SBL commercial mortgage |  | 15,595 |  |  | 28,739 |  |  | 221,032 |  |  | 468,470 |  |  | 733,836
SBL construction |  | 3,918 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,734 |  |  | 28,206 |  |  | 34,858
Leasing |  | 89,872 |  |  | 589,495 |  |  | 21,969 |  |  | — |  |  | 701,336
SBLOC/IBLOC |  | 1,570,193 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,570,193
Advisor financing |  | 501 |  |  | 89,240 |  |  | 187,661 |  |  | — |  |  | 277,402
Real estate bridge lending |  | 1,284,839 |  |  | 882,614 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,167,453
Consumer fintech |  | 454,357 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 454,357
Other loans |  | 25,565 |  |  | 5,029 |  |  | 3,412 |  |  | 11,804 |  |  | 45,810
Loans at fair value excluding SBL |  | 76,331 |  |  | 55,284 |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | — |  |  | 133,213
| $ | 3,521,652 |  | $ | 1,679,106 |  | $ | 626,508 |  | $ | 509,477 |  | $ | 6,336,743
Loan maturities after one year with: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBL non-real estate |  |  |  | $ | 2,777 |  | $ | 2,524 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,301
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  | 11,414 |  |  | 2,824 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,238
Leasing |  |  |  |  | 570,545 |  |  | 18,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 588,994
Advisor financing |  |  |  |  | 88,565 |  |  | 185,950 |  |  | — |  |  | 274,515
Real estate bridge lending |  |  |  |  | 751,987 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 751,987
Other loans |  |  |  |  | 3,400 |  |  | 2,954 |  |  | 9,554 |  |  | 15,908
Loans at fair value excluding SBL |  |  |  |  | 55,284 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,284
Total loans at fixed rates |  |  |  | $ | 1,483,972 |  | $ | 212,701 |  | $ | 9,554 |  | $ | 1,706,227
Variable rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBL non-real estate |  |  |  | $ | 25,928 |  | $ | 185,578 |  | $ | 997 |  | $ | 212,503
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  | 17,325 |  |  | 218,208 |  |  | 468,470 |  |  | 704,003
SBL construction |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,734 |  |  | 28,206 |  |  | 30,940
Leasing |  |  |  |  | 18,950 |  |  | 3,520 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,470
Advisor financing |  |  |  |  | 675 |  |  | 1,711 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,386
Real estate bridge lending |  |  |  |  | 130,627 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130,627
Other loans |  |  |  |  | 1,629 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 2,250 |  |  | 4,337
Loans at fair value excluding SBL |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,598
Total at variable rates |  |  |  | $ | 195,134 |  | $ | 413,807 |  | $ | 499,923 |  | $ | 1,108,864
Total |  |  |  | $ | 1,679,106 |  | $ | 626,508 |  | $ | 509,477 |  | $ | 2,815,091

Allowance for Credit Losses

A description of loan review coverage targets is set forth below.

The following loan review percentages are performed over periods of eighteen to twenty-four months. At December 31, 2024, in excess of 50% of the total loan portfolio was reviewed by the loan review department or, for SBLs, rated internally by that department. In addition to the review of all loans classified as either special mention or substandard, the targeted coverages and scope of the reviews are risk-based and vary according to each portfolio as follows:

SBLOC – The targeted review threshold was 40% comprised of a sample of large balance SBLOCs by commitment. At December 31, 2024, approximately 50% of the SBLOC portfolio had been reviewed.

IBLOC – The targeted review threshold was 40% comprised of a sample of large balance IBLOCs by commitment. At December 31, 2024, approximately 62% of the IBLOC portfolio had been reviewed.

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Advisor Financing – The targeted review threshold was 50%. At December 31, 2024, approximately 83% of the investment advisor financing portfolio had been reviewed. The loan balance review threshold was $1.0 million.

SBLs – The targeted review threshold was 60%, to be rated and/or reviewed within 90 days of funding, excluding fully guaranteed loans purchased for CRA purposes, and fully guaranteed PPP loans. The loan balance review threshold was $1.5 million. At December 31, 2024, 69% of the non-government guaranteed SBL loan portfolio had been reviewed.

Direct Lease Financing – The targeted review threshold was 35%. At December 31, 2024, approximately 59% of the leasing portfolio had been reviewed. All lease relationships exceeding $1.5 million are reviewed.

Commercial Real Estate Bridge Loans, at fair value and Commercial Real Estate Bridge Loans, at amortized cost (floating rate, excluding SBA, which are included in SBLs above) – The targeted review threshold was 100%. Floating rate loans are reviewed initially within 90 days of funding and monitored on an ongoing basis as to payment status. Subsequent reviews are performed for all relationships maintaining a 100% coverage rate. At December 31, 2024, approximately 100% of the floating rate, non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loans outstanding for more than 90 days had been reviewed.

Commercial Real Estate Loans, at fair value (fixed rate, excluding SBA, which are included in SBLs above) – The targeted review threshold was 100%. At December 31, 2024, approximately 98% of the fixed rate, non-SBA commercial real estate loan portfolio had been reviewed.

Other minor loan categories are reviewed at the discretion of the loan review department.

In 2022 loans previously in discontinued operations were reclassified to held for investment. As a result of the loan reclassification, related valuation reserves were reversed as a credit to “Net realized and unrealized gains on commercial loans, at fair value” in the consolidated statement of operations, while the allowances for credit losses and loan commitments in the consolidated balance sheet were increased through a provision for credit losses. Accordingly, a $3.5 million credit to “ Net realized and unrealized gains on commercial loans, at fair value” was offset by a provision for credit losses of $3.5 million with no net impact on income. Of the $3.5 million provision, $1.3 million increased the ACL and $2.2 million increased the allowance for loan commitments recorded in other liabilities.

At December 31, 2024, the ACL amounted to $31.9 million, which represented a $4.6 million increase compared to the $27.4 million at December 31, 2023. The increase reflected the impact of a new qualitative factor for classified REBL loans, as the provision for credit losses was accordingly increased by $2.0 million in the third quarter of 2024. The increase also reflected the impact of higher leasing net charge-offs.

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The following table presents delinquencies by type of loan for December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | 90+ days |  |  |  | Total past due |  |  |  | Total
|  | past due |  | past due |  | still accruing |  | Non-accrual |  | and non-accrual |  | Current |  | loans
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 229 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 871 |  | $ | 2,635 |  | $ | 3,735 |  | $ | 186,587 |  | $ | 190,322
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 336 |  |  | 4,885 |  |  | 5,221 |  |  | 656,870 |  |  | 662,091
SBL construction |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 33,100 |  |  | 34,685
Direct lease financing |  |  | 7,069 |  |  | 1,923 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 6,026 |  |  | 16,106 |  |  | 684,447 |  |  | 700,553
SBLOC / IBLOC |  |  | 20,991 |  |  | 1,808 |  |  | 3,322 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 26,624 |  |  | 1,537,394 |  |  | 1,564,018
Advisor financing |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 273,896 |  |  | 273,896
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 2,096,741 |  |  | 2,109,041
Consumer fintech |  |  | 13,419 |  |  | 681 |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,313 |  |  | 440,044 |  |  | 454,357
Other loans |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | 111,279 |  |  | 111,328
Unamortized loan fees and costs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,337 |  |  | 13,337
|  | $ | 41,757 |  | $ | 4,412 |  | $ | 5,830 |  | $ | 27,934 |  | $ | 79,933 |  | $ | 6,033,695 |  | $ | 6,113,628
|  | December 31, 2023
|  | 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | 90+ days |  |  |  | Total past due |  |  |  | Total
|  | past due |  | past due |  | still accruing |  | Non-accrual |  | and non-accrual |  | Current |  | loans
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 333 |  | $ | 336 |  | $ | 1,842 |  | $ | 2,595 |  | $ | 135,157 |  | $ | 137,752
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 2,183 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,381 |  |  | 4,564 |  |  | 602,422 |  |  | 606,986
SBL construction |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,385 |  |  | 3,385 |  |  | 19,242 |  |  | 22,627
Direct lease financing |  |  | 5,163 |  |  | 1,209 |  |  | 485 |  |  | 3,785 |  |  | 10,642 |  |  | 675,015 |  |  | 685,657
SBLOC / IBLOC |  |  | 21,934 |  |  | 3,607 |  |  | 745 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,286 |  |  | 1,600,999 |  |  | 1,627,285
Advisor financing |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 221,612 |  |  | 221,612
Real estate bridge lending |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,999,782 |  |  | 1,999,782
Consumer fintech |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  | 853 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 1,239 |  |  | 49,399 |  |  | 50,638
Unamortized loan fees and costs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,800 |  |  | 8,800
|  | $ | 30,217 |  | $ | 5,225 |  | $ | 1,744 |  | $ | 11,525 |  | $ | 48,711 |  | $ | 5,312,428 |  | $ | 5,361,139
(1) The $12.3 million shown in the non-accrual column for real estate bridge loans was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principal. The table above does not include an $11.2 million loan accounted for at fair value, and, as such, not reflected in delinquency tables. In third quarter 2024, the borrower notified the Company that he would no longer be making payments on the loan, which is collateralized by a vacant retail property. Based upon a July 2024 appraisal, the “as is” LTV is 84% and the “as stabilized” LTV is 62%. Since 2021, real estate bridge lending originations have consisted of apartment buildings, while this loan was originated previously. In January 2025, two loans totaling $9.8 million were transferred to non-accrual and were accordingly classified as substandard.

Although we consider our ACL to be appropriate and supportable based on information currently available, future additions to the ACL may be necessary due to changes in economic conditions, our ongoing loss experience and that of our peers, changes in management’s assumptions as to future delinquencies, recoveries and losses, deterioration of specific credits and management’s intent with regard to the disposition of loans and leases.

Management estimates the ACL quarterly, and except for SBLOC, IBLOC and other loans uses relevant internal and external historical loan performance information, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the initial basis for the estimation of expected credit losses over the estimated remaining life of the loans. The methodology used in the estimation of the ACL, which is performed at least quarterly, is also designed to be responsive to changes in portfolio credit quality and the impact of current and future economic conditions on loan performance. The review of the appropriateness of the ACL is performed by the Chief Credit Officer and presented to the Audit Committee of the Board for their review. With the exception of SBLOC and IBLOC, which utilize probability of loss/loss given default, and the other loan category, which uses discounted cash flow to determine a reserve, the ACLs for other categories are determined by establishing reserves on loan pools with similar risk characteristics based on a lifetime loss-rate model, or vintage analysis, as described in the following paragraph. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. If foreclosure is believed to be probable or repayment is expected from the sale of the collateral, a reserve for deficiency is established within the ACL. Those reserves are estimated based on the difference between loan principal and the estimated fair value of the collateral, adjusted for estimated disposition costs.

Except for SBLOC, IBLOC and other loans as noted above, for purposes of determining the pool-basis reserve, the loans not assigned an individual reserve are segregated by product type, to recognize differing risk characteristics within portfolio segments, and an average historical loss rate is calculated for each product type. Loss rates are computed by classifying net charge-offs by year of loan origination, and dividing into total originations for that specific year. This methodology is referred to as vintage analysis. The average loss rate is then projected over the estimated remaining loan lives unique to each loan pool, to determine estimated lifetime

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losses. For SBLOC and IBLOC, since significant losses have not been incurred, probability of loss/loss given default considerations are utilized. For the other loan category discounted cash flow is utilized to determine a reserve. For all loan pools the Company considers the need for an additional ACL based upon qualitative factors such as the Company’s current loan performance statistics by pool, and economic conditions. These qualitative factors are intended to account for forward looking expectations over a twelve to eighteen month period not reflected in historical loss rates and otherwise unaccounted for in the quantitative process. Accordingly, such factors may increase or decrease the allowance compared to historical loss rates as the Company’s forward looking expectations change. The qualitative factor percentages are applied against the pool balances as of the end of the period. Aside from the qualitative adjustments to account for forward looking expectations of loss over a twelve to eighteen month projection period, the balance of the ACL reverts directly to the Company’s quantitative analysis derived from its historical loss rates. The qualitative and historical loss rate component, together with the reserves on specific loans, comprise the total ACL.

A similar process is employed to calculate an ACL assigned to off-balance sheet commitments, which are comprised of unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. That ACL for unfunded commitments is recorded in other liabilities. Even though portions of the ACL may be allocated to loans that have been individually measured for credit deterioration, the entire ACL is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.

At December 31, 2024, the ACL for off-balance sheet commitments amounted to $2.0 million and the ACL for loans amounted to $31.9 million. Of the $31.9 million, $11.6 million of allowances resulted from the Company’s historical charge-off ratios, $4.4 million from reserves on specific loans, with the balance comprised of the qualitative component. The $11.6 million resulted primarily from SBA non-real estate and leasing charge-offs. The proportion of qualitative reserves compared to charge-off history related reserves reflects the general absence of charge-offs in the Company’s largest loan portfolios consisting of SBLOC and IBLOC and real estate bridge lending which results, at least in part, from the nature of related collateral. Such collateral respectively consists of marketable securities, the cash value of life insurance and workforce apartment buildings. As charge-offs are nonetheless possible, significant subjectivity is required to consider qualitative factors to derive the related component of the allowance.

The Company ranks its qualitative factors in five levels: minimal, low, moderate, moderate-high, and high-risk. The individual qualitative factors for each portfolio segment have their own scale based on an analysis of that segment. A high-risk ranking results in the largest increase in the ACL calculation with each level below having a lesser impact on a sliding scale. The qualitative factors used for each portfolio are described below in the description of each portfolio segment. As a result of continuing economic uncertainty in 2022, including heightened inflation and increased risks of recession, the qualitative factors which had previously been set in anticipation of a downturn, were maintained through the third quarter of 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, as risks of a recession increased, the economic qualitative risk factor was increased for non-real estate SBL and leasing. Those higher qualitative allocations were retained in the first quarter of 2023, as negative economic indications persisted. In the second quarter of 2023, CECL model adjustments of $1.7 million resulted from a $2.5 million CECL model decrease from changes in estimated average lives, partially offset by a $794,000 CECL model increase resulting from increasing economic and collateral risk factors to respective moderate-high and moderate risk levels. The elevated economic risk level for leasing reflected input from department heads regarding the potential borrower impact of the higher rate environment. The elevated collateral risk level for leasing reflected lower auction prices for vehicles and uncertainty over the extent to which such prices might decrease in the future. The adjustment for average lives reflected a change in the estimated lives of leases, higher variances for which may result from their short maturities. In the third quarter of 2023, there were indications of auction price stabilization, while the auto workers’ strike could reduce supply and drive up prices. Nonetheless, the elevated risk levels were maintained. In the second quarter of 2024, the provision for credit losses was reduced by $1.4 million to reflect reduced average lives for small business non-real estate loans.

The Company has not increased the qualitative risk levels for SBLOC or IBLOC because of the nature of related collateral. SBLOC loans are subject to maximum loan to marketable securities value, and notwithstanding historic drops in the stock market in recent years, losses have not been realized. IBLOC loans are limited to borrowers with insurance companies that exceed credit requirements, and loan amounts are limited to life insurance cash values. The Company had not, prior to the fourth quarter of 2023, increased the economic factor for multifamily real estate bridge lending. While Federal Reserve rate increases directly increase real estate bridge loan floating-rate borrowing costs, those borrowers are required to purchase interest rate caps that will partially limit the increase in borrowing costs during the term of the loan. Additionally, there continues to be several additional mitigating factors within the multifamily sector that should continue to fuel demand. Higher interest rates are increasing the cost to purchase a home, which in turn is increasing the number of renters and subsequent demand for multifamily. The softening demand for new homes should continue to exacerbate the current housing shortage, and therefore continue to fuel demand for multifamily apartment homes. Additionally, higher rents in the multifamily sector are causing renters to be more price sensitive, which is driving demand for most of the apartment buildings within the Company’s loan portfolio which management considers “workforce” housing. In the fourth quarter of 2023, an increasing trend in substandard loans was reflected in an increase in the risk level for the REBL ACL economic

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qualitative factor, which resulted in a $1.0 million increase in the fourth quarter provision for credit loss on loans. As a result of increasing amounts of loans classified as special mention and substandard, the Company evaluated potential related sensitivity for REBL in the third quarter of 2024. Such evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to change as more information becomes available. As a result, the Company added a new qualitative factor to its ACL which increased the provision for credit losses by $2.0 million in the third quarter of 2024.

The economic qualitative factor is based on the estimated impact of economic conditions on the loan pools, as distinguished from the economic factors themselves, for the following reasons. The Company has experienced limited multifamily (apartment building) loan charge-offs, despite stressed economic conditions. Accordingly, the ACL for this pool was derived from a qualitative factor based on industry loss information for multifamily housing. The Company’s charge-offs have been miniscule for SBLOC and IBLOC notwithstanding stressed economic periods, and their ACL is accordingly also determined by a qualitative factor. Investment advisor loans were first offered in 2020 with limited performance history, during which charge-offs have not been experienced. For investment advisor loans, the nature of the underlying ultimate repayment source was considered, namely the fee-based advisory income streams resulting from investment portfolios under management, and the impact changes in economic conditions would have on those payment streams. The qualitative factors used for this and the other portfolios are described below in the description of each portfolio segment. Additionally, the Company’s charge-off histories for SBLs, primarily SBA, and leases have not correlated with economic conditions, including trends in unemployment. While specific economic factors did not correlate with actual historical losses, multiple economic factors are considered in the economic qualitative factor. For the non-guaranteed portion of SBA loans, leases, real estate bridge lending and investment advisor financing, the Company’s loss forecasting analysis included a review of industry statistics. However, the Company’s own charge-off history and average life estimates, for categories in which the Company has experienced charge-offs, was the primary quantitatively derived element in the forecasts. The qualitative component results from management’s qualitative assessments which consider internal and external inputs.

The following table presents an allocation of the ACL among the types of loans or leases in our portfolio at December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  |  |  | % Loan |  |  |  | % Loan |  |  |  | % Loan
|  |  |  | type to |  |  |  | type to |  |  |  | type to
|  | Allowance |  | total loans |  | Allowance |  | total loans |  | Allowance |  | total loans
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 4,972 |  |  | 3.12% |  | $ | 6,059 |  |  | 2.57% |  | $ | 5,028 |  |  | 1.99%
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 3,203 |  |  | 10.85% |  |  | 2,820 |  |  | 11.34% |  |  | 2,585 |  |  | 8.66%
SBL construction |  |  | 342 |  |  | 0.57% |  |  | 285 |  |  | 0.42% |  |  | 565 |  |  | 0.56%
Direct lease financing |  |  | 13,125 |  |  | 11.48% |  |  | 10,454 |  |  | 12.81% |  |  | 7,972 |  |  | 11.53%
SBLOC / IBLOC |  |  | 1,195 |  |  | 25.64% |  |  | 813 |  |  | 30.40% |  |  | 1,167 |  |  | 42.55%
Advisor financing |  |  | 2,054 |  |  | 4.49% |  |  | 1,662 |  |  | 4.14% |  |  | 1,293 |  |  | 3.15%
Real estate bridge lending |  |  | 6,603 |  |  | 34.57% |  |  | 4,740 |  |  | 37.36% |  |  | 3,121 |  |  | 30.44%
Consumer fintech |  |  | — |  |  | 7.45% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  | 450 |  |  | 1.82% |  |  | 545 |  |  | 0.96% |  |  | 643 |  |  | 1.12%
|  | $ | 31,944 |  |  | 100.00% |  | $ | 27,378 |  |  | 100.00% |  | $ | 22,374 |  |  | 100.00%
|  | December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  |
|  | . |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | % Loan |  |  |  |  | % Loan |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | type to |  |  |  |  | type to |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Allowance |  | total loans |  | Allowance |  | total loans |  |  |  |  |  |
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 5,415 |  |  | 3.95% |  | $ | 5,060 |  |  | 9.66% |  |  |  |  |  |
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 2,952 |  |  | 9.66% |  |  | 3,315 |  |  | 11.38% |  |  |  |  |  |
SBL construction |  |  | 432 |  |  | 0.73% |  |  | 328 |  |  | 0.77% |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct lease financing |  |  | 5,817 |  |  | 14.20% |  |  | 6,043 |  |  | 17.48% |  |  |  |  |  |
SBLOC / IBLOC |  |  | 964 |  |  | 51.60% |  |  | 775 |  |  | 58.64% |  |  |  |  |  |
Advisor financing |  |  | 868 |  |  | 3.10% |  |  | 362 |  |  | 1.83% |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate bridge lending |  |  | 1,181 |  |  | 16.63% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Other loans |  |  | 177 |  |  | 0.13% |  |  | 199 |  |  | 0.24% |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 17,806 |  |  | 100.00% |  | $ | 16,082 |  |  | 100.00% |  |  |  |  |  |

73

The following table summarizes select asset quality ratios for each of the periods indicated:

| As of or
| for the years ended
| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Ratio of: |  |  |
ACL to total loans | 0.52% |  | 0.51%
ACL to non-performing loans(1) | 94.61% |  | 206.33%
Non-performing loans to total loans(1) | 0.55% |  | 0.25%
Non-performing assets to total assets(1) | 1.10% |  | 0.39%
Net charge-offs to average loans | 0.43% |  | 0.07%
(1) Includes loans 90 days past due still accruing interest. |  |  |

The ratio of the ACL to total loans increased to 0.52% at December 31, 2024 compared to 0.51% at December 31, 2023. The $4.6 million increase in the ACL between those dates, reflected approximately $1.5 million of increased reserves on specific distressed credits. Approximately $1.0 million had been added to the ACL in fourth quarter 2023 for the economic qualitative factor for an increasing trend in REBL special mention and substandard real estate bridge loans. As a result of further such increases, in the third quarter of 2024, $2.0 million was added for a new related qualitative factor. Additionally, increases in leasing reserves more than offset reductions in SBA non-real estate reserves, reflecting continued elevated leasing charge-offs.

The ratio of the ACL to non-performing loans decreased to 94.61% at December 31, 2024 from 206.33% over the prior year end, primarily as a result of the increase in non-performing loans which proportionately exceeded the increase in the ACL. As a result of the increase in non-performing loans, which included a $12.3 million REBL loan and increased SBL commercial mortgage and leasing balances, the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans also increased to 0.55% at December 31, 2024 from 0.25% at December 31, 2023. Nonperforming loans are comprised of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest.

T he ratio of non-performing assets to total assets increased to 1.10% at December 31, 2024 from 0.39% at the prior year end, reflecting the increase in non-performing loans, and a $39.4 million loan transferred to OREO in the second quarter of 2024 with a December 31, 2024 balance of $41.1 million. That property is under agreement of sale with a sales price that is expected to cover the Company’s current balance plus the forecasted cost of improvements to the property. The purchaser has increased the total of earnest money deposits to $1.6 million, from $500,000, in consideration of extending the closing date to March 21, 2025. The Company believes that the purpose for the extension is to allow time for this sale to be included in a larger transaction. There can be no assurance that the purchaser will consummate the sale of the property, but if not consummated, the earnest money deposits of $1.6 million would accrue to the Company.

The ratio of net charge-offs to average loans was 0.43% at December 31, 2024 compared to 0.07% at the prior year end. In 2024, lending agreements related to consumer fintech loans had certain charge-offs accounted for as freestanding credit enhancements which resulted in the Company recording a $19.6 million provision for credit losses and a correlated amount in non-interest income resulting in no impact to net income. Additionally, the increase reflected an increase in direct lease financing net charge-offs.

Net Charge-offs

Net charge-offs were $24.4 million in 2024, an increase of $20.9 from net charge-offs of $3.5 million in 2023. In 2024, lending agreements related to consumer fintech loans had certain charge-offs accounted for as freestanding credit enhancements which resulted in the Company recording a $19.6 million provision for credit losses and a correlated amount in non-interest income resulting in no impact to net income. Additionally, c harge-offs in both periods resulted from leasing and non-real estate SBL charge-offs. SBL charge-offs resulted primarily from the non-government guaranteed portion of SBA loans.

74

The following tables reflect the relationship of year-to-date average loans outstanding, based upon quarter end balances, and net charge-offs by loan category (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, 2024
| SBL non-real estate |  | SBL commercial mortgage |  | SBL construction |  | Direct lease financing |  | SBLOC / IBLOC |  | Advisor financing |  | Real estate bridge lending |  | Consumer fintech |  | Other loans
Charge-offs | $ | 708 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,575 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 19,619 |  | $ | 18
Recoveries |  | (229) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (318) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1)
Net charge-offs | $ | 479 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,257 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 19,619 |  | $ | 17
Average loan balance | $ | 170,772 |  | $ | 653,380 |  | $ | 30,754 |  | $ | 706,576 |  | $ | 1,553,910 |  | $ | 248,339 |  | $ | 2,130,005 |  | $ | 268,176 |  | $ | 65,167
Ratio of net charge-offs during the period to average loans during the period |  | 0.28% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.60% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.32% |  |  | 0.03%

| December 31, 2023
| SBL non-real estate |  | SBL commercial mortgage |  | SBL construction |  | Direct lease financing |  | SBLOC / IBLOC |  | Advisor financing |  | Real estate bridge lending |  | Consumer fintech |  | Other loans
Charge-offs | $ | 871 |  | $ | 76 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,666 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3
Recoveries |  | (475) |  |  | (75) |  |  | — |  |  | (330) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (299)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries) | $ | 396 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,336 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (296)
Average loan balance | $ | 125,072 |  | $ | 540,475 |  | $ | 26,855 |  | $ | 666,431 |  | $ | 1,821,214 |  | $ | 195,964 |  | $ | 1,856,639 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 55,573
Ratio of net charge-offs/(recoveries) during the period to average loans during the period |  | 0.32% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.50% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.53%)

We review charge-offs at least quarterly in loan surveillance meetings which include the Chief Credit Officer, the loan review department and other senior credit officers in a process which includes identifying any trends or other factors impacting portfolio management. In recent periods charge-offs have been primarily comprised of the non-guaranteed portion of SBA 7(a) Program loans and leases. The charge-offs have resulted from individual borrower or business circumstances as opposed to overall trends or other factors.

