10-Q 1 hog-09302018x10q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-9183

Harley-Davidson, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Wisconsin |  | 39-1382325
(State of organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3700 West Juneau Avenue Milwaukee, Wisconsin |  | 53208
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip code)

Registrants telephone number: (414) 342-4680
None
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | x | Accelerated filer |  | ¨
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ | Smaller reporting company |  | ¨
Emerging growth company |  | ¨ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ¨ No x
Number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding at November 2, 2018: 162,832,750 shares

Harley-Davidson, Inc.
Form 10-Q
For The Quarter Ended September 30, 2018

Part I | Financial Information | 3
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 4
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 45
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 65
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 65
Part II | Other Information | 66
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 66
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 66
Item 6. | Exhibits | 66
Signatures |  | 68

Table of Contents
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products | $ | 1,123,945 |  |  | $ | 962,136 |  |  | $ | 4,013,013 |  |  | $ | 3,867,982 |
Financial Services | 191,724 |  |  | 189,059 |  |  | 558,000 |  |  | 550,314 |
Total revenue | 1,315,669 |  |  | 1,151,195 |  |  | 4,571,013 |  |  | 4,418,296 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products cost of goods sold | 776,530 |  |  | 687,823 |  |  | 2,659,740 |  |  | 2,545,884 |
Financial Services interest expense | 44,696 |  |  | 46,169 |  |  | 145,089 |  |  | 133,866 |
Financial Services provision for credit losses | 23,530 |  |  | 29,253 |  |  | 72,462 |  |  | 99,059 |
Selling, administrative and engineering expense | 306,665 |  |  | 293,538 |  |  | 909,898 |  |  | 856,606 |
Restructuring expense | 14,832 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,044 |  |  | — |
Total costs and expenses | 1,166,253 |  |  | 1,056,783 |  |  | 3,861,233 |  |  | 3,635,415 |
Operating income | 149,416 |  |  | 94,412 |  |  | 709,780 |  |  | 782,881 |
Other income (expense), net | 644 |  |  | 2,296 |  |  | 1,509 |  |  | 6,887 |
Investment (loss) income | (1,106 | ) |  | 1,083 |  |  | 2,630 |  |  | 2,539 |
Interest expense | 7,762 |  |  | 7,896 |  |  | 23,180 |  |  | 23,295 |
Income before provision for income taxes | 141,192 |  |  | 89,895 |  |  | 690,739 |  |  | 769,012 |
Provision for income taxes | 27,337 |  |  | 21,686 |  |  | 159,783 |  |  | 255,567 |
Net income | $ | 113,855 |  |  | $ | 68,209 |  |  | $ | 530,956 |  |  | $ | 513,445 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 3.18 |  |  | $ | 2.96 |
Diluted | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 3.17 |  |  | $ | 2.95 |
Cash dividends per common share | $ | 0.370 |  |  | $ | 0.365 |  |  | $ | 1.110 |  |  | $ | 1.095 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Net income | $ | 113,855 |  |  | $ | 68,209 |  |  | $ | 530,956 |  |  | $ | 513,445 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (2,212 | ) |  | 25,013 |  |  | (21,779 | ) |  | 50,207 |
Derivative financial instruments | 123 |  |  | (17,407 | ) |  | 24,808 |  |  | (36,871 | )
Marketable securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,194 |
Pension and postretirement benefit plans | 12,401 |  |  | 7,257 |  |  | 110,568 |  |  | 21,769 |
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax | 10,312 |  |  | 14,863 |  |  | 113,597 |  |  | 36,299 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 124,167 |  |  | $ | 83,072 |  |  | $ | 644,553 |  |  | $ | 549,744 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)

| (Unaudited) |  |  |  | (Unaudited)
| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 926,992 |  |  | $ | 687,521 |  |  | $ | 683,134 |
Marketable securities | 10,011 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable, net | 332,309 |  |  | 329,986 |  |  | 343,124 |
Finance receivables, net | 2,116,386 |  |  | 2,105,662 |  |  | 2,058,168 |
Inventories | 516,247 |  |  | 538,202 |  |  | 469,091 |
Restricted cash | 36,471 |  |  | 47,518 |  |  | 52,209 |
Other current assets | 151,042 |  |  | 175,853 |  |  | 182,416 |
Total current assets | 4,089,458 |  |  | 3,884,742 |  |  | 3,788,142 |
Finance receivables, net | 5,187,176 |  |  | 4,859,424 |  |  | 5,042,857 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 884,960 |  |  | 967,781 |  |  | 934,615 |
Prepaid pension costs | 140,763 |  |  | 19,816 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 55,318 |  |  | 55,947 |  |  | 55,898 |
Deferred income taxes | 63,559 |  |  | 109,073 |  |  | 180,575 |
Other long-term assets | 82,566 |  |  | 75,889 |  |  | 86,272 |
| $ | 10,503,800 |  |  | $ | 9,972,672 |  |  | $ | 10,088,359 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 310,967 |  |  | $ | 227,597 |  |  | $ | 277,117 |
Accrued liabilities | 564,832 |  |  | 529,822 |  |  | 573,958 |
Short-term debt | 1,373,859 |  |  | 1,273,482 |  |  | 834,875 |
Current portion of long-term debt, net | 1,526,156 |  |  | 1,127,269 |  |  | 1,530,401 |
Total current liabilities | 3,775,814 |  |  | 3,158,170 |  |  | 3,216,351 |
Long-term debt, net | 4,196,517 |  |  | 4,587,258 |  |  | 4,607,791 |
Pension liability | 54,138 |  |  | 54,606 |  |  | 52,471 |
Postretirement healthcare liability | 112,798 |  |  | 118,753 |  |  | 162,925 |
Other long-term liabilities | 211,561 |  |  | 209,608 |  |  | 192,001 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, none issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock | 1,819 |  |  | 1,813 |  |  | 1,813 |
Additional paid-in-capital | 1,453,035 |  |  | 1,422,808 |  |  | 1,413,254 |
Retained earnings | 1,958,445 |  |  | 1,607,570 |  |  | 1,660,997 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (386,452 | ) |  | (500,049 | ) |  | (529,082 | )
Treasury stock, at cost | (873,875 | ) |  | (687,865 | ) |  | (690,162 | )
Total shareholders’ equity | 2,152,972 |  |  | 1,844,277 |  |  | 1,856,820 |
| $ | 10,503,800 |  |  | $ | 9,972,672 |  |  | $ | 10,088,359 |

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HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (continued)
(In thousands)

| (Unaudited) |  |  |  | (Unaudited)
| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Balances held by consolidated variable interest entities (Note 11) |  |  |  |  |
Current finance receivables, net | $ | 128,005 |  |  | $ | 194,813 |  |  | $ | 204,873 |
Other assets | $ | 1,408 |  |  | $ | 2,148 |  |  | $ | 2,440 |
Non-current finance receivables, net | $ | 331,415 |  |  | $ | 521,940 |  |  | $ | 579,936 |
Restricted cash - current and non-current | $ | 33,726 |  |  | $ | 48,706 |  |  | $ | 55,307 |
Current portion of long-term debt, net | $ | 140,189 |  |  | $ | 209,247 |  |  | $ | 225,267 |
Long-term debt, net | $ | 253,329 |  |  | $ | 422,834 |  |  | $ | 484,874 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Net cash provided by operating activities (Note 7) | $ | 1,122,555 |  |  | $ | 949,075 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (119,845 | ) |  | (114,022 | )
Origination of finance receivables | (3,039,160 | ) |  | (2,927,372 | )
Collections on finance receivables | 2,564,695 |  |  | 2,480,122 |
Other | (21,753 | ) |  | 7,272 |
Net cash used by investing activities | (616,063 | ) |  | (554,000 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of medium-term notes | 1,144,018 |  |  | 893,668 |
Repayments of medium-term notes | (877,488 | ) |  | (400,000 | )
Repayments of securitization debt | (224,507 | ) |  | (367,298 | )
Borrowings of asset-backed commercial paper | 120,903 |  |  | 371,253 |
Repayments of asset-backed commercial paper | (156,258 | ) |  | (129,690 | )
Net increase (decrease) in credit facilities and unsecured commercial paper | 102,154 |  |  | (225,038 | )
Dividends paid | (186,105 | ) |  | (190,121 | )
Purchase of common stock for treasury | (195,998 | ) |  | (465,167 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock option plans | 3,157 |  |  | 7,884 |
Net cash used by financing activities | (270,124 | ) |  | (504,509 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (12,567 | ) |  | 28,817 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 223,801 |  |  | $ | (80,617 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of period | $ | 746,210 |  |  | $ | 827,131 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 223,801 |  |  | (80,617 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of period | $ | 970,011 |  |  | $ | 746,514 |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the Consolidated Balance Sheet:
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 926,992 |  |  | $ | 683,134 |
Restricted cash | 36,471 |  |  | 52,209 |
Restricted cash included in other long-term assets | 6,548 |  |  | 11,171 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the Statement of Cash Flows | $ | 970,011 |  |  | $ | 746,514 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Harley-Davidson, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (the Company), including the accounts of the groups of companies doing business as Harley-Davidson Motor Company (HDMC) and Harley-Davidson Financial Services (HDFS). In addition, certain variable interest entities (VIEs) related to secured financing are consolidated as the Company is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and material intercompany transactions are eliminated.
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, the consolidated statements of income for the three and nine month periods then ended, the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and nine month periods then ended, and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine month periods then ended.
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in complete financial statements have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) for interim financial reporting. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
The Company operates in two reportable segments: Motorcycles and Related Products (Motorcycles) and Financial Services.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
2. New Accounting Standards
Accounting Standards Recently Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2014-09). ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018. The Company applied the standard to all contracts using the modified retrospective method. As such, the Company recognized the cumulative effect of the adoption as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The comparative information has not been restated.
The majority of the Company’s Motorcycles and Related Products revenue will continue to be recognized when products are shipped to customers. For a limited number of vehicle sales where revenue was previously deferred due to a guaranteed resale value, the Company will now recognize revenue when those vehicles are shipped in accordance with ASU 2014-09. The Company recorded a net increase to the opening balance of retained earnings of $6.0 million, net of income taxes, as of January 1, 2018 as a result of adopting ASU 2014-09. The Company also adjusted other assets and accrued liabilities associated with these vehicle sales in connection with its adoption of ASU 2014-09.
The majority of the Financial Services segment’s revenues relate to loan and servicing activities which are outside the scope of this guidance. Financial Services revenues that fall under the scope of ASU 2014-09 continue to be recognized at the point of sale, or over the estimated life of the contract, as appropriate.
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The following tables illustrate the impact of adoption of ASU 2014-09 on the consolidated statements of income and the consolidated balance sheet (in thousands):
Consolidated Statements of Income

| Three months ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2018
| As Reported |  | Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change |  | As Reported |  | Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products | $ | 1,123,945 |  |  | $ | 1,125,698 |  |  | $ | (1,753 | ) |  | $ | 4,013,013 |  |  | $ | 3,994,066 |  |  | $ | 18,947 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products cost of goods sold | $ | 776,530 |  |  | $ | 775,831 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 2,659,740 |  |  | $ | 2,640,454 |  |  | $ | 19,286 |
Operating income | $ | 149,416 |  |  | $ | 151,868 |  |  | $ | (2,452 | ) |  | $ | 709,780 |  |  | $ | 710,119 |  |  | $ | (339 | )
Income before provision for income taxes | $ | 141,192 |  |  | $ | 143,644 |  |  | $ | (2,452 | ) |  | $ | 690,739 |  |  | $ | 691,078 |  |  | $ | (339 | )
Provision for income taxes | $ | 27,337 |  |  | $ | 27,931 |  |  | $ | (594 | ) |  | $ | 159,783 |  |  | $ | 159,865 |  |  | $ | (82 | )
Net income | $ | 113,855 |  |  | $ | 115,713 |  |  | $ | (1,858 | ) |  | $ | 530,956 |  |  | $ | 531,213 |  |  | $ | (257 | )

