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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis Of Presentation 1. Basis of Presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and predominant practices within the banking industry. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all its subsidiaries. All inter-company balances have been eliminated.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The principal estimate that is particularly susceptible to a significant change in the near term relates to our allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on loans, leases and securities. This estimate, made in accordance with GAAP, involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty and has had, or is reasonably likely to have, a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Cash And Cash Equivalents 2. Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents are defined as cash and amounts due from banks with an original maturity from date of purchase of three months or less and federal funds sold. The Company maintains balances in excess of insured limits at various financial institutions including the Federal Reserve Bank (the “Federal Reserve”), the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and other private institutions. The Company does not believe these instruments carry a significant risk of loss, but cannot provide assurances that no losses could occur if these institutions were to become insolvent.
Investment Securities 3. Investment Securities

Investments in debt which management believes may be sold prior to maturity due to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk, liquidity requirements, or other factors, are classified as available-for-sale. Net unrealized gains for such securities, net of tax effect, are reported as other comprehensive income, through equity and are excluded from the determination of net income. The unrealized losses for available-for-sale securities are evaluated to determine if any component is attributable to credit loss versus market factors. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a provision for credit losses is recorded within the consolidated statement of operations. Subsequent improvement in credit may result in reversal of the credit charge in future periods. For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company also assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. The Company does not engage in securities trading. Gains or losses on disposition of investment securities are based on the net proceeds and the adjusted carrying amount of the securities sold using the specific identification method.

The Company evaluates whether an ACL is required by considering primarily the following factors: (a) the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost of the security, (b) changes in the financial condition, credit rating and near-term prospects of the issuer, (c) whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, (d) changes in the financial condition of the security’s underlying collateral, and (e) the payment structure of the security. The Company’s determination of the best estimate of expected future cash flows, which is used to determine the credit loss amount, is a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources along with internal assumptions and judgments regarding the future performance of the security. The Company concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, unrealized losses on securities reflected changes in market interest rates after the securities were purchased. The Company’s unrealized loss for debt securities is primarily related to general market conditions, including a lack of liquidity in the market. The severity of the impact of fair value in relation to the carrying amounts of the individual investments is consistent with market developments. The Company’s analysis of each investment is performed at the security level. As a result of its quarterly review, the Company concluded that an allowance was not required to recognize credit losses in either 2024 or 2022. In 2023, the Company recognized a provision of $10.0 million for the total $10.0 million par value of the only trust preferred security in its portfolio, based upon limited financial and other information received from the issuer. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the issuer tendered an offer to repurchase these securities which the Company accepted. Accordingly, $1.0 million was recovered which resulted in a reversal of the provision for credit loss in that amount, and a charge-off of the remaining $9.0 million of the security.
Loans And ACL 4. Loans and ACL

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are classified as held for investment and are stated at amortized cost, net of unearned discounts, unearned loan fees and an ACL. For loans held for investment at amortized cost, the Company, effective January 1, 2020, began to utilize a current expected credit loss (“CECL”), methodology to determine the ACL. CECL accounting replaced the prior incurred loss model that recognized losses when it became probable that a credit loss would be incurred, with a new requirement to recognize lifetime expected credit losses immediately when a financial asset is originated or purchased. Accordingly, CECL requires loss estimates for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The ACL is established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense. Loan principal considered to be uncollectible by management is charged against the ACL. The allowance is an amount that management believes is appropriate and supportable to absorb current and future expected losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. The evaluation takes into consideration historical losses by pools of loans with similar risk characteristics and qualitative factors such as portfolio performance and the potential impact of current economic conditions which may affect the borrowers’ ability to pay. For most pools, the historical

loss ratio for each pool is multiplied by its outstanding balance and further multiplied by the estimated remaining average life of each pool. A qualitative factor determined according to the pool’s risk characteristics, is multiplied by the pool’s outstanding principal to comprise the second component of its ACL. For loans previously classified in discontinued operations, discounted cash flow is utilized to determine the related allowance. For SBLOC and IBLOC pools, which have not experienced significant credit losses, probability of loss/loss given default considerations and qualitative factors are utilized. Additionally, the allowance includes allocations for specific loans which have been individually evaluated for an ACL.