75

Non-accrual Loans, Loans 90 Days Delinquent and Still Accruing, OREO and Modified Loans

Loans are considered to be non-performing if they are on a non-accrual basis or they are past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest. A loan which is past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest remains on accrual status only when it is both adequately secured as to principal and interest, and is in the process of collection. W e had $62.0 million of OREO at December 31, 2024 and $16.9 million at December 31, 2023. The following tables summarize our non-performing loans, including loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest and OREO.

|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Non-accrual loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 2,635 |  | $ | 1,842 |  | $ | 1,249 |  | $ | 1,313 |  | $ | 3,159
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 4,885 |  |  | 2,381 |  |  | 1,423 |  |  | 812 |  |  | 7,305
SBL construction |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 3,385 |  |  | 3,386 |  |  | 710 |  |  | 711
Direct leasing |  |  | 6,026 |  |  | 3,785 |  |  | 3,550 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 751
IBLOC |  |  | 503 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Real estate bridge loans(1) |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | 692 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Consumer - home equity |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 301
Total non-accrual loans |  |  | 27,934 |  |  | 11,525 |  |  | 10,356 |  |  | 3,161 |  |  | 12,227
Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing(2) |  |  | 5,830 |  |  | 1,744 |  |  | 7,775 |  |  | 461 |  |  | 497
Total non-performing loans |  |  | 33,764 |  |  | 13,269 |  |  | 18,131 |  |  | 3,622 |  |  | 12,724
OREO(3) |  |  | 62,025 |  |  | 16,949 |  |  | 21,210 |  |  | 18,873 |  |  | —
Total non-performing assets |  | $ | 95,789 |  | $ | 30,218 |  | $ | 39,341 |  | $ | 22,495 |  | $ | 12,724

(1) The $12.3 million REBL shown for 2024 was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principa l. In January 2025, two loans totaling $9.8 million were transferred to non-accrual and were accordingly classified as substandard.

(2) The majority of the increase in Loans past due 90 days or more in 2024 compared to the prior year resulted from a $3.3 million IBLOC loan secured by the cash value of insurance, the payoff of which was subject to an administrative delay by the related insurance company.

(3) In the first quarter of 2024, a $39.4 million apartment building rehabilitation bridge loan was transferred to nonaccrual status. On April 2, 2024, the same loan was transferred from nonaccrual status to OREO, and comprised the majority of our OREO at December 31, 2024, with a balance at that date of $41.1 million. We intend to continue to manage the capital improvements on the underlying apartment complex. As the units become available for lease, the property manager will be tasked with leasing these units at market rents. That property is under agreement of sale with a sales price that is expected to cover the Company’s current balance plus the forecasted cost of improvements to the property. The purchaser has increased the total of earnest money deposits to $1.6 million, from $500,000, in consideration of extending the closing date to March 21, 2025. The Company believes that the purpose for the extension is to allow time for this sale to be included in a larger transaction. There can be no assurance that the purchaser will consummate the sale of the property, but if not consummated, the earnest money deposits of $1.6 million would accrue to the Company. The nonaccrual balances in this table as of December 31, 2024, are also reflected in the substandard loan totals.

76

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more, by year of origination, at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

As of December 31, 2024 | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Revolving loans at amortized cost |  | Total
SBL non-real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 614 |  | $ | 41 |  | $ | 216 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 871
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,197 |  |  | 620 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 599 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,635
Total SBL non-real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,197 |  |  | 1,234 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 815 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,506
SBA commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 336 |  |  | — |  |  | 336
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,380 |  |  | 1,687 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,885
Total SBL commercial mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,380 |  |  | 1,687 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 1,991 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,221
SBL construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 875 |  |  | — |  |  | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,585
Total SBL construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 875 |  |  | — |  |  | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,585
Direct lease financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | 145 |  |  | 547 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,088
Non-accrual |  | 2,546 |  |  | 546 |  |  | 1,710 |  |  | 1,165 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,026
Total direct lease financing |  | 2,691 |  |  | 1,093 |  |  | 1,995 |  |  | 1,234 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,114
SBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total SBLOC |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
IBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,322 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,322
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 503 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 503
Total IBLOC |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,825 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,825
Advisor Financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total Advisor Financing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Real estate bridge loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300
Total real estate bridge loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300
Other loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 213
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total other loans |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 213
Total 90+ Days past due | $ | 358 |  | $ | 547 |  | $ | 3,607 |  | $ | 683 |  | $ | 61 |  | $ | 574 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,830
Total Non-accrual | $ | 2,546 |  | $ | 546 |  | $ | 4,790 |  | $ | 16,647 |  | $ | 419 |  | $ | 2,986 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 27,934

77

As of December 31, 2023 | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving loans at amortized cost |  | Total
SBL non-real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 42 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 294 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 336
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 632 |  |  | 522 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 498 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,842
Total SBL non-real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 632 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 792 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,178
SBA commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 452 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,929 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,381
Total SBL commercial mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 452 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,929 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,381
SBL construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,675 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,385
Total SBL construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,675 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,385
Direct lease financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | 298 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 485
Non-accrual |  | 58 |  |  | 1,775 |  |  | 1,688 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,785
Total direct lease financing |  | 356 |  |  | 1,921 |  |  | 1,729 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,270
SBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total SBLOC |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
IBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 384 |  |  | 234 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 745
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total IBLOC |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 384 |  |  | 234 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 745
Advisor Financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total Advisor Financing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Real estate bridge loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total real estate bridge loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90+ Days past due |  | 178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 178
Non-accrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | 132
Total other loans |  | 178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | 310
Total 90+ Days past due | $ | 476 |  | $ | 273 |  | $ | 425 |  | $ | 276 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 294 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,744
Total Non-accrual | $ | 58 |  | $ | 1,775 |  | $ | 4,995 |  | $ | 1,186 |  | $ | 236 |  | $ | 3,275 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 11,525

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During the year to date periods ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, loans modified and related information are as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Year ended December 31, 2024 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
| Payment delay as a result of a payment deferral |  | Interest rate reduction and payment deferral |  | Term extension |  | Total |  | Percent of total loan category |  | Payment delay as a result of a payment deferral |  | Payment delay and term extension |  | Total |  | Percent of total loan category
SBL non-real estate | $ | 2,421 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,421 |  |  | 1.27% |  | $ | 651 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 651 |  |  | 0.47%
SBL commercial mortgage |  | 3,255 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,255 |  |  | 0.49% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Direct lease financing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | 0.35% |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 0.02%
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  | — |  |  | 67,575 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,575 |  |  | 3.20% |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 0.62%
Total | $ | 5,676 |  | $ | 67,575 |  | $ | 2,477 |  | $ | 75,728 |  |  | 1.24% |  | $ | 651 |  | $ | 12,427 |  | $ | 13,078 |  |  | 0.24%

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, the “as is” weighted average LTV of the real estate bridge lending balances was less than 73%, and the “as stabilized” LTV was approximately 63% based upon recent appraisals. “As stabilized” LTVs reflect the third-party appraiser’s estimated value after the rehabilitation is complete. The balances for both periods were also classified as either special mention or substandard as of December 31, 2024. The $12.3 million REBL shown for 2023 was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principal.

The following table shows an analysis of loans that were modified during the year to date periods ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 presented by loan classification (dollars in thousands):

| Year ended December 31, 2024
| Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
| 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | 90+ days |  |  |  | Total |  |  |  |
| past due |  | past due |  | still accruing |  | Non-accrual |  | delinquent |  | Current |  | Total
SBL non-real estate | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,022 |  | $ | 1,022 |  | $ | 1,399 |  | $ | 2,421
SBL commercial mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,255 |  |  | 3,255
Direct lease financing |  | — |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,477
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,575 |  |  | 67,575
| $ | — |  | $ | 2,477 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,022 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | 72,229 |  | $ | 75,728
| Year ended December 31, 2023
| Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
| 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | 90+ days |  |  |  | Total |  |  |  |
| past due |  | past due |  | still accruing |  | Non-accrual |  | delinquent |  | Current |  | Total
SBL non-real estate | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 156 |  | $ | 156 |  | $ | 495 |  | $ | 651
SBL commercial mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Direct lease financing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 127
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 12,300
| $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 283 |  | $ | 283 |  | $ | 12,795 |  | $ | 13,078

(1)For the year ended December 31, 2024, the “as is” weighted average LTV of the real estate bridge lending balances was less than 73%, and the “as stabilized” LTV was approximately 63% based upon recent appraisals. “As stabilized” LTVs reflect the third-party appraiser’s estimated value after the rehabilitation is complete. The balances for both periods were also classified as either special mention or substandard as of December 31, 2024. The $12.3 million REBL shown for 2023 was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principal.

Of the $84.4 million special mention and $134.4 million substandard REBL loans at December 31, 2024, $13.2 million was modified in the fourth quarter of 2024 and received a reduction in interest rate and a combination of full and partial payment deferrals. Not included in that fourth quarter modification total were $27.6 million of balances which we recapitalized with a new borrower, who negotiated payment deferrals and rate reductions. The “as is” and “as stabilized” LTVs for the $13.2 million balance were 80% and 69%, respectively, while weighted average LTVs for the $27.6 million were 79% and 70%, respectively. These LTVs are based upon appraisals performed within the past twelve months. The above information for the first three quarters of 2024 is available in the applicable Form 10-Q.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, there were $75.7 million of loans classified as modified with specific reserves of $768,000, while there were $13.1 million of loans classified as modified for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 with specific reserves of $127,000.

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The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made during the year to date periods ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Year ended December 31, 2024 |  |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
|  | Combined Rate and Maturity |  |  |  |  |  | Combined Rate and Maturity |  |  |
|  | Weighted average interest rate reduction |  |  | Weighted average term extension (in months) |  |  | More-than-insignificant-payment delay(2) |  |  | Weighted average interest rate reduction |  |  | Weighted average term extension (in months) |  |  | More-than-insignificant-payment delay(2)
SBL non-real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.27% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.47%
SBL commercial mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.49% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Direct lease financing |  | — |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | —
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  | 1.08% |  |  | — |  |  | 1.28% |  |  | — |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | —

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, the “as is” weighted average LTV of the real estate bridge lending balances was less than 73%, and the “as stabilized” LTV was approximately 63% based upon recent appraisals. “As stabilized” LTVs reflect the third-party appraiser’s estimated value after the rehabilitation is complete. The balances for both periods were also classified as either special mention or substandard as of December 31, 2024.

(2)Percentage represents the principal of loans deferred divided by the principal of the total loan portfolio.

With the exception of $927,000 of future funding for a REBL loan, we had no commitments to extend additional credit to loans classified as modified as of either December 31, 2024 or 2023.

We had $27.9 million of non-accrual loans at December 31, 2024, compared to $11.5 million of non-accrual loans at December 31, 2023. The $16.4 million increase in non-accrual loans was primarily due to $70.4 million of additions partially offset by $44.1 million transferred to OREO, $4.4 million of charge-offs, $1.9 million transferred to repossessed vehicle inventory, $3.7 million of payments and $129,000 returned to accrual status. Loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest amounted to $5.8 million and $1.7 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The $4.1 million increase reflected $16.1 million of additions partially offset by $12.0 million of loan payments and $24,000 transferred to non-accrual loans.

We had $62.0 million of OREO at December 31, 2024 and $16.9 million of OREO at December 31, 2023. The change in balance reflected $45.0 million transferred from non-accrual loans. The balance at both dates included $15.0 million for a Florida mall property. The property was reappraised in November 2024 and the appraised value continues to exceed the $15.0 million carrying value. In the first quarter of 2024, a $39.4 million apartment building rehabilitation bridge loan was transferred to nonaccrual status. On April 2, 2024, the same loan was transferred from nonaccrual status to OREO. The majority of the Company’s real estate owned is comprised of that apartment complex, with a balance as of December 31, 2024 of $41.1 million. That property is under agreement of sale with a sales price that is expected to cover the Company’s current balance plus the forecasted cost of improvements to the property. The purchaser has increased the total of earnest money deposits to $1.6 million, from $500,000, in consideration of extending the closing date to March 21, 2025. The Company believes that the purpose for the extension is to allow time for this sale to be included in a larger transaction. There can be no assurance that the purchaser will consummate the sale of the property, but if not consummated, the earnest money deposits of $1.6 million would accrue to the Company.

Premises and Equipment, Net

Premises and equipment increased to $27.6 million at December 31, 2024 from $27.5 million at December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of expenditures for a new data center and the relocation of Sioux Falls office space, net of depreciation on prior balances.

Other assets

Other assets increased to $182.7 million at December 31, 2024 from $133.1 million at December 31, 2023, reflecting an increase in receivables in the ordinary course of business.

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Deposits

Our primary source of funding is deposit acquisition. We offer a variety of deposit accounts with a range of interest rates and terms, including demand, checking and money market accounts, through and with the assistance of affinity groups. The majority of our deposits are generated through prepaid card and debit and other payments related deposit accounts. At December 31, 2024, we had total deposits of $7.75 billion compared to $6.68 billion at December 31, 2023, which reflected an increase of $1.07 billion, or 15.9%. Daily deposit balances are subject to variability, and deposits averaged $7.55 billion in the fourth quarter of 2024. Savings and money market balances are a modest percentage of our funding and we have swept such deposits off our balance sheet to other institutions. Such sweeps are utilized to optimize diversity within our funding structure by managing the percentage of individual client deposits to total deposits. A diversified group of prepaid and debit card accounts, which have an established history of stability and lower cost than certain other types of funding, comprise the majority of our deposits. Our product mix includes prepaid card accounts for salary, medical spending, commercial, general purpose reloadable, corporate and other incentive, gift, government payments and transaction accounts accessed by debit cards. Balances are subject to daily fluctuations, which may comprise a significant component of variances between dates. Our funding is comprised primarily of millions of small transaction-based consumer balances, the vast majority of which are FDIC-insured. We have multi-year, contractual relationships with affinity groups which sponsor such accounts and with whom we have had long-term relationships (see Item 1. “Business—Our Strategies”). Those long-term relationships comprise the majority of our deposits while we continue to grow and add new client relationships. Of our deposits at year-end 2024, the top three affinity groups accounted for approximately $3.79 billion, the next three largest $1.64 billion, and the four subsequent largest $756.9 million. Of our deposits at year-end 2023, the top three affinity groups accounted for approximately $2.33 billion, the next three largest $1.46 billion, and the four subsequent largest $852.1 million. While certain of these relationships may have changed their ranking in the top ten, the affinity groups themselves were identical in both years. We believe that payroll, debit, and government-based accounts such as child support are comparable to traditional consumer checking accounts. Such balances in the top ten relationships at year-end 2024, totaled $3.81 billion while balances related to consumer and business payment companies, including companies sponsoring incentive and gift card payments, amounted to $2.38 billion. Such balances in the top ten relationships at year-end 2023, totaled $2.91 billion while balances related to consumer and business payment companies, including companies sponsoring incentive and gift card payments, amounted to $1.72 billion. We pay interest directly to consumer account holders for an immaterial amount of deposit balances, while the vast majority of interest expense results from fees paid to affinity groups. While affinity groups may decide to pay interest or other remuneration to account holders, they do not currently do so for the vast majority of balances. The vast majority of payments to affinity groups are variable rate and equate to varying contractual percentages tied to the effective federal funds rate, which results from Federal Reserve rate hikes and reductions. The effective federal funds rate also reflects a market rate which might be required to replace lower cost deposits, or fund loan growth in excess of deposit growth, at least in the short-term. Because underlying balances have generally exhibited stability, so too have trends in the cost of funds. The more consequential impact to cost of funds are market changes and the effective federal funds rate, specifically the impact of Federal Reserve rate hikes and reductions. We model significant fee-based relationships in our net interest income sensitivity modeling (see “Asset and Liability Management”). The following discussion is applicable to our transaction accounts, comprising the majority of our deposits, in the 100 and 200 basis point rate increase and decrease scenarios as presented in the applicable table in that Asset and Liability Management section. The impact of the Federal Reserve rate hikes or reductions, which respectively increase or decrease interest expense, has approximated the ratio of our cost of funds divided by the effective federal funds rate, all else equal. However, there can be no assurance that such ratios could not change significantly given the other variables discussed in the Asset and Liability Management section. In 2024, our demand and interest checking balances averaged $6.88 billion, compared to $6.31 billion in 2023. The growth primarily reflected increases in payment company balances. Average savings and money market balances continue to comprise a modest portion of funding and increased to $111.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to $46.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2023. In 2023, we did not use short-term time deposits after the first quarter of the year and used no such deposits in 2024. Such deposits have been utilized in the past when loan growth has exceeded deposit growth. Short-term time deposits are generated through established intermediaries such as banks and other financial companies. These deposits generally originate with investment or trust companies or banks, which offer those deposits at market rates either themselves or through intermediaries to FDIC-insured institutions, such that the balances are fully FDIC-insured. These deposits are generally classified as brokered.. The following table presents the average balance and rates paid on deposits for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Average |  | Average |  | Average |  | Average
|  | balance |  | rate |  | balance |  | rate
Demand and interest checking(1) |  | $ | 6,875,368 |  | 2.35% |  | $ | 6,308,509 |  | 2.30%
Savings and money market |  |  | 71,962 |  | 3.52% |  |  | 78,074 |  | 3.66%
Time |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 20,794 |  | 4.13%
Total deposits |  | $ | 6,947,330 |  | 2.37% |  | $ | 6,407,377 |  | 2.32%

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(1) Of the amounts shown for 2024 and 2023, $146.8 million and $177.0 million, respectively, represented balances on which the Bank paid interest. The remaining balance for each period reflects amounts subject to fees paid to third parties, which are based upon a contractual percentage applied to a rate index, generally the effective federal funds rate, and therefore classified as interest expense.

Short-Term Borrowings

W e had no outstanding advances from the FHLB or Federal Reserve Bank at December 31, 2024 or 2023 on our lines of credit with them, although we periodically have accessed such overnight borrowings for cash management purposes. We discuss these lines in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in this MD&A. Tables showing information for securities sold under repurchase agreements and short-term borrowings are as follows.

|  | As of or for the year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at year-end |  | $ | — |  | $ | 42 |  | $ | 42
Average during the year |  |  | 3 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 41
Maximum month-end balance |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 42
Weighted average rate during the year |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Rate at December 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —

|  | As of or for the year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Short-term borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at year-end |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Average during the year |  |  | 44,220 |  |  | 5,739 |  |  | 60,312
Maximum month-end balance |  |  | 455,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 495,000
Weighted average rate during the year |  |  | 5.58% |  |  | 4.72% |  |  | 2.55%
Rate at December 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —

We do not have any policy prohibiting us from incurring debt, which may be used for stock repurchases or common stock cash dividends, although we historically have not paid such dividends. Additionally, we have issued subordinated debentures which are grandfathered to also constitute Tier 1 capital, but only at the Bank level. Those instruments are described below. We believe we are in compliance with any covenants applicable to our debt.

Senior Debt

On August 13, 2020, we issued $100.0 million of the 2025 Senior Notes, with a maturity date of August 15, 2025 and a 4.75% interest rate, with interest paid semi-annually on March 15 and September 15. The majority of these funds were utilized to repurchase common stock in 2021 and 2022. The 2025 Senior Notes are our direct, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations and rank equal in priority with all of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness and senior in right of payment to all of our existing and future subordinated indebtedness. In lieu of repayment from dividends paid by the Bank to the Company, industry practice includes the issuance of new debt to repay maturing debt.

Subordinated Debentures

As of December 31, 2024, we had two established statutory business trusts: The Bancorp Capital Trust II and The Bancorp Capital Trust III, which we refer to as (“the Trusts”). In each case, we own all the common securities of the Trusts. The Trusts issued preferred capital securities to investors and invested the proceeds in us through the purchase of the 2038 Debentures issued by us. The 2038 Debentures are the sole assets of the Trusts. The $10.3 million of 2038 Debentures issued to The Bancorp Capital Trust II and the $3.1 million of 2038 Debentures issued to The Bancorp Capital Trust III were both issued on November 28, 2007, mature on March 15, 2038 and bear interest at SOFR plus 3.51%.

Other Long-term Borrowings

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had long-term borrowings of $14.1 million and $38.6 million respectively, which consisted of sold loans which were accounted for as secured borrowings, because they did not qualify for true sale accounting.

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Other Liabilities

Other liabilities amounted to $68.0 million at December 31, 2024 compared to $69.6 million at December 31, 2023.

Shareholders’ Equity

At December 31, 2024, we had $789.8 million in shareholders’ equity compared to $807.3 million at the prior year end. The increase primarily reflected 2024 net income, net of common stock repurchases and the change in the market value of securities.

Segments

The Company’s operations can be classified under three segments: fintech, specialty finance and corporate. The fintech segment includes the deposit balances and non-interest income generated by prepaid, debit and other card accessed accounts, ACH proccessing and other payments related processing. It also includes loan balances and interest and non-interest income from credit products generated through payment relationships. Specialty finance includes: (i) REBL (real estate bridge lending) comprised primarily of apartment building rehabilitation loans (ii) institutional banking comprised primarily of security-backed lines of credit, cash value insurance policy-backed lines of credit and advisor financing and (iii) commercial loans comprised primarily of SBA loans and direct lease financing. It also includes deposits generated by those business lines. Corporate includes the Company’s investment securities, corporate overhead and expenses which have not been allocated to segments. Expenses not allocated include certain management, board oversight, administrative, legal, IT and technology infrastructure, human resouces, audit, regulatory and CRA, finance and accounting, marketing and other corporate expenses.

Segment financial results are shown in “Note T—Segment Financials” to the audited consolidated financial statements herein. Those financials reflect a market-based allocation of interest expense to financing segments which utilize funding from deposits generated by the fintech segment, which earns offsetting interest income. That allocation is shown in the “Interest allocation” line item. The rate utilized for the allocation corresponds to an estimated average of the three year FHLB rate. The fintech segment interest expense line item consists of interest expense actually incurred to generate its deposits, which is the Company’s actual cost of funds. That actual cost is allocated to the corporate segment which requires funding for the Company’s investment securities portfolio.

The market-based funding based on the three year FHLB rate for the specialty finance categories as described above, results in a higher interest expense allocation for those lines of business in higher interest rate environments. That higher interest expense allocation results in higher interest income for the fintech segment to the extent that it provides related funding. Conversely, when that rate decreases, so too are interest expense for the lending lines of business and interest income for fintech.

Additionally, variances between periods can result from deposit growth within the fintech segment, and loan growth within the lending lines of business. Loan pricing on new loans, and repricing of variable rate loans may also result in variances between periods.

Off-balance Sheet Commitments

We are party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in our consolidated financial statements.

Credit risk is defined as the possibility of sustaining a loss due to the failure of the other parties to a financial instrument to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract. The maximum exposure to credit loss under commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments. We use the same underwriting standards and policies in making credit commitments as we do for on-balance sheet instruments.

Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent potential credit risk for us, are our unused commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit which were approximately $1.97 billion and $1.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024. The

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vast majority of commitments reflect SBLOC commitments, which are variable rate, and connected to lines of credit collateralized by marketable securities. The amount of those lines is generally based upon the value of the collateral, and not expected usage. The majority of those available lines have not been drawn upon, and SBLOC loans are “demand” loans and can be called at any time.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and many require the payment of a fee. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments that guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Since we expect that many of the commitments or letters of credit we issue will not be fully drawn upon, the total commitment or letter of credit amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. We evaluate each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. We base the amount of collateral we obtain when we extend credit on our credit evaluation of the customer. SBLOC commitments are limited to a percentage of the collateral value, which varies for equities and fixed income securities. For IBLOC, the commitment may be as high as the cash value of the applicable eligible life insurance policy. Collateral for other loan commitments varies but may include real estate, marketable securities, pledged deposits, equipment and accounts receivable.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and other commitments, including off-balance sheet commitments, representing required and potential cash outflows as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Payments due by period
|  |  |  | Less than |  | One to |  | Three to |  | After
Contractual obligation |  | Total |  | one year |  | three years |  | five years |  | five years
Minimum annual rentals on |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
noncancelable operating leases |  | $ | 35,013 |  | $ | 4,189 |  | $ | 8,298 |  | $ | 4,685 |  | $ | 17,841
Loan commitments(1) |  |  | 1,973,937 |  |  | 248,263 |  |  | 125,486 |  |  | 837 |  |  | 1,599,351
Senior debt |  |  | 96,214 |  |  | 96,214 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Interest expense on senior debt |  |  | 2,956 |  |  | 2,956 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 13,401 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,401
Interest expense on subordinated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
debentures(2) |  |  | 13,513 |  |  | 1,023 |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | 8,398
Standby letters of credit |  |  | 1,698 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total |  | $ | 2,136,732 |  | $ | 354,219 |  | $ | 135,954 |  | $ | 7,568 |  | $ | 1,638,991
(1)The vasy majority of loan commitments over five years are comprised of SBLOC and IBLOC which are immediately cancellable.
(2)Presentation assumes a weighted average interest rate of 7.87%

Impact of Inflation

The primary direct impact of inflation on our operations is on our operating costs. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the price of goods and services. While it is difficult to predict the impact of inflation and responsive Federal Reserve rate changes on our net interest income, the Federal Reserve has historically utilized interest rate increases in the overnight federal funds rate as one tool in fighting inflation. Please see “Asset and Liability Management.”

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Information on recent accounting pronouncements is set forth in “Note B. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to the audited consolidated financial statements herein.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Information with respect to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk is included under the section entitled “Asset and Liability Management” in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

THE BANCORP, INC. |
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 173) | 86
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 | 89
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 2024, 2023, and 2022 | 90
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 2024, 2023, and 2022 | 91
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 2024, 2023, and 2022 | 92
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 2024, 2023, and 2022 | 93
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 94

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and the Board of Directors of The Bancorp, Inc.

Wilmington, Delaware

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of The Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 3, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) on Loans – Qualitative Factors

As described in Note E to the financial statements, the Company estimates the allowance for credit losses using relevant available historical loan performance information, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The loans are segregated by product type to recognize differing risk characteristics within portfolio segments. The Company develops the quantitative basis for estimation of expected credit losses over the estimated remaining life of the loans based on historical credit loss experience. The qualitative component of the ACL is designed to be responsive to changes in portfolio credit quality and the impact of current and future economic conditions on loan performance and is subjective. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s allowance for credit losses was $31.9 million.

86

We identified auditing the qualitative factors used in estimating the allowance for credit losses as a critical audit matter. The principal consideration for our determination that qualitative factors is a critical audit matter is due to the high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity required to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s significant judgments in the selection and application of qualitative factors.

To address this matter, the primary procedures we performed included:

Testing the design and operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to qualitative factors, including the controls related to the following:

o Management’s verification that qualitative factor adjustments are appropriately applied in the allowance for credit losses calculation;

o Management’s judgments involved in evaluating the appropriateness of qualitative factor framework and the determination of qualitative factor adjustments; and

o Management’s evaluation over relevance and reliability of data used in the determination of qualitative factor adjustments.

Our substantive procedures related to qualitative factors, which included the following:

o Evaluated the qualitative factor adjustments were appropriately applied in the allowance for credit losses calculation;

o Evaluated the appropriateness of qualitative factor framework and reasonableness of management’s judgments related to the determination of qualitative factors adjustments applied in the allowance for credit losses; and

o Evaluated the relevance and reliability of the data used in the determination of qualitative factor adjustments.