Consolidated Balance Sheet

| September 30, 2018
| As Reported |  | Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets | $ | 151,042 |  |  | $ | 186,784 |  |  | $ | (35,742 | )
Deferred income taxes | $ | 63,559 |  |  | $ | 65,407 |  |  | $ | (1,848 | )
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Accrued liabilities | $ | 564,832 |  |  | $ | 608,189 |  |  | $ | (43,357 | )
Retained earnings | $ | 1,958,445 |  |  | $ | 1,952,678 |  |  | $ | 5,767 |

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07 Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (ASU 2017-07). ASU 2017-07 amends ASC 715, Compensation - Retirement Benefits by requiring employers to present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Other components of the net periodic benefit cost will be presented separately from the line item that includes the service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income. The guidance also limits the components that are eligible for capitalization in assets. The Company adopted ASU 2017-07 retrospectively on January 1, 2018. As a result, the non-service cost components of net periodic benefit cost have been presented in Other income (expense), net and the prior period has been recast to reflect the new presentation. The Company elected the practical expedient allowing the use of previously disclosed benefit components as the basis for the retrospective application. Net periodic benefit credit (cost) previously recorded in Motorcycles and Related Products cost of goods sold and Selling, administrative and engineering expense of $2.7 million and $(0.4) million, respectively, for the three months ended September 24, 2017, and $8.0 million and $(1.1) million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 24, 2017, has been reclassified to Other income (expense), net.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (ASU 2016-18). ASU 2016-18 requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. As such, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis. As a result, the change in restricted cash has been excluded from financing activities and included in the change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and the prior period has been recast to reflect the new presentation.
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In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (ASU 2016-01). ASU 2016-01 enhances the existing financial instruments reporting model by modifying fair value measurement tools, simplifying impairment assessments for certain equity instruments and modifying overall presentation and disclosure requirements. The ASU was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-03 and ASU No. 2018-04. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. The adoption of ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on its financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (ASU 2016-15). ASU 2016-15 addresses eight specific cash flow items with the objective of reducing diversity in practice regarding how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented in the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have a material impact on its financial statements.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (ASU 2016-16). ASU 2016-16 states that an entity should recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. The Company adopted ASU 2016-16 on January 1, 2018 using a modified retrospective approach. The adoption of ASU 2016-16 did not have a material impact on its financial statements.
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02). ASU 2016-02 amends the existing lease accounting model by requiring a lessee to recognize the rights and obligations resulting from certain leases as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 also requires a company to disclose key information about their leasing arrangements. The Company is required to adopt ASU 2016-02 for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018 using a modified retrospective approach. Pursuant to ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, the Company plans to apply the new leases standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company is currently in the process of gathering and analyzing information necessary to quantify the impact of adopting ASU 2016-02 and evaluating the transition practical expedients it will apply upon adoption. The Company anticipates the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will result in an increase in assets and liabilities recognized on the balance sheet related to its leasing arrangements.
In July 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13). ASU 2016-13 changes how to recognize expected credit losses on financial assets. The standard requires a more timely recognition of credit losses on loans and other financial assets and also provides additional transparency about credit risk. The current credit loss standard generally requires that a loss actually be incurred before it is recognized, while the new standard will require recognition of full lifetime expected losses upon initial recognition of the financial instrument. The Company is required to adopt ASU 2016-13 for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. An entity should apply the standard by recording a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption. Adoption of this standard will impact how the Company recognizes credit losses on its financial instruments. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13 but anticipates the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will result in an increase in the annual provision for credit losses and the related allowance for credit losses.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (ASU 2017-04). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill. Rather, the goodwill impairment is calculated by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, and an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, limited to the total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. All reporting units apply the same impairment test under the new standard. The Company is required to adopt ASU 2017-04 for its annual and any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (ASU 2017-12). ASU 2017-12 amends ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships and to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance. The ASU makes various updates to the hedge accounting model, including changing the recognition and presentation of changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument and amending disclosure requirements, among other things. The Company is required to adopt ASU 2017-12 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is
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permitted in any interim period after issuance of the ASU. For cash flow and net investment hedges existing at the date of adoption, the Company must apply a cumulative effect adjustment as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which the standard is adopted. The amendments related to presentation and disclosure are required prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2017-12.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02). Under existing U.S. GAAP, the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the period in which the law was enacted. When deferred tax balances related to items originally recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are adjusted, certain tax effects become stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income. The amendments in ASU 2018-02 allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The amendments in this ASU also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption in any period is permitted. The Company’s provisional adjustments recorded in 2017 to account for the impact of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act resulted in stranded tax effects. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-02.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20) (ASU 2018-14). The amendments in ASU 2018-14 modify the annual disclosure requirements for defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. The FASB modified, added, and deleted specific disclosures in an effort to improve usefulness to financial statement users and reduce unnecessary costs for companies. The amendments are effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-14.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) (ASU 2018-15). The new guidance requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the existing internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-15.
3. Revenue
The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or service to a customer. Revenue is measured based on the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for the goods or services transferred. Taxes that are collected from a customer concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.
The following table includes revenue disaggregated by major source (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
|  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 30, 2018
Motorcycles and Related Products: |  |  |  |
Motorcycles |  | $ | 821,670 |  |  | $ | 3,144,796 |
Parts & Accessories |  | 212,406 |  |  | 612,495 |
General Merchandise |  | 58,266 |  |  | 183,520 |
Licensing |  | 10,680 |  |  | 29,445 |
Other |  | 20,923 |  |  | 42,757 |
Revenue from Motorcycles and Related Products |  | 1,123,945 |  |  | 4,013,013 |
Financial Services: |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 166,013 |  |  | 478,693 |
Securitization and servicing fee income |  | 260 |  |  | 916 |
Other income |  | 25,451 |  |  | 78,391 |
Revenue from Financial Services |  | 191,724 |  |  | 558,000 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,315,669 |  |  | $ | 4,571,013 |