Factors considered by management in determining the need for individual loan evaluation for a specific allowance include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not evaluated for an allowance for that reason alone. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower's prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. The determination of the amount of the allowance calculated on individual loans considers either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or the estimated fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. An allowance allocation is established for such loans in the amount their carrying value exceeds the present value of future cash flows; or, if collateral dependent, the amount their carrying value exceeds the collateral’s estimated fair value. The estimated fair values of substantially all of the Company's allowances on individual loans are measured based on the estimated fair value of the loan's collateral, and applicable loans are primarily found in two portfolios.

First, for small business commercial loans (“SBLs”) secured by real estate (primarily SBA), estimated fair values of collateral are determined primarily through third-party appraisals or evaluations. When a real estate secured loan is individually evaluated for a potential ACL, a decision is made regarding whether an updated certified appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations including the age of the most recent appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraised value, discounted by the estimated costs to sell the collateral, is considered to be the estimated fair value. For SBL commercial and industrial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable or inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower's financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable agings or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources may be discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. Amounts guaranteed by the U.S. government are excluded from the Company’s allowance evaluations. Second, for leasing, fair values are determined utilizing authoritative industry sources such as Black Book.

The CECL methodology and the loan analyses performed on individual loans described above comprise the components of the ACL. On a quarterly basis, the allowance is adjusted to the total of those components through the provision for credit losses. The ACL represents management's estimate of losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the consolidated balance sheet date and is recorded as a reduction to loans and leases. If the quarterly analysis of those two components exceeds the balance of the ACL, the allowance is increased by the provision for credit losses. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the ACL, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. All, or part, of the principal balance of loans receivable are charged off to the allowance as soon as it is determined that the repayment of all, or part, of the principal balance is highly unlikely. Because all identified losses are immediately charged off, no portion of the ACL is restricted to any individual loan or groups of loans, and the entire allowance is available to absorb any and all loan losses.

The evaluation of the adequacy of the ACL includes, among other factors, an analysis of historical loss rates and qualitative judgments, applied to current loan totals over remaining estimated lives. However, actual future losses may vary compared to historical trends and estimated remaining lives may change over time. Actual losses on specified problem loans, may depend upon disposition of collateral for which actual sales prices may differ from appraisals. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

Interest income is accrued as earned on a simple interest method. Accrual of interest is discontinued on a loan when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful.

When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all accumulated accrued interest receivable is reversed from income on a timely basis. Loans reported as having missed four or more consecutive monthly payments and still accruing interest must have both principal and accruing interest adequately secured and must be in the process of collection. Such loans are reported as 90 days

delinquent and still accruing. For all loan types, the Company uses the method of reporting delinquencies which considers a loan past due or delinquent if a monthly payment has not been received by the close of business on the loan’s next due date. In the Company’s reporting, two missed payments are reflected as 30 to 59 day delinquencies and three missed payments are reflected as 60 to 89 day delinquencies.

Loans which were originated and previously intended for sale in secondary markets, but which are now being held on the balance sheet as earning assets, are carried at estimated fair value and are excluded from the allowance analysis. Changes in fair value are recognized as unrealized gains or losses on commercial loans in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company originated and sold or securitized specific commercial mortgage loans in secondary markets through 2019, but in 2020 decided to retain these loans on its balance sheet. These loans are accounted for under the fair value option and amounted to $223.1 million at December 31, 2024, and $332.8 million at December 31, 2023. These loans are classified as commercial loans, at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets.

Premises And Equipment 5. Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed on the straight-line method over the useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the improvements or the terms of the related leases.
Internal Use Software 6. Internal Use Software

The Company capitalizes costs associated with internally developed and/or purchased software systems for new products and enhancements to existing products that have reached the application stage and meet recoverability tests. Capitalized costs include external direct costs of materials and services utilized in developing or obtaining internal use software and payroll and payroll related expenses for employees who are directly associated with, and devote time to, the internal use software project. Capitalization of such costs begins when the preliminary project stage is complete and ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose.