/s/ CROWE LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.

Washington, D.C.

March 3, 2025

87

‎REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders

The Bancorp, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the consolidated balance sheet of The Bancorp, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2000 to 2024.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

February 29, 2024 (except for Note T, as to which the date is March 3, 2025)

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88

THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands, except share data)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 6,064 |  | $ | 4,820
Interest-earning deposits at Federal Reserve Bank |  |  | 564,059 |  |  | 1,033,270
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 570,123 |  |  | 1,038,090
Investment securities, available-for-sale, at fair value, net of $10.0 million allowance for credit loss at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 1,502,860 |  |  | 747,534
Commercial loans, at fair value |  |  | 223,115 |  |  | 332,766
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs |  |  | 6,113,628 |  |  | 5,361,139
Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (31,944) |  |  | (27,378)
Loans, net |  |  | 6,081,684 |  |  | 5,333,761
Stock in Federal Reserve, Federal Home Loan and Atlantic Central Bankers Banks |  |  | 15,642 |  |  | 15,591
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 27,566 |  |  | 27,474
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 41,713 |  |  | 37,534
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 1,254 |  |  | 1,651
Other real estate owned |  |  | 62,025 |  |  | 16,949
Deferred tax asset, net |  |  | 18,874 |  |  | 21,219
Other assets |  |  | 182,687 |  |  | 133,126
Total assets |  | $ | 8,727,543 |  | $ | 7,705,695
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and interest checking |  | $ | 7,434,212 |  | $ | 6,630,251
Savings and money market |  |  | 311,834 |  |  | 50,659
Total deposits |  |  | 7,746,046 |  |  | 6,680,910
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  | — |  |  | 42
Senior debt |  |  | 96,214 |  |  | 95,859
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 13,401 |  |  | 13,401
Other long-term borrowings |  |  | 14,081 |  |  | 38,561
Other liabilities |  |  | 68,018 |  |  | 69,641
Total liabilities |  |  | 7,937,760 |  |  | 6,898,414
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock - authorized, 75,000,000 shares of $1.00 par value; 47,713,481 and 47,310,750 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 53,202,630 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 47,713 |  |  | 53,203
Treasury stock at cost, 402,731 shares at December 31, 2024 and 0 shares at December 31, 2023, respectively |  |  | (22,681) |  |  | —
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 3,233 |  |  | 212,431
Retained earnings |  |  | 779,155 |  |  | 561,615
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (17,637) |  |  | (19,968)
Total shareholders' equity |  |  | 789,783 |  |  | 807,281
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 8,727,543 |  | $ | 7,705,695

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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89

THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | For the year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  | $ | 458,817 |  | $ | 436,649 |  | $ | 275,837
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable interest |  |  | 66,262 |  |  | 39,078 |  |  | 25,598
Tax-exempt interest |  |  | 187 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 98
Interest-earning deposits |  |  | 26,326 |  |  | 33,627 |  |  | 6,762
|  |  | 551,592 |  |  | 509,507 |  |  | 308,295
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 164,372 |  |  | 148,529 |  |  | 51,136
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 2,469 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 1,538
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 2,420 |  |  | 507 |  |  | 1,004
Senior debt |  |  | 4,935 |  |  | 5,027 |  |  | 5,118
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | 658
|  |  | 175,351 |  |  | 155,455 |  |  | 59,454
Net interest income |  |  | 376,241 |  |  | 354,052 |  |  | 248,841
Provision for credit losses on non-consumer fintech loans |  |  | 9,319 |  |  | 8,465 |  |  | 5,741
Provision for consumer fintech loans |  |  | 19,619 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Provision (reversal) for unfunded commitments |  |  | (596) |  |  | (135) |  |  | 1,367
Provision (reversal) for credit loss on security |  |  | (1,000) |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | —
Net interest income after provision (reversal) for credit losses |  |  | 348,899 |  |  | 335,722 |  |  | 241,733
Non-interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fintech fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ACH, card and other payment processing fees |  |  | 14,596 |  |  | 9,822 |  |  | 8,935
Prepaid, debit card and related fees |  |  | 97,413 |  |  | 89,417 |  |  | 77,236
Consumer credit fintech fees |  |  | 4,789 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total fintech fees |  |  | 116,798 |  |  | 99,239 |  |  | 86,171
Net realized and unrealized gains on commercial loans, at fair value |  |  | 2,732 |  |  | 3,745 |  |  | 13,531
Leasing related income |  |  | 3,921 |  |  | 6,324 |  |  | 4,822
Consumer fintech loan credit enhancement |  |  | 19,619 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other |  |  | 3,412 |  |  | 2,786 |  |  | 1,159
Total non-interest income |  |  | 146,482 |  |  | 112,094 |  |  | 105,683
Non-interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 131,597 |  |  | 121,055 |  |  | 105,368
Depreciation |  |  | 4,155 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | 2,902
Rent and related occupancy cost |  |  | 6,746 |  |  | 5,980 |  |  | 5,193
Data processing expense |  |  | 5,666 |  |  | 5,447 |  |  | 4,972
Audit expense |  |  | 1,484 |  |  | 1,620 |  |  | 1,526
Legal expense |  |  | 3,081 |  |  | 3,850 |  |  | 3,878
Legal settlements |  |  | 284 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,152
FDIC Insurance |  |  | 3,579 |  |  | 2,957 |  |  | 3,270
Software |  |  | 17,913 |  |  | 17,349 |  |  | 16,211
Insurance |  |  | 5,195 |  |  | 5,139 |  |  | 5,026
Telecom and IT network communications |  |  | 1,227 |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | 1,457
Consulting |  |  | 1,852 |  |  | 1,938 |  |  | 1,262
Write-downs and other losses on other real estate owned |  |  | — |  |  | 1,315 |  |  | —
Civil money penalty |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,750
Other |  |  | 20,446 |  |  | 20,002 |  |  | 15,535
Total non-interest expense |  |  | 203,225 |  |  | 191,042 |  |  | 169,502
Income before income taxes |  |  | 292,156 |  |  | 256,774 |  |  | 177,914
Income tax expense |  |  | 74,616 |  |  | 64,478 |  |  | 47,701
Net income |  | $ | 217,540 |  | $ | 192,296 |  | $ | 130,213
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 4.35 |  | $ | 3.52 |  | $ | 2.30
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 4.29 |  | $ | 3.49 |  | $ | 2.27
Weighted average shares - basic |  |  | 50,063,620 |  |  | 54,506,065 |  |  | 56,556,303
Weighted average shares - diluted |  |  | 50,713,140 |  |  | 55,053,497 |  |  | 57,268,946

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

90

THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| For the year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in thousands)
Net income | $ | 217,540 |  | $ | 192,296 |  | $ | 130,213
Other comprehensive income, net of reclassifications into net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) |  | 2,824 |  |  | 14,215 |  |  | (49,888)
Reclassification adjustments for losses (gains) included in income |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (4)
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 2,826 |  |  | 14,219 |  |  | (49,892)
Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) |  | 494 |  |  | 3,929 |  |  | (13,343)
Reclassification adjustments for losses (gains) included in income |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1)
Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 495 |  |  | 3,930 |  |  | (13,344)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax and reclassifications into net income |  | 2,331 |  |  | 10,289 |  |  | (36,548)
Comprehensive income | $ | 219,871 |  | $ | 202,585 |  | $ | 93,665

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

‎

91

THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(Dollars in thousands, except share data)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |
|  | Common |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  | other |  |  |
|  | stock |  | Common |  | Treasury |  | paid-in |  | Retained |  | comprehensive |  |  |
|  | shares issued |  | stock |  | stock |  | capital |  | earnings |  | income/(loss) |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 57,370,563 |  | $ | 57,371 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 349,686 |  | $ | 239,106 |  | $ | 6,291 |  | $ | 652,454
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130,213 |  |  | — |  |  | 130,213
Common stock issued from option exercises, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
net of tax benefits |  | 58,531 |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | 262 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 320
Common stock issued from restricted units, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
net of tax benefits |  | 582,789 |  |  | 583 |  |  | — |  |  | (583) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,592 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,592
Common stock repurchases |  | (2,322,256) |  |  | (2,322) |  |  | — |  |  | (57,678) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60,000)
Other comprehensive loss net of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
reclassification adjustments and tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36,548) |  |  | (36,548)
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 55,689,627 |  | $ | 55,690 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 299,279 |  | $ | 369,319 |  | $ | (30,257) |  | $ | 694,031
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192,296 |  |  | — |  |  | 192,296
Common stock issued from option exercises, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
net of tax benefits |  | 13,158 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 104
Common stock issued from restricted units, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
net of tax benefits |  | 456,991 |  |  | 457 |  |  | — |  |  | (457) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,392 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,392
Common stock repurchases and excise tax |  | (2,957,146) |  |  | (2,957) |  |  | — |  |  | (97,874) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100,831)
Other comprehensive income net of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
reclassification adjustments and tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,289 |  |  | 10,289
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 53,202,630 |  | $ | 53,203 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 212,431 |  | $ | 561,615 |  | $ | (19,968) |  | $ | 807,281
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 217,540 |  |  | — |  |  | 217,540
Common stock issued from option exercises, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
net of tax benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Common stock issued from restricted units, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
net of tax benefits |  | 345,390 |  |  | 345 |  |  | — |  |  | (345) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,983 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,983
Common stock repurchases and excise tax |  | (5,834,539) |  |  | (5,835) |  |  | — |  |  | (223,836) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (229,671)
Treasury stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,681) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,681)
Other comprehensive income net of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
reclassification adjustments and tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,331 |  |  | 2,331
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | 47,713,481 |  | $ | 47,713 |  | $ | (22,681) |  | $ | 3,233 |  | $ | 779,155 |  | $ | (17,637) |  | $ | 789,783

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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92

THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  |  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income from continuing operations |  | $ | 217,540 |  | $ | 192,296 |  | $ | 130,213
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 4,155 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | 2,902
Provision for credit losses on non-consumer fintech loans and security |  |  | 8,319 |  |  | 18,465 |  |  | 5,741
Provision for consumer fintech loans |  |  | 19,619 |  |  | — |  |  | —
(Reversal) provision for unfunded commitments |  |  | (596) |  |  | (135) |  |  | 1,367
Net amortization of investment securities discounts/premiums |  |  | (2,608) |  |  | 1,023 |  |  | 1,704
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 14,983 |  |  | 11,392 |  |  | 7,592
Realized gains on commercial loans, at fair value |  |  | (3,699) |  |  | (6,954) |  |  | (18,635)
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 2,317 |  |  | (5,681) |  |  | 5,870
Gain from discontinued operations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4)
Gain on sale of fixed assets |  |  | (53) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Write-down of other real estate owned |  |  | — |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | —
Change in fair value of commercial loans, at fair value |  |  | 683 |  |  | 3,085 |  |  | 6,065
Change in fair value of derivatives |  |  | 284 |  |  | 124 |  |  | (961)
Loss on sales of investment securities |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6
Increase in accrued interest receivable |  |  | (4,179) |  |  | (5,529) |  |  | (14,134)
Increase in other assets |  |  | (26,210) |  |  | (38,067) |  |  | (1,404)
(Decrease) increase in other liabilities |  |  | (1,027) |  |  | 12,609 |  |  | (6,707)
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 229,530 |  |  | 186,853 |  |  | 119,615
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | (991,215) |  |  | (48,989) |  |  | (24,183)
Proceeds from redemptions and prepayments of securities available-for-sale |  |  | 242,676 |  |  | 71,082 |  |  | 161,110
Sale of repossessed assets |  |  | 11,015 |  |  | 7,927 |  |  | 1,800
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned |  |  | 1,602 |  |  | 5,800 |  |  | 2,343
Net (increase) decrease in loans |  |  | (877,350) |  |  | 142,191 |  |  | (1,678,762)
Capitalized investment in other real estate owned |  |  | (1,695) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Commercial loans, at fair value drawn during the period |  |  | — |  |  | (134,256) |  |  | (66,067)
Payments on commercial loans, at fair value |  |  | 109,569 |  |  | 384,353 |  |  | 782,157
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets |  |  | 133 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Purchases of premises and equipment |  |  | (4,974) |  |  | (12,689) |  |  | (5,134)
Decrease in discontinued assets held-for-sale |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  |  | (1,510,239) |  |  | 415,419 |  |  | (826,732)
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in deposits |  |  | 1,065,136 |  |  | (349,203) |  |  | 1,053,202
Net decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  | (42) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Redemptions of senior debt offering |  |  | — |  |  | (3,273) |  |  | —
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | 320
Repurchases of common stock and excise tax |  |  | (252,352) |  |  | (99,999) |  |  | (60,000)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 812,742 |  |  | (452,371) |  |  | 993,522
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (467,967) |  |  | 149,901 |  |  | 286,405
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 1,038,090 |  |  | 888,189 |  |  | 601,784
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 570,123 |  | $ | 1,038,090 |  | $ | 888,189
Supplemental disclosure: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 173,804 |  | $ | 156,269 |  | $ | 57,601
Taxes paid |  | $ | 80,828 |  | $ | 82,553 |  | $ | 37,787
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer of loans from discontinued operations |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 61,580
Transfer of real estate owned from discontinued operations |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 17,343
Transfers to other real estate owned from commercial loans, at fair value, and loans, net |  | $ | 44,983 |  | $ | 2,686 |  | $ | —
Leased vehicles transferred to repossessed assets |  | $ | 9,895 |  | $ | 9,361 |  | $ | 2,008

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note A—Organization and Nature of Operations

The Bancorp, Inc. (“the Company”) is a Delaware corporation and a registered financial holding company. Its primary, wholly-owned subsidiary is The Bancorp Bank, National Association (“the Bank”). The Bank is a nationally chartered commercial bank located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and is a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured institution. As a nationally chartered institution, its primary regulator is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”). The Bank has two primary lines of business consisting of its national specialty finance segment and its fintech segment.

In the national specialty finance segment, the Bank makes the following types of loans: securities-backed lines of credit (“SBLOCs”), cash value of insurance-backed lines of credit (“IBLOCs”) and investment advisor financing; leases (direct lease financing); small business loans (“SBLs”), consisting primarily of Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans; and non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loans (“REBLs”). Consumer fintech lending is reflected in the payments segment.

While the national specialty finance segment generates the majority of the Company’s revenues, the payments segment also contributes significant revenues. In its payments segment, the Company provides payment and deposit services nationally, which include prepaid and debit card accounts, affinity group banking, deposit accounts to investment advisors’ customers, card payments and other payment processing services. Payments segment deposits fund the majority of the Company’s loans and securities and may produce lower costs than other funding sources. Most of the payments segment’s revenues and deposits, and SBLOC and IBLOC loans, result from relationships with third parties which market such products. Concentrations of loans and deposits are based upon the cumulative account balances generated by those third parties. Similar concentrations result in revenues in prepaid, debit card and related fees. These concentrations may also be reflected in a lower cost of funds compared to other funding sources. The Company sweeps certain deposits off its balance sheet to other institutions through intermediaries. Such sweeps are utilized to optimize diversity within its funding structure by managing the percentage of individual client deposits to total deposits. In 2024, the Company began offering loans through credit sponsorship with third parties, in its fintech segment.

The Company and the Bank are subject to regulation by certain state and federal agencies and, accordingly, they are examined periodically by those regulatory authorities. As a consequence of the extensive regulation of commercial banking activities, the Company’s and the Bank’s businesses are affected by state and federal legislation and regulations.

Note B—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

1. Basis of Presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and predominant practices within the banking industry. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all its subsidiaries. All inter-company balances have been eliminated.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The principal estimate that is particularly susceptible to a significant change in the near term relates to our allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on loans, leases and securities. This estimate, made in accordance with GAAP, involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty and has had, or is reasonably likely to have, a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

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2. Cash and Cash Equivalents

##### Cash and cash equivalents are defined as cash and amounts due from banks with an original maturity from date of purchase of three months or less and federal funds sold. The Company maintains balances in excess of insured limits at various financial institutions including the Federal Reserve Bank (the “Federal Reserve”), the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and other private institutions. The Company does not believe these instruments carry a significant risk of loss, but cannot provide assurances that no losses could occur if these institutions were to become insolvent.

##### 3. Investment Securities

Investments in debt which management believes may be sold prior to maturity due to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk, liquidity requirements, or other factors, are classified as available-for-sale. Net unrealized gains for such securities, net of tax effect, are reported as other comprehensive income, through equity and are excluded from the determination of net income. The unrealized losses for available-for-sale securities are evaluated to determine if any component is attributable to credit loss versus market factors. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a provision for credit losses is recorded within the consolidated statement of operations. Subsequent improvement in credit may result in reversal of the credit charge in future periods. For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company also assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. The Company does not engage in securities trading. Gains or losses on disposition of investment securities are based on the net proceeds and the adjusted carrying amount of the securities sold using the specific identification method.

The Company evaluates whether an ACL is required by considering primarily the following factors: (a) the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost of the security, (b) changes in the financial condition, credit rating and near-term prospects of the issuer, (c) whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, (d) changes in the financial condition of the security’s underlying collateral, and (e) the payment structure of the security. The Company’s determination of the best estimate of expected future cash flows, which is used to determine the credit loss amount, is a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources along with internal assumptions and judgments regarding the future performance of the security. The Company concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, unrealized losses on securities reflected changes in market interest rates after the securities were purchased. The Company’s unrealized loss for debt securities is primarily related to general market conditions, including a lack of liquidity in the market. The severity of the impact of fair value in relation to the carrying amounts of the individual investments is consistent with market developments. The Company’s analysis of each investment is performed at the security level. As a result of its quarterly review, the Company concluded that an allowance was not required to recognize credit losses in either 2024 or 2022. In 2023, the Company recognized a provision of $10.0 million for the total $10.0 million par value of the only trust preferred security in its portfolio, based upon limited financial and other information received from the issuer. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the issuer tendered an offer to repurchase these securities which the Company accepted. Accordingly, $1.0 million was recovered which resulted in a reversal of the provision for credit loss in that amount, and a charge-off of the remaining $9.0 million of the security.

4. Loans and ACL

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are classified as held for investment and are stated at amortized cost, net of unearned discounts, unearned loan fees and an ACL. For loans held for investment at amortized cost, the Company, effective January 1, 2020, began to utilize a current expected credit loss (“CECL”), methodology to determine the ACL. CECL accounting replaced the prior incurred loss model that recognized losses when it became probable that a credit loss would be incurred, with a new requirement to recognize lifetime expected credit losses immediately when a financial asset is originated or purchased. Accordingly, CECL requires loss estimates for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The ACL is established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense. Loan principal considered to be uncollectible by management is charged against the ACL. The allowance is an amount that management believes is appropriate and supportable to absorb current and future expected losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. The evaluation takes into consideration historical losses by pools of loans with similar risk characteristics and qualitative factors such as portfolio performance and the potential impact of current economic conditions which may affect the borrowers’ ability to pay. For most pools, the historical

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loss ratio for each pool is multiplied by its outstanding balance and further multiplied by the estimated remaining average life of each pool. A qualitative factor determined according to the pool’s risk characteristics, is multiplied by the pool’s outstanding principal to comprise the second component of its ACL. For loans previously classified in discontinued operations, discounted cash flow is utilized to determine the related allowance. For SBLOC and IBLOC pools, which have not experienced significant credit losses, probability of loss/loss given default considerations and qualitative factors are utilized. Additionally, the allowance includes allocations for specific loans which have been individually evaluated for an ACL.

Factors considered by management in determining the need for individual loan evaluation for a specific allowance include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not evaluated for an allowance for that reason alone. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower's prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. The determination of the amount of the allowance calculated on individual loans considers either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or the estimated fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. An allowance allocation is established for such loans in the amount their carrying value exceeds the present value of future cash flows; or, if collateral dependent, the amount their carrying value exceeds the collateral’s estimated fair value. The estimated fair values of substantially all of the Company's allowances on individual loans are measured based on the estimated fair value of the loan's collateral, and applicable loans are primarily found in two portfolios.

First, for small business commercial loans (“SBLs”) secured by real estate (primarily SBA), estimated fair values of collateral are determined primarily through third-party appraisals or evaluations. When a real estate secured loan is individually evaluated for a potential ACL, a decision is made regarding whether an updated certified appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations including the age of the most recent appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraised value, discounted by the estimated costs to sell the collateral, is considered to be the estimated fair value. For SBL commercial and industrial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable or inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower's financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable agings or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources may be discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. Amounts guaranteed by the U.S. government are excluded from the Company’s allowance evaluations. Second, for leasing, fair values are determined utilizing authoritative industry sources such as Black Book.

The CECL methodology and the loan analyses performed on individual loans described above comprise the components of the ACL. On a quarterly basis, the allowance is adjusted to the total of those components through the provision for credit losses. The ACL represents management's estimate of losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the consolidated balance sheet date and is recorded as a reduction to loans and leases. If the quarterly analysis of those two components exceeds the balance of the ACL, the allowance is increased by the provision for credit losses. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the ACL, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. All, or part, of the principal balance of loans receivable are charged off to the allowance as soon as it is determined that the repayment of all, or part, of the principal balance is highly unlikely. Because all identified losses are immediately charged off, no portion of the ACL is restricted to any individual loan or groups of loans, and the entire allowance is available to absorb any and all loan losses.

The evaluation of the adequacy of the ACL includes, among other factors, an analysis of historical loss rates and qualitative judgments, applied to current loan totals over remaining estimated lives. However, actual future losses may vary compared to historical trends and estimated remaining lives may change over time. Actual losses on specified problem loans, may depend upon disposition of collateral for which actual sales prices may differ from appraisals. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

Interest income is accrued as earned on a simple interest method. Accrual of interest is discontinued on a loan when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful.

When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all accumulated accrued interest receivable is reversed from income on a timely basis. Loans reported as having missed four or more consecutive monthly payments and still accruing interest must have both principal and accruing interest adequately secured and must be in the process of collection. Such loans are reported as 90 days

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delinquent and still accruing. For all loan types, the Company uses the method of reporting delinquencies which considers a loan past due or delinquent if a monthly payment has not been received by the close of business on the loan’s next due date. In the Company’s reporting, two missed payments are reflected as 30 to 59 day delinquencies and three missed payments are reflected as 60 to 89 day delinquencies.

Loans which were originated and previously intended for sale in secondary markets, but which are now being held on the balance sheet as earning assets, are carried at estimated fair value and are excluded from the allowance analysis. Changes in fair value are recognized as unrealized gains or losses on commercial loans in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company originated and sold or securitized specific commercial mortgage loans in secondary markets through 2019, but in 2020 decided to retain these loans on its balance sheet. These loans are accounted for under the fair value option and amounted to $223.1 million at December 31, 2024, and $332.8 million at December 31, 2023. These loans are classified as commercial loans, at fair value o n the consolidated balance sheets.

5. Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed on the straight-line method over the useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the improvements or the terms of the related leases.

6. Internal Use Software

The Company capitalizes costs associated with internally developed and/or purchased software systems for new products and enhancements to existing products that have reached the application stage and meet recoverability tests. Capitalized costs include external direct costs of materials and services utilized in developing or obtaining internal use software and payroll and payroll related expenses for employees who are directly associated with, and devote time to, the internal use software project. Capitalization of such costs begins when the preliminary project stage is complete and ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose.

The carrying value of the Company’s software is periodically reviewed and a loss is recognized if the value of the estimated undiscounted cash flow benefit related to the asset falls below the unamortized cost. Amortization is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related software, which is generally seven years. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had net capitalized software costs of approximately $5.0 million and $4.7 million, respectively. Net capitalized software is presented as part of other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded related amortization expense of approximately $1.1 million, $1.6 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

7. Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between their carrying values on the consolidated balance sheet and their tax basis as measured by the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when these differences reverse. Deferred tax expense (benefit) is the result of changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

The Company recognizes the benefit of a tax position in the consolidated financial statements only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit by the tax authority. For tax positions meeting the more likely than not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. For these analyses, the Company may engage attorneys to provide opinions related to the positions. The Company applies this policy to all tax positions for which the statute of limitations remain open, but this application does not materially impact the Company’s consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of operations. Any interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized in income tax expense (benefit) in the consolidated statement of operations.

Deferred tax assets are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet at their net realizable value. The Company performs an assessment each reporting period to evaluate the amount of the deferred tax asset it is more likely than not to realize. Realization of

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deferred tax assets is dependent upon the amount of taxable income expected in future periods, as tax benefits require taxable income to be realized. If a valuation allowance is required, the deferred tax asset on the consolidated balance sheet is reduced via a corresponding income tax expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

8. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) in accordance with ASC 718. The fair value of the option or RSU is generally measured on the grant date with compensation expense recognized over the service period, which is usually the stated vesting period. For options subject to a service condition, the Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of such options on the date of grant. The Black-Scholes model takes into consideration the exercise price and expected life of the options, the current price of the underlying stock and its expected volatility, the expected dividends on the stock and the current risk-free interest rate for the expected life of the option. The Company’s estimate of the fair value of a stock option is based on expectations derived from historical experience and may not necessarily equate to its market value when fully vested. In accordance with ASC 718, the Company estimates the number of options for which the requisite service is expected to be rendered.

9. Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) is recorded at estimated fair market value less estimated cost of disposal; which establishes a new cost basis or carrying value. When property is acquired, the excess, if any, of the loan balance over fair market value is charged to the ACL. Periodically thereafter, the asset is reviewed for subsequent declines in the estimated fair market value against the carrying value. Subsequent declines, if any, and holding costs, as well as gains and losses on subsequent sale, are included in the consolidated statements of operations. Expenditures for OREO properties that extend it’s useful life or capacity are capitalized. T he Company had $62.0 million of OREO at December 31, 2024 and $16.9 million at December 31, 2023.

10. Advertising Costs

The Company expenses advertising and marketing costs as incurred. Advertising and marketing costs amounted to $858,000, $978,000 and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising and marketing expense is reflected under “Other” in the non-interest expense section of the consolidated statements of operations.

11. Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates earnings per share under ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities, including stock options and RSUs or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and converted into common stock. Stock options are dilutive if their exercise prices are less than the current stock prices. RSUs are dilutive because they represent grants over vesting periods which do not require employees to pay exercise prices. The dilution shown in the tables below includes the potential dilution from both stock options and RSUs.

The following tables show the Company’s earnings per share for the periods presented:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2024
|  | Income |  | Shares |  | Per share
|  | (numerator) |  | (denominator) |  | amount
|  | (Dollars in thousands except per share data)
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings available to common shareholders |  | $ | 217,540 |  |  | 50,063,620 |  | $ | 4.35
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock options and RSUs |  |  | — |  |  | 649,520 |  |  | (0.06)
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings available to common shareholders |  | $ | 217,540 |  |  | 50,713,140 |  | $ | 4.29

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Stock options for 565,104 shares, exercisable at prices between $6.87 and $30.32 per share, were outstanding at December 31, 2024 and included in the diluted earnings per share computation because their exercise price per share was less than the average market price. Stock options for 103,189 shares were anti-dilutive and not included in the earnings per share calculation.