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The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates its revenue, by reportable segment.
Motorcycles and Related Products
Motorcycles, Parts & Accessories, and General Merchandise - Sales of motorcycles, parts & accessories, and general merchandise are recorded when control is transferred to wholesale customers (independent dealers). This generally takes place upon shipment of the products. The sale of products to independent dealers outside the U.S. and Canada is generally on open account with terms that generally approximate 30-120 days and the resulting receivables are included in accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets. The sale of products in the U.S. and Canada is financed by the purchasing dealers through HDFS and the related receivables are included in finance receivables in the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company offers sales incentive programs to dealers and retail customers designed to promote the sale of motorcycles, parts & accessories, and general merchandise. The Company estimates its variable consideration related to motorcycles and related products sold under its sales incentive programs using the expected value method. Further, the Company accounts for consideration payable to a customer as part of its sales incentives as a reduction of revenue, which is accrued at the later of the date the related sale is recorded or the date the incentive program is both approved and communicated.
The Company offers to its dealers the right to return eligible parts & accessories and general merchandise. When the Company offers a right to return, it estimates returns based on an analysis of historical trends and records revenue on the initial sale only in the amount that it expects to be entitled. The remaining consideration is deferred in a refund liability account. The refund liability is remeasured for changes in the estimate at each reporting date with a corresponding adjustment to revenue.
Variable consideration related to sales incentives and rights to return is adjusted at the earliest of when the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive changes or the consideration becomes fixed. Adjustments for variable consideration related to previously recognized sales decreased revenue by an immaterial amount during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Shipping and handling costs associated with freight after control of a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as fulfillment costs. The Company accrues for the shipping and handling in the same period that the related revenue is recognized.
The Company offers standard, limited warranties on its motorcycles and parts & accessories. These warranties provide assurance that the product will function as expected and are not separate performance obligations. The Company accounts for estimated warranty costs as a liability when control of the product transfers to the customer.
Licensing - The Company licenses the name “Harley-Davidson” and other trademarks owned by the Company and collects royalties from its customers (licensees). The trademark licenses are considered symbolic intellectual property, which grant the customer a right to access the Company’s intellectual property. The Company satisfies its performance obligation over the license period, as the Company fulfills its promise to grant the customer rights to use and benefit from the intellectual property as well as maintain the intellectual property.
Payment is typically due within thirty days of the end of each quarter, for the royalties earned in that quarter. Revenue, in the form of sales-based royalties, is recognized when the customers’ subsequent sales occur. The Company applies the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-55-18 to recognize licensing revenues in the amount that the Company has the right to invoice because the royalties due each period correspond directly with the value of the Company’s performance to date. Revenue will be recognized over the remaining contract terms which range up to 6 years.
Other Revenue - Other Revenue consists primarily of revenue from Harley Ownership Group (H.O.G.) membership sales, motorcycle rental commissions, dealer software sales, museum admissions and events, and other miscellaneous products and services.
Financial Services
Interest income - Interest income on finance receivables is recorded as earned and is based on the average outstanding daily balance for wholesale and retail receivables. Accrued and uncollected interest is classified with finance receivables. Certain loan origination costs related to finance receivables, including payments made to dealers for certain retail loans, are deferred and recorded within finance receivables and amortized over the estimated life of the contract.
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Securitization and servicing fee income - Securitization and servicing fee income consists of revenue from servicing and ancillary fees associated with HDFS' off-balance sheet asset-backed securitization transaction. Refer to Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion regarding asset-backed financing.
Other income - Other income consists primarily of insurance and licensing revenues. HDFS works with certain unaffiliated insurance companies to offer motorcycle insurance and protection products through most Harley-Davidson dealers in the U.S. and Canada. HDFS also works with third-party financial institutions that issue credit cards or offer other financial products bearing the Harley-Davidson brand in the U.S and internationally. For many of these contracts, the Company grants temporary rights to use the licensed trademarks owned by the Company and collects royalties from its customers in connection with sales of their products. The trademark licenses are considered symbolic intellectual property, which grant the customer a right to access the intellectual property. The Company satisfies its performance obligation over the license period, as it fulfills its promise to grant the customer rights to use and benefit from the intellectual property as well as maintain the intellectual property. Royalty and profit sharing amounts are received either quarterly or per annum, based upon the contract. Revenue, in the form of sales-based royalties, is recognized when the customers’ subsequent sales occur. Revenue will be recognized over the remaining contract terms which range up to 6 years. The Company is the primary obligor for certain other insurance related contracts and, as a result, revenue is recognized over the life of the contract as the Company fulfills its performance obligation.
Contract Liabilities
Deferred revenue relates to payments received at contract inception in advance of the Company’s performance under the contract and generally relates to the sale of H.O.G. memberships and extended service plan contracts. Deferred revenue is recognized as revenue as the Company performs under the contract. On January 1, 2018, $23.4 million of deferred revenue was included in Accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. $6.9 million and $16.0 million of this was recognized as revenue in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. At September 30, 2018, the unearned revenue balance was $30.5 million. The Company expects to recognize approximately $6.0 million of the remaining unearned revenue in 2018, $12.3 million in 2019 and $12.2 million thereafter.
4. Restructuring Expenses
In January 2018, the Company initiated a plan to further improve its manufacturing operations and cost structure by commencing a multi-year manufacturing optimization plan which includes the consolidation of its motorcycle assembly plant in Kansas City, Missouri, into its plant in York, Pennsylvania, and the closure of its wheel operations in Adelaide, Australia. As the U.S. operations are consolidated, the Company expects approximately 800 jobs will be eliminated with the closure of Kansas City operations and approximately 450 jobs will be added in York through 2019. Approximately 90 jobs will be eliminated in Adelaide.
The Company expects to incur restructuring and other consolidation costs of $155 million to $185 million in the Motorcycles segment related to this plan through 2019, of which approximately 70% will be cash charges. These cost estimates reflect a $15 million decrease from the Company's previous estimate. The current estimate includes $125 million to $145 million of restructuring expense and $30 million to $40 million of costs related to temporary inefficiencies. The Company expects restructuring expenses to include the cost of employee termination benefits, accelerated depreciation, and other project implementation costs of $40 million to $45 million, $50 million to $55 million, and $35 million to $45 million, respectively. Restructuring expense is recorded as a separate line item in the consolidated statements of income and the accrued restructuring liability is recorded in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company expects the plan to be completed by mid-2019. Changes in the accrued restructuring liability (in thousands) were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, 2018
| Employee Termination Benefits |  | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Other |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 36,758 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 36,835 |
Restructuring (benefit) expense | (649 | ) |  | 9,420 |  |  | 6,061 |  |  | 14,832 |
Utilized - cash | (5,402 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,053 | ) |  | (11,455 | )
Utilized - non cash | — |  |  | (9,420 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,420 | )
Foreign currency changes | (140 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (142 | )
Balance, end of period | $ | 30,567 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 30,650 |

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| Nine months ended September 30, 2018
| Employee Termination Benefits |  | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Other |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restructuring expense | 38,956 |  |  | 24,779 |  |  | 10,309 |  |  | 74,044 |
Utilized - cash | (7,835 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,220 | ) |  | (18,055 | )
Utilized - non cash | — |  |  | (24,779 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24,779 | )
Foreign currency changes | (554 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (560 | )
Balance, end of period | $ | 30,567 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 30,650 |

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company adjusted its termination benefit liability to reflect updated assumptions resulting in a reversal of approximately $0.9 million of previously recognized restructuring expense.
During the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, the Company incurred $6.2 million and $9.3 million, respectively, of incremental cost of goods sold due to temporary inefficiencies resulting from implementing the manufacturing optimization plan.
5. Income Taxes
The Company’s 2018 effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was 23.1% compared to 33.2% for the nine months ended September 24, 2017. The Company's 2018 effective income tax rate reflects the impact of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017 Tax Act) that was enacted in December of 2017, as well as discrete tax benefits associated with reductions to the liability for uncertain tax positions and adjustments to the SAB 118 provisional amounts recorded in 2017.
The 2017 Tax Act included broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code including a reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, the move toward a territorial tax system, and the elimination of the domestic manufacturing deduction. During the three months ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded a $53.1 million tax expense to recognize the initial effects of the 2017 Tax Act relating primarily to the remeasurement of deferred tax assets. The Company has deemed its income tax estimates related to the 2017 Tax Act to be provisional under SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (SAB 118). The Company believes future guidance, interpretations, and pronouncements may add clarity to the numerous aspects of the 2017 Tax Act that may impact the Company and may result in revisions to the Company’s provisional estimates. During the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a $7.2 million benefit to adjust the 2017 provisional remeasurement of deferred tax assets related to the 2017 Tax Act.
6. Earnings Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income used in computing basic and diluted earnings per share | $ | 113,855 |  |  | $ | 68,209 |  |  | $ | 530,956 |  |  | $ | 513,445 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted-average common shares | 165,927 |  |  | 169,850 |  |  | 166,885 |  |  | 173,362 |
Effect of dilutive securities - employee stock compensation plan | 737 |  |  | 838 |  |  | 796 |  |  | 941 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per share - adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding | 166,664 |  |  | 170,688 |  |  | 167,681 |  |  | 174,303 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 3.18 |  |  | $ | 2.96 |
Diluted | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 3.17 |  |  | $ | 2.95 |

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Outstanding options to purchase 0.8 million and 0.9 million shares of common stock for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, respectively, and 1.1 million and 0.8 million shares of common stock for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, respectively, were not included in the Company’s computation of dilutive securities because the exercise price was greater than the market price, and therefore, the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
The Company has a share-based compensation plan under which employees may be granted share-based awards including restricted stock units (RSUs). Non-forfeitable dividend equivalents are paid on unvested RSUs. As such, RSUs are considered participating securities under the two-class method of calculating earnings per share as described in ASC Topic 260, “Earnings per Share.” The two-class method of calculating earnings per share did not have a material impact on the Company’s earnings per share calculation for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017.
7. Additional Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Information
Marketable Securities
The Company’s marketable securities consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Certificate of deposit | $ | 10,011 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Mutual funds | 49,832 |  |  | 48,006 |  |  | 45,726 |
Total marketable securities | $ | 59,843 |  |  | $ | 48,006 |  |  | $ | 45,726 |

The Company's debt securities are carried at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses reported in other comprehensive income. The mutual fund investments are held by the Company to fund certain deferred compensation obligations. These investments are carried at fair value with gains and losses recorded in net income and are included in other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
Inventories
Substantially all inventories located in the United States are valued using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. Other inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Raw materials and work in process | $ | 174,891 |  |  | $ | 161,664 |  |  | $ | 155,947 |
Motorcycle finished goods | 251,794 |  |  | 289,530 |  |  | 232,141 |
Parts & accessories and general merchandise | 141,918 |  |  | 139,363 |  |  | 129,270 |
Inventory at lower of FIFO cost or net realizable value | 568,603 |  |  | 590,557 |  |  | 517,358 |
Excess of FIFO over LIFO cost | (52,356 | ) |  | (52,355 | ) |  | (48,267 | )
Total inventories, net | $ | 516,247 |  |  | $ | 538,202 |  |  | $ | 469,091 |

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Operating Cash Flow
The reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities is as follows (in thousands):

| Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 530,956 |  |  | $ | 513,445 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of intangibles | 196,461 |  |  | 163,974 |
Amortization of deferred loan origination costs | 61,213 |  |  | 62,052 |
Amortization of financing origination fees | 6,207 |  |  | 6,112 |
Provision for long-term employee benefits | 28,162 |  |  | 22,427 |
Employee benefit plan contributions and payments | (11,035 | ) |  | (43,060 | )
Stock compensation expense | 29,122 |  |  | 25,581 |
Net change in wholesale finance receivables related to sales | (18,400 | ) |  | 36,678 |
Provision for credit losses | 72,462 |  |  | 99,059 |
Deferred income taxes | 1,457 |  |  | (5,151 | )
Other, net | 29,340 |  |  | (11,122 | )
Changes in current assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (14,784 | ) |  | (29,167 | )
Finance receivables - accrued interest and other | 1,374 |  |  | 317 |
Inventories | 8,270 |  |  | 50,016 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 183,606 |  |  | 88,758 |
Derivative instruments | 1,227 |  |  | 2,752 |
Other | 16,917 |  |  | (33,596 | )
Total adjustments | 591,599 |  |  | 435,630 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 1,122,555 |  |  | $ | 949,075 |

8. Finance Receivables
The Company provides retail financial services to customers of the Company’s independent dealers in the United States and Canada. The origination of retail loans is a separate and distinct transaction between the Company and the retail customer, unrelated to the Company’s sale of product to its dealers. Retail finance receivables consist of secured promissory notes and secured installment sales contracts. The Company holds either titles or liens on titles to vehicles financed by promissory notes and installment sales contracts.
The Company offers wholesale financing to the Company’s independent dealers. Wholesale loans to dealers are generally secured by financed inventory or property and are originated in the U.S. and Canada.
Finance receivables, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Retail | $ | 6,508,670 |  |  | $ | 6,140,600 |  |  | $ | 6,336,447 |
Wholesale | 988,339 |  |  | 1,016,957 |  |  | 960,160 |
Total finance receivables | 7,497,009 |  |  | 7,157,557 |  |  | 7,296,607 |
Allowance for credit losses | (193,447 | ) |  | (192,471 | ) |  | (195,582 | )
Finance receivables, net | $ | 7,303,562 |  |  | $ | 6,965,086 |  |  | $ | 7,101,025 |