The carrying value of the Company’s software is periodically reviewed and a loss is recognized if the value of the estimated undiscounted cash flow benefit related to the asset falls below the unamortized cost. Amortization is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related software, which is generally seven years. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had net capitalized software costs of approximately $5.0 million and $4.7 million, respectively. Net capitalized software is presented as part of other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded related amortization expense of approximately $1.1 million, $1.6 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Income Taxes 7. Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between their carrying values on the consolidated balance sheet and their tax basis as measured by the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when these differences reverse. Deferred tax expense (benefit) is the result of changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

The Company recognizes the benefit of a tax position in the consolidated financial statements only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit by the tax authority. For tax positions meeting the more likely than not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. For these analyses, the Company may engage attorneys to provide opinions related to the positions. The Company applies this policy to all tax positions for which the statute of limitations remain open, but this application does not materially impact the Company’s consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of operations. Any interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized in income tax expense (benefit) in the consolidated statement of operations.

Deferred tax assets are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet at their net realizable value. The Company performs an assessment each reporting period to evaluate the amount of the deferred tax asset it is more likely than not to realize. Realization of

deferred tax assets is dependent upon the amount of taxable income expected in future periods, as tax benefits require taxable income to be realized. If a valuation allowance is required, the deferred tax asset on the consolidated balance sheet is reduced via a corresponding income tax expense in the consolidated statement of operations.
Stock-Based Compensation 8. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) in accordance with ASC 718. The fair value of the option or RSU is generally measured on the grant date with compensation expense recognized over the service period, which is usually the stated vesting period. For options subject to a service condition, the Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of such options on the date of grant. The Black-Scholes model takes into consideration the exercise price and expected life of the options, the current price of the underlying stock and its expected volatility, the expected dividends on the stock and the current risk-free interest rate for the expected life of the option. The Company’s estimate of the fair value of a stock option is based on expectations derived from historical experience and may not necessarily equate to its market value when fully vested. In accordance with ASC 718, the Company estimates the number of options for which the requisite service is expected to be rendered.

Other Real Estate Owned 9. Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) is recorded at estimated fair market value less estimated cost of disposal; which establishes a new cost basis or carrying value. When property is acquired, the excess, if any, of the loan balance over fair market value is charged to the ACL. Periodically thereafter, the asset is reviewed for subsequent declines in the estimated fair market value against the carrying value. Subsequent declines, if any, and holding costs, as well as gains and losses on subsequent sale, are included in the consolidated statements of operations. Expenditures for OREO properties that extend it’s useful life or capacity are capitalized. The Company had $62.0 million of OREO at December 31, 2024 and $16.9 million at December 31, 2023.
Advertising Costs 10. Advertising Costs

The Company expenses advertising and marketing costs as incurred. Advertising and marketing costs amounted to $858,000, $978,000 and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising and marketing expense is reflected under “Other” in the non-interest expense section of the consolidated statements of operations.
Earnings Per Share 11. Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates earnings per share under ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities, including stock options and RSUs or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and converted into common stock. Stock options are dilutive if their exercise prices are less than the current stock prices. RSUs are dilutive because they represent grants over vesting periods which do not require employees to pay exercise prices. The dilution shown in the tables below includes the potential dilution from both stock options and RSUs.

The following tables show the Company’s earnings per share for the periods presented:

Year ended December 31, 2024

Income

Shares

Per share

(numerator)

(denominator)

amount

(Dollars in thousands except per share data)

Basic earnings per share

Net earnings available to common shareholders

$

217,540

50,063,620

$

4.35

Effect of dilutive securities

Common stock options and RSUs

—

649,520

(0.06)

Diluted earnings per share

Net earnings available to common shareholders

$

217,540

50,713,140

$

4.29

Stock options for 565,104 shares, exercisable at prices between $6.87 and $30.32 per share, were outstanding at December 31, 2024 and included in the diluted earnings per share computation because their exercise price per share was less than the average market price. Stock options for 103,189 shares were anti-dilutive and not included in the earnings per share calculation.