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023
|  | Income |  | Shares |  | Per share
|  | (numerator) |  | (denominator) |  | amount
|  | (Dollars in thousands except per share data)
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings available to common shareholders |  | $ | 192,296 |  |  | 54,506,065 |  | $ | 3.52
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock options and RSUs |  |  | — |  |  | 547,432 |  |  | (0.03)
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings available to common shareholders |  | $ | 192,296 |  |  | 55,053,497 |  | $ | 3.49

Stock options for 465,104 shares, exercisable at prices between $6.87 and $18.81 per share, were outstanding at December 31, 2023 and included in the diluted earnings per share computation because their exercise price per share was less than the average market price. Stock options for 157,573 shares were anti-dilutive and not included in the earnings per share calculation.

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
|  | Income |  | Shares |  | Per share
|  | (numerator) |  | (denominator) |  | amount
|  | (Dollars in thousands except per share data)
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings available to common shareholders |  | $ | 130,213 |  |  | 56,556,303 |  | $ | 2.30
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock options and RSUs |  |  | — |  |  | 712,643 |  |  | (0.03)
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings available to common shareholders |  | $ | 130,213 |  |  | 57,268,946 |  | $ | 2.27

Stock options for 480,104 shares, exercisable at prices between $6.87 and $18.81 per share, were outstanding at December 31, 2022 and included in the diluted earnings per share computation because their exercise price per share was less than the average market price. Stock options for 100,000 shares were anti-dilutive and not included in the earnings per share calculation.

12. Restrictions on Cash and Due from Banks

Historically, the Bank has been required to maintain reserves against customer demand deposits by keeping cash on hand or balances with the FRB. Currently, no reserves are required.

13. Other Identifiable Intangible Assets

In May 2016, the Company purchased approximately $60.0 million of lease receivables, which resulted in a customer list intangible of $3.4 million which is being amortized over a ten year period. Amortization expense is $340,000 per year ($454,000 over the next three years). The gross carrying value is $3.4 million with respective accumulated amortization of $3.0 million and $2.6 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

In January 2020, the Company purchased McMahon Leasing and subsidiaries for approximately $8.7 million, which resulted in $1.1 million of intangibles. The gross carrying value of $1.1 million of intangibles was comprised of a customer list intangible of $689,000, goodwill of $263,000 and a trade name valuation of $135,000. The customer list intangible is being amortized over a twelve year period and accumulated amortization was $287,000 at December 31, 2024. Amortization expense is $57,000 per year ($287,000 over the next five years). The gross carrying value and accumulated amortization related to the Company’s intangibles at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

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|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Gross |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |
|  | Carrying |  | Accumulated |  | Carrying |  | Accumulated
|  | Amount |  | Amortization |  | Amount |  | Amortization
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Customer list intangibles |  | $ | 4,093 |  | $ | 3,237 |  | $ | 4,093 |  | $ | 2,840
Goodwill |  |  | 263 |  |  | — |  |  | 263 |  |  | —
Trade Name |  |  | 135 |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |  |  | —
Total |  | $ | 4,491 |  | $ | 3,237 |  | $ | 4,491 |  | $ | 2,840

The approximate future annual amortization of both the Company’s intangible items are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year ending December 31, |  |  |
2025 |  | $ | 398
2026 |  |  | 173
2027 |  |  | 57
2028 |  |  | 57
2029 |  |  | 57
Thereafter |  |  | 114
|  | $ | 856

14. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company has periodically utilized derivatives to hedge interest rate risk on fixed rate loans which were previously intended for sale. As the Company is no longer originating fixed rate loans for sale, it is no longer entering into new hedges. The only hedge outstanding at December 31, 2023, for a notional amount of $6.8 million, was no longer outstanding at December 31, 2024. Under that swap agreement, the Company received an adjustable rate of interest based upon SOFR w hile it paid a fixed rate. At December 31, 2023, those respective rates were 2.16% and 5.59%. The Company recorded a loss of $285,000, a loss of $124,000 and a gain of $961,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to recognize the fair value of derivative instruments. Those amounts are recorded on the consolidated statements of operations under “Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on commercial loans (at fair value)”. At December 31, 2023, the amount receivable by the Company under this swap agreement was $285,000. T he Company had minimum collateral posting thresholds with its derivative counterparty and had accordingly posted cash collateral of $548,000 at that date.

15. Common Stock Repurchase Program

Common stock repurchases in excess of additional paid-in-capital at the time of purchase are recorded as treasury stock, shown separately in the balance sheet. Treasury shares are accordingly excluded from earnings per share computation.

On October 20, 2021, the Board approved a revised stock repurchase program for the 2022 fiscal year (the “2022 Repurchase Program”), under which the Company purchased $15.0 million of shares in each quarter of 2022. The total of $60.0 million resulted in the repurchase of 2,322,256 shares of common stock at an average price of $25.84 per share.

On October 26, 2022, the Board approved a revised stock repurchase program for the 2023 fiscal year (the “2023 Repurchase Program”) under which the Company may repurchase shares totaling up to $25.0 million per quarter in 2023, for a maximum repurchase amount of $100.0 million. The total of $100.0 million resulted in the repurchase of 2,957,146 shares of common stock at an average price of $33.82 per share.

On October 26, 2023, the Board approved a common stock repurchase program for the 2024 fiscal year (the “2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program”) under which the Company may repurchase shares totaling up to $50.0 million per quarter in 2024, for a maximum amount of $200.0 million. The Company increased its share repurchase authorization for the second quarter of 2024 from $50.0 million to $100.0 million, which increased the maximum amount under the 2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program to $250.0 million. The total of $250.0 million resulted in the repurchase of 6,237,270 shares of common stock at an average price of $40.08 per share.

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On October 23, 2024, the Board approved a common stock repurchase program for the 2025 fiscal year (the “2025 Repurchase Program”), which authorizes the Company to repurchase $37.5 million in value of the Company’s common stock per fiscal quarter in 2025, for a maximum amount of $150.0 million. Under the 2025 Repurchase Program, the Company intends to repurchase shares through open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The 2025 Repurchase Program may be modified or terminated at any time.

16. Long-term Borrowings

The $14.1 million and $38.6 million outstanding for long-term borrowings at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, consisted of sold loans which were accounted for as secured borrowings, because they did not qualify for true sale accounting.

17. Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue streams that are in the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 include prepaid and debit card, card payment, interchange, a utomated clearing house (“ACH”) and deposit processing and other fees. The Company recognizes revenue when the performance obligations related to the transfer of goods or services under the terms of a contract are satisfied. Some obligations are satisfied at a point in time while others are satisfied over a period of time. Revenue is recognized as the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. When consideration includes a variable component, the amount of consideration attributable to variability is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that significant revenue recognized will not be reversed when uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The Company’s contracts generally do not contain terms that require significant judgment to determine the variability impacting the transaction price.

A performance obligation is deemed satisfied when the control over goods or services is transferred to the customer. Control is transferred to a customer either at a point in time or over time. To determine when control is transferred at a point in time, the Company considers indicators, including but not limited to the right to payment for the asset, transfer of significant risk and rewards of ownership of the asset and acceptance of the asset by the customer. When control is transferred over a period of time, for different performance obligations, either the input or output method is used to measure progress for the transfer. The measure of progress used to assess completion of the performance obligation varies between performance obligations and may be based on time throughout the period of service or on the value of goods and services transferred to the customer. As each distinct service or activity is performed, the Company transfers control to the customer based on the services performed as the customer simultaneously receives the benefits of those services. This timing of revenue recognition aligns with the resolution of any uncertainty related to variable consideration. Costs incurred to obtain a revenue producing contract are amortized over the life of the contract if material, otherwise they are expensed as a practical expedient. The fees on those revenue streams are generally assessed and collected as the transaction occurs, or on a monthly or quarterly basis. The Company has completed its review of the contracts and other agreements that are within the scope of revenue guidance and did not identify any material changes to the timing or amount of revenue recognition. The Company’s accounting policies did not change materially since the principles of revenue recognition in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers are largely consistent with previous practices already implemented and applied by the Company. The vast majority of the Company’s services related to its revenues are performed, earned and recognized monthly.

The majority of fees the Company earns result from contractual transaction fees paid by third-party sponsors to the Company and monthly service fees. Additionally, the Company earns interchange fees paid through settlement with associations such as Visa, which are also determined on a per transaction basis. The Company records this revenue net of costs such as association fees and interchange transaction charges. Fees earned by the Company from processing card payments, or from processing ACH payments or other payments are also determined primarily on a per transaction basis.

Prepaid and debit card fees primarily include fees for services related to reconciliation, fraud detection, regulatory compliance and other services which are performed and earned daily or monthly and are also billed and collected on a monthly basis. Accordingly, there is no significant component of the services the Company performs or related revenues which are deferred. The Company earns transactional and/or interchange fees on prepaid and debit card accounts when transactions occur and revenue is billed and collected monthly or quarterly. Certain volume or transaction based interchange expenses paid to payment networks such as Visa, reduce revenue which is presented net on the income statement. Card payment and ACH processing fees include transaction fees earned for processing merchant transactions. Revenue is recognized when a cardholder’s transaction is approved and settled, or monthly. ACH processing fees are earned on a per item basis as the transactions are processed for third party clients and are also billed

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and collected monthly. Service charges on deposit accounts include fees and other charges the Company receives to provide various services, including but not limited to, account maintenance, check writing, wire transfer and other services normally associated with deposit accounts. Revenue for these services is recognized monthly as the services are performed. The Company’s customer contracts do not typically have performance obligations and fees are collected and earned when the transaction occurs. The Company may, from time to time, waive certain fees for customers but generally does not reduce the transaction price to reflect variability for future reversals due to the insignificance of the amounts. Waiver of fees reduces the revenue in the period the waiver is granted to the customer.

18. Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ROU assets represent the Company’s right-of-use of an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments pursuant to the Company’s leases. The ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. To determine the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

19. Senior Debt

On August 13, 2020, the Company issued $100 million of senior notes (the “2025 Senior Notes”) with a maturity date of August 15, 2025 and a 4.75% interest rate, with interest paid semi-annually on March 15 and September 15. The 2025 Senior Notes are the Company’s direct, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations and rank equal in priority with all of the Company’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness and senior in right of payment to all of the Company’s existing and future subordinated indebtedness.

20. Charge-offs of certain consumer fintech loans

Lending agreements related to consumer fintech loans had certain charge-offs accounted for as freestanding credit enhancements which resulted in the company recording a $19.6 million provision for credit losses and a correlated amount in non-interest income resulting in no impact to net income.

21. Consumer credit fintech fees

Consumer credit fintech fees are comprised of fees paid by third-party marketers and servicers related to loans made by the Bank, which earns such fees based generally on average loan balances.

22. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU addresses areas identified by the FASB as part of its post-implementation review of the credit losses standard (ASU 2016-13) that introduced the CECL model. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted the CECL model and enhance the disclosure requirements for loan refinancings and modifications. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023. Effective January 1, 2023 loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are required to be disclosed by type of modification and by type of loan. Prior accounting guidance classified loans which were modified as troubled debt restructurings only if the modification reflected a concession from the lender in the form of a below market interest rate or other concession in addition to borrower financial difficulty.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 enhances segment level disclosures, for both annual and quarterly reporting periods and is effective with the December 31, 2024 financial statements. As a result of the enhancements, segment disclosures now include greater detail surrounding the nature of expenses previously reported as a single line item in the segment income statements. In addition to disclosing the chief operational decision maker by title and position, an explanation of how the segment information is used by that decision maker is now included.

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In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09, effective January 1, 2025, adds annual disclosures for the amount of income taxes paid, net of refunds, shown separately for federal, state and foreign taxes. Total tax paid, net of refunds, for any jurisdictions which exceed 5% of total net taxes paid, will also be shown separately. The Company is currently evaluating these disclosures.

Note C— Subsequent Events

The Company evaluated its December 31, 2024 consolidated financial statements for subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued. The Company is not aware of any subsequent events which would require recognition or disclosure in the financial statements.

Note D—Investment Securities

Fair values of available-for-sale securities are based on the fair market values supplied by a third-party market data provider, or where such third-party market data is not available, fair values are based on discounted cash flows. The third-party market data provider uses a pricing matrix which it creates daily, taking into consideration actual trade data, projected prepayments, and when relevant, projected credit defaults and losses.

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair values of the Company’s investment securities classified as available-for-sale are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Available-for-sale |  | December 31, 2024
|  |  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  | Allowance |  |
|  | Amortized |  | unrealized |  | unrealized |  |  | for |  | Fair
|  | cost |  | gains |  | losses |  |  | Credit Losses |  | value
U.S. Government agency securities |  | $ | 31,233 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (1,271) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 29,962
Asset-backed securities(1) |  |  | 214,346 |  |  | 177 |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | 214,499
Tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 6,860 |  |  | — |  |  | (73) |  |  | — |  |  | 6,787
Taxable obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 29,267 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (441) |  |  | — |  |  | 28,833
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 438,562 |  |  | 1,137 |  |  | (6,280) |  |  | — |  |  | 433,419
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  |  | 27,279 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,127) |  |  | — |  |  | 26,152
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 778,857 |  |  | 1,653 |  |  | (17,302) |  |  | — |  |  | 763,208
|  | $ | 1,526,404 |  | $ | 2,974 |  | $ | (26,518) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,502,860

|  | December 31, 2024
|  |  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  | unrealized |  | unrealized |  | Fair
(1)Asset-backed securities as shown above |  | cost |  | gains |  | losses |  | value
Federally insured student loan securities |  | $ | 2,440 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | 2,438
Collateralized loan obligation securities |  |  | 211,906 |  |  | 177 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 212,061
|  | $ | 214,346 |  | $ | 177 |  | $ | (24) |  | $ | 214,499

Available-for-sale |  | December 31, 2023
|  |  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  | Allowance |  |
|  | Amortized |  | unrealized |  | unrealized |  |  | for |  | Fair
|  | cost |  | gains |  | losses |  |  | Credit Losses |  | value
U.S. Government agency securities |  | $ | 35,346 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | (1,466) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 33,886
Asset-backed securities(1) |  |  | 327,159 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (1,815) |  |  | — |  |  | 325,353
Tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 4,860 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (48) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,851
Taxable obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 43,323 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (952) |  |  | — |  |  | 42,386
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 169,882 |  |  | 108 |  |  | (9,223) |  |  | — |  |  | 160,767
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  |  | 35,575 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,537) |  |  | — |  |  | 34,038
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 157,759 |  |  | — |  |  | (11,506) |  |  | — |  |  | 146,253
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,000) |  |  | —
|  | $ | 783,904 |  | $ | 177 |  | $ | (26,547) |  | $ | (10,000) |  | $ | 747,534

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|  | December 31, 2023
|  |  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  | unrealized |  | unrealized |  | Fair
(1)Asset-backed securities as shown above |  | cost |  | gains |  | losses |  | value
Federally insured student loan securities |  | $ | 6,032 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (49) |  | $ | 5,983
Collateralized loan obligation securities |  |  | 321,127 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (1,766) |  |  | 319,370
|  | $ | 327,159 |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | (1,815) |  | $ | 325,353

The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s investment securities at December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity are shown below (dollars in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

|  | Available-for-sale
|  | Amortized |  | Fair
|  | cost |  | value
Due before one year |  | $ | 51,119 |  | $ | 50,650
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 183,022 |  |  | 179,836
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 684,504 |  |  | 678,320
Due after ten years |  |  | 607,759 |  |  | 594,054
|  | $ | 1,526,404 |  | $ | 1,502,860

The Company had no securities pledged against that line at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. There were no gross realized gains on sales of securities for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. R ealized losses on securities sales/calls were $2,000, $4,000, and $6,000, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Investments in FHLB, ACBB, and FRB stock are recorded at cost and amounted to $15.6 million at December 31, 2024, and $15.6 million at December 31, 2023.

The table below indicates the length of time individual securities had been in continuous unrealized loss positions at December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Available-for-sale |  |  |  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
|  | Number of securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized losses
Description of Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency securities |  | 18 |  | $ | 15,384 |  | $ | (307) |  | $ | 14,578 |  | $ | (964) |  | $ | 29,962 |  | $ | (1,271)
Asset-backed securities |  | 14 |  |  | 35,108 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 33,854 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 68,962 |  |  | (24)
Tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 6 |  |  | 5,664 |  |  | (36) |  |  | 1,123 |  |  | (37) |  |  | 6,787 |  |  | (73)
Taxable obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 18 |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 25,734 |  |  | (423) |  |  | 26,891 |  |  | (441)
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 155 |  |  | 172,076 |  |  | (1,156) |  |  | 37,527 |  |  | (5,124) |  |  | 209,603 |  |  | (6,280)
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,152 |  |  | (1,127) |  |  | 26,152 |  |  | (1,127)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 37 |  |  | 351,595 |  |  | (4,402) |  |  | 166,554 |  |  | (12,900) |  |  | 518,149 |  |  | (17,302)
Total unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
investment securities |  | 267 |  | $ | 580,984 |  | $ | (5,927) |  | $ | 305,522 |  | $ | (20,591) |  | $ | 886,506 |  | $ | (26,518)

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The table below indicates the length of time individual securities had been in continuous unrealized loss positions at December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Available-for-sale |  |  |  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
|  | Number of securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized losses
Description of Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency securities |  | 15 |  | $ | 14,945 |  | $ | (302) |  | $ | 17,697 |  | $ | (1,164) |  | $ | 32,642 |  | $ | (1,466)
Asset-backed securities |  | 53 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 314,749 |  |  | (1,815) |  |  | 314,749 |  |  | (1,815)
Tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 3 |  |  | 997 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 1,850 |  |  | (45) |  |  | 2,847 |  |  | (48)
Taxable obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,621 |  |  | (952) |  |  | 39,621 |  |  | (952)
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 132 |  |  | 20,884 |  |  | (491) |  |  | 126,645 |  |  | (8,732) |  |  | 147,529 |  |  | (9,223)
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,038 |  |  | (1,537) |  |  | 34,038 |  |  | (1,537)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 146,253 |  |  | (11,506) |  |  | 146,253 |  |  | (11,506)
Total unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
investment securities |  | 288 |  | $ | 36,826 |  | $ | (796) |  | $ | 680,853 |  | $ | (25,751) |  | $ | 717,679 |  | $ | (26,547)

CECL accounting requires that an ACL be established through a charge to the income statement to recognize credit deterioration. The charge may be reversed should credit improve in the future. Prior accounting required recognition of losses of other-than temporary-impairment, which could not be reversed in future periods. The Company periodically reviews its investment portfolio to determine whether an ACL is warranted, based on evaluations of the creditworthiness of the issuers/guarantors, the underlying collateral if applicable and the continuing performance of the securities. The Company did no t recognize credit charges on investment securities in either 2024 or 2022. In 2023, the Company recorded a provision for credit loss on a security as follows.

The Company owned one single issuer trust preferred security issued by an insurance company through the third quarter of 2024, which was purchased in 2006, and owns no other such security or similar security. In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Bank provided for a potential loss for the full amount of the $10.0 million par value of the security through a provision for credit loss of $10.0 million. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the issuer tendered an offer to repurchase these securities which the Company accepted. Accordingly, $1.0 million was recovered which resulted in a reversal of the provision for credit loss in that amount, and a charge-off of the remaining $9.0 million of the security.

The Company has evaluated the securities in the above tables as of December 31, 2024 and has concluded that, except for the trust preferred security discussed above for which the ACL was eliminated in the fourth quarter of 2024, no ne of these securities required an ACL.

The Company evaluates whether an ACL is required by considering primarily the following factors: (a) the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost of the security, (b) changes in the financial condition, credit rating and near-term prospects of the issuer, (c) whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, (d) changes in the financial condition of the security’s underlying collateral and (e) the payment structure of the security. The Company’s determination of the best estimate of expected future cash flows, which is used to determine the credit loss amount, is a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources along with internal assumptions and judgments regarding the future performance of the security. With the exception of the trust preferred security discussed above and the CRE-2 security discussed in “Note E—Loans”, the Company concluded that the securities that are in an unrealized loss position are in a loss position because of changes in market interest rates after the securities were purchased. The severity of the impact of fair value in relation to the carrying amounts of the individual investments is consistent with market developments. The Company’s analysis of each investment is performed at the security level and the Company intends to hold its investment securities to maturity.

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Note E—Loans

The Company has several lending lines of business including: SBLs, comprised primarily of SBA loans; direct lease financing primarily for commercial vehicles and to a lesser extent equipment; SBLOC collateralized by marketable securities; IBLOC collateralized by the cash value of eligible life insurance policies; and investment advisor financing for purposes of debt refinance, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. In 2024, the Company began making consumer fintech loans which consist of short-term extensions of credit including secured credit card loans made in conjunction with marketers and servicers. Prior to 2020, the Company also originated non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loans, primarily collateralized by multifamily properties (apartment buildings), and to a lesser extent, by hotel and retail properties, for sale into securitizations. At origination, the Company elected fair value treatment for these loans as they were originally held-for-sale, to better reflect the economics of the transactions. In 2020, the Company decided to retain these loans on its balance sheet as interest-earning assets and currently intends to continue doing so. Therefore, these loans are no longer accounted for as held-for-sale, but the Company continues to present them at fair value. These loans are included in commercial loans, at fair value which, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounted to $223.1 million and $332.8 million, respectively, with an amortized cost of $223.5 million and $336.5 million, respectively. Those totals also include the guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans, also previously held for sale. Included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on commercial loans, at fair value in the consolidated statements of operations are changes in the fair value of such loans resulting in an unrealized loss of $683,000 in 2024, an unrealized loss of $3.1 million in 2023 and an unrealized loss of $6.1 million in 2022. These amounts include unrealized credit related losses of $867,000, $1.7 million and $7.7 million, respectively, in 2024, 2023 and 2022. Interest earned on loans held at fair value during the period held is recorded in “Interest Income – Loans, including fees” in the consolidated statements of operations. The $1.7 million credit related unrealized loss in 2023 resulted from a non-controlling participation in a multifamily apartment building. Included in the $6.1 million loss in 2022 was a $4.0 million third quarter unrealized loss to reflect a write-down to a September 2022 appraisal, less estimated disposition costs, of a $9.5 million loan. The loan, collateralized by a movie theater, had been current and performing but missed its August 2022 payment, and the tenant ceased operations in that month. The property was subsequently transferred to OREO, and the unrealized loss was realized in 2023 upon sale of the property. The loan represented the only movie theater loan in the Company’s portfolios and was originated in 2015, before non-SBA commercial loan originations were primarily comprised of apartment building loans. Of the $2.21 billion of non-SBA commercial (bridge) loans, at fair value and REBL loans which together comprise the non-SBA commercial real estate portfolios, $2.17 billion are comprised of apartment building loans. In the third quarter of 2021, the Company resumed the origination of such loans which it also intends to hold for investment and which are accounted for at amortized cost. They are captioned as REBLs as they are transitional commercial mortgage loans which are made to improve and rehabilitate existing properties which already have cash flow.

The Bank has pledged the majority of its loans held for investment at amortized cost and commercial loans, at fair value to either the FHLB or the Federal Reserve Bank for lines of credit with those institutions. The amount of loans pledged varies and the collateral may be unpledged at any time to the extent the collateral exceeds advances. The lines are maintained consistent with the Bank’s liquidity policy which maximizes potential liquidity. At December 31, 2024, $2.46 billion of loans were pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank and $2.22 billion of loans were pledged to the FHLB against lines of credit which provide a source of liquidity to the Bank. There were no amounts drawn against these lines at December 31, 2024.

Of the six securities purchased by the Bank from our securitizations, all have been repaid except one issued by CRE-2, which is included in the commercial mortgage-backed securities classification in investment securities. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of the Bank’s CRE-2-issued security was reduced from $12.6 million to $3.5 million as a result of the sale of one of the two remaining collateral properties. The $3.5 million remains in non-accrual status. While the appraised value of the remaining property allocable to the Bank’s security exceeds the principal and unpaid interest, there can be no assurance as to the amounts received upon the servicer’s disposition of these properties, which will reflect additional servicing fees, actual disposition prices and other disposition costs.

The Company analyzes credit risk prior to making loans on an individual loan basis. The Company considers relevant aspects of the borrowers’ financial position and cash flow, past borrower performance, management’s knowledge of market conditions, collateral and the ratio of loan amounts to estimated collateral value in making its credit determinations. For SBLOC, the Company relies on the market value of the underlying securities collateral as adjusted by margin requirements, generally 50% for equities and 80% for investment grade securities. For IBLOC, the Company relies on the cash value of insurance policy collateral. Of the total $454.4 million of consumer fintech loans at December 31, 2024, $201.1 million consisted of secured credit card loans, with the balance consisting of other short-term extensions of credit. Consumers do not pay interest on the majority of consumer fintech loan balances, including secured credit card loans. The majority of the income on those loans is reflected in non-interest income under “Consumer credit fintech fees” and originate with the marketers and servicers for those loans. The secured credit card balances were

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collateralized with deposits at the Bank, with related income statement impact reflected both in a lower cost of funds and fee income. The lower cost of funds results from balances required to be maintained to collateralize related card use. Related fee income is reflected in the “Consumer credit fintech fees” line of the income statement.

Major classifications of loans, excluding commercial loans, at fair value, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, |  | December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
SBL non-real estate | $ | 190,322 |  | $ | 137,752
SBL commercial mortgage |  | 662,091 |  |  | 606,986
SBL construction |  | 34,685 |  |  | 22,627
SBLs |  | 887,098 |  |  | 767,365
Direct lease financing |  | 700,553 |  |  | 685,657
SBLOC / IBLOC(1) |  | 1,564,018 |  |  | 1,627,285
Advisor financing(2) |  | 273,896 |  |  | 221,612
Real estate bridge lending |  | 2,109,041 |  |  | 1,999,782
Consumer fintech(3) |  | 454,357 |  |  | —
Other loans(4) |  | 111,328 |  |  | 50,638
|  | 6,100,291 |  |  | 5,352,339
Unamortized loan fees and costs |  | 13,337 |  |  | 8,800
Total loans, net of unamortized loan fees and costs | $ | 6,113,628 |  | $ | 5,361,139

| December 31, |  | December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
SBLs, including costs net of deferred fees of $9,979 and $9,502 for December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | $ | 897,077 |  | $ | 776,867
SBLs included in commercial loans, at fair value |  | 89,902 |  |  | 119,287
Total SBLs(5) | $ | 986,979 |  | $ | 896,154

(1 ) SBLOC are collateralized by marketable securities, while IBLOC are collateralized by the cash surrender value of insurance policies. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, IBLOC loans amounted to $548.1 million and $646.9 million, respectively.