A provision for credit losses on finance receivables is charged or credited to earnings in amounts that the Company believes are sufficient to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level that is adequate to cover losses inherent in the existing portfolio. The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the finance
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receivable portfolio as of the balance sheet date. However, due to the use of projections and assumptions in estimating the losses, the amount of losses actually incurred by the Company could differ from the amounts estimated.
Changes in the allowance for credit losses on finance receivables by portfolio were as follows (in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30, 2018
| Retail |  | Wholesale |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 187,502 |  |  | $ | 6,428 |  |  | $ | 193,930 |
Provision for credit losses | 23,629 |  |  | (99 | ) |  | 23,530 |
Charge-offs | (33,689 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (33,697 | )
Recoveries | 9,684 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,684 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 187,126 |  |  | $ | 6,321 |  |  | $ | 193,447 |
| Three months ended September 24, 2017
| Retail |  | Wholesale |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 185,899 |  |  | $ | 7,629 |  |  | $ | 193,528 |
Provision for credit losses | 30,964 |  |  | (1,711 | ) |  | 29,253 |
Charge-offs | (37,783 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37,783 | )
Recoveries | 10,584 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,584 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 189,664 |  |  | $ | 5,918 |  |  | $ | 195,582 |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2018
| Retail |  | Wholesale |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 186,254 |  |  | $ | 6,217 |  |  | $ | 192,471 |
Provision for credit losses | 72,350 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 72,462 |
Charge-offs | (107,717 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (107,725 | )
Recoveries | 36,239 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,239 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 187,126 |  |  | $ | 6,321 |  |  | $ | 193,447 |
| Nine months ended September 24, 2017
| Retail |  | Wholesale |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 166,810 |  |  | $ | 6,533 |  |  | $ | 173,343 |
Provision for credit losses | 99,674 |  |  | (615 | ) |  | 99,059 |
Charge-offs | (114,081 | ) |  | — |  |  | (114,081 | )
Recoveries | 37,261 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,261 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 189,664 |  |  | $ | 5,918 |  |  | $ | 195,582 |

Finance receivables are considered impaired when management determines it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the terms of the loan agreement. Portions of the allowance for credit losses are established to cover estimated losses on finance receivables specifically identified for impairment. The unspecified portion of the allowance for credit losses covers estimated losses on finance receivables which are collectively reviewed for impairment.
The retail portfolio primarily consists of a large number of small balance, homogeneous finance receivables. The Company performs a periodic and systematic collective evaluation of the adequacy of the retail allowance for credit losses. The Company utilizes loss forecast models which consider a variety of factors including, but not limited to, historical loss trends, origination or vintage analysis, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, the value of the underlying collateral, recovery rates, and current economic conditions including items such as unemployment rates. Retail finance receivables are not evaluated individually for impairment prior to charge-off and, therefore, are not reported as impaired loans.
The wholesale portfolio is primarily composed of large balance, non-homogeneous loans. The Company’s evaluation for the wholesale allowance for credit losses is first based on a loan-by-loan review. A specific allowance for credit losses is established for wholesale finance receivables determined to be individually impaired when management concludes that the borrower will not be able to make full payment of the contractual amounts due based on the original terms of the loan
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agreement. The impairment is determined based on the cash that the Company expects to receive discounted at the loan’s original interest rate or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral-dependent. Finance receivables in the wholesale portfolio that are not considered impaired on an individual basis are segregated, based on similar risk characteristics, according to the Company’s internal risk rating system and collectively evaluated for impairment. The related allowance for credit losses is based on factors such as the specific borrower’s financial performance and ability to repay, the Company’s past loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and the value of the underlying collateral.
Generally, it is the Company’s policy not to change the terms and conditions of finance receivables. However, to minimize the economic loss, the Company may modify certain finance receivables in troubled debt restructurings. Total restructured finance receivables are not significant.
The allowance for credit losses and finance receivables by portfolio, segregated by those amounts that are individually evaluated for impairment and those that are collectively evaluated for impairment, was as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018
| Retail |  | Wholesale |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance: |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 187,126 |  |  | 6,321 |  |  | 193,447 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 187,126 |  |  | $ | 6,321 |  |  | $ | 193,447 |
Finance receivables, ending balance: |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 6,508,670 |  |  | 988,339 |  |  | 7,497,009 |
Total finance receivables | $ | 6,508,670 |  |  | $ | 988,339 |  |  | $ | 7,497,009 |
| December 31, 2017
| Retail |  | Wholesale |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance: |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 186,254 |  |  | 6,217 |  |  | 192,471 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 186,254 |  |  | $ | 6,217 |  |  | $ | 192,471 |
Finance receivables, ending balance: |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 6,140,600 |  |  | 1,016,957 |  |  | 7,157,557 |
Total finance receivables | $ | 6,140,600 |  |  | $ | 1,016,957 |  |  | $ | 7,157,557 |
| September 24, 2017
| Retail |  | Wholesale |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance: |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 189,664 |  |  | 5,918 |  |  | 195,582 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 189,664 |  |  | $ | 5,918 |  |  | $ | 195,582 |
Finance receivables, ending balance: |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 6,336,447 |  |  | 960,160 |  |  | 7,296,607 |
Total finance receivables | $ | 6,336,447 |  |  | $ | 960,160 |  |  | $ | 7,296,607 |

Retail finance receivables are contractually delinquent if the minimum payment is not received by the specified due date. Retail finance receivables are generally charged-off when the receivable is 120 days or more delinquent, the related asset is repossessed, or the receivable is otherwise deemed uncollectible. All retail finance receivables accrue interest until either collected or charged-off. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 and September 24, 2017, all retail finance receivables were accounted for as interest-earning receivables, of which $31.6 million, $40.0 million and $32.7 million, respectively, were 90 days or more past due.
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Wholesale finance receivables are delinquent if the minimum payment is not received by the contractual due date. Wholesale finance receivables are written down once management determines that the specific borrower does not have the ability to repay the loan in full. Interest continues to accrue on past due finance receivables until the date the finance receivable becomes uncollectible and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status. The Company will resume accruing interest on these accounts when payments are current according to the terms of the loans and future payments are reasonably assured. While on non-accrual status, all cash received is applied to principal or interest as appropriate. There were no wholesale receivables on non-accrual status at September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 or September 24, 2017. At September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 and September 24, 2017, $0.2 million, $0.1 million, and $1.3 million of wholesale finance receivables were 90 days or more past due and accruing interest, respectively.
An analysis of the aging of past due finance receivables was as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018
| Current |  | 31-60 Days Past Due |  | 61-90 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Total Finance Receivables
Retail | $ | 6,304,096 |  |  | $ | 128,123 |  |  | $ | 44,808 |  |  | $ | 31,643 |  |  | $ | 204,574 |  |  | $ | 6,508,670 |
Wholesale | 987,563 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 776 |  |  | 988,339 |
Total | $ | 7,291,659 |  |  | $ | 128,623 |  |  | $ | 44,923 |  |  | $ | 31,804 |  |  | $ | 205,350 |  |  | $ | 7,497,009 |
| December 31, 2017
| Current |  | 31-60 Days Past Due |  | 61-90 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Total Finance Receivables
Retail | $ | 5,913,473 |  |  | $ | 139,629 |  |  | $ | 47,539 |  |  | $ | 39,959 |  |  | $ | 227,127 |  |  | $ | 6,140,600 |
Wholesale | 1,016,000 |  |  | 595 |  |  | 245 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 957 |  |  | 1,016,957 |
Total | $ | 6,929,473 |  |  | $ | 140,224 |  |  | $ | 47,784 |  |  | $ | 40,076 |  |  | $ | 228,084 |  |  | $ | 7,157,557 |
| September 24, 2017
| Current |  | 31-60 Days Past Due |  | 61-90 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Total Finance Receivables
Retail | $ | 6,132,997 |  |  | $ | 126,705 |  |  | $ | 44,083 |  |  | $ | 32,662 |  |  | $ | 203,450 |  |  | $ | 6,336,447 |
Wholesale | 958,429 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 1,307 |  |  | 1,731 |  |  | 960,160 |
Total | $ | 7,091,426 |  |  | $ | 127,034 |  |  | $ | 44,178 |  |  | $ | 33,969 |  |  | $ | 205,181 |  |  | $ | 7,296,607 |

A significant part of managing the Company's finance receivable portfolios includes the assessment of credit risk associated with each borrower. As the credit risk varies between the retail and wholesale portfolios, the Company utilizes different credit risk indicators for each portfolio.
The Company manages retail credit risk through its credit approval policy and ongoing collection efforts. The Company uses FICO scores, a standard credit rating measurement, to differentiate the expected default rates of retail credit applicants, enabling the Company to better evaluate credit applicants for approval and to tailor pricing according to this assessment. Retail loans with a FICO score of 640 or above at origination are considered prime, and loans with a FICO score below 640 are considered sub-prime. These credit quality indicators are determined at the time of loan origination and are not updated subsequent to the loan origination date.
The recorded investment in retail finance receivables, by credit quality indicator, was as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Prime | $ | 5,321,464 |  |  | $ | 4,966,193 |  |  | $ | 5,107,718 |
Sub-prime | 1,187,206 |  |  | 1,174,407 |  |  | 1,228,729 |
Total | $ | 6,508,670 |  |  | $ | 6,140,600 |  |  | $ | 6,336,447 |

The Company's credit risk on the wholesale portfolio is different from that of the retail portfolio. Whereas the retail portfolio represents a relatively homogeneous pool of retail finance receivables that exhibit more consistent loss patterns, the wholesale portfolio exposures are less consistent. The Company utilizes an internal credit risk rating system to manage credit risk exposure consistently across wholesale borrowers and individually evaluates credit risk factors for each borrower. The
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Company uses the following internal credit quality indicators, based on an internal risk rating system, listed from highest level of risk to lowest level of risk for the wholesale portfolio: Doubtful, Substandard, Special Mention, Medium Risk and Low Risk. Based upon management’s review, the dealers classified in the Doubtful category are the dealers with the greatest likelihood of being charged-off, while the dealers classified as Low Risk are least likely to be charged-off. The internal rating system considers factors such as the specific borrower's ability to repay and the estimated value of any collateral. Dealer risk rating classifications are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis.
The recorded investment in wholesale finance receivables, by internal credit quality indicator, was as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Doubtful | $ | — |  |  | $ | 688 |  |  | $ | 4,666 |
Substandard | 8,953 |  |  | 3,837 |  |  | 8,724 |
Special Mention | 25,459 |  |  | 26,866 |  |  | 5,261 |
Medium Risk | 15,825 |  |  | 9,917 |  |  | 4,987 |
Low Risk | 938,102 |  |  | 975,649 |  |  | 936,522 |
Total | $ | 988,339 |  |  | $ | 1,016,957 |  |  | $ | 960,160 |

9. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company is exposed to certain risks such as foreign currency exchange rate risk, interest rate risk, and commodity price risk. To reduce its exposure to such risks, the Company selectively uses derivative financial instruments. All derivative transactions are authorized and executed pursuant to regularly reviewed policies and procedures, which prohibit the use of financial instruments for speculative trading purposes.
All derivative instruments are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. In accordance with ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging,” the accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and, further, on the type of hedging relationship. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges, along with the gain or loss on the hedged item, are recorded in current period earnings. For derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of gains and losses that result from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments is initially recorded in other comprehensive income (OCI) and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedged item affects income. The Company assesses, both at the inception of each hedge and on an on-going basis, whether the derivatives that are used in its hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged items. Any ineffective portion is immediately recognized in earnings. No component of a hedging derivative instrument’s gain or loss is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recorded at fair value, and any changes in fair value are recorded in current period earnings.
The Company sells its products internationally, and in most markets those sales are made in the foreign country’s local currency. As a result, the Company’s earnings can be affected by fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currency. The Company utilizes foreign currency exchange contracts to mitigate the effects of the Euro, the Australian dollar, the Japanese yen, the Brazilian real, the Canadian dollar and the Mexican peso. The foreign currency exchange contracts are entered into with banks and allow the Company to exchange a specified amount of foreign currency for U.S. dollars at a future date, based on a fixed exchange rate.
The Company utilizes commodity contracts to hedge portions of the cost of certain commodities consumed in the Company’s motorcycle production and distribution operations.
The Company’s foreign currency exchange contracts and commodity contracts generally have maturities of less than one year.
The Company periodically utilizes treasury rate lock contracts to fix the interest rate on a portion of the principal related to the anticipated issuance of long-term debt. To the extent effective, the gains and losses on the fair value of the treasury rate lock are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss until the forecasted debt is issued. Gains and losses are subsequently reclassified into earnings over the life of the debt.
The Company periodically utilizes interest rate swaps to reduce the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on its long-term debt.
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The following tables summarize the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Derivatives Designated As Hedging Instruments Under ASC Topic 815 |  | Notional Value |  | Asset Fair Value(a) |  | Liability Fair Value(b) |  | Notional Value |  | Asset Fair Value(a) |  | Liability Fair Value(b) |  | Notional Value |  | Asset Fair Value(a) |  | Liability Fair Value(b)
Foreign currency contracts(c) |  | $ | 512,071 |  |  | $ | 11,687 |  |  | $ | 718 |  |  | $ | 675,724 |  |  | $ | 1,388 |  |  | $ | 21,239 |  |  | $ | 746,378 |  |  | $ | 439 |  |  | $ | 32,352 |
Commodity contracts(c) |  | 925 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 915 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 1,273 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |
Treasury rate locks(c) |  | 50,000 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap - medium-term notes(c) |  | 450,000 |  |  | 550 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,012,996 |  |  | $ | 12,298 |  |  | $ | 718 |  |  | $ | 676,639 |  |  | $ | 1,388 |  |  | $ | 21,308 |  |  | $ | 747,651 |  |  | $ | 439 |  |  | $ | 32,414 |
|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Derivatives Not Designated As Hedging Instruments Under ASC Topic 815 |  | Notional Value |  | Asset Fair Value(a) |  | Liability Fair Value(b) |  | Notional Value |  | Asset Fair Value(a) |  | Liability Fair Value(b) |  | Notional Value |  | Asset Fair Value(a) |  | Liability Fair Value(b)
Commodity contracts |  | $ | 5,207 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 4,532 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,234 |  |  | $ | 285 |  |  | $ | — |
Total |  | $ | 5,207 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 4,532 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,234 |  |  | $ | 285 |  |  | $ | — |

(a) | Included in other current assets

(b) | Included in accrued liabilities

(c) | Derivative designated as a cash flow hedge

The following tables summarize the amount of gains and losses related to derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedges (in thousands):

|  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in OCI, before tax
|  | Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
Cash Flow Hedges |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Foreign currency contracts |  | $ | 4,508 |  |  | $ | (35,687 | ) |  | $ | 31,253 |  |  | $ | (59,335 | )
Commodity contracts |  | 5 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (191 | )
Treasury rate locks |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | (719 | )
Interest rate swap - medium-term notes |  | 486 |  |  | — |  |  | (400 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 5,051 |  |  | $ | (35,692 | ) |  | $ | 30,939 |  |  | $ | (60,245 | )

|  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from AOCL into Income |  |
|  | Three months ended |  | Nine months ended |  | Expected to be Reclassified
Cash Flow Hedges |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | Over the Next Twelve Months
Foreign currency contracts(a) |  | $ | 5,695 |  |  | $ | (7,901 | ) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | (1,428 | ) |  | $ | 14,709 |
Commodity contracts(a) |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (85 | ) |  | 49 |  |  | 21 |
Treasury rate locks(b) |  | (123 | ) |  | (126 | ) |  | (374 | ) |  | (315 | ) |  | (475 | )
Interest rate swap - medium-term notes(b) |  | (661 | ) |  | — |  |  | (950 | ) |  | — |  |  | (178 | )
Total |  | $ | 4,911 |  |  | $ | (8,043 | ) |  | $ | (1,467 | ) |  | $ | (1,694 | ) |  | $ | 14,077 |

(a) | Gain/(loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) into income is included in cost of goods sold

(b) | Gain/(loss) reclassified from AOCL into income is included in interest expense

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For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, the cash flow hedges were highly effective and, as a result, the amount of hedge ineffectiveness was not material. No amounts were excluded from effectiveness testing.
The following table summarizes the amount of gains and losses related to derivative financial instruments not designated as hedging instruments (in thousands):

|  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative
|  | Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
Derivatives Not Designated As Hedges |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Commodity contracts(a) |  | $ | (85 | ) |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 259 |
Total |  | $ | (85 | ) |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 259 |

(a) | Gain/(loss) recognized in income is included in cost of goods sold

The Company is exposed to credit loss risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to these derivative financial instruments. Although no assurances can be given, the Company does not expect any of the counterparties to these derivative financial instruments to fail to meet its obligations. To manage credit loss risk, the Company evaluates counterparties based on credit ratings and, on a quarterly basis, evaluates each hedge’s net position relative to the counterparty’s ability to cover its position.
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10. Debt
Debt with a contractual term of one year or less is generally classified as short-term debt and consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Unsecured commercial paper |  | $ | 1,373,859 |  |  | $ | 1,273,482 |  |  | $ | 834,875 |
Total short-term debt |  | $ | 1,373,859 |  |  | $ | 1,273,482 |  |  | $ | 834,875 |

Debt with a contractual term greater than one year is generally classified as long-term debt and consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
Secured debt (Note 11) |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed Canadian commercial paper conduit facility |  | $ | 149,418 |  |  | $ | 174,779 |  |  | $ | 122,130 |
Asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit facilities |  | 265,044 |  |  | 279,457 |  |  | 280,308 |
Asset-backed securitization debt |  | 128,577 |  |  | 353,085 |  |  | 430,457 |
Less: unamortized discount and debt issuance costs |  | (103 | ) |  | (461 | ) |  | (624 | )
Total secured debt |  | 542,936 |  |  | 806,860 |  |  | 832,271 |
Unsecured notes (at par value) |  |  |  |  |  |
1.55% Medium-term notes due in 2017, issued November 2014 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |
6.80% Medium-term notes due in 2018, issued May 2008 |  | — |  |  | 877,488 |  |  | 877,488 |
2.25% Medium-term notes due in 2019, issued January 2016 |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
Floating-rate Medium-term notes due in 2019, issued March 2017(a) |  | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |
2.40% Medium-term notes due in 2019, issued September 2014 |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
2.15% Medium-term notes due in 2020, issued February 2015 |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
Floating-rate Medium-term notes due in 2020, issued May 2018(b) |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2.40% Medium-term notes due in 2020, issued March 2017 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |
2.85% Medium-term notes due in 2021, issued January 2016 |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
3.55% Medium-term notes due in 2021, issued May 2018 |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2.55% Medium-term notes due in 2022, issued June 2017 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
3.35% Medium-term notes due in 2023, issued February 2018 |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
3.50% Senior unsecured notes due in 2025, issued July 2015 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |
4.625% Senior unsecured notes due in 2045, issued July 2015 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
Less: unamortized discount and debt issuance costs |  | (20,263 | ) |  | (19,821 | ) |  | (21,567 | )
Gross long-term debt |  | 5,722,673 |  |  | 5,714,527 |  |  | 6,138,192 |
Less: current portion of long-term debt, net of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs |  | (1,526,156 | ) |  | (1,127,269 | ) |  | (1,530,401 | )
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 4,196,517 |  |  | $ | 4,587,258 |  |  | $ | 4,607,791 |

(a) Floating interest rate based on LIBOR plus 35 bps.