Year ended December 31, 2023

Income

Shares

Per share

(numerator)

(denominator)

amount

(Dollars in thousands except per share data)

Basic earnings per share

Net earnings available to common shareholders

$

192,296

54,506,065

$

3.52

Effect of dilutive securities

Common stock options and RSUs

—

547,432

(0.03)

Diluted earnings per share

Net earnings available to common shareholders

$

192,296

55,053,497

$

3.49

Stock options for 465,104 shares, exercisable at prices between $6.87 and $18.81 per share, were outstanding at December 31, 2023 and included in the diluted earnings per share computation because their exercise price per share was less than the average market price. Stock options for 157,573 shares were anti-dilutive and not included in the earnings per share calculation.

Year ended December 31, 2022

Income

Shares

Per share

(numerator)

(denominator)

amount

(Dollars in thousands except per share data)

Basic earnings per share

Net earnings available to common shareholders

$

130,213

56,556,303

$

2.30

Effect of dilutive securities

Common stock options and RSUs

—

712,643

(0.03)

Diluted earnings per share

Net earnings available to common shareholders

$

130,213

57,268,946

$

2.27

Stock options for 480,104 shares, exercisable at prices between $6.87 and $18.81 per share, were outstanding at December 31, 2022 and included in the diluted earnings per share computation because their exercise price per share was less than the average market price. Stock options for 100,000 shares were anti-dilutive and not included in the earnings per share calculation.

Restrictions On Cash And Due From Banks 12. Restrictions on Cash and Due from Banks

Historically, the Bank has been required to maintain reserves against customer demand deposits by keeping cash on hand or balances with the FRB. Currently, no reserves are required.
Other Identifiable Intangible Assets 13. Other Identifiable Intangible Assets

In May 2016, the Company purchased approximately $60.0 million of lease receivables, which resulted in a customer list intangible of $3.4 million which is being amortized over a ten year period. Amortization expense is $340,000 per year ($454,000 over the next three years). The gross carrying value is $3.4 million with respective accumulated amortization of $3.0 million and $2.6 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

In January 2020, the Company purchased McMahon Leasing and subsidiaries for approximately $8.7 million, which resulted in $1.1 million of intangibles. The gross carrying value of $1.1 million of intangibles was comprised of a customer list intangible of $689,000, goodwill of $263,000 and a trade name valuation of $135,000. The customer list intangible is being amortized over a twelve year period and accumulated amortization was $287,000 at December 31, 2024. Amortization expense is $57,000 per year ($287,000 over the next five years). The gross carrying value and accumulated amortization related to the Company’s intangibles at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

December 31,

2024

2023

Gross

Gross

Carrying

Accumulated

Carrying

Accumulated

Amount

Amortization

Amount

Amortization

(Dollars in thousands)

Customer list intangibles

$

4,093 

$

3,237

$

4,093 

$

2,840

Goodwill

263 

—

263 

—

Trade Name

135 

—

135 

—

Total

$

4,491 

$

3,237

$

4,491 

$

2,840

The approximate future annual amortization of both the Company’s intangible items are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year ending December 31,

2025

$

398 

2026

173

2027

57

2028

57

2029

57

Thereafter

114

$

856
Derivative Financial Instruments 14. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company has periodically utilized derivatives to hedge interest rate risk on fixed rate loans which were previously intended for sale. As the Company is no longer originating fixed rate loans for sale, it is no longer entering into new hedges. The only hedge outstanding at December 31, 2023, for a notional amount of $6.8 million, was no longer outstanding at December 31, 2024. Under that swap agreement, the Company received an adjustable rate of interest based upon SOFR while it paid a fixed rate. At December 31, 2023, those respective rates were 2.16% and 5.59%. The Company recorded a loss of $285,000, a loss of $124,000 and a gain of $961,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to recognize the fair value of derivative instruments. Those amounts are recorded on the consolidated statements of operations under “Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on commercial loans (at fair value)”. At December 31, 2023, the amount receivable by the Company under this swap agreement was $285,000. The Company had minimum collateral posting thresholds with its derivative counterparty and had accordingly posted cash collateral of $548,000 at that date.
Common Stock Repurchase Program 15. Common Stock Repurchase Program

Common stock repurchases in excess of additional paid-in-capital at the time of purchase are recorded as treasury stock, shown separately in the balance sheet. Treasury shares are accordingly excluded from earnings per share computation.