(2) In 2020, the Bank began originating loans to investment advisors for purposes of debt refinancing, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. Maximum loan amounts are subject to loan-to-value ratios of 70% of the business enterprise value based on a third-party valuation but may be increased depending upon the debt service coverage ratio. Personal guarantees and blanket business liens are obtained as appropriate.

(3) Consumer fintech loans included $201.1 million of secured credit card loans, with the balance consisting of other short-term extensions of credit.

(4) Includes demand deposit overdrafts reclassified as loan balances totaling $1.2 million and $1.7 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Estimated overdraft charge-offs and recoveries are reflected in the ACL and have been immaterial.

(5) The SBLs held at fair value are comprised of the government guaranteed portion of 7(a) Program (as defined below) loans at the dates indicated.

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The l oan r eview department recommend s n on-accrual status for loans to the surveillance committee, where interest income appears to be uncollectible or a protracted delay in collection becomes evident. The surveillance committee further vets and approves the non-accrual status.

The following table summarizes non-accrual loans with and without an ACL as of the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Non-accrual loans with a related ACL |  | Related ACL |  | Non-accrual loans without a related ACL |  | Total non-accrual loans |  | Non-accrual loans with a related ACL |  | Related ACL |  | Non-accrual loans without a related ACL |  | Total non-accrual loans
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 1,308 |  | $ | 351 |  | $ | 1,327 |  | $ | 2,635 |  | $ | 1,320 |  | $ | 598 |  | $ | 522 |  | $ | 1,842
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | 1,039 |  |  | 2,963 |  |  | 4,885 |  |  | 834 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 1,547 |  |  | 2,381
SBL construction |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 118 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 3,385 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,385
Direct leasing |  |  | 5,561 |  |  | 2,377 |  |  | 465 |  |  | 6,026 |  |  | 3,618 |  |  | 1,827 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 3,785
IBLOC |  |  | 503 |  |  | 413 |  |  | — |  |  | 503 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Real estate bridge loans(1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 132
|  | $ | 10,879 |  | $ | 4,298 |  | $ | 17,055 |  | $ | 27,934 |  | $ | 9,289 |  | $ | 2,816 |  | $ | 2,236 |  | $ | 11,525

(1) The $12.3 million REBL shown for 2023 was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principal.

The Company had $62.0 million of OREO at December 31, 2024, and $16.9 million of OREO at December 31, 2023. The following table summarizes the Company’s non-accrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more, and OREO at December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Non-accrual loans |  |  |  |  |  |
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 2,635 |  | $ | 1,842
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 4,885 |  |  | 2,381
SBL construction |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 3,385
Direct leasing |  |  | 6,026 |  |  | 3,785
IBLOC |  |  | 503 |  |  | —
Real estate bridge loans(1) |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  | — |  |  | 132
Total non-accrual loans |  |  | 27,934 |  |  | 11,525
Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing(2) |  |  | 5,830 |  |  | 1,744
Total non-performing loans |  |  | 33,764 |  |  | 13,269
OREO(3) |  |  | 62,025 |  |  | 16,949
Total non-performing assets |  | $ | 95,789 |  | $ | 30,218

(1) The $12.3 million REBL shown for 2023 was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principal.

(2) The majority of the increase in Loans past due 90 days or more in 2024 compared to the prior year resulted from a $3.3 million IBLOC loan secured by the cash value of insurance, the payoff of which was subject to an administrative delay by the related insurance company.

(3) In the first quarter of 2024, a $39.4 million apartment building rehabilitation bridge loan was transferred to nonaccrual status. On April 2, 2024, the same loan was transferred from nonaccrual status to OREO, and comprised the majority of our OREO at December 31, 2024, with a balance at that date of $41.1 million. We intend to continue to manage the capital improvements on the underlying apartment complex. As the units become available for lease, the property manager will be tasked with leasing these units at market rents. That property is under agreement of sale with a sales price that is expected to cover the Company’s current balance plus the forecasted cost of improvements to the property. The purchaser has increased the total of earnest money deposits to $1.6 million, from $500,000, in consideration of extending the closing date to March 21, 2025. The Company believes that the purpose for the extension is to allow time for this sale to be included in a larger transaction. There can be no assurance that the purchaser will consummate the sale of the property, but if not consummated, the earnest money deposits of $1.6 million would accrue to the Company. The nonaccrual balances in this table as of December 31, 2024, are also reflected in the substandard loan totals.

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Interest which would have been earned on loans classified as non-accrual at December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $1.1 million and $738,000, respectively. No income on non-accrual loans was recognized during 2024 or 2023. In 2024, $1.0 million of REBL, $161,000 of direct leasing, $130,000 of SBL commercial real estate, $38,000 of SBL non-real estate, and $14,000 of IBLOC were reversed from interest income, which represented interest accrued on loans placed into non-accrual status during the period. In 2023, $89,000 of legacy commercial real estate, $89,000 of SBL commercial real estate, $44,000 of SBL non-real estate, $13,000 of IBLOC, and $110,000 of direct leasing were reversed from interest income, which represented interest accrued on loans placed into non-accrual status during the period. In the third quarter of 2024 $815,000 of interest was reversed from interest income as a result of REBL loan modifications. In the fourth quarter of 2024, approximately $1.3 million was reversed in connection with a loan sale.

L oans which are experiencing financial stress are reviewed by the loan review department, which is independent of the lending lines. The review includes an analysis for a potential specific reserve allocation in the ACL. For REBLs, updated appraisals are generally obtained in conjunction with modifications.

During the year to date periods ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, loans modified and related information are as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Year ended December 31, 2024 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
| Payment delay as a result of a payment deferral |  | Interest rate reduction and payment deferral |  | Term extension |  | Total |  | Percent of total loan category |  | Payment delay as a result of a payment deferral |  | Payment delay and term extension |  | Total |  | Percent of total loan category
SBL non-real estate | $ | 2,421 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,421 |  |  | 1.27% |  | $ | 651 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 651 |  |  | 0.47%
SBL commercial mortgage |  | 3,255 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,255 |  |  | 0.49% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Direct lease financing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | 0.35% |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 0.02%
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  | — |  |  | 67,575 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,575 |  |  | 3.20% |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 0.62%
Total | $ | 5,676 |  | $ | 67,575 |  | $ | 2,477 |  | $ | 75,728 |  |  | 1.24% |  | $ | 651 |  | $ | 12,427 |  | $ | 13,078 |  |  | 0.24%

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, the “as is” weighted average LTV of the real estate bridge lending balances was less than 73%, and the “as stabilized” LTV was approximately 63% based upon recent appraisals. “As stabilized” LTVs reflect the third-party appraiser’s estimated value after the rehabilitation is complete. The balances for both periods were also classified as either special mention or substandard as of December 31, 2024. The $12.3 million REBL shown for 2023 was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principal.

The following table shows an analysis of loans that were modified during the year to date periods ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 presented by loan classification (dollars in thousands):

| Year ended December 31, 2024
| Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
| 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | 90+ days |  |  |  | Total |  |  |  |
| past due |  | past due |  | still accruing |  | Non-accrual |  | delinquent |  | Current |  | Total
SBL non-real estate | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,022 |  | $ | 1,022 |  | $ | 1,399 |  | $ | 2,421
SBL commercial mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,255 |  |  | 3,255
Direct lease financing |  | — |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,477
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,575 |  |  | 67,575
| $ | — |  | $ | 2,477 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,022 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | 72,229 |  | $ | 75,728
| Year ended December 31, 2023
| Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
| 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | 90+ days |  |  |  | Total |  |  |  |
| past due |  | past due |  | still accruing |  | Non-accrual |  | delinquent |  | Current |  | Total
SBL non-real estate | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 156 |  | $ | 156 |  | $ | 495 |  | $ | 651
SBL commercial mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Direct lease financing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 127
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 12,300
| $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 283 |  | $ | 283 |  | $ | 12,795 |  | $ | 13,078

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, the “as is” weighted average LTV of the real estate bridge lending balances was less than 73%, and the “as stabilized” LTV was approximately 63% based upon recent appraisals. “As stabilized” LTVs reflect the third-party appraiser’s estimated value after the rehabilitation is complete. The balances for both periods were also classified as either special mention or substandard as of December 31, 2024. While the borrower for the $12.3 million REBL shown for 2023 ceased making payments in 2024, the loan was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principal.

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The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made during the year to date periods ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Year ended December 31, 2024 |  |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
|  | Combined Rate and Maturity |  |  |  |  |  | Combined Rate and Maturity |  |  |
|  | Weighted average interest rate reduction |  |  | Weighted average term extension (in months) |  |  | More-than-insignificant-payment delay(2) |  |  | Weighted average interest rate reduction |  |  | Weighted average term extension (in months) |  |  | More-than-insignificant-payment delay(2)
SBL non-real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.27% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.47%
SBL commercial mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.49% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Direct lease financing |  | — |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | —
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  | 1.08% |  |  | — |  |  | 1.28% |  |  | — |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | —

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, the “as is” weighted average LTV of the real estate bridge lending balances was less than 73%, and the “as stabilized” LTV was approximately 63% based upon recent appraisals. “As stabilized” LTVs reflect the third-party appraiser’s estimated value after the rehabilitation is complete. The balances for both periods were also classified as either special mention or substandard as of December 31, 2024.

(2) Percentage represents the principal of loans deferred divided by the principal of the total loan portfolio.

There were no loans that received a term extension modification which had a payment default during the period and were modified in the twelve months before default.

The Company had no commitments to extend additional credit to loans classified as modified as of either December 31, 2024 or 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, there were $75.7 million of loans classified as modified with specific reserves of $768,000, while there were $13.1 million of loans classified as modified as of December 31, 2023 with specific reserves of $127,000.

Management estimates the ACL quarterly and for most loan categories uses relevant available internal and external historical loan performance information to determine the quantitative component of the reserve and current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and other factors to determine the qualitative component of the reserve. Reserves on specific credit-deteriorated loans comprise the third and final component of the reserve. Historical credit loss experience provides the quantitative basis for the estimation of expected credit losses over the estimated remaining life of the loans. The qualitative component of the ACL is designed to be responsive to changes in portfolio credit quality and the impact of current and future economic conditions on loan performance, and is subjective. The review of the appropriateness of the ACL is performed by the Chief Credit Officer and presented to the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors for review. With the exception of SBLOC and IBLOC, which utilize probability of default/loss given default, and the other loan category, which uses discounted cash flow to determine a reserve, the quantitative components for remaining categories are determined by establishing reserves on loan pools with similar risk characteristics based on a lifetime loss-rate model, or vintage analysis, as described in the following paragraph. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. If foreclosure is believed to be probable or repayment is expected from the sale of collateral, a reserve for deficiency is established within the ACL. Those reserves are estimated based on the difference between loan principal and the estimated fair value of the collateral, adjusted for estimated disposition costs.

Below are the portfolio segments used to pool loans with similar risk characteristics and align with the Company’s methodology for measuring expected credit losses. These pools have similar risk and collateral characteristics, and certain of these pools are broken down further in determining and applying the vintage loss estimates previously discussed. For instance, within the direct lease financing pool, government and public institution leases are considered separately. Additionally, the Company evaluates its loans under an internal loan risk rating system as a means of identifying problem loans. The special mention classification indicates weaknesses that may, if not cured, threaten the borrower’s future repayment ability. A substandard classification reflects an existing weakness indicating the possible inadequacy of net worth and other repayment sources. These classifications are used both by regulators and peers, as they have been correlated with an increased probability of credit losses. Increases in substandard loans do not necessarily require increased provisions for credit losses or allowance allocations on the basis of loan-to-value and other considerations based upon assessments by the loan review department which is independent of the lending lines. A summary of the Company’s primary portfolio pools and loans accordingly classified, by year of origination, at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

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As of December 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Revolving loans at amortized cost |  | Total
SBL non real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 46,766 |  | $ | 74,772 |  | $ | 27,794 |  | $ | 18,103 |  | $ | 5,321 |  | $ | 5,353 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 178,109
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 130
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | 2,437 |  |  | 2,480 |  |  | 1,234 |  |  | 573 |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,821
Total SBL non-real estate |  |  | 46,766 |  |  | 77,209 |  |  | 30,274 |  |  | 19,337 |  |  | 5,894 |  |  | 6,580 |  |  | — |  |  | 186,060
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 140,314 |  |  | 84,538 |  |  | 130,233 |  |  | 84,026 |  |  | 58,524 |  |  | 140,165 |  |  | — |  |  | 637,800
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 528 |  |  | 1,104 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,690 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,322
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,380 |  |  | 4,942 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 4,104 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,589
Total SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 140,314 |  |  | 84,538 |  |  | 132,141 |  |  | 90,072 |  |  | 58,687 |  |  | 151,959 |  |  | — |  |  | 657,711
SBL construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 12,392 |  |  | 13,846 |  |  | 2,899 |  |  | 3,609 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,746
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | — |  |  | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,939
Total SBL construction |  |  | 12,392 |  |  | 13,846 |  |  | 2,899 |  |  | 4,838 |  |  | — |  |  | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,685
Direct lease financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-rated |  |  | 5,184 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,184
Pass |  |  | 271,791 |  |  | 193,663 |  |  | 136,601 |  |  | 45,594 |  |  | 15,846 |  |  | 4,269 |  |  | — |  |  | 667,764
Special mention |  |  | 1,866 |  |  | 2,294 |  |  | 2,618 |  |  | 1,783 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,717
Substandard |  |  | 3,892 |  |  | 6,657 |  |  | 6,462 |  |  | 1,733 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,888
Total direct lease financing |  |  | 282,733 |  |  | 202,614 |  |  | 145,681 |  |  | 49,110 |  |  | 16,011 |  |  | 4,404 |  |  | — |  |  | 700,553
SBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-rated |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,466 |  |  | 3,466
Pass |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,012,418 |  |  | 1,012,418
Total SBLOC |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,015,884 |  |  | 1,015,884
IBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 547,196 |  |  | 547,196
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 938 |  |  | 938
Total IBLOC |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 548,134 |  |  | 548,134
Advisor financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 84,414 |  |  | 84,908 |  |  | 54,064 |  |  | 22,560 |  |  | 18,588 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 264,534
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | 8,341 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,362
Total advisor financing |  |  | 84,414 |  |  | 84,908 |  |  | 55,085 |  |  | 30,901 |  |  | 18,588 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 273,896
Real estate bridge loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 432,609 |  |  | 418,326 |  |  | 761,331 |  |  | 278,031 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,890,297
Special mention(1) |  |  | 16,913 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,318 |  |  | 31,153 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84,384
Substandard(1) |  |  | 54,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,947 |  |  | 23,928 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134,360
Total real estate bridge lending |  |  | 504,007 |  |  | 418,326 |  |  | 853,596 |  |  | 333,112 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,109,041
Other loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-rated |  |  | 455,331 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,394 |  |  | — |  |  | 465,725
Pass |  |  | 66,267 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 2,606 |  |  | 37,133 |  |  | 1,381 |  |  | 108,157
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 232 |  |  | — |  |  | 232
Substandard |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 213
Total other loans(2) |  |  | 521,811 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 2,606 |  |  | 47,759 |  |  | 1,381 |  |  | 574,327
|  | $ | 1,592,437 |  | $ | 881,604 |  | $ | 1,219,932 |  | $ | 527,721 |  | $ | 101,786 |  | $ | 211,412 |  | $ | 1,565,399 |  | $ | 6,100,291
Unamortized loan fees and costs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,337
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,113,628

(1) For the special mention and substandard real estate bridge loans, recent appraisals reflect a respective weighted average “as is” LTV of 77% and a further estimated 68% “as stabilized” LTV. The “as stabilized” LTV reflects the third-party appraiser’s estimate of value after rehabilitation is complete. The special mention and

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substandard real estate bridge loans shown in 2024 reflected loans to new borrowers with greater financial capacity, with their original financing in the 2021 and 2022 vintages.

(2) Included in Other loans are $8.6 million of SBA loans purchased for Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) purposes as of December 31, 2024. These loans are classified as SBL in the Company’s loan table, which classifies loans by type, as opposed to risk characteristics.

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As of December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving loans at amortized cost |  | Total
SBL non real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-rated |  | $ | 507 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 507
Pass |  |  | 47,066 |  |  | 32,512 |  |  | 26,919 |  |  | 9,662 |  |  | 4,334 |  |  | 5,357 |  |  | — |  |  | 125,850
Special mention |  |  | 460 |  |  | — |  |  | 258 |  |  | 1,101 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 337 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,275
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | 495 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 562 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,503
Total SBL non-real estate |  |  | 48,033 |  |  | 33,007 |  |  | 27,809 |  |  | 11,327 |  |  | 4,703 |  |  | 6,256 |  |  | — |  |  | 131,135
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 128,375 |  |  | 138,281 |  |  | 93,399 |  |  | 67,635 |  |  | 58,550 |  |  | 98,704 |  |  | — |  |  | 584,944
Special mention |  |  | 375 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,764 |  |  | — |  |  | 595 |  |  | 1,363 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,097
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 452 |  |  | 1,853 |  |  | 1,928 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,233
Total SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 128,750 |  |  | 138,281 |  |  | 104,163 |  |  | 68,087 |  |  | 60,998 |  |  | 101,995 |  |  | — |  |  | 602,274
SBL construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 2,848 |  |  | 5,966 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | 927 |  |  | 4,534 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,152
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,090 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,090
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,675 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,385
Total SBL construction |  |  | 2,848 |  |  | 5,966 |  |  | 7,642 |  |  | 927 |  |  | 4,534 |  |  | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,627
|  |  | . |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct lease financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-rated |  |  | 1,273 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,273
Pass |  |  | 302,362 |  |  | 221,768 |  |  | 92,945 |  |  | 37,664 |  |  | 17,469 |  |  | 4,349 |  |  | — |  |  | 676,557
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | 666 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 146 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,139
Substandard |  |  | 135 |  |  | 3,898 |  |  | 1,998 |  |  | 372 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,688
Total direct lease financing |  |  | 303,770 |  |  | 226,332 |  |  | 95,145 |  |  | 38,161 |  |  | 17,799 |  |  | 4,450 |  |  | — |  |  | 685,657
SBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-rated |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,261 |  |  | 3,261
Pass |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 977,158 |  |  | 977,158
Total SBLOC |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 980,419 |  |  | 980,419
IBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 646,230 |  |  | 646,230
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 636 |  |  | 636
Total IBLOC |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 646,866 |  |  | 646,866
Advisor financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 92,273 |  |  | 63,083 |  |  | 40,994 |  |  | 24,321 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 220,671
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 941 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 941
Total advisor financing |  |  | 92,273 |  |  | 63,083 |  |  | 40,994 |  |  | 25,262 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 221,612
Real estate bridge loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 397,073 |  |  | 1,013,199 |  |  | 461,474 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,871,746
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | 59,423 |  |  | 16,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76,336
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,700
Total real estate bridge lending |  |  | 397,073 |  |  | 1,072,622 |  |  | 530,087 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,999,782
Other loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-rated |  |  | 2,555 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,513 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,068
Pass |  |  | 165 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 2,609 |  |  | 2,314 |  |  | 40,101 |  |  | 1,593 |  |  | 47,405
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 362 |  |  | — |  |  | 362
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | 132
Total other loans(1) |  |  | 2,720 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 2,609 |  |  | 2,314 |  |  | 52,108 |  |  | 1,593 |  |  | 61,967
Total |  | $ | 975,467 |  | $ | 1,539,551 |  | $ | 806,203 |  | $ | 146,373 |  | $ | 90,348 |  | $ | 165,519 |  | $ | 1,628,878 |  | $ | 5,352,339
Unamortized loan fees and costs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,800
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,361,139

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(1) Included in Other loans are $11.3 million of SBA loans purchased for CRA purposes as of December 31, 2023. These loans are classified as SBL in the Company’s loan table, which classifies loans by type, as opposed to risk characteristics.

A description of major loan categories is as follows.

SBL. Substantially all SBLs consist of SBA loans. The Bank participates in loan programs established by the SBA, including the 7(a) Loan Guarantee Program (the “7(a) Program”), the 504 Fixed Asset Financing Program (the “504 Program”), and the discontinued PPP. The 7(a) Program is designed to help small business borrowers start or expand their businesses by providing partial guarantees of loans made by banks and non-bank lending institutions for specific business purposes, including long- or short- term working capital; funds for the purchase of equipment, machinery, supplies and materials; funds for the purchase, construction or renovation of real estate; and funds to acquire, operate or expand an existing business or refinance existing debt, all under conditions established by the SBA. The 504 Program includes the financing of real estate and commercial mortgages. In 2020 and 2021, the Company also participated in the PPP, which provided short-term loans to small businesses. PPP loans are fully guaranteed by the U.S. government. This program was a specific response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the vast majority of these loans have been reimbursed by the U.S. government, with $1.5 million remaining to be reimbursed as of December 31, 2024. The Company segments the SBL portfolio into four pools: non-real estate, commercial mortgage and construction to capture the risk characteristics of each pool, and the PPP loans discussed above. PPP loans are not included in the risk pools because they have inherently different risk characteristics due to the U.S. government guarantee. In the table above, the PPP loans are included in non-rated SBL non-real estate.

Direct lease financing. The Company provides lease financing for commercial and government vehicle fleets and, to a lesser extent, provides lease financing for other equipment. Leases are either open-end or closed-end. An open-end lease is one in which, at the end of the lease term, the lessee must pay the difference between the amount at which the Company sells the leased asset and the stated termination value. Termination value is a contractual value agreed to by the parties at the inception of a lease as to the value of the leased asset at the end of the lease term. A closed-end lease is one for which no such payment is due on lease termination. In a closed-end lease, the risk that the amount received on a sale of the leased asset will be less than the residual value is assumed by the Bank, as lessor.

SBLOC. SBLOC loans are made to individuals, trusts and other entities and are secured by a pledge of marketable securities maintained in one or more accounts for which the Company obtains a securities account control agreement. The securities pledged may be either debt or equity securities or a combination thereof, but all such securities must be listed for trading on a national securities exchange or automated inter-dealer quotation system. SBLOCs are typically payable on demand. Maximum SBLOC line amounts are calculated by applying a standard “advance rate” calculation against the eligible security type depending on asset class: typically, up to 50% for equity securities and mutual fund securities and 80% for investment grade (Standard & Poor’s rating of BBB- or higher, or Moody’s rating of Baa3 or higher) municipal or corporate debt securities. Substantially all SBLOCs have full recourse to the borrower. The underlying securities collateral for SBLOC loans is monitored on a daily basis to confirm the composition of the client portfolio and its daily market value.

IBLOC. IBLOC loans are collateralized by the cash surrender value of eligible insurance policies. Should a loan default, the primary risks for IBLOCs are if the insurance company issuing the policy were to become insolvent, or if that company would fail to recognize the Bank’s assignment of policy proceeds. To mitigate these risks, insurance company ratings are periodically evaluated for compliance with Bank standards. Additionally, the Bank utilizes assignments of cash surrender value, which legal counsel has concluded are enforceable.

Investment advisor financing. In 2020, the Company began originating loans to investment advisors for purposes of debt refinancing, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. Maximum loan amounts are subject to 70% of the estimated business enterprise value, based on a third-party valuation, but may be increased depending upon the debt service coverage ratio. Personal guarantees and blanket business liens are obtained as appropriate. Loan repayment is highly dependent on fee streams from advisor clientele. Accordingly, loss of fee-based investment advisory clients or negative market performance may reduce fees and pose a risk to these credits.

Real estate bridge loans. Real estate bridge loans are transitional commercial mortgage loans which are made to improve and rehabilitate existing properties which already have cash flow, and which are collateralized by those properties. Prior to 2020, such loans were originated for securitization and loans which had been originated but not securitized continue to be accounted for at fair value in “Commercial loans, at fair value”, on the balance sheet. In 2021, originations resumed and are being held for investment in “Loans, net of deferred fees and costs”, on the balance sheet. The Bancorp has minimal exposure to non-multifamily commercial real

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estate such as office buildings, and instead has a portfolio largely comprised of rehabilitation bridge loans for apartment buildings. These loans generally have three-year terms with two one-year extensions to allow for the rehabilitation work to be completed and rentals stabilized for an extended period, before being refinanced at lower rates through U.S. Government Sponsored Entities or other lenders. The rehabilitation real estate lending portfolio consists primarily of workforce housing, which the Company considers to be working class apartments at more affordable rental rates.

Consumer fintech loans. Consumer fintech loans consist of short-term extensions of credit including secured credit card loans made in conjunction with marketers and servicers. The majority of secured credit card balances are collateralized with deposits at the Bank, with related income statement impact reflected both in a lower cost of funds and fee income. The lower cost of funds results from balances required to be maintained to collateralize related card use. Fee income for consumer fintech loans is reflected in the “Consumer credit fintech fees” line of the income statement. As a result of credit enhancements on consumer fintech loans, $19.6 million of related charge-offs correlated with $19.6 million of non-interest income. Year-to-date through February 28, 2025, $28.6 million of delinquent consumer fintech loans were fully participated and no charge-offs were recorded.

Other loans. Other loans include commercial and HELOC which the Company generally no longer offers.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the estimated remaining lives of loans. The estimate excludes possible extensions, renewals and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation that a loan will be restructured, or the extension or renewal options are included in the borrower contract and are not unconditionally cancellable by us.

The Company does not measure an ACL on accrued interest receivable balances, because these balances are written off in a timely manner as a reduction to interest income when loans are placed on non-accrual status. The Company does not expect material amounts of accrued interest receivable for prior year periods to be reversed.

ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures. The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through the provision for credit losses. The estimate considers the likelihood that funding will occur over the estimated life of the commitment. The amount of the ACL in the liability account as of December 31, 2024 was $2.0 million.