(b) | Floating interest rate based on LIBOR plus 50 bps. The Company utilized an interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge to convert this from a floating rate basis to a fixed rate basis. Refer to Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

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11. Asset-Backed Financing
The Company participates in asset-backed financing both through asset-backed securitization transactions and through asset-backed commercial paper conduit facilities. In the Company's asset-backed financing programs, the Company transfers retail motorcycle finance receivables to special purpose entities (SPEs), which are considered VIEs under U.S. GAAP. Each SPE then converts those assets into cash, through the issuance of debt. The Company retains servicing rights for all of the retail motorcycle finance receivables transferred to SPEs as part of an asset-backed financing. The accounting treatment for asset-backed financings depends on the terms of the related transaction and the Company’s continuing involvement with the VIE.
In transactions where the Company has power over the significant activities of the VIE and has an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that are potentially significant to the VIE, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE and consolidates the VIE within its consolidated financial statements. On a consolidated basis, the asset-backed financing is treated as a secured borrowing in this type of transaction and is referred to as an on-balance sheet asset-backed financing.
In transactions where the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE, the Company must determine whether it can achieve a sale for accounting purposes under ASC Topic 860, "Transfers and Servicing." To achieve a sale for accounting purposes, the assets being transferred must be legally isolated, not be constrained by restrictions from further transfer, and be deemed to be beyond the Company’s control. If the Company does not meet all of these criteria for sale accounting, then the transaction is accounted for as a secured borrowing and is referred to as an on-balance sheet asset-backed financing.
If the Company meets all three of the sale criteria above, the transaction is recorded as a sale for accounting purposes and is referred to as an off-balance sheet asset-backed financing. Upon sale, the retail motorcycle finance receivables are removed from the Company’s balance sheet and a gain or loss is recognized for the difference between the cash proceeds received, the assets derecognized, and the liabilities recognized as part of the transaction. The gain or loss on sale is included in Financial Services revenue in the consolidated statement of income.
The Company is not required, and does not currently intend, to provide any additional financial support to the on- or off-balance sheet VIEs associated with these transactions. Investors and creditors in these transactions only have recourse to the assets held by the VIEs.
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The following tables show the assets and liabilities related to the on-balance sheet asset-backed financings included in the financial statements (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018
| Finance receivables |  | Allowance for credit losses |  | Restricted cash |  | Other assets |  | Total assets |  | Asset-backed debt
On-balance sheet assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated VIEs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securitizations | $ | 190,461 |  |  | $ | (5,634 | ) |  | $ | 18,508 |  |  | $ | 437 |  |  | $ | 203,772 |  |  | $ | 128,474 |
Asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit facilities | 282,986 |  |  | (8,393 | ) |  | 15,218 |  |  | 971 |  |  | 290,782 |  |  | 265,044 |
Unconsolidated VIEs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed Canadian commercial paper conduit facility | 173,395 |  |  | (3,115 | ) |  | 9,293 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 179,897 |  |  | 149,418 |
Total on-balance sheet assets and liabilities | $ | 646,842 |  |  | $ | (17,142 | ) |  | $ | 43,019 |  |  | $ | 1,732 |  |  | $ | 674,451 |  |  | $ | 542,936 |
| December 31, 2017
| Finance receivables |  | Allowance for credit losses |  | Restricted cash |  | Other assets |  | Total assets |  | Asset-backed debt
On-balance sheet assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated VIEs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securitizations | $ | 439,301 |  |  | $ | (13,686 | ) |  | $ | 34,919 |  |  | $ | 1,260 |  |  | $ | 461,794 |  |  | $ | 352,624 |
Asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit facilities | 300,530 |  |  | (9,392 | ) |  | 13,787 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 305,813 |  |  | 279,457 |
Unconsolidated VIEs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed Canadian commercial paper conduit facility | 203,691 |  |  | (3,746 | ) |  | 9,983 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 210,398 |  |  | 174,779 |
Total on-balance sheet assets and liabilities | $ | 943,522 |  |  | $ | (26,824 | ) |  | $ | 58,689 |  |  | $ | 2,618 |  |  | $ | 978,005 |  |  | $ | 806,860 |
| September 24, 2017
| Finance receivables |  | Allowance for credit losses |  | Restricted cash |  | Other assets |  | Total assets |  | Asset-backed debt
On-balance sheet assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated VIEs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securitizations | $ | 511,643 |  |  | $ | (15,798 | ) |  | $ | 40,385 |  |  | $ | 1,513 |  |  | $ | 537,743 |  |  | $ | 429,833 |
Asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit facilities | 298,197 |  |  | (9,233 | ) |  | 14,922 |  |  | 927 |  |  | 304,813 |  |  | 280,308 |
Unconsolidated VIEs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed Canadian commercial paper conduit facility | 139,413 |  |  | (2,560 | ) |  | 8,073 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 145,276 |  |  | 122,130 |
Total on-balance sheet assets and liabilities | $ | 949,253 |  |  | $ | (27,591 | ) |  | $ | 63,380 |  |  | $ | 2,790 |  |  | $ | 987,832 |  |  | $ | 832,271 |

On-Balance Sheet Asset-Backed Securitization VIEs
The Company transfers U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to SPEs which in turn issue secured notes to investors, with various maturities and interest rates, secured by future collections of the purchased U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables. Each on-balance sheet asset-backed securitization SPE is a separate legal entity, and the U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables included in the asset-backed securitizations are only available for payment of the secured debt and other obligations arising from the asset-backed securitization transaction and are not available to pay other obligations or claims of the Company’s creditors until the associated secured debt and other obligations are satisfied. Restricted cash balances held by the SPEs are used only to support the securitizations. There are no amortization schedules for the secured notes; however, the debt is reduced monthly as available collections on the related U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables are applied to outstanding principal. The secured notes’ contractual lives have various maturities ranging from 2020 to 2022.
The Company is the primary beneficiary of its on-balance sheet asset-backed securitization VIEs because it retains servicing rights and a residual interest in the VIEs in the form of a debt security. As the servicer, the Company is the variable
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interest holder with the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. As a residual interest holder, the Company has the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits which could potentially be significant to the VIE.
There were no on-balance sheet asset-backed securitization transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 or September 24, 2017.
On-Balance Sheet Asset-Backed U.S. Commercial Paper Conduit Facilities VIE
In December 2017, the Company renewed its existing $300.0 million and $600.0 million revolving facility agreements with a third-party bank-sponsored asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit. Availability under the revolving facilities (together, the U.S. Conduit Facilities) is based on, among other things, the amount of eligible U.S. retail motorcycle receivables held by the relevant SPE as collateral.
Under the U.S. Conduit Facilities, the Company may transfer U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to an SPE, which in turn may issue debt to the third-party bank-sponsored asset-backed commercial paper conduit. The assets of the SPE are restricted as collateral for the payment of the debt or other obligations arising in the transaction and are not available to pay other obligations or claims of the Company’s creditors. The terms for this debt provide for interest on the outstanding principal based on prevailing commercial paper rates or LIBOR to the extent the advance is not funded by a conduit lender through the issuance of commercial paper plus, in each case, a program fee based on outstanding principal. The U.S. Conduit Facilities also provide for an unused commitment fee based on the unused portion of the total aggregate commitment of $900.0 million. There is no amortization schedule; however, the debt will be reduced monthly as available collections on the related finance receivables are applied to outstanding principal. Upon expiration of the U.S. Conduit Facilities, any outstanding principal will continue to be reduced monthly through available collections. The expected remaining term of the related receivables held by the SPE is approximately 5 years. Unless earlier terminated or extended by mutual agreement of the Company and the lenders, as of September 30, 2018, the U.S. Conduit Facilities have an expiration date of December 12, 2018.
The Company is the primary beneficiary of its U.S. Conduit Facilities VIE because it retains servicing rights and a residual interest in the VIE in the form of a debt security. As the servicer, the Company is the variable interest holder with the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. As a residual interest holder, the Company has the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits which could potentially be significant to the VIE.
The following table includes quarterly transfers of U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to the U.S. Conduit and the respective proceeds (in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
| Transfers |  | Proceeds |  | Transfers |  | Proceeds
First quarter | $ | 32,900 |  |  | $ | 29,300 |  |  | $ | 333,400 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |
Second quarter | 59,100 |  |  | 53,300 |  |  | 28,200 |  |  | 24,000 |
Third quarter | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,100 |  |  | 29,600 |
| $ | 92,000 |  |  | $ | 82,600 |  |  | $ | 395,700 |  |  | $ | 353,600 |

On-Balance Sheet Asset-Backed Canadian Commercial Paper Conduit Facility
In June 2018, the Company renewed its facility agreement (Canadian Conduit) with a Canadian bank-sponsored asset-backed commercial paper conduit. Under the agreement, the Canadian Conduit is contractually committed, at the Company's option, to purchase eligible Canadian retail motorcycle finance receivables for proceeds up to C$220.0 million. The transferred assets are restricted as collateral for the payment of the debt. The terms for this debt provide for interest on the outstanding principal based on prevailing market interest rates plus a specified margin. The Canadian Conduit also provides for a program fee and an unused commitment fee based on the unused portion of the total aggregate commitment of C$220.0 million. There is no amortization schedule; however, the debt is reduced monthly as available collections on the related finance receivables are applied to outstanding principal. Upon expiration of the Canadian Conduit, any outstanding principal will continue to be reduced monthly through available collections. The expected remaining term of the related receivables is approximately 5 years. Unless earlier terminated or extended by mutual agreement between the Company and the lenders, as of September 30, 2018, the Canadian Conduit has an expiration date of June 28, 2019.
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The Company is not the primary beneficiary of the Canadian bank-sponsored, multi-seller conduit VIE; therefore, the Company does not consolidate the VIE. However, the Company treats the conduit facility as a secured borrowing as it maintains effective control over the assets transferred to the VIE and, therefore, does not meet the requirements for sale accounting.
As the Company participates in and does not consolidate the Canadian bank-sponsored, multi-seller conduit VIE, the maximum exposure to loss associated with this VIE, which would only be incurred in the unlikely event that all the finance receivables and underlying collateral have no residual value, was $30.5 million at September 30, 2018. The maximum exposure is not an indication of the Company's expected loss exposure.
The following table includes quarterly transfers of Canadian retail motorcycle finance receivables to the Canadian Conduit and the respective proceeds (in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
| Transfers |  | Proceeds |  | Transfers |  | Proceeds
First quarter | $ | 7,600 |  |  | $ | 6,200 |  |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 5,500 |
Second quarter | 38,900 |  |  | 32,200 |  |  | 14,200 |  |  | 12,400 |
Third quarter | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 46,500 |  |  | $ | 38,400 |  |  | $ | 20,500 |  |  | $ | 17,900 |