On October 20, 2021, the Board approved a revised stock repurchase program for the 2022 fiscal year (the “2022 Repurchase Program”), under which the Company purchased $15.0 million of shares in each quarter of 2022. The total of $60.0 million resulted in the repurchase of 2,322,256 shares of common stock at an average price of $25.84 per share.

On October 26, 2022, the Board approved a revised stock repurchase program for the 2023 fiscal year (the “2023 Repurchase Program”) under which the Company may repurchase shares totaling up to $25.0 million per quarter in 2023, for a maximum repurchase amount of $100.0 million. The total of $100.0 million resulted in the repurchase of 2,957,146 shares of common stock at an average price of $33.82 per share.

On October 26, 2023, the Board approved a common stock repurchase program for the 2024 fiscal year (the “2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program”) under which the Company may repurchase shares totaling up to $50.0 million per quarter in 2024, for a maximum amount of $200.0 million. The Company increased its share repurchase authorization for the second quarter of 2024 from $50.0 million to $100.0 million, which increased the maximum amount under the 2024 Common Stock Repurchase Program to $250.0 million. The total of $250.0 million resulted in the repurchase of 6,237,270 shares of common stock at an average price of $40.08 per share.

On October 23, 2024, the Board approved a common stock repurchase program for the 2025 fiscal year (the “2025 Repurchase Program”), which authorizes the Company to repurchase $37.5 million in value of the Company’s common stock per fiscal quarter in 2025, for a maximum amount of $150.0 million. Under the 2025 Repurchase Program, the Company intends to repurchase shares through open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The 2025 Repurchase Program may be modified or terminated at any time.
Long-Term Borrowings 16. Long-term Borrowings

The $14.1 million and $38.6 million outstanding for long-term borrowings at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, consisted of sold loans which were accounted for as secured borrowings, because they did not qualify for true sale accounting.
Revenue Recognition 17. Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue streams that are in the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 include prepaid and debit card, card payment, interchange, automated clearing house (“ACH”) and deposit processing and other fees. The Company recognizes revenue when the performance obligations related to the transfer of goods or services under the terms of a contract are satisfied. Some obligations are satisfied at a point in time while others are satisfied over a period of time. Revenue is recognized as the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. When consideration includes a variable component, the amount of consideration attributable to variability is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that significant revenue recognized will not be reversed when uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The Company’s contracts generally do not contain terms that require significant judgment to determine the variability impacting the transaction price.

A performance obligation is deemed satisfied when the control over goods or services is transferred to the customer. Control is transferred to a customer either at a point in time or over time. To determine when control is transferred at a point in time, the Company considers indicators, including but not limited to the right to payment for the asset, transfer of significant risk and rewards of ownership of the asset and acceptance of the asset by the customer. When control is transferred over a period of time, for different performance obligations, either the input or output method is used to measure progress for the transfer. The measure of progress used to assess completion of the performance obligation varies between performance obligations and may be based on time throughout the period of service or on the value of goods and services transferred to the customer. As each distinct service or activity is performed, the Company transfers control to the customer based on the services performed as the customer simultaneously receives the benefits of those services. This timing of revenue recognition aligns with the resolution of any uncertainty related to variable consideration. Costs incurred to obtain a revenue producing contract are amortized over the life of the contract if material, otherwise they are expensed as a practical expedient. The fees on those revenue streams are generally assessed and collected as the transaction occurs, or on a monthly or quarterly basis. The Company has completed its review of the contracts and other agreements that are within the scope of revenue guidance and did not identify any material changes to the timing or amount of revenue recognition. The Company’s accounting policies did not change materially since the principles of revenue recognition in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers are largely consistent with previous practices already implemented and applied by the Company. The vast majority of the Company’s services related to its revenues are performed, earned and recognized monthly.