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A detail of the changes in the ACL by loan category and summary of loans evaluated individually and collectively for credit deterioration is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | SBL non-real estate |  | SBL commercial mortgage |  | SBL construction |  | Direct lease financing |  | SBLOC / IBLOC |  | Advisor financing |  | Real estate bridge lending |  | Consumer fintech |  | Other loans |  | Deferred fees and costs |  | Total
Beginning balance 1/1/2024 |  | $ | 6,059 |  | $ | 2,820 |  | $ | 285 |  | $ | 10,454 |  | $ | 813 |  | $ | 1,662 |  | $ | 4,740 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 545 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 27,378
Charge-offs(1) |  |  | (708) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,575) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,619) |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | (24,920)
Recoveries |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 318 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 548
Provision (credit)(1) |  |  | (608) |  |  | 383 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 6,928 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 392 |  |  | 1,863 |  |  | 19,619 |  |  | (78) |  |  | — |  |  | 28,938
Ending balance |  | $ | 4,972 |  | $ | 3,203 |  | $ | 342 |  | $ | 13,125 |  | $ | 1,195 |  | $ | 2,054 |  | $ | 6,603 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 450 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 31,944
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 403 |  | $ | 1,039 |  | $ | 118 |  | $ | 2,377 |  | $ | 413 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,350
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 4,569 |  | $ | 2,164 |  | $ | 224 |  | $ | 10,748 |  | $ | 782 |  | $ | 2,054 |  | $ | 6,603 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 450 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 27,594
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 190,322 |  | $ | 662,091 |  | $ | 34,685 |  | $ | 700,553 |  | $ | 1,564,018 |  | $ | 273,896 |  | $ | 2,109,041 |  | $ | 454,357 |  | $ | 111,328 |  | $ | 13,337 |  | $ | 6,113,628
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 2,693 |  | $ | 4,885 |  | $ | 1,585 |  | $ | 6,026 |  | $ | 503 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12,300 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 219 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 28,211
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 187,629 |  | $ | 657,206 |  | $ | 33,100 |  | $ | 694,527 |  | $ | 1,563,515 |  | $ | 273,896 |  | $ | 2,096,741 |  | $ | 454,357 |  | $ | 111,109 |  | $ | 13,337 |  | $ | 6,085,417

(1) Lending agreements related to consumer fintech loans had certain provisions accounted for as freestanding credit enhancements which resulted in the company recording a $19.6 million provision for credit losses and a correlated amount in non-interest income resulting in no impact to net income.

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|  | December 31, 2023
|  | SBL non-real estate |  | SBL commercial mortgage |  | SBL construction |  | Direct lease financing |  | SBLOC / IBLOC |  | Advisor financing |  | Real estate bridge lending |  | Other loans |  | Deferred fees and costs |  | Total
Beginning balance 1/1/2023 |  | $ | 5,028 |  | $ | 2,585 |  | $ | 565 |  | $ | 7,972 |  | $ | 1,167 |  | $ | 1,293 |  | $ | 3,121 |  | $ | 643 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 22,374
Charge-offs |  |  | (871) |  |  | (76) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,666) |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,640)
Recoveries |  |  | 475 |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | 330 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 299 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,179
Provision (credit) |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 236 |  |  | (280) |  |  | 5,818 |  |  | (330) |  |  | 369 |  |  | 1,619 |  |  | (394) |  |  | — |  |  | 8,465
Ending balance |  | $ | 6,059 |  | $ | 2,820 |  | $ | 285 |  | $ | 10,454 |  | $ | 813 |  | $ | 1,662 |  | $ | 4,740 |  | $ | 545 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 27,378
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 670 |  | $ | 343 |  | $ | 44 |  | $ | 1,827 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,888
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 5,389 |  | $ | 2,477 |  | $ | 241 |  | $ | 8,627 |  | $ | 813 |  | $ | 1,662 |  | $ | 4,740 |  | $ | 541 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 24,490
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 137,752 |  | $ | 606,986 |  | $ | 22,627 |  | $ | 685,657 |  | $ | 1,627,285 |  | $ | 221,612 |  | $ | 1,999,782 |  | $ | 50,638 |  | $ | 8,800 |  | $ | 5,361,139
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 1,919 |  | $ | 2,381 |  | $ | 3,385 |  | $ | 3,785 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 362 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 11,832
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 135,833 |  | $ | 604,605 |  | $ | 19,242 |  | $ | 681,872 |  | $ | 1,627,285 |  | $ | 221,612 |  | $ | 1,999,782 |  | $ | 50,276 |  | $ | 8,800 |  | $ | 5,349,307

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | SBL non-real estate |  | SBL commercial mortgage |  | SBL construction |  | Direct lease financing |  | SBLOC / IBLOC |  | Advisor financing |  | Real estate bridge lending |  | Other loans |  | Deferred fees and costs |  | Total
Beginning balance 1/1/2022 |  | $ | 5,415 |  | $ | 2,952 |  | $ | 432 |  | $ | 5,817 |  | $ | 964 |  | $ | 868 |  | $ | 1,181 |  | $ | 177 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 17,806
Charge-offs |  |  | (885) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (576) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,461)
Recoveries |  |  | 140 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 288
Provision (credit) |  |  | 358 |  |  | (367) |  |  | 133 |  |  | 2,607 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,741
Ending balance |  | $ | 5,028 |  | $ | 2,585 |  | $ | 565 |  | $ | 7,972 |  | $ | 1,167 |  | $ | 1,293 |  | $ | 3,121 |  | $ | 643 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 22,374
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 525 |  | $ | 441 |  | $ | 153 |  | $ | 933 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 15 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,067
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 4,503 |  | $ | 2,144 |  | $ | 412 |  | $ | 7,039 |  | $ | 1,167 |  | $ | 1,293 |  | $ | 3,121 |  | $ | 628 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 20,307
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 108,954 |  | $ | 474,496 |  | $ | 30,864 |  | $ | 632,160 |  | $ | 2,332,469 |  | $ | 172,468 |  | $ | 1,669,031 |  | $ | 61,679 |  | $ | 4,732 |  | $ | 5,486,853
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 1,374 |  | $ | 1,423 |  | $ | 3,386 |  | $ | 3,550 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,539 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 14,272
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for expected credit loss |  | $ | 107,580 |  | $ | 473,073 |  | $ | 27,478 |  | $ | 628,610 |  | $ | 2,332,469 |  | $ | 172,468 |  | $ | 1,669,031 |  | $ | 57,140 |  | $ | 4,732 |  | $ | 5,472,581

‎

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A summary of the Company’s 2024 net charge-offs, classified by the year of the related loan origination, is as follows (dollars in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Total
SBL non-real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  | $ | (14) |  | $ | (53) |  | $ | (149) |  | $ | (101) |  | $ | (320) |  | $ | (71) |  | $ | (708)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 229
Current period SBL non-real estate net charge-offs |  |  | (14) |  |  | (46) |  |  | (149) |  |  | (94) |  |  | (257) |  |  | 81 |  |  | (479)
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period SBL commercial mortgage net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
SBL construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period SBL construction net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Direct lease financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | (3) |  |  | (744) |  |  | (2,739) |  |  | (1,015) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (4,575)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 318
Current period direct lease financing net charge-offs |  |  | (3) |  |  | (705) |  |  | (2,562) |  |  | (930) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (4,257)
SBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period SBLOC net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
IBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period IBLOC net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Advisor financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period advisor financing net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Real estate bridge loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period real estate bridge loans net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | (19,619) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | (19,637)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1
Current period other loans net charge-offs |  |  | (19,619) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | (19,636)
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | (19,636) |  |  | (803) |  |  | (2,888) |  |  | (1,116) |  |  | (381) |  |  | (96) |  |  | (24,920)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 548
Current period net charge-offs |  | $ | (19,636) |  | $ | (757) |  | $ | (2,711) |  | $ | (1,024) |  | $ | (310) |  | $ | 66 |  | $ | (24,372)

118

A summary of the Company’s 2023 net charge-offs, classified by the year of the related loan origination, is as follows (dollars in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Total
SBL non-real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (871) |  | $ | (871)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475 |  |  | 475
Current period SBL non-real estate net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (396) |  |  | (396)
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76) |  |  | (76)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | 75
Current period SBL commercial mortgage net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1)
SBL construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period SBL construction net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Direct lease financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | (138) |  |  | (2,138) |  |  | (1,117) |  |  | (234) |  |  | (39) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,666)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 330
Current period direct lease financing net charge-offs |  |  | (138) |  |  | (2,090) |  |  | (949) |  |  | (138) |  |  | (39) |  |  | 18 |  |  | (3,336)
SBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period SBLOC net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
IBLOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period IBLOC net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24)
Advisor financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period advisor financing net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Real estate bridge loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Current period real estate bridge loans net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | (3)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 299 |  |  | 299
Current period other loans net charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |  |  | 296
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period charge-offs |  |  | (138) |  |  | (2,150) |  |  | (1,129) |  |  | (234) |  |  | (39) |  |  | (950) |  |  | (4,640)
Current period recoveries |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | 867 |  |  | 1,179
Current period net charge-offs |  | $ | (138) |  | $ | (2,102) |  | $ | (961) |  | $ | (138) |  | $ | (39) |  | $ | (83) |  | $ | (3,461)

The Company did no t have loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at either December 31, 2024, or December 31, 2023. In 2024, the Company purchased $46.7 million of SBLs, none of which were credit deteriorated. Additionally, in 2024 the Company participated in SBLs with other institutions in the amount of $19.7 million. On December 31, 2024 the Company sold $82 million of REBL loans.

119

The scheduled undiscounted cash flows of the direct financing leases reconciled to the total lease receivables in the consolidated balance sheet, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

2025 |  | $ | 216,481
2026 |  |  | 160,674
2027 |  |  | 125,350
2028 |  |  | 56,851
2029 |  |  | 18,977
2030 and thereafter |  |  | 3,006
Total undiscounted cash flows |  |  | 581,339
Residual value(1) |  |  | 220,342
Difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows |  |  | (101,128)
Present value of lease payments recorded as lease receivables |  | $ | 700,553

(1) Of the $220,342,000, $48,295,000 is not guaranteed by the lessee or other guarantors.

The non-accrual loans in the following table are treated as collateral dependent to the extent they have resulted from borrower financial difficulties (and not from administrative delays or other mitigating factors), and are not brought current. For non-accrual loans, the Company establishes a reserve in the ACL for deficiencies between estimated collateral and loan carrying values. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any significant changes to the extent to which collateral secures its collateral dependent loans due to general collateral deterioration or from other factors. SBL non-real estate are collateralized by business assets, which may include certain real estate. SBL commercial mortgage and construction are collateralized by real estate for small businesses, while real estate bridge lending is primarily collateralized by apartment buildings, or other commercial real estate. SBLOC is collateralized by marketable investment securities while IBLOC is collateralized by the cash value of life insurance. Advisor financing is collateralized by investment advisors’ business franchises. Direct lease financing is collateralized primarily by vehicles, or equipment.

120

A detail of the Company’s delinquent loans by loan category is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | 90+ days |  |  |  | Total past due |  |  |  | Total
|  | past due |  | past due |  | still accruing |  | Non-accrual |  | and non-accrual |  | Current |  | loans
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 229 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 871 |  | $ | 2,635 |  | $ | 3,735 |  | $ | 186,587 |  | $ | 190,322
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 336 |  |  | 4,885 |  |  | 5,221 |  |  | 656,870 |  |  | 662,091
SBL construction |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 33,100 |  |  | 34,685
Direct lease financing |  |  | 7,069 |  |  | 1,923 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 6,026 |  |  | 16,106 |  |  | 684,447 |  |  | 700,553
SBLOC / IBLOC |  |  | 20,991 |  |  | 1,808 |  |  | 3,322 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 26,624 |  |  | 1,537,394 |  |  | 1,564,018
Advisor financing |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 273,896 |  |  | 273,896
Real estate bridge lending(1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 2,096,741 |  |  | 2,109,041
Consumer fintech |  |  | 13,419 |  |  | 681 |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,313 |  |  | 440,044 |  |  | 454,357
Other loans |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | 111,279 |  |  | 111,328
Unamortized loan fees and costs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,337 |  |  | 13,337
|  | $ | 41,757 |  | $ | 4,412 |  | $ | 5,830 |  | $ | 27,934 |  | $ | 79,933 |  | $ | 6,033,695 |  | $ | 6,113,628
|  | December 31, 2023
|  | 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | 90+ days |  |  |  | Total past due |  |  |  | Total
|  | past due |  | past due |  | still accruing |  | Non-accrual |  | and non-accrual |  | Current |  | loans
SBL non-real estate |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 333 |  | $ | 336 |  | $ | 1,842 |  | $ | 2,595 |  | $ | 135,157 |  | $ | 137,752
SBL commercial mortgage |  |  | 2,183 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,381 |  |  | 4,564 |  |  | 602,422 |  |  | 606,986
SBL construction |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,385 |  |  | 3,385 |  |  | 19,242 |  |  | 22,627
Direct lease financing |  |  | 5,163 |  |  | 1,209 |  |  | 485 |  |  | 3,785 |  |  | 10,642 |  |  | 675,015 |  |  | 685,657
SBLOC / IBLOC |  |  | 21,934 |  |  | 3,607 |  |  | 745 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,286 |  |  | 1,600,999 |  |  | 1,627,285
Advisor financing |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 221,612 |  |  | 221,612
Real estate bridge lending |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,999,782 |  |  | 1,999,782
Consumer fintech |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other loans |  |  | 853 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 1,239 |  |  | 49,399 |  |  | 50,638
Unamortized loan fees and costs |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,800 |  |  | 8,800
|  | $ | 30,217 |  | $ | 5,225 |  | $ | 1,744 |  | $ | 11,525 |  | $ | 48,711 |  | $ | 5,312,428 |  | $ | 5,361,139
(1) The $12.3 million shown in the non-accrual column for real estate bridge loans was repaid on January 2, 2025 without loss of principal. The table above does not include an $11.2 million loan accounted for at fair value, and, as such, not reflected in delinquency tables. In third quarter 2024, the borrower notified the Company that he would no longer be making payments on the loan, which is collateralized by a vacant retail property. Based upon a July 2024 appraisal, the “as is” LTV is 84% and the “as stabilized” LTV is 62%. Since 2021, real estate bridge lending originations have consisted of apartment buildings, while this loan was originated previously. In January 2025, two loans totaling $9.8 million were transferred to non-accrual and were accordingly classified as substandard.

Note F—Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | December 31,
| Estimated |  |  |  |  |  |
| useful lives |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Land |  | - |  | $ | 1,732 |  | $ | 1,732
Buildings |  | 39 years |  |  | 3,436 |  |  | 3,436
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment |  | 2 to 12 years |  |  | 60,503 |  |  | 58,068
Leasehold improvements |  | 6 to 15 years |  |  | 20,820 |  |  | 20,254
|  |  |  |  | 86,491 |  |  | 83,490
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  | (58,925) |  |  | (56,016)
|  |  |  | $ | 27,566 |  | $ | 27,474

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $4.2 million, $3.1 million and $2.9 million, respectively.

Note G—Time Deposits

There were no time deposits outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

121

Note H—Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”)

VIE’s are entities that, by design, either (1) lack sufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties, or (2) have equity investors that do not have the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity’s operations through voting rights, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses, or do not have the right to receive the residual returns of the entity.

The most common type of VIE is a special purpose entity (“SPE”). SPEs are commonly used in securitization transactions in order to isolate certain assets and distribute the cash flows from those assets to investors. The basic SPE structure involves a company selling assets to the SPE with the SPE funding the purchase of those assets by issuing securities to investors. The agreements that govern the transaction specify how the cash earned on the assets must be allocated to the SPE’s investors and other parties that have rights to those cash flows. SPEs are generally structured to insulate investors from claims on the SPE’s assets by creditors of other entities, including the creditors of the seller of the assets. The primary beneficiary of a VIE (i.e., the party that has a controlling financial interest) is required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is the party that has both (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (2) through its interests in the VIE, the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The following table shows the Company’s remaining interest in the CRE-2 security, which represents a single security purchased by the Company in the securitizations for which the Company generated all of the commercial mortgage-backed loan collateral (dollars in thousands).

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Principal amount outstanding |  | The Company's
|  |  |  |  |  | Assets held in |  | interest
|  | Total assets |  | Assets held in |  | nonconsolidated |  | in securitized
|  | held by |  | consolidated |  | VIEs with |  | assets in
|  | securitization |  | securitization |  | continuing |  | nonconsolidated
|  | VIEs(1) |  | VIEs |  | involvement |  | VIEs(2)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE2(3) |  | $ | 24,450 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 24,450 |  | $ | 3,462
CRE3 |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | —
CRE4 |  |  | 261 |  |  | — |  |  | 261 |  |  | —
CRE5 |  |  | 12,991 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,991 |  |  | —
|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Principal amount outstanding |  | The Company's
|  |  |  |  |  | Assets held in |  | interest
|  | Total assets |  | Assets held in |  | nonconsolidated |  | in securitized
|  | held by |  | consolidated |  | VIEs with |  | assets in
|  | securitization |  | securitization |  | continuing |  | nonconsolidated
|  | VIEs(1) |  | VIEs |  | involvement |  | VIEs
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE2 |  | $ | 40,743 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 40,743 |  | $ | 12,574
CRE3 |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | —
CRE4 |  |  | 821 |  |  | — |  |  | 821 |  |  | —
CRE5 |  |  | 14,138 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,138 |  |  | —

(1) Consists of notes backed by commercial loans predominantly secured by real estate.

(2) For securities purchased from securitizations which comprise the Company's interest: CRE2 was non-rated at issuance. As of December 31, 2024, CRE2 is valued by discounted cash flow analysis.

(3) Remaining collateral is comprised of a loan on a suburban office building. While the estimated value of this source of repayment exceeds the amount to be repaid to the Company, there can be no assurance that the Company's interest will be fully repaid or as to the timing of repayment. See “ Note E—Loans”.

122

Note I—Debt

1.Short-term borrowings

The Bank has overnight borrowing capacity with the FHLB of Des Moines which amounted to $1.02 billion at December 31, 2024, collateralized by loans. The Bank also had a $1.99 billion line with the Federal Reserve as of that date, also collateralized by loans. Borrowings under these arrangements have been made with one day terms at rates which vary daily. As of December 31, 2024, the Bank did not have any borrowings outstanding on these lines. The details for such daily borrowings are presented below:

|  | As of or for the year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Short-term borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at year-end |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Average during the year |  |  | 44,220 |  |  | 5,739 |  |  | 60,312
Maximum month-end balance |  |  | 455,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 495,000
Weighted average rate during the year |  |  | 5.58% |  |  | 4.72% |  |  | 2.55%
Rate at December 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —

2.Securities sold under agreements to repurchase

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase generally mature within 30 days from the date of the transactions. The detail of securities sold under agreements to repurchase is presented below:

|  | As of or for the year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at year-end |  | $ | — |  | $ | 42 |  | $ | 42
Average during the year |  |  | 3 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 41
Maximum month-end balance |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 42
Weighted average rate during the year |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Rate at December 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —

3. Guaranteed preferred beneficiary interest in the Company’s subordinated debt

As of December 31, 2023, the Company held two statutory business trusts: The Bancorp Capital Trust II and The Bancorp Capital Trust III (the “Trusts”). In each case, the Company owns all the common securities of the Trust. The Trusts issued preferred capital securities to investors and invested the proceeds in the Company through the purchase of junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company (the “2038 Debentures”). The 2038 Debentures are the sole assets of the Trusts. The $10.3 million of 2038 Debentures issued to The Bancorp Capital Trust II and the $3.1 million of 2038 Debentures issued to The Bancorp Capital Trust III were both issued on November 28, 2007, mature on March 15, 2038 and bear interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 3.51%.

As of December 31, 2024, the Trusts qualify as VIEs under ASC 810, Consolidation. However, the Company is not considered the primary beneficiary and, therefore, the Trusts are not consolidated in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Trusts are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.

4. Senior debt

On August 13, 2020, the Company issued $100.0 million of 2025 Senior Notes, which have a maturity date of August 15, 2025, and a 4.75% interest rate, with interest paid semi-annually on March 15 and September 15. The 2025 Senior Notes are the Company’s direct, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations and rank equal in priority with all of the Company’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness and senior in right of payment to all of the Company’s existing and future subordinated indebtedness.

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Note J—Shareholders’ Equity

As a means of returning capital to shareholders, the Company implemented stock repurchase programs which totaled $40.0 million, $60.0 million, $100.0 million, and $250.0 million respectively, in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 with $150.0 million planned for 2025. The planned amounts of such repurchases are determined in the fourth quarter of the preceding year by assessing the impact of budgetary earnings projections on regulatory capital requirements. The excess of projected earnings over amounts required to maintain capital requirements is the maximum available for capital return to shareholders, barring any need to retain capital for other purposes. A significant portion of such excess earnings has been utilized for stock repurchases in the amounts noted above, while cash dividends have not been paid. In determining whether capital is returned through stock repurchases or cash dividends, the Company calculates a maximum share repurchase price, based upon comparisons with what it concludes to be other exemplar peer share price valuations, with further consideration of internal growth projections. As these share prices, which are updated at least annually, have not been reached, capital return has consisted solely of stock repurchases. Exemplar share price comparisons are based upon multiples of earnings per share over time, with further consideration of returns on equity and assets. While repurchase amounts are planned in the fourth quarter of the preceding year, repurchases may be modified or terminated at any time, should capital need to be conserved.

Note K—Benefit Plans

401 (k) Plan

The Company maintains a 401(k) savings plan covering substantially all employees of the Company. Under the plan, the Company matches 50% of the employee contributions for all participants, not to exceed 6% of their salary. Contributions made by the Company were approximately $2.4 million, $2.3 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively and are reflected in salaries and employee benefits in the consolidated statement of operations.

Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan

In 2005, the Company began contributing to a supplemental executive retirement plan for its former Chief Executive Officer that provides annual retirement benefits of $25,000 per month until death. There were $300,000 of disbursements under the plan in each of 2024, 2023 and 2022. The actuarial assumptions as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 reflected respective discount rates of 5.11%, 4.56% and 4.73% with a monthly benefit of $25,000. Projected payouts for years one, two, three, four, and five are $300,000, $281,000, $267,000, $252,000, and $236,000, respectively, and $912,000 for the subsequent five years. The Company adjusts its related liability to actuarially derived estimates of lifetime payouts based upon actuarial tables as follows: SOA Pri-2012 Amount-Weighted White Collar Retiree Mortality Table with Mortality Improvement Scale MP-2021. The Company’s related expense was $300,000, $300,000 and $300,000, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had accrued $3.0 million for potential future payouts.

Note L—Income Taxes

The Company operates in the United States and is subject to corporate net income taxes for federal and state purposes. The components of income tax expense included in the statements of continuing operations are as follows:

|  | For the years ended
|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Current tax provision |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 54,569 |  | $ | 55,314 |  | $ | 29,994
State |  |  | 17,730 |  |  | 14,845 |  |  | 11,837
|  |  | 72,299 |  |  | 70,159 |  |  | 41,831
Deferred tax provision (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | 2,272 |  |  | (4,925) |  |  | 5,206
State |  |  | 45 |  |  | (756) |  |  | 664
|  |  | 2,317 |  |  | (5,681) |  |  | 5,870
|  | $ | 74,616 |  | $ | 64,478 |  | $ | 47,701

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The differences between applicable income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations and the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for 2024, 2023 and 2022, are as follows:

|  | For the years ended
|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Computed tax expense at statutory rate |  | $ | 61,353 |  | $ | 53,923 |  | $ | 37,410
State taxes |  |  | 12,011 |  |  | 10,885 |  |  | 9,499
Tax-exempt interest income |  |  | (766) |  |  | (459) |  |  | (480)
Meals and entertainment |  |  | 57 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 6
Civil money penalty |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 368
Other net nondeductible (deductible) items |  |  | 1,281 |  |  | (49) |  |  | (22)
Other |  |  | 680 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 920
|  | $ | 74,616 |  | $ | 64,478 |  | $ | 47,701

Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary difference between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Cumulative temporary differences recognized in the financial statement of position are as follows:

|  | For the years ended
|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 8,526 |  | $ | 9,874
Non-accrual interest |  |  | 1,993 |  |  | 3,408
Deferred compensation |  |  | 747 |  |  | 734
Nonqualified stock options |  |  | 1,623 |  |  | 1,523
Capital loss limitations |  |  | 5,701 |  |  | 6,280
Tax deductible goodwill |  |  | 682 |  |  | 713
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 5,515 |  |  | 4,618
Unrealized losses on investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | 5,909 |  |  | 6,509
Fair value adjustment to investments |  |  | 44 |  |  | 802
Deferred income |  |  | 225 |  |  | —
Other |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 178
Total gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 31,965 |  |  | 34,639
Federal and state valuation allowance |  |  | (5,701) |  |  | (6,280)
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 2,140 |  |  | 2,771
Right of use asset |  |  | 5,250 |  |  | 4,369
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 7,390 |  |  | 7,140
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 18,874 |  | $ | 21,219

Management assesses all available positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to recognize the existing deferred tax assets. If that threshold is not met, a valuation allowance is established against the deferred tax asset. The federal and state valuation allowance at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, was $5.7 million and $6.3 million and resulted from Walnut Street assets, primarily because related capital losses will likely be non-deductible. Walnut Street reflected the Bank’s prior investment in an entity through which a portion of its discontinued loan portfolio was sold.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

|  | For the years ended
|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in thousands)
Beginning balance at January 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 338
Decreases in tax provisions for prior years |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (338)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

Management does not believe these amounts will significantly increase or decrease within 12 months of December 31, 2024. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, will impact the effective tax rate.

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Tax years after 2021 remain subject to examination by the federal authorities, and 2020 and after remain subject to examination by most state tax authorities. The Company recognizes interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense for all periods presented. To date, no amounts of interest or penalties relating to unrecognized tax benefits have been recorded.

Note M—Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock options and RSUs in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Stock Based Compensation. The expense of the option or RSU is generally measured at fair value at the grant date with compensation expense recognized over the service period, which is typically the vesting period. For option grants subject to a service condition, the Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of each option on the date of grant. The Black-Scholes model takes into consideration the exercise price and expected life of the options, the current price of the underlying stock and its expected volatility, the expected dividends on the stock and the current risk-free interest rate for the expected life of the option. The Company’s estimate of the fair value of a stock option is based on expectations derived from historical experience and may not necessarily equate to its market value when fully vested. In accordance with ASC 718, the Company estimates the number of options for which the requisite service is expected to be rendered. For RSUs, fair value is determined by the quoted price of the Company’s common stock on Nasdaq as of the date of grant.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had three active stock-based compensation plans: The Bancorp, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”) The Bancorp, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) and The Bancorp, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”).

The 2024 Plan was adopted in May 2024. Employees and directors of the Company and the Bank and consultants (with restrictions) are eligible to participate in the 2024 Plan. Terms of options granted under the 2024 Plan may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant. Any employee or consultant who possesses more than 10% of voting power of all classes of stock of the Company, or any parent or subsidiary, may not have options with terms exceeding f ive years from the date of grant. An aggregate of 2,370,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2024 Plan. RSUs may also be granted under the 2024 Plan, with conditions similar to those for options.