Off-Balance Sheet Asset-Backed Securitization VIE
There were no off-balance sheet asset-backed securitization transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 or September 24, 2017. During the second quarter of 2016, the Company sold retail motorcycle finance receivables with a principal balance of $301.8 million into a securitization VIE that was not consolidated. Similar to an on-balance sheet asset-backed securitization, the Company transferred U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to an SPE, which in turn issued secured notes to investors, with various maturities and interest rates, secured by future collections of the purchased U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables. The off-balance sheet asset-backed securitization SPE is a separate legal entity, and the U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables included in the asset-backed securitization are only available for payment of the secured debt and other obligations arising from the asset-backed securitization transaction and are not available to pay other obligations or claims of the Company’s creditors. In an on-balance sheet asset-backed securitization, the Company retains a financial interest in the VIE in the form of a debt security. As part of this off-balance sheet securitization, the Company did not retain any financial interest in the VIE beyond servicing rights and ordinary representations and warranties and related covenants.
The Company is not the primary beneficiary of the off-balance sheet asset-backed securitization VIE because it only retained servicing rights and does not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE which could potentially be significant to the VIE. Accordingly, this transaction met the accounting sale requirements under ASC Topic 860 and was recorded as a sale for accounting purposes. Upon the sale, the retail motorcycle finance receivables were removed from the Company’s balance sheet and a gain was recognized for the difference between the cash proceeds received, the assets derecognized and the liabilities recognized as part of the transaction. The gain on sale was included in Financial Services revenue in the consolidated statement of income.
At September 30, 2018, the assets of this off-balance sheet asset-backed securitization VIE were $93.1 million and represented the current unpaid principal balance of the retail motorcycle finance receivables, which was the Company’s maximum exposure to loss in the off-balance sheet VIE at September 30, 2018. This is based on the unlikely event that all the receivables have underwriting defects or other defects that trigger a violation of certain covenants and that the underlying collateral has no residual value. This maximum exposure is not an indication of expected losses.
Servicing Activities
The Company services all retail motorcycle finance receivables that it originates. When the Company transfers retail motorcycle finance receivables to SPEs through asset-backed financings, the Company retains the right to service the finance receivables and receives servicing fees based on the securitized finance receivables balance and certain ancillary fees. In on-balance sheet asset-backed financings, servicing fees are eliminated in consolidation and therefore are not recorded on a consolidated basis. In off-balance sheet asset-backed financings, servicing fees and ancillary fees are recorded in Financial Services revenue in the consolidated statements of income. The fees the Company is paid for servicing represent adequate compensation, and consequently, the Company does not recognize a servicing asset or liability. The Company recognized servicing fee income of $0.9 million and $1.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, respectively.
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The unpaid principal balance of retail motorcycle finance receivables serviced by the Company was as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
On-balance sheet retail motorcycle finance receivables | $ | 6,360,907 |  |  | $ | 5,993,185 |  |  | $ | 6,185,144 |
Off-balance sheet retail motorcycle finance receivables | 93,147 |  |  | 146,425 |  |  | 165,169 |
Total serviced retail motorcycle finance receivables | $ | 6,454,054 |  |  | $ | 6,139,610 |  |  | $ | 6,350,313 |

The unpaid principal balance of retail motorcycle finance receivables serviced by the Company 30 days or more delinquent was as follows (in thousands):

| Amount 30 days or more past due:
| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
On-balance sheet retail motorcycle finance receivables | $ | 204,574 |  |  | $ | 227,127 |  |  | $ | 203,450 |
Off-balance sheet retail motorcycle finance receivables | 1,767 |  |  | 2,106 |  |  | 1,720 |
Total serviced retail motorcycle finance receivables | $ | 206,341 |  |  | $ | 229,233 |  |  | $ | 205,170 |

Credit losses, net of recoveries for the retail motorcycle finance receivables serviced by the Company were as follows (in thousands):

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
On-balance sheet retail motorcycle finance receivables | $ | 24,005 |  |  | $ | 27,199 |  |  | $ | 71,478 |  |  | $ | 76,820 |
Off-balance sheet retail motorcycle finance receivables | 230 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 729 |  |  | 865 |
Total serviced retail motorcycle finance receivables | $ | 24,235 |  |  | $ | 27,498 |  |  | $ | 72,207 |  |  | $ | 77,685 |

12. Fair Value
The Company assesses the inputs used to measure fair value using a three-tier hierarchy.
Level 1 inputs include quoted prices for identical instruments and are the most observable.
Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and observable inputs such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and yield curves. The Company uses the market approach to derive the fair value for its Level 2 fair value measurements. Forward contracts for foreign currency, commodities, and treasury rate locks are valued using quoted forward rates and prices; interest rate swaps are valued using quoted interest rates and yield curves; investments in marketable securities and cash equivalents are valued using quoted prices.
Level 3 inputs are not observable in the market and include management’s judgments about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
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Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018
| Balance |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents | $ | 687,956 |  |  | $ | 446,300 |  |  | $ | 241,656 |  |  | $ | — |
Marketable securities | 59,843 |  |  | 49,832 |  |  | 10,011 |  |  | — |
Derivatives | 12,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,531 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 760,330 |  |  | $ | 496,132 |  |  | $ | 264,198 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | 931 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 931 |  |  | $ | — |
| December 31, 2017
| Balance |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents | $ | 488,432 |  |  | $ | 358,500 |  |  | $ | 129,932 |  |  | $ | — |
Marketable securities | 48,006 |  |  | 48,006 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivatives | 1,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,769 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 538,207 |  |  | $ | 406,506 |  |  | $ | 131,701 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | 21,308 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,308 |  |  | $ | — |
| September 24, 2017
| Balance |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents | $ | 425,000 |  |  | $ | 425,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Marketable securities | 45,726 |  |  | 45,726 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivatives | 724 |  |  | — |  |  | 724 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 471,450 |  |  | $ | 470,726 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | 32,414 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,414 |  |  | $ | — |

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
Repossessed inventory is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value through a nonrecurring fair value measurement. Repossessed inventory was $19.5 million, $19.6 million and $21.3 million at September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 and September 24, 2017, respectively, for which the fair value adjustment was $6.7 million, $9.0 million and $9.0 million, respectively. Fair value is estimated using Level 2 inputs based on the recent market values of repossessed inventory.
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Fair Value of Financial Instruments Measured at Cost
The carrying value of the Company's cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash approximates their fair values.
The following table summarizes the fair value and carrying value of the Company’s remaining financial instruments that are measured at cost or amortized cost (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 24, 2017
| Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance receivables, net | $ | 7,394,684 |  |  | $ | 7,303,562 |  |  | $ | 7,021,549 |  |  | $ | 6,965,086 |  |  | $ | 7,159,632 |  |  | $ | 7,101,025 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured commercial paper | $ | 1,373,859 |  |  | $ | 1,373,859 |  |  | $ | 1,273,482 |  |  | $ | 1,273,482 |  |  | $ | 834,875 |  |  | $ | 834,875 |
Asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit facilities | $ | 265,044 |  |  | $ | 265,044 |  |  | $ | 279,457 |  |  | $ | 279,457 |  |  | $ | 280,308 |  |  | $ | 280,308 |
Asset-backed Canadian commercial paper conduit facility | $ | 149,418 |  |  | $ | 149,418 |  |  | $ | 174,779 |  |  | $ | 174,779 |  |  | $ | 122,130 |  |  | $ | 122,130 |
Medium-term notes | $ | 4,386,030 |  |  | $ | 4,437,279 |  |  | $ | 4,189,092 |  |  | $ | 4,165,706 |  |  | $ | 4,612,083 |  |  | $ | 4,564,124 |
Senior unsecured notes | $ | 707,252 |  |  | $ | 742,458 |  |  | $ | 784,433 |  |  | $ | 741,961 |  |  | $ | 774,693 |  |  | $ | 741,797 |
Asset-backed securitization debt | $ | 127,906 |  |  | $ | 128,474 |  |  | $ | 351,767 |  |  | $ | 352,624 |  |  | $ | 430,038 |  |  | $ | 429,833 |

Finance Receivables, Net – The carrying value of retail and wholesale finance receivables in the financial statements is amortized cost less an allowance for credit losses. The fair value of retail finance receivables is generally calculated by discounting future cash flows using an estimated discount rate that reflects current credit, interest rate and prepayment risks associated with similar types of instruments. Fair value is determined based on Level 3 inputs. The amortized cost basis of wholesale finance receivables approximates fair value because they either are short-term or have interest rates that adjust with changes in market interest rates.
Debt – The carrying value of debt in the financial statements is generally amortized cost, net of discounts and debt issuance costs. The carrying value of unsecured commercial paper calculated using Level 2 inputs approximates fair value due to its short maturity. The carrying value of debt provided under the U.S. conduit facilities and Canadian conduit facility calculated using Level 2 inputs approximates fair value since the interest rates charged under the facility are tied directly to market rates and fluctuate as market rates change. The fair values of the medium-term notes and senior unsecured notes are estimated based upon rates currently available for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities (Level 2 inputs). The fair value of the debt related to on-balance sheet asset-backed securitization transactions is estimated based on pricing currently available for transactions with similar terms and maturities (Level 2 inputs).
13. Product Warranty and Recall Campaigns
The Company currently provides a standard two-year limited warranty on all new motorcycles sold worldwide, except for Japan, where the Company currently provides a standard three-year limited warranty on all new motorcycles sold. In addition, the Company provides a one-year warranty for Parts & Accessories (P&A). The warranty coverage for the retail customer generally begins when the product is sold to a retail customer. The Company accrues for future warranty claims using an estimated cost based primarily on historical Company claim information. Additionally, the Company has from time to time initiated certain voluntary recall campaigns. The Company accrues for the estimated cost associated with voluntary recalls in the period that management approves and commits to the recall. Changes in the Company’s warranty and recall liability were as follows (in thousands):
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| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 89,943 |  |  | $ | 80,681 |  |  | $ | 94,202 |  |  | $ | 79,482 |
Warranties issued during the period | 12,038 |  |  | 11,802 |  |  | 43,548 |  |  | 46,638 |
Settlements made during the period | (21,550 | ) |  | (22,322 | ) |  | (59,965 | ) |  | (62,855 | )
Recalls and changes to pre-existing warranty liabilities | 3,493 |  |  | 646 |  |  | 6,139 |  |  | 7,542 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 83,924 |  |  | $ | 70,807 |  |  | $ | 83,924 |  |  | $ | 70,807 |

The liability for recall campaigns was $23.9 million, $35.3 million and $6.2 million as of September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 and September 24, 2017, respectively.
14. Employee Benefit Plans
The Company has a defined benefit qualified pension plan and postretirement healthcare benefit plans that cover certain employees of the Motorcycles segment. The Company also has unfunded supplemental employee retirement plan agreements (SERPA) with certain employees which were instituted to replace benefits lost under the Tax Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993. Service cost is allocated among selling, administrative and engineering expense, cost of goods sold and inventory. Amounts capitalized in inventory are not significant. Non-service cost components of net periodic benefit cost are presented in other income (expense), net. Refer to Note 2 regarding the adoption of ASU 2017-07 for further discussion of the impact on net periodic benefit cost. Components of net periodic benefit cost were as follows (in thousands):