The majority of fees the Company earns result from contractual transaction fees paid by third-party sponsors to the Company and monthly service fees. Additionally, the Company earns interchange fees paid through settlement with associations such as Visa, which are also determined on a per transaction basis. The Company records this revenue net of costs such as association fees and interchange transaction charges. Fees earned by the Company from processing card payments, or from processing ACH payments or other payments are also determined primarily on a per transaction basis.

Prepaid and debit card fees primarily include fees for services related to reconciliation, fraud detection, regulatory compliance and other services which are performed and earned daily or monthly and are also billed and collected on a monthly basis. Accordingly, there is no significant component of the services the Company performs or related revenues which are deferred. The Company earns transactional and/or interchange fees on prepaid and debit card accounts when transactions occur and revenue is billed and collected monthly or quarterly. Certain volume or transaction based interchange expenses paid to payment networks such as Visa, reduce revenue which is presented net on the income statement. Card payment and ACH processing fees include transaction fees earned for processing merchant transactions. Revenue is recognized when a cardholder’s transaction is approved and settled, or monthly. ACH processing fees are earned on a per item basis as the transactions are processed for third party clients and are also billed

and collected monthly. Service charges on deposit accounts include fees and other charges the Company receives to provide various services, including but not limited to, account maintenance, check writing, wire transfer and other services normally associated with deposit accounts. Revenue for these services is recognized monthly as the services are performed. The Company’s customer contracts do not typically have performance obligations and fees are collected and earned when the transaction occurs. The Company may, from time to time, waive certain fees for customers but generally does not reduce the transaction price to reflect variability for future reversals due to the insignificance of the amounts. Waiver of fees reduces the revenue in the period the waiver is granted to the customer.
Leases 18. Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ROU assets represent the Company’s right-of-use of an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments pursuant to the Company’s leases. The ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. To determine the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Senior Debt 19. Senior Debt

On August 13, 2020, the Company issued $100 million of senior notes (the “2025 Senior Notes”) with a maturity date of August 15, 2025 and a 4.75% interest rate, with interest paid semi-annually on March 15 and September 15. The 2025 Senior Notes are the Company’s direct, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations and rank equal in priority with all of the Company’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness and senior in right of payment to all of the Company’s existing and future subordinated indebtedness.
Charge-offs of Certain Consumer Fintech Loans 20. Charge-offs of certain consumer fintech loans

Lending agreements related to consumer fintech loans had certain charge-offs accounted for as freestanding credit enhancements which resulted in the company recording a $19.6 million provision for credit losses and a correlated amount in non-interest income resulting in no impact to net income.
Consumer Credit Fintech Fees 21. Consumer credit fintech fees

Consumer credit fintech fees are comprised of fees paid by third-party marketers and servicers related to loans made by the Bank, which earns such fees based generally on average loan balances.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements 22. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU addresses areas identified by the FASB as part of its post-implementation review of the credit losses standard (ASU 2016-13) that introduced the CECL model. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted the CECL model and enhance the disclosure requirements for loan refinancings and modifications. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023. Effective January 1, 2023 loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are required to be disclosed by type of modification and by type of loan. Prior accounting guidance classified loans which were modified as troubled debt restructurings only if the modification reflected a concession from the lender in the form of a below market interest rate or other concession in addition to borrower financial difficulty.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 enhances segment level disclosures, for both annual and quarterly reporting periods and is effective with the December 31, 2024 financial statements. As a result of the enhancements, segment disclosures now include greater detail surrounding the nature of expenses previously reported as a single line item in the segment income statements. In addition to disclosing the chief operational decision maker by title and position, an explanation of how the segment information is used by that decision maker is now included.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09, effective January 1, 2025, adds annual disclosures for the amount of income taxes paid, net of refunds, shown separately for federal, state and foreign taxes. Total tax paid, net of refunds, for any jurisdictions which exceed 5% of total net taxes paid, will also be shown separately. The Company is currently evaluating these disclosures