The 2020 Plan was adopted in May 2020. Employees and directors of the Company and the Bank and consultants (with restrictions) are eligible to participate in the 2020 Plan. Terms of options granted under the 2020 Plan may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant. Any employee or consultant who possesses more than 10% of voting power of all classes of stock of the Company, or any parent or subsidiary, may not have options with terms exceeding f ive years from the date of grant. An aggregate of 3,300,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan, but none remain. RSUs may have also been granted under the 2020 Plan, with conditions similar to those for options.

The 2018 Plan was adopted in May 2018. Employees and directors of the Company and the Bank and consultants (with restrictions) are eligible to participate in the 2018 Plan. Terms of options granted under the 2018 Plan may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant. Any employee or consultant who possesses more than 10% of voting power of all classes of stock of the Company, or any parent or subsidiary, may not have options with terms exceeding f ive years from the date of grant. An aggregate of 1,700,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan, but none remain. Restricted stock units may have also been granted under the 2018 Plan, with conditions similar to those for options.

During 2024, the Company granted 45,616 stock options with a vesting period of four years and a weighted average grant-date fair value of $21.92. During 2023, the Company granted 57,573 stock options with a vesting period of four years and a weighted average grant-date fair value of $17.37. During 2022, the Company granted 100,000 stock options with a vesting period of four years and a weighted average grant-date fair value of $14.01. There were no common stock options exercised in 2024. The total stock options exercised in 2023 and 2022 were 13,158 and 58,531, respectively.

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A summary of the Company’s stock options is presented below:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted-average |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | remaining |  |  |
|  |  |  | Weighted-average |  | contractual |  | Aggregate
| Options |  | exercise price |  | term (years) |  | intrinsic value
|  | (Dollars in thousands except per share data)
Outstanding at January 1, 2024 |  | 622,677 |  | $ | 15.35 |  |  | 6.90 |  | $ | 14,453,641
Granted |  | 45,616 |  |  | 43.89 |  |  | 9.12 |  |  | —
Exercised |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Expired |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Forfeited |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  | 668,293 |  |  | 17.30 |  |  | 6.12 |  |  | 23,613,391
Exercisable at December 31, 2024 |  | 504,497 |  | $ | 12.00 |  |  | 5.58 |  | $ | 20,499,784

A summary of the Company’s non-vested options under the Equity Plans as of December 31, 2024, and changes during 2024, is presented below:

|  |  |  | Weighted-average
|  |  |  | grant date
|  | Options |  | fair value
Non-Vested at January 1, 2024 |  | 257,573 |  | $ | 10.49
Granted |  | 45,616 |  |  | 21.92
Vested |  | (139,393) |  |  | 7.46
Expired |  | — |  |  | —
Forfeited |  | — |  |  | —
Non-Vested at December 31, 2024 |  | 163,796 |  | $ | 16.26

The Company granted 390,305 RSUs in 2024, of which 355,965 have a vesting period of three years and 34,340 have a vesting period of one year. At issuance, the 390,305 RSUs granted in 2024 had a fair value of $42.87 per unit. The Company granted 547,556 RSUs in 2023, of which 514,785 have a vesting period of three years and 32,771 have a vesting period of one year. At issuance, the 547,556 RSUs granted in 2023 had a fair value of $35.00 per unit. The Company granted 260,693 RSUs in 2022, of which 219,311 have a vesting period of three years and 41,382 had a vesting period of one year. At issuance, the 260,693 RSUs granted in 2022 had a fair value of $28.61 per unit.

A summary of the Company’s RSUs is presented below:

|  |  |  | Weighted-average |  | Average remaining
|  |  |  | grant date |  | contractual
|  | RSUs |  | fair value |  | term (years)
Outstanding at January 1, 2024 |  | 752,255 |  | $ | 32.53 |  |  | 1.66
Granted |  | 390,305 |  |  | 42.87 |  |  | 1.96
Vested |  | (345,390) |  |  | 30.39 |  |  | —
Forfeited |  | (2,784) |  |  | 32.32 |  |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  | 794,386 |  | $ | 38.29 |  |  | 1.44

There were 345,390 options exercised and RSUs vested in 2024, 470,149 options exercised and RSUs vested in 2023 and 641,320 options exercised and RSUs vested in 2022. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised and RSUs vested in 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $14.8 million, $16.8 million and $15.7 million, respectively. The total issuance date fair value of options that were exercised and RSUs which vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, was $10.5 million, $6.4 million, and $6.1 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, there was a total of $19.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested awards under stock-based compensation plans. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.2 years. Related compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $15.0 million, $11.4 million and $7.6 million respectively, and the related tax benefits recognized were $3.2 million, $2.4 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

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For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company estimated the fair value of each stock option grant on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes options pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Risk-free interest rate |  | 4.17% |  |  | 3.67% |  |  | 1.94%
Expected dividend yield |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Expected volatility |  | 44.76% |  |  | 45.21% |  |  | 45.10%
Expected lives (years) |  | 6.3 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 6.3

Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock and peer group comparisons over the expected life of the option. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”) rate in effect at the time of the grant. The life of the option is based on historical factors which include the contractual term, vesting period, exercise behavior and employee terminations. In accordance with the ASC 718, stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 is based on awards that are ultimately expected to vest. As only one individual has outstanding options, the Company estimates outstanding lives utilizing acceptable expedients in lieu of forfeiture history.

Note N—Transactions with Affiliates

The Bank did no t maintain any deposits for various affiliated companies as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Bank has entered into lending transactions in the ordinary course of business with directors, executive officers, principal stockholders and affiliates of such persons. All loans were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rate and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable loans with persons not related to the lender. At December 31, 2024, these loans were current as to principal and interest payments, and did not involve more than normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, loans to these related parties amounted to $6.9 million and $5.7 million, respectively.

Mr. Hersh Kozlov, a director of the Company, is a partner at Duane Morris LLP, an international law firm. The Company paid Duane Morris LLP $4,800 in 2024, $174,000 in 2023 and $1.5 million in 2022 for legal services.

Note O—Commitments and Contingencies

1. Operating Leases

As part of its cost control efforts, the Company is actively managing its facilities. The lease for its Wilmington, Delaware operations facility and its Crofton, Maryland business leasing office expire in 2028 and 2025, respectively. The lease for its Westmont (suburban Chicago), Illinois SBL office will expire in 2026. The occupied New York and Norristown sites are, respectively, loan administration and leasing offices, and the leases will expire in 2035 and 2028, respectively. The Memphis, Tennessee SBL office lease will expire in 2025. The Morrisville, North Carolina SBL loan office lease will expire in 2027. The Company also has leases for SBL and leasing business development offices in Utah that will expire in 2028. The Company’s lease in South Dakota for its prepaid and debit card division will expire in 2038.

These leases require the Company to pay the real estate taxes and insurance on the leased properties in addition to rent. The approximate future minimum annual rental payments, including any additional rents for escalation clauses, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year ending December 31, |  |  |
2025 |  | $ | 4,189
2026 |  |  | 4,148
2027 |  |  | 4,150
2028 |  |  | 2,685
2029 |  |  | 2,000
Thereafter |  |  | 17,841
|  | $ | 35,013

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Rent and related expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $5.4 million, $4.3 million and $3.7 million net of sublease rentals of approximately $406,000, $406,000 and $406,000, respectively.

2. Legal Proceedings

On June 12, 2019, the Bank was served with a qui tam lawsuit filed in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware, New Castle County. The Delaware Department of Justice intervened in the litigation. The case is titled The State of Delaware, Plaintiff, Ex rel. Russell S. Rogers, Plaintiff-Relator v. The Bancorp Bank, Interactive Communications International, Inc., and InComm Financial Services, Inc., Defendants. The lawsuit alleges that the defendants violated the Delaware False Claims Act by not paying balances on certain open-loop “Vanilla” prepaid cards to the State of Delaware as unclaimed property. The complaint seeks actual and treble damages, statutory penalties, and attorneys’ fees. The Bank has filed an answer denying the allegations and continues to vigorously defend against the claims. The Bank and other defendants previously filed a motion to dismiss the action, but the motion was denied and the case is in the midst of the first phase of discovery. The Company is unable to determine whether the ultimate resolution of the matter will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or operations.

On September 14, 2021, Cachet Financial Services (“Cachet”) filed an adversary proceeding against the Bank in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California, titled Cachet Financial Services, Plaintiff v. The Bancorp Bank, et al., Defendants. The case was filed within the context of Cachet’s pending Chapter 11 bankruptcy case. The Bank previously served as the Originating Depository Financial Institution (“ODFI”) for ACH transactions in connection with Cachet’s payroll services business. The matter arises from the Bank’s termination of its Payroll Processing ODFI Agreement with Cachet on October 23, 2019, for safety and soundness reasons. The initial complaint alleges eight causes of action: (i) breach of contract; (ii) negligence; (iii) intentional interference with contract; (iv) conversion; (v) express indemnity; (vi) implied indemnity; (vii) accounting; and (viii) objection to the Bank’s proof of claim in the bankruptcy case. On November 4, 2021, the Bank filed a motion in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California to withdraw the reference of the adversary proceeding to the bankruptcy court, which was denied in February 2023. On August 3, 2022, Cachet served the Bank with a First Amended Complaint wherein Cachet, among other things, withdraws its implied indemnity claim against the Bank and adds several defendants unaffiliated with the Bank and causes of action related to those parties. As to the Bank, Cachet seeks approximately $150 million in damages, an accounting and disallowance of the Bank’s proof of claim. The Bank is vigorously defending against these claims. On September 28, 2022, the Bank filed a partial motion to dismiss, seeking to dispose of the majority of Cachet’s claims against the Bank. On September 12, 2024, the Bank’s partial motion to dismiss, seeking to dispose of the majority of Cachet’s claims was denied on procedural grounds and without reaching the issues the Bank raised in its partial motion to dismiss. On October 31, 2024, Cachet filed its Second Amended Complaint, which as related to the Bank, is substantially similar to the First Amended Complaint; however, the Second Amended Complaint seeks only “damages in amount to be proven at trial” whereas the First Amended Complaint sought “damages in amount to be proven but in no event less than $150 million.” The Bank is vigorously defending against the Second Amended Complaint. In furtherance of such a defense, on December 17, 2024, the Bank filed its partial motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. The Company is not yet able to determine whether the ultimate resolution of this matter will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial conditions or operations.

On March 27, 2023, the Bank received a Civil Investigative Demand (“CID”) from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) seeking documents and information related to the Bank’s escheatment practices in connection with certain accounts offered through one of the Bank’s program partners. The Bank continues to cooperate with the CFPB, including by responding to the CID. While the Company remains confident in the Bank’s escheatment practices, it cannot predict the timing or final outcome of the investigation. Future costs related to this matter may be material and could continue to be material at least through the completion of the investigation.

On November 21, 2023, TBBK Card Services, Inc. (“TBBK Card”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, was served with a complaint filed in the Superior Court of the State of California, captioned People of the State of California, acting by and through San Francisco City Attorney David Chiu, Plaintiff v. InComm Financial Services, Inc., TBBK Card Services, Inc., Sutton Bank, Pathward, N.A., and Does 1-10, Defendants. The complaint principally alleges that the defendants engaged in unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business acts and practices related to the packaging of “Vanilla” prepaid cards and the refund process for unauthorized transactions that occurred due to card draining practices. On December 14, 2023, the case was removed to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. On March 26, 2024, the case was remanded to the Superior Court of the State of California. TBBK Card is vigorously defending against the claims. On May 6, 2024, TBBK Card filed a motion to quash service of summons as to

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TBBK Card for lack of personal jurisdiction, which is still pending. The Company is not yet able to determine whether the ultimate resolution of this matter will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial conditions or operations.

In addition, we are a party to various routine legal proceedings arising out of the ordinary course of our business. Management believes that none of these actions, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operations.

Note P—Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk and Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated financial statements when they become payable. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The contractual, or notional, amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.

The approximate contract amounts and maturity term of the Company’s unused credit commitments are as follows:

| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent credit risk |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 1,973,937 |  | $ | 1,785,050
Standby letters of credit |  | 1,698 |  |  | 1,698
| $ | 1,975,635 |  | $ | 1,786,748

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation. The vast majority of commitments to extend credit arise from SBLOC which are variable rate and which represent collateral values available to support additional extensions of credit, and not expected usage. Such commitments are normally based on the full amount of collateral in a customer’s investment account. The majority of such lines of credit have historically not been drawn upon.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing and similar transactions. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company holds residential or commercial real estate, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment as collateral supporting those commitments for which collateral is deemed necessary. The Company reduces any potential liability on its standby letters of credit based upon its estimate of the proceeds obtainable upon the liquidation of the collateral held. Fair values of unrecognized financial instruments, including commitments to extend credit and the fair value of letters of credit, are considered immaterial.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. CECL accounting guidance requires the establishment of an allowance for loss on such unfunded instruments. To establish that allowance, the Company generally utilizes the same methodologies as it does to establish allowances on outstanding loans, adjusted for estimated usage as appropriate.

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Note Q—Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the estimated fair value of an entity’s assets and liabilities considered to be financial instruments. For the Company, as for most financial institutions, the majority of its assets and liabilities are considered to be financial instruments. However, many such instruments lack an available trading market as characterized by a willing buyer and willing seller engaging in an exchange transaction. Also, it is the Company’s general practice and intent to hold its financial instruments to maturity whether or not categorized as “available-for-sale” and not to engage in trading or sales activities although it sold loans in 2019 and prior years and may do so in the future. For fair value disclosure purposes, the Company utilized the fair value measurement criteria of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”).

ASC 820 establishes a common definition for fair value to be applied to assets and liabilities. It clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. It also establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures concerning fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). Level 1 valuation is based on quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities to which the Company has access at the measurement date. Level 2 valuation is based on other observable inputs for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. This includes quoted prices for similar assets in active or inactive markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, credit risks, default rates, or inputs that are derived principally from, or corroborated through, observable market data by market-corroborated reports. Level 3 valuation is based on “unobservable inputs” that are the best information available in the circumstances. Assets classified as level 3 are only classified as such, when the observable inputs discussed above are not available, often as a result of thinly traded markets. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. There were no transfers between levels in 2024 and 2023. or fair value disclosure purposes, the Company utilized certain value measurement criteria required under the ASC 820, as discussed below.

Estimated fair values have been determined by the Company using the best available data and an estimation methodology it believes to be suitable for each category of financial instruments. Changes in the assumptions or methodologies used to estimate fair values may materially affect the estimated amounts. Also, there may not be reasonable comparability between institutions due to the wide range of permitted assumptions and methodologies in the absence of active markets. This lack of uniformity gives rise to a high degree of subjectivity in estimating financial instrument fair values.

Cash and cash equivalents, which are comprised of cash and due from banks and the Company’s balance at the Federal Reserve, had recorded values of $570.1 million and $1.04 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which approximated fair values.

Investment securities have estimated fair values based on quoted market prices or other observable inputs, if available. If observable inputs are not available, fair values are determined using unobservable (Level 3) inputs that are based on the best information available in the circumstances. For these investment securities, fair values are based on the present value of expected cash flows from principal and interest to maturity, or yield to call as appropriate, at the measurement date.

Commercial loans, at fair value are comprised of commercial real estate bridge loans and SBA loans which had been previously originated for sale or securitization in the secondary market, and which are now being held on the balance sheet. Commercial real estate bridge loans and SBA loans are valued using a discounted cash flow analysis based upon pricing for similar loans where market indications of the sales price of such loans are not available. SBA loans are valued on a pooled basis and commercial real estate bridge loans are valued individually.

Loans, net have an estimated fair value using the present value of future cash flows. The discount rate used in these calculations is the estimated current market rate adjusted for borrower-specific credit risk. The carrying value of accrued interest approximates fair value.

For OREO, market value is based upon appraisals of the underlying collateral by third-party appraisers, reduced by 7% to 10% for estimated selling costs.

131

Federal Reserve, FHLB, and ACBB stock, are held as required by those respective institutions and are carried at cost. Each of these institutions require their members to hold stock as a condition of membership. While a fixed stock amount is required by each of these institutions, the FHLB stock requirement periodically increases or decreases with varying levels of borrowing activity.

Deposits (comprised of interest and non-interest-bearing checking accounts, savings, and certain types of money market accounts) are equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (generally, their carrying amounts). The fair values of securities sold under agreements to repurchase and short-term borrowings are equal to their carrying amounts as they are overnight borrowings. There were no short-term borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Time deposits, when outstanding, senior debt and subordinated debentures have a fair value estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current interest rates to discount expected cash flows. There were no time deposits outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Long-term borrowings resulted from sold loans which did not qualify for true sale accounting. They are presented in the principal amount of such loans.

Interest rate swaps are either assets or liabilities and have a fair value which is estimated using models that use readily observable market inputs and a market standard methodology applied to the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity and the applicable interest rate index.

The fair value of commitments to extend credit is estimated based on the amount of unamortized deferred loan commitment fees. The fair value of letters of credit is based on the amount of unearned fees plus the estimated cost to terminate the letters of credit. Fair values of unrecognized financial instruments, including commitments to extend credit, and the fair value of letters of credit are considered immaterial. Fair value information for specific balance sheet categories is as follows.

| December 31, 2024
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Quoted prices |  | Significant |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | in active |  | other |  | Significant
|  |  |  |  |  |  | markets for |  | observable |  | unobservable
| Carrying |  | Estimated |  | identical assets |  | inputs |  | inputs
| amount |  | fair value |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Investment securities, available-for-sale | $ | 1,502,860 |  | $ | 1,502,860 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,499,398 |  | $ | 3,462
Federal Reserve, FHLB and ACBB stock |  | 15,642 |  |  | 15,642 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,642
Commercial loans, at fair value |  | 223,115 |  |  | 223,115 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 223,115
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs |  | 6,113,628 |  |  | 5,998,293 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,998,293
Accrued interest receivable |  | 41,713 |  |  | 41,713 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,713 |  |  | —
Demand and interest checking |  | 7,434,212 |  |  | 7,434,212 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,434,212 |  |  | —
Savings and money market |  | 311,834 |  |  | 311,834 |  |  | — |  |  | 311,834 |  |  | —
Senior debt |  | 96,214 |  |  | 99,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 99,000 |  |  | —
Subordinated debentures |  | 13,401 |  |  | 11,320 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,320
Other long-term borrowings |  | 14,081 |  |  | 14,081 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,081 |  |  | —
Accrued interest payable |  | 2,612 |  |  | 2,612 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,612 |  |  | —

132

| December 31, 2023
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Quoted prices |  | Significant |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | in active |  | other |  | Significant
|  |  |  |  |  |  | markets for |  | observable |  | unobservable
| Carrying |  | Estimated |  | identical assets |  | inputs |  | inputs
| amount |  | fair value |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Investment securities, available-for-sale | $ | 747,534 |  | $ | 747,534 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 735,463 |  | $ | 12,071
Federal Reserve, FHLB and ACBB stock |  | 15,591 |  |  | 15,591 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,591
Commercial loans, at fair value |  | 332,766 |  |  | 332,766 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 332,766
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs |  | 5,361,139 |  |  | 5,329,436 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,329,436
Accrued interest receivable |  | 37,534 |  |  | 37,534 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,534 |  |  | —
Interest rate swaps, asset |  | 285 |  |  | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | —
Demand and interest checking |  | 6,630,251 |  |  | 6,630,251 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,630,251 |  |  | —
Savings and money market |  | 50,659 |  |  | 50,659 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,659 |  |  | —
Senior debt |  | 95,859 |  |  | 96,539 |  |  | — |  |  | 96,539 |  |  | —
Subordinated debentures |  | 13,401 |  |  | 11,470 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,470
Other long-term borrowings |  | 38,561 |  |  | 38,561 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,561 |  |  | —
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  | 42 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Accrued interest payable |  | 1,060 |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | —

Other assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, segregated by fair value hierarchy, are summarized below (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  |  | Quoted prices in active |  | Significant other |  | Significant
|  |  |  | markets for identical |  | observable |  | unobservable
| Fair value |  | assets |  | inputs |  | inputs
| December 31, 2024 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Investment securities, available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency securities | $ | 29,962 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 29,962 |  | $ | —
Asset-backed securities |  | 214,499 |  |  | — |  |  | 214,499 |  |  | —
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 35,620 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,620 |  |  | —
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 433,419 |  |  | — |  |  | 433,419 |  |  | —
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  | 26,152 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,152 |  |  | —
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 763,208 |  |  | — |  |  | 759,746 |  |  | 3,462
Total investment securities, available-for-sale |  | 1,502,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,499,398 |  |  | 3,462
Commercial loans, at fair value |  | 223,115 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 223,115
| $ | 1,725,975 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,499,398 |  | $ | 226,577

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  |  | Quoted prices in active |  | Significant other |  | Significant
|  |  |  | markets for identical |  | observable |  | unobservable
| Fair value |  | assets |  | inputs |  | inputs
| December 31, 2023 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
| . |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities, available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency securities | $ | 33,886 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 33,886 |  | $ | —
Asset-backed securities |  | 325,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 325,353 |  |  | —
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 47,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,237 |  |  | —
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 160,767 |  |  | — |  |  | 160,767 |  |  | —
Collateralized mortgage obligation securities |  | 34,038 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,038 |  |  | —
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 146,253 |  |  | — |  |  | 134,182 |  |  | 12,071
Total investment securities, available-for-sale |  | 747,534 |  |  | — |  |  | 735,463 |  |  | 12,071
Commercial loans, at fair value |  | 332,766 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 332,766
Interest rate swaps, asset |  | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | —
| $ | 1,080,585 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 735,748 |  | $ | 344,837

133

The Company’s Level 3 asset activity for the categories shown for the years 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Fair Value Measurements Using
|  | Significant Unobservable Inputs
|  | (Level 3)
| Available-for-sale |  | Commercial loans,
| securities |  | at fair value
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Beginning balance | $ | 12,071 |  | $ | 20,023 |  | $ | 332,766 |  | $ | 589,143
Transfers to OREO |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,863) |  |  | (2,686)
Total net gains or (losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,016 |  |  | 3,869
Included in earnings (included in credit loss) |  | — |  |  | (10,000) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Included in other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 503 |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Purchases, advances, sales and settlements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134,256
Settlements |  | (9,112) |  |  | — |  |  | (109,804) |  |  | (391,816)
Ending balance | $ | 3,462 |  | $ | 12,071 |  | $ | 223,115 |  | $ | 332,766
Total losses year-to-date included |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
in earnings attributable to the change in |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
held at the reporting date as shown above. | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (683) |  | $ | (3,085)

The Company’s OREO activity is summarized below (dollars in thousands) as of the dates indicated:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Beginning balance | $ | 16,949 |  | $ | 21,210
Transfer from loans, net |  | 42,120 |  |  | —
Transfer from commercial loans, at fair value |  | 2,863 |  |  | 2,686
Advances |  | 1,695 |  |  | —
Write-downs |  | — |  |  | (1,147)
Sales |  | (1,602) |  |  | (5,800)
Ending balance | $ | 62,025 |  | $ | 16,949

Information related to fair values of Level 3 balance sheet categories is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Fair value at |  |  |  |  |  | Range at |  | Weighted average at
Level 3 instruments only |  | December 31, 2024 |  | Valuation techniques |  | Unobservable inputs |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2024
Commercial mortgage-backed investment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
security(1) |  | $ | 3,462 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 9.45% |  | 9.45%
Commercial - SBA(2) |  |  | 89,902 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 6.77% |  | 6.77%
Non-SBA commercial real estate(3) |  |  | 133,213 |  | Discounted cash flow and appraisal |  | Discount rate |  | 6.80%-11.50% |  | 8.77%
Commercial loans, at fair value |  |  | 223,115 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OREO(4) |  |  | 62,025 |  | Appraised value |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A

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|  | Fair value at |  |  |  |  |  | Range at |  | Weighted average at
Level 3 instruments only |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Valuation techniques |  | Unobservable inputs |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2023
Commercial mortgage-backed investment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
security |  | $ | 12,071 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 14.00% |  | 14.00%
Commercial - SBA |  |  | 119,287 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 7.46% |  | 7.46%
Non-SBA commercial real estate - fixed |  |  | 162,674 |  | Discounted cash flow and appraisal |  | Discount rate |  | 8.00%-12.30% |  | 8.76%
Non-SBA commercial real estate - floating |  |  | 50,805 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 9.30%-16.50% |  | 14.19%
Commercial loans, at fair value |  |  | 332,766 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OREO |  |  | 16,949 |  | Appraised value |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A

The valuations for each of the instruments above, as of the balance sheet date, are sensitive to judgments, assumptions and uncertainties, changes in which could have a significant impact on such valuations. Weighted averages were calculated using the discount rate for each individual security or loan weighted by its par value, except for SBA loans. For SBA loans, traders’ pricing indications based on loan seasoning were weighted. For commercial loans recorded at fair value, changes in fair value are reflected in the income statement. Changes in the fair value of securities which are unrelated to credit are recorded through equity. Changes in the value of subordinated debentures are a disclosure item, without impact on the financial statements. Changes in the fair value of loans recorded at amortized cost which are unrelated to credit are also a disclosure item, without impact on the financial statements. The notes below refer to the December 31, 2024 table.

(1) Commercial mortgage-backed investment security, consisting of a single bank-issued CRE security, is valued using discounted cash flow analysis. The discount rate and prepayment rate applied are based upon market observations and actual experience for comparable securities and implicitly assume market averages for defaults and loss severities. The CRE-2 security has significant credit enhancement, or protection from other subordinated tranches in the issue, which limits the valuation exposure to credit losses. Nonetheless, increases in expected default rates or loss severities on the loans underlying the issue could reduce its value. In market environments in which investors demand greater yield compensation for credit risk, the discount rate applied would ordinarily be higher and the valuation lower. Changes in loss experience could also change the interest earned on this holding in future periods and impact its fair value. As a single security, the weighted average rate shown is the actual rate applied to the CRE-2 security. For additional information related to this security see “Note E—Loans”.

(2) Commercial – SBA Loans are comprised of the government guaranteed portion of SBA-insured loans. Their valuation is based upon the yield derived from dealer pricing indications for guaranteed pools, adjusted for seasoning and prepayments. A limited number of broker-dealers originate the pooled securities for which the loans are purchased and as a result, prices can fluctuate based on such limited market demand, although the government guarantee has resulted in consistent historical demand. Valuations are impacted by prepayment assumptions resulting from both voluntary payoffs and defaults. Such assumptions for these seasoned loans are based on a seasoning vector for constant prepayment rates from 3% to 30% over life.

(3) Non-SBA commercial real estate – These loans are primarily bridge loans designed to provide property owners time and funding for property improvements. They are fair valued by a third party, based upon discounting at market rates for similar loans. Discount rates used in applying discounted cash flow analysis utilize input based upon loan terms, the general level of interest rates and the quality of the credit. Deterioration in loan performance or other credit weaknesses could result in fair value ranges which would be dependent upon potential buyers’ tolerance for such weaknesses and are difficult to estimate.

(4) For OREO, fair value is based upon appraisals of the underlying collateral by third party appraisers, reduced by 7% to 10% for estimated selling costs. Such appraisals reflect estimates of amounts realizable upon property sales based on the sale of comparable properties and other factors. Actual sales prices may vary based upon the identification of potential purchasers, changing conditions in local real estate markets and the level of interest rates required to finance purchases.

135

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, segregated by fair value hierarchy, at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized below (dollars in thousands). The non-accrual loans in the following table are treated as collateral dependent to the extent they have resulted from borrower financial difficulty (and not from administrative delays or other mitigating factors), and are not brought current. For non-accrual loans, the Company establishes a reserve in the allowance for credit losses for deficiencies between estimated collateral and loan carrying values.

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  |  | Quoted prices in active |  | Significant other |  | Significant
|  |  |  | markets for identical |  | observable |  | unobservable
| Fair value |  | assets |  | inputs |  | inputs(1)
Description | December 31, 2024 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Collateral dependent loans with specific reserves(1) | $ | 6,587 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,587
OREO |  | 62,025 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,025
| $ | 68,612 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 68,612

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  |  | Quoted prices in active |  | Significant other |  | Significant
|  |  |  | markets for identical |  | observable |  | unobservable
| Fair value |  | assets |  | inputs |  | inputs(1)
Description | December 31, 2023 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Collateral dependent loans with specific reserves(1) | $ | 8,944 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,944
OREO |  | 16,949 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,949
| $ | 25,893 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 25,893

(1) The method of valuation approach for the loans evaluated for an allowance for credit losses on an individual loan basis and also for OREO was the market approach based upon appraisals of the underlying collateral by external appraisers, reduced by 7% to 10% for estimated selling costs.

At December 31, 2024, principal on collateral dependent loans, which is accounted for on the basis of the value of underlying collateral, is shown in the above table at an estimated fair value of $6.6 million. To arrive at that fair value, related loan principal of $10.9 million was reduced by specific allowances of $4.3 million within the ACL, as of that date, representing the deficiency between principal and estimated collateral values, which were reduced by estimated costs to sell. When the deficiency is deemed uncollectible, it is charged off by reducing the specific allowance and decreasing principal. At December 31, 2023, principal on loans individually evaluated for an ACL, that is accounted for on the basis of the value of underlying collateral, is shown in the above table at an estimated fair value of $8.9 million. To arrive at that fair value, related loan principal of $11.8 million was reduced by specific allowances of $2.9 million within the ACL, as of that date, representing the deficiency between principal and estimated collateral values, which were reduced by estimated costs to sell. Valuation techniques consistent with the market and/or cost approach were used to measure fair value and primarily included observable inputs for the individual loans being evaluated such as recent sales of similar collateral or observable market data for operational or carrying costs. In cases where such inputs were unobservable, the loan balance is reflected within the Level 3 hierarchy.

Note R—Regulatory Matters

##### It is the policy of the Federal Reserve that financial holding companies should pay cash dividends on common stock only from income available over the past year and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition. The policy provides that financial holding companies should not maintain a level of cash dividends that undermines the financial holding company’s ability to serve as a source of strength to its banking subsidiaries.

##### Various federal and state statutory provisions limit the amount of dividends that subsidiary banks can pay to their holding companies without regulatory approval. Without the prior approval of the OCC, a dividend may not be paid if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year is in excess of the current year’s net income combined with the retained net income of the two preceding years. Additionally, a dividend may not be paid in excess of a bank’s retained earnings. Moreover, an insured depository institution may not pay a dividend if the payment would cause it to be less than “adequately capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework as defined in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or if the institution is in default in the payment of an assessment due to the FDIC. Similarly, a banking organization that fails to satisfy regulatory minimum capital conservation buffer requirements will be subject to certain limitations, which include restrictions on capital distributions.

136

In addition to these explicit limitations, federal and state regulatory agencies are authorized to prohibit a banking subsidiary or financial holding company from engaging in an unsafe or unsound practice. Depending upon the circumstances, the agencies could take the position that paying a dividend would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice.

##### The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification of the Company and the Bank are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Moreover, capital requirements may be modified based upon regulatory rules or by regulatory discretion at any time reflecting a variety of factors including deterioration in asset quality.

137

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | To be well
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | capitalized under
|  |  |  |  |  |  | For capital |  | prompt corrective
|  | Actual |  |  | adequacy purposes |  | action provisions
|  | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. | $ | 840,139 |  | 14.46% |  | $ | 464,739 |  | >=8.00 |  | N/A |  | N/A
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 921,743 |  | 15.87% |  |  | 464,596 |  | 8.00 |  | 580,745 |  | >= 10.00%
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. |  | 806,167 |  | 13.88% |  |  | 348,554 |  | >=6.00 |  | N/A |  | N/A
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 887,771 |  | 15.29% |  |  | 348,447 |  | 6.00 |  | 464,596 |  | >= 8.00%
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to average assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. |  | 806,167 |  | 9.41% |  |  | 342,810 |  | >=4.00 |  | N/A |  | N/A
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 887,771 |  | 10.38% |  |  | 342,164 |  | 4.00 |  | 427,705 |  | >= 5.00%
Common equity tier 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. |  | 806,167 |  | 13.88% |  |  | 232,370 |  | >=4.00 |  | N/A |  | N/A
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 887,771 |  | 15.29% |  |  | 261,335 |  | 4.50 |  | 377,484 |  | >= 6.50%
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. | $ | 855,599 |  | 16.23% |  | $ | 421,660 |  | >=8.00 |  | N/A |  | N/A
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 941,646 |  | 17.92% |  |  | 420,430 |  | 8.00 |  | 525,538 |  | >= 10.00%
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. |  | 825,597 |  | 15.66% |  |  | 316,245 |  | >=6.00 |  | N/A |  | N/A
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 911,644 |  | 17.35% |  |  | 315,323 |  | 6.00 |  | 420,430 |  | >= 8.00%
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to average assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. |  | 825,597 |  | 11.19% |  |  | 295,246 |  | >=4.00 |  | N/A |  | N/A
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 911,644 |  | 12.37% |  |  | 294,736 |  | 4.00 |  | 368,420 |  | >= 5.00%
Common equity tier 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Bancorp, Inc. |  | 825,597 |  | 15.66% |  |  | 210,830 |  | >=4.00 |  | N/A |  | N/A
The Bancorp Bank, National Association |  | 911,644 |  | 17.35% |  |  | 236,492 |  | 4.50 |  | 341,600 |  | >= 6.50%

As of December 31, 2024, the Bank met all regulatory requirements for classification as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.

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Note S—Condensed Financial Information—Parent Only

Condensed Balance Sheets

|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 10,650 |  | $ | 8,895
Investment in subsidiaries |  |  | 871,388 |  |  | 893,328
Other assets |  |  | 21,107 |  |  | 16,550
Total assets |  | $ | 903,145 |  | $ | 918,773
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 3,747 |  | $ | 2,232
Senior debt |  |  | 96,214 |  |  | 95,859
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 13,401 |  |  | 13,401
Shareholders' equity |  |  | 789,783 |  |  | 807,281
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 903,145 |  | $ | 918,773

Condensed Statements of Operations

|  | For the year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend income from subsidiary |  | $ | 259,000 |  | $ | 100,000 |  | $ | 15,000
Other income |  |  | 34 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 10
Total income |  |  | 259,034 |  |  | 100,329 |  |  | 15,010
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on subordinated debentures |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | 657
Interest on senior debt |  |  | 4,935 |  |  | 5,027 |  |  | 5,118
Non-interest expense |  |  | 15,701 |  |  | 12,589 |  |  | 8,520
Total expense |  |  | 21,791 |  |  | 18,737 |  |  | 14,295
Income tax benefit |  |  | (4,568) |  |  | (3,864) |  |  | (2,999)
Equity in undistributed (loss) income of subsidiaries |  |  | (24,271) |  |  | 106,840 |  |  | 126,499
Net income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 217,540 |  | $ | 192,296 |  | $ | 130,213

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 217,540 |  | $ | 192,296 |  | $ | 130,213
Net amortization of investment securities discounts/premiums |  |  | 355 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 368
Increase in other assets |  |  | (4,557) |  |  | (3,534) |  |  | (1,692)
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities |  |  | 1,515 |  |  | (45) |  |  | 27
Stock based compensation expense |  |  | 14,983 |  |  | 11,392 |  |  | 7,592
Equity in undistributed loss (income) |  |  | 24,271 |  |  | (106,840) |  |  | (126,499)
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | 254,107 |  |  | 93,351 |  |  | 10,009
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from the exercise of common stock options |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | 320
Redemptions of senior debt offering |  |  | — |  |  | (3,273) |  |  | —
Repurchases of common stock |  |  | (252,352) |  |  | (99,999) |  |  | (60,000)
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (252,352) |  |  | (103,168) |  |  | (59,680)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 1,755 |  |  | (9,817) |  |  | (49,671)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year |  |  | 8,895 |  |  | 18,712 |  |  | 68,383
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year |  | $ | 10,650 |  | $ | 8,895 |  | $ | 18,712

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Note T—Segment Financials

The Company’s operations can be classified under three segments: fintech, specialty finance (three sub-segments), and corporate. The chief operating decision maker for these segments is the Chief Executive Officer. The fintech segment includes the deposit balances and non-interest income generated by prepaid, debit and other card accessed accounts, ACH proccessing and other payments related processing. It also includes loan balances and interest and non-interest income from credit products generated through payment relationships. Specialty finance includes: (i) REBL (real estate bridge lending) comprised primarily of apartment building rehabilitation loans (ii) institutional banking comprised primarily of security-backed lines of credit, cash value insurance policy-backed lines of credit and advisor financing and (iii) commercial loans comprised primarily of SBA loans and direct lease financing. It also includes deposits generated by those business lines. Corporate includes the Company’s investment securities, corporate overhead and expenses which have not been allocated to segments. Expenses not allocated include certain management, board oversight, administrative, legal, IT and technology infrastructure, human resouces, audit, regulatory and CRA, finance and accounting, marketing and other corporate expenses.

In the segment reporting below, a non-GAAP subtotal is shown, captioned “Income before non-interest expense allocation”. That subtotal presents income before consideration of allocated corporate expenses which might be fixed, semi-fixed or otherwise resist changes without regard to a particular line of business. It also reflects a market-based allocation of interest expense to financing segments which utilize funding from deposits generated by the fintech segment, which earns offsetting interest income. That allocation is shown in the “Interest allocation” line item. The rate utilized for the allocation corresponds to an estimated average of the three year FHLB rate. The fintech segment interest expense line item consists of interest expense actually incurred to generate its deposits, which is the Company’s actual cost of funds. That actual cost is allocated to the corporate segment which requires funding for the Company’s investment securities portfolio.

The more significant non-interest expense categories correspond to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and include salaries and employee benefits, data processing and software expenses that are incurred directly by those segments. Expenses incurred by departments which provide support services to the segments also include those categories of expense and others which are allocated to segments based on estimated usage. Those support department allocations are reflected in the “Risk, financial crimes and compliance” and “Information technology and operations” line items. Other expenses not shown separately are monitored for purposes of expense management, but, unless atypically high, are ordinarily of lesser significance than the categories noted above.

For the fintech segment, deposit growth and the cost thereof and non-interest income growth, are factors in the decision making process and are respectively reported in the consolidated statemens of operations. For specialty finance, loan growth and related yields are factors in decision making. Comparative loan balance information measuring loan growth is presented in Note-E Loans. In addition to consideration of the above profitability and growth aspects of its operations, decision making is focused on the management of current and future potential risks. Such risks include, but are not limited to, credit, interest rate, liquidity, regulatory, and reputation. The loan committee provides support and oversight for credit risk, while the asset liability committee provides support and oversight over pricing, duration and liquidity. The risk committee provides further oversight over those and others including regulatory, reputation and other risks.

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The following tables provide segment information for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

| For the year ended December 31, 2024
|  | Fintech |  | REBL |  | Institutional Banking |  | Commercial |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 214 |  | $ | 207,062 |  | $ | 121,522 |  | $ | 124,490 |  |  | $ | 98,304 |  | $ | 551,592
Interest allocation |  |  | 261,484 |  |  | (98,064) |  |  | (69,942) |  |  | (69,960) |  |  |  | (23,518) |  |  | —
Interest expense |  |  | 156,271 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,962 |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 15,083 |  |  | 175,351
Net interest income |  |  | 105,427 |  |  | 108,998 |  |  | 47,618 |  |  | 54,495 |  |  |  | 59,703 |  |  | 376,241
Provision for credit losses(1) |  |  | 19,619 |  |  | 2,159 |  |  | 763 |  |  | 6,416 |  |  |  | (1,615) |  |  | 27,342
Non-interest income(1) |  |  | 136,542 |  |  | 3,264 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 5,541 |  |  |  | 924 |  |  | 146,482
Direct non-interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 15,577 |  |  | 3,996 |  |  | 9,659 |  |  | 18,323 |  |  |  | 84,042 |  |  | 131,597
Data processing expense |  |  | 1,552 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 2,329 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 1,609 |  |  | 5,666
Software |  |  | 486 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 2,962 |  |  | 1,777 |  |  |  | 12,584 |  |  | 17,913
Other |  |  | 9,203 |  |  | 4,719 |  |  | 2,093 |  |  | 7,698 |  |  |  | 24,336 |  |  | 48,049
Income before non-interest expense allocations |  |  | 195,532 |  |  | 101,115 |  |  | 30,023 |  |  | 25,815 |  |  |  | (60,329) |  |  | 292,156
Non-interest expense allocations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk, financial crimes, and compliance |  |  | 26,922 |  |  | 2,177 |  |  | 3,017 |  |  | 4,921 |  |  |  | (37,037) |  |  | —
Information technology and operations |  |  | 13,732 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 5,993 |  |  | 7,444 |  |  |  | (27,892) |  |  | —
Other allocated expenses |  |  | 15,814 |  |  | 3,021 |  |  | 6,574 |  |  | 7,070 |  |  |  | (32,479) |  |  | —
Total non-interest expense allocations |  |  | 56,468 |  |  | 5,921 |  |  | 15,584 |  |  | 19,435 |  |  |  | (97,408) |  |  | —
Income before taxes |  |  | 139,064 |  |  | 95,194 |  |  | 14,439 |  |  | 6,380 |  |  |  | 37,079 |  |  | 292,156
Income tax expense |  |  | 35,516 |  |  | 24,312 |  |  | 3,688 |  |  | 1,629 |  |  |  | 9,471 |  |  | 74,616
Net income |  | $ | 103,548 |  | $ | 70,882 |  | $ | 10,751 |  | $ | 4,751 |  |  | $ | 27,608 |  | $ | 217,540

(1) In 2024, lending agreements related to consumer fintech loans had certain charge-offs accounted for as freestanding credit enhancements which resulted in the Company recording a $19.6 million provision for credit losses and a correlated amount in non-interest income resulting in no impact to net income.

| For the year ended December 31, 2023 as restated
|  | Fintech |  | REBL |  | Institutional Banking |  | Commercial |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 110 |  | $ | 194,419 |  | $ | 136,069 |  | $ | 102,596 |  |  | $ | 76,313 |  | $ | 509,507
Interest allocation |  |  | 264,820 |  |  | (97,941) |  |  | (84,807) |  |  | (68,487) |  |  |  | (13,585) |  |  | —
Interest expense |  |  | 139,500 |  |  | 507 |  |  | 4,355 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,093 |  |  | 155,455
Net interest income |  |  | 125,430 |  |  | 95,971 |  |  | 46,907 |  |  | 34,109 |  |  |  | 51,635 |  |  | 354,052
Provision for credit losses |  |  | — |  |  | 1,529 |  |  | (25) |  |  | 7,222 |  |  |  | 9,604 |  |  | 18,330
Non-interest income |  |  | 99,376 |  |  | 6,037 |  |  | 760 |  |  | 6,881 |  |  |  | (960) |  |  | 112,094
Direct non-interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 13,666 |  |  | 3,607 |  |  | 9,680 |  |  | 16,480 |  |  |  | 77,622 |  |  | 121,055
Data processing expense |  |  | 1,309 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 2,358 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1,622 |  |  | 5,447
Software |  |  | 552 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 2,951 |  |  | 1,341 |  |  |  | 12,406 |  |  | 17,349
Other |  |  | 9,554 |  |  | 3,693 |  |  | 1,923 |  |  | 8,310 |  |  |  | 23,711 |  |  | 47,191
Income before non-interest expense allocations |  |  | 199,725 |  |  | 92,927 |  |  | 30,780 |  |  | 7,632 |  |  |  | (74,290) |  |  | 256,774
Non-interest expense allocations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk, financial crimes, and compliance |  |  | 25,803 |  |  | 1,221 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | 2,473 |  |  |  | (31,238) |  |  | —
Information technology and operations |  |  | 13,189 |  |  | 805 |  |  | 6,928 |  |  | 6,488 |  |  |  | (27,410) |  |  | —
Other allocated expenses |  |  | 11,598 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 5,895 |  |  | 5,928 |  |  |  | (25,705) |  |  | —
Total non-interest expense allocations |  |  | 50,590 |  |  | 4,310 |  |  | 14,564 |  |  | 14,889 |  |  |  | (84,353) |  |  | —
Income before taxes |  |  | 149,135 |  |  | 88,617 |  |  | 16,216 |  |  | (7,257) |  |  |  | 10,063 |  |  | 256,774
Income tax expense |  |  | 37,449 |  |  | 22,252 |  |  | 4,072 |  |  | (1,822) |  |  |  | 2,527 |  |  | 64,478
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 111,686 |  | $ | 66,365 |  | $ | 12,144 |  | $ | (5,435) |  |  | $ | 7,536 |  | $ | 192,296

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| For the year ended December 31, 2022 as restated
|  | Fintech |  | REBL |  | Institutional Banking |  | Commercial |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 113 |  | $ | 108,934 |  | $ | 89,623 |  | $ | 74,834 |  |  | $ | 34,791 |  | $ | 308,295
Interest allocation |  |  | 205,174 |  |  | (73,050) |  |  | (82,414) |  |  | (49,326) |  |  |  | (384) |  |  | —
Interest expense |  |  | 42,883 |  |  | 1,004 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,488 |  |  | 59,454
Net interest income |  |  | 162,404 |  |  | 34,880 |  |  | 5,130 |  |  | 25,508 |  |  |  | 20,919 |  |  | 248,841
Provision for credit losses |  |  | — |  |  | 2,056 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 2,593 |  |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 7,108
Non-interest income |  |  | 86,313 |  |  | 11,494 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 5,200 |  |  |  | 2,578 |  |  | 105,683
Direct non-interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 11,553 |  |  | 1,974 |  |  | 8,953 |  |  | 14,440 |  |  |  | 68,448 |  |  | 105,368
Data processing expense |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 2,164 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1,628 |  |  | 4,972
Software |  |  | 555 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 2,600 |  |  | 1,233 |  |  |  | 11,724 |  |  | 16,211
Other |  |  | 9,463 |  |  | 1,816 |  |  | 2,182 |  |  | 7,457 |  |  |  | 22,033 |  |  | 42,951
Income before non-interest expense allocations |  |  | 226,128 |  |  | 40,272 |  |  | (11,330) |  |  | 4,980 |  |  |  | (82,136) |  |  | 177,914
Non-interest expense allocations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk, financial crimes, and compliance |  |  | 23,466 |  |  | 1,035 |  |  | 1,474 |  |  | 2,089 |  |  |  | (28,064) |  |  | —
Information technology and operations |  |  | 12,263 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 5,805 |  |  | 5,247 |  |  |  | (24,112) |  |  | —
Other allocated expenses |  |  | 11,212 |  |  | 2,150 |  |  | 4,902 |  |  | 5,388 |  |  |  | (23,652) |  |  | —
Total non-interest expense allocations |  |  | 46,941 |  |  | 3,982 |  |  | 12,181 |  |  | 12,724 |  |  |  | (75,828) |  |  | —
Income (loss) before taxes |  |  | 179,187 |  |  | 36,290 |  |  | (23,511) |  |  | (7,744) |  |  |  | (6,308) |  |  | 177,914
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 48,042 |  |  | 9,730 |  |  | (6,304) |  |  | (2,076) |  |  |  | (1,691) |  |  | 47,701
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 131,145 |  | $ | 26,560 |  | $ | (17,207) |  | $ | (5,668) |  |  | $ | (4,617) |  | $ | 130,213

| December 31, 2024
|  | Fintech |  | REBL |  | Institutional Banking |  | Commercial |  | Corporate |  | Total
Total assets |  | $ | 518,371 |  | $ | 2,300,817 |  | $ | 1,855,016 |  | $ | 1,676,241 |  |  | $ | 2,377,098 |  | $ | 8,727,543
Total liabilities |  | $ | 6,885,456 |  | $ | 2,116 |  | $ | 434,283 |  | $ | 8,309 |  |  | $ | 607,596 |  | $ | 7,937,760

| December 31, 2023 as restated
|  | Fintech |  | REBL |  | Institutional Banking |  | Commercial |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
Total assets |  | $ | 42,769 |  | $ | 2,208,030 |  | $ | 1,867,702 |  | $ | 1,468,654 |  |  | $ | 2,118,540 |  | $ | 7,705,695
Total liabilities |  | $ | 6,412,911 |  | $ | 3,258 |  | $ | 186,503 |  | $ | 9,718 |  |  | $ | 286,024 |  | $ | 6,898,414

ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

ITEM 9A. Contr ols and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Because of inherent limitations, disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of disclosure controls and procedures are met.

Under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that

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evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable level of assurance as of December 31, 2024.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company’s management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate due to changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Crowe LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report dated March 3, 2025 below.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
‎

143

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and the Board of Directors of The Bancorp. Inc.

Wilmington, Delaware

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited The Bancorp, Inc’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements") and our report dated March 3, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ CROWE LLP

Washington, D.C

March 3, 2025

‎

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ITEM 9B. Other Information.

During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. D isclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The information required by this Item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2025 Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated by reference herein.

The Board has adopted the Bancorp, Inc. Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (the “Code of Ethics”), which applies to all directors, officers and employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and other designated financial employees. The Code of Ethics is available on the Company’s website at www.thebancorp.com. Any amendment to or waiver from a provision of the Code of Ethics will be disclosed by posting information regarding the amendment or waiver on the Company’s website.

The Company has adopted insider trading policies and procedures regarding securities transactions (the “Insider Trading Policy”) that applies to all officers, directors, employees, consultants and contractors of the Company and its subsidiaries, as well as the Company itself. The Company believes that the Insider Trading Policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations with respect to the purchase, sale and/or other dispositions of the Company’s securities, as well as the applicable rules and regulations of NASDAQ. A copy of the Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this Item will be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this Item will be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this Item will be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

The information required by this Item will be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference herein.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

1. Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2024 and 2023

Consolidated Statement of Operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Financial Statement Schedules

None.

3. Exhibits

146

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation filed July 20, 1999, amended July 27, 1999, amended June 7, 2001, and amended October 8, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed July 15, 2004)
3.1.2 |  | Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation filed July 30, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2016)
3.1.3 |  | Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation filed Ma y 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2016)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 29, 2024)
4.1 |  | Description o f Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 1, 2022)
4.2 |  | Specimen Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4/A filed September 28, 2004)
4.3 |  | Indenture, dated as of August 13, 2020, by and between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 13, 2020)
4.4 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 13, 2020, by and between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 13, 2020)
10.1.1+ |  | The Bancorp, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed May 17, 2018)
10.1.2+ 10.2+ |  | First Amendment to The Bancorp, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed May 17, 2018) The Bancorp, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 8, 2024)
10.3+ 10.4 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed May 17, 2018) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 30, 2024)
10.5+ |  | The Bancorp, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 14, 2020)
10.6+ |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 14, 2020)
10.7+ |  | Form on Non-Qualified Stock Option Award (non-employee directors) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 14, 2020)
10.8+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 14, 2020)
16.1 |  | Letter from Grant Thornton LLP to the Securities and Exchange Commission dated March 8, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 16.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 8, 2024)
19.1* |  | Insider Trading Policy

‎

147

21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 29, 2024)
23.1* |  | Consent of Cr owe LLP
23.2* |  | Consent of Grant Thornton LLP
31.1* |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications
31.2* |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications
32.1* |  | Section 1350 Certifications
32.2* |  | Section 1350 Certifications
97.0 |  | Executive Compensation Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.0 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 29, 2024)
101.SCH** |  | Inline XBRL Schema Document
101.CAL** |  | Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF** |  | Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB** |  | Inline XBRL Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE** |  | Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
101.INS** |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document
104 |  | The cover page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 3, 2025 is formatted in Inline XBRL.

* |  | Filed herewith.
** |  | Submitted as Exhibits 101 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K are documents formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, these interactive data files are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act or Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and otherwise are not subject to liability.
+ |  | Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.
|  | Bancorp, Inc. hereby agrees to furnish to the SEC, upon request, the instruments defining the rights of holders of each issue of its long-term debt and that of its consolidated subsidiaries.

‎

148

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

None.

‎

149

SIGNATU RES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | The Bancorp, Inc.
March 3, 2025 | By: | /s/ Damian M. Kozlowski
|  | DAMIAN M. KOZLOWSKI
Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

/s/ Damian M. Kozlowski |  | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director |  | March 3, 2025
DAMIAN M. KOZLOWSKI |  | (principal executive officer) |  |
/s/ Paul Frenkiel |  | Chief Financial Officer and Secretary |  | March 3, 2025
PAUL FRENKIEL |  | (principal financial and accounting officer) |  |
/s/ James J. McEntee III |  | Director |  | March 3, 2025
JAMES J. MCENTEE III |  |  |  |
/s/ Matthew Cohn |  | Director |  | March 3, 2025
MATTHEW COHN |  |  |  |
/s/ William H. Lamb |  | Director |  | March 3, 2025
WILLIAM H. LAMB |  |  |  |
/s/ Hersh Kozlov |  | Director |  | March 3, 2025
HERSH KOZLOV |  |  |  |
/s/ Mark Tryniski |  | Director |  | March 3, 2025
MARK TRYNISKI |  |  |  |
/s/ Todd J. Brockman |  | Director |  | March 3, 2025
TODD J. BROCKMAN |  |  |  |
/s/ Stephanie B. Mudick |  | Director |  | March 3, 2025
STEPHANIE B. MUDICK |  |  |  |
/s/ Cheryl D. Creuzot |  | Director |  | March 3, 2025
CHERYL D. CREUZOT |  |  |  |

150