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Pension and SERPA Benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 8,063 |  |  | $ | 7,896 |  |  | $ | 24,281 |  |  | $ | 23,688 |
Interest cost | 20,729 |  |  | 21,269 |  |  | 62,048 |  |  | 63,807 |
Expected return on plan assets | (36,925 | ) |  | (35,345 | ) |  | (110,742 | ) |  | (106,035 | )
Amortization of unrecognized: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service (credit) cost | (105 | ) |  | 256 |  |  | (316 | ) |  | 764 |
Net loss | 16,318 |  |  | 10,998 |  |  | 48,455 |  |  | 32,994 |
Curtailment loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 8,080 |  |  | $ | 5,074 |  |  | $ | 24,744 |  |  | $ | 15,218 |
Postretirement Healthcare Benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 1,789 |  |  | $ | 1,875 |  |  | $ | 5,390 |  |  | $ | 5,625 |
Interest cost | 2,886 |  |  | 3,412 |  |  | 8,669 |  |  | 10,236 |
Expected return on plan assets | (3,541 | ) |  | (3,156 | ) |  | (10,623 | ) |  | (9,468 | )
Amortization of unrecognized: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service credit | (460 | ) |  | (543 | ) |  | (1,380 | ) |  | (1,629 | )
Net loss | 454 |  |  | 815 |  |  | 1,362 |  |  | 2,445 |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 1,128 |  |  | $ | 2,403 |  |  | $ | 3,418 |  |  | $ | 7,209 |

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the qualified pension plan and certain postretirement healthcare plan assets and obligations were remeasured as a result of a curtailment of benefits related to the planned closure of the Company's motorcycle assembly plant in Kansas City, Missouri, discussed further in Note 4. As a result of the remeasurement, the Company recorded a benefit of $96.4 million before income taxes in other comprehensive income during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
There are no required or planned qualified pension plan contributions for 2018. The Company expects it will continue to make ongoing benefit payments under the SERPA and postretirement healthcare plans.
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15. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is subject to lawsuits and other claims related to environmental, product and other matters. In determining costs to accrue related to these items, the Company carefully analyzes cases and considers the likelihood of adverse judgments or outcomes, as well as the potential range of possible loss. Any amounts accrued for these matters are monitored on an ongoing basis and are updated based on new developments or new information as it becomes available for each matter.
Environmental Protection Agency Notice:
In December 2009, the Company received formal, written requests for information from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding: (i) certificates of conformity for motorcycle emissions and related designations and labels, (ii) aftermarket parts, and (iii) warranty claims on emissions related components. The Company promptly submitted written responses to the EPA’s inquiry and has engaged in information exchanges and discussions with the EPA. In August 2016, the Company entered into a consent decree with the EPA regarding these issues, and the consent decree was subsequently revised in July 2017 (the Settlement). In the Settlement, the Company agreed to, among other things, pay a fine and not sell tuning products unless they are approved by the EPA or California Air Resources Board. In December 2017, the EPA filed the Settlement with the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia for the purpose of obtaining court approval of the Settlement. Three amicus briefs opposing portions of the Settlement were filed with the court by the deadline of January 31, 2018. On March 1, 2018, the Company and the EPA each filed separate response briefs. The Company anticipates the court will make a decision whether or not to finalize the Settlement in the following months. The Company has an accrual associated with this matter which is included in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, and as a result, if it is finalized, the Settlement would not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition or results of operations. The Settlement is not final until it is approved by the court, and if it is not approved by the court, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the impact of any remedies the EPA might seek beyond the Company's current reserve for this matter.
York Environmental Matters:
The Company is involved with government agencies and groups of potentially responsible parties related to a matter involving the cleanup of soil and groundwater contamination at its York, Pennsylvania facility. The York facility was formerly used by the U.S. Navy and AMF prior to the purchase of the York facility by the Company from AMF in 1981. The Company has been working with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) since 1986 and with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in undertaking environmental investigation and remediation activities, including a site-wide remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS).
In January 1995, the Company entered into a settlement agreement (the Agreement) with the Navy, and the parties amended the Agreement in 2013 to address ordnance and explosive waste. The Agreement calls for the Navy and the Company to contribute amounts into a trust equal to 53% and 47%, respectively, of costs associated with environmental investigation and remediation activities at the York facility (Response Costs). The trust administers the payment of the Response Costs incurred at the York facility as covered by the Agreement.
The Company has an accrual for its estimate of its share of the future Response Costs at the York facility which is included in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. While the work on the RI/FS is now complete, the final remedy has not yet been proposed or approved and, given the uncertainty that exists concerning the nature and scope of additional environmental remediation that may ultimately be required under the approved final remedy, the Company is unable to make a reasonable estimate of those additional costs, if any, that may result.
The estimate of the Company's future Response Costs that will be incurred at the York facility is based on reports of independent environmental consultants retained by the Company, the actual costs incurred to date, and the estimated costs to complete the necessary investigation and remediation activities.
Product Liability Matters:
The Company is involved in product liability suits related to the operation of its business. The Company accrues for claim exposures that are probable of occurrence and can be reasonably estimated. The Company also maintains insurance coverage for product liability exposures. The Company believes that its accruals and insurance coverage are adequate and that product liability suits will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following tables set forth the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2018
|  | Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | Marketable securities |  | Derivative financial instruments |  | Pension and postretirement benefit plans |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (41,419 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,431 |  |  | $ | (362,776 | ) |  | $ | (396,764 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  | (2,037 | ) |  | — |  |  | 5,051 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,014 |
Income tax expense |  | (175 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,180 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,355 | )
Net other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  | (2,212 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,871 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,659 |
Reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized (gains) losses - foreign currency contracts(a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,695 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,695 | )
Realized (gains) losses - treasury rate locks(b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 123 |  |  | — |  |  | 123 |
Realized (gains) losses - interest rate swap(b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 661 |  |  | — |  |  | 661 |
Prior service credits(c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (565 | ) |  | (565 | )
Actuarial losses(c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,772 |  |  | 16,772 |
Total reclassifications before tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,911 | ) |  | 16,207 |  |  | 11,296 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,163 |  |  | (3,806 | ) |  | (2,643 | )
Net reclassifications |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,748 | ) |  | 12,401 |  |  | 8,653 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (2,212 | ) |  | — |  |  | 123 |  |  | 12,401 |  |  | 10,312 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (43,631 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,554 |  |  | $ | (350,375 | ) |  | $ | (386,452 | )

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|  | Three months ended September 24, 2017
|  | Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | Marketable securities |  | Derivative financial instruments |  | Pension and postretirement benefit plans |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (42,938 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,940 | ) |  | $ | (494,067 | ) |  | $ | (543,945 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 26,754 |  |  | — |  |  | (35,692 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8,938 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (1,741 | ) |  | — |  |  | 13,220 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,479 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 25,013 |  |  | — |  |  | (22,472 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,541 |
Reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized (gains) losses - foreign currency contracts(a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,901 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,901 |
Realized (gains) losses - commodity contracts(a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Realized (gains) losses - treasury rate locks(b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |
Prior service credits(c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (287 | ) |  | (287 | )
Actuarial losses(c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,813 |  |  | 11,813 |
Total reclassifications before tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,043 |  |  | 11,526 |  |  | 19,569 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,978 | ) |  | (4,269 | ) |  | (7,247 | )
Net reclassifications |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,065 |  |  | 7,257 |  |  | 12,322 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 25,013 |  |  | — |  |  | (17,407 | ) |  | 7,257 |  |  | 14,863 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (17,925 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24,347 | ) |  | $ | (486,810 | ) |  | $ | (529,082 | )

|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2018
|  | Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | Marketable securities |  | Derivative financial instruments |  | Pension and postretirement benefit plans |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (21,852 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (17,254 | ) |  | $ | (460,943 | ) |  | $ | (500,049 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  | (21,604 | ) |  | — |  |  | 30,939 |  |  | 96,374 |  |  | 105,709 |
Income tax expense |  | (175 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,269 | ) |  | (22,629 | ) |  | (30,073 | )
Net other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  | (21,779 | ) |  | — |  |  | 23,670 |  |  | 73,745 |  |  | 75,636 |
Reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized (gains) losses - foreign currency contracts(a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |
Realized (gains) losses - commodity contracts(a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |
Realized (gains) losses - treasury rate locks(b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |
Realized (gains) losses - interest rate swap(b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 950 |  |  | — |  |  | 950 |
Prior service credits(c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,696 | ) |  | (1,696 | )
Actuarial losses(c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49,817 |  |  | 49,817 |
Total reclassifications before tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,467 |  |  | 48,121 |  |  | 49,588 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (329 | ) |  | (11,298 | ) |  | (11,627 | )
Net reclassifications |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,138 |  |  | 36,823 |  |  | 37,961 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (21,779 | ) |  | — |  |  | 24,808 |  |  | 110,568 |  |  | 113,597 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (43,631 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,554 |  |  | $ | (350,375 | ) |  | $ | (386,452 | )

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|  | Nine months ended September 24, 2017
|  | Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | Marketable securities |  | Derivative financial instruments |  | Pension and postretirement benefit plans |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (68,132 | ) |  | $ | (1,194 | ) |  | $ | 12,524 |  |  | $ | (508,579 | ) |  | $ | (565,381 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 51,834 |  |  | 1,896 |  |  | (60,245 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,515 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (1,627 | ) |  | (702 | ) |  | 22,307 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,978 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 50,207 |  |  | 1,194 |  |  | (37,938 | ) |  | — |  |  | 13,463 |
Reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized (gains) losses - foreign currency contracts(a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,428 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,428 |
Realized (gains) losses - commodity contracts(a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (49 | ) |  | — |  |  | (49 | )
Realized (gains) losses - treasury rate locks(b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 315 |  |  | — |  |  | 315 |
Prior service credits(c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (865 | ) |  | (865 | )
Actuarial losses(c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,439 |  |  | 35,439 |
Total reclassifications before tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,694 |  |  | 34,574 |  |  | 36,268 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (627 | ) |  | (12,805 | ) |  | (13,432 | )
Net reclassifications |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,067 |  |  | 21,769 |  |  | 22,836 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 50,207 |  |  | 1,194 |  |  | (36,871 | ) |  | 21,769 |  |  | 36,299 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (17,925 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24,347 | ) |  | $ | (486,810 | ) |  | $ | (529,082 | )

(a) | Amounts reclassified to net income are included in Motorcycles and Related Products cost of goods sold

(b) | Amounts reclassified to net income are included in interest expense

(c) | Amounts reclassified are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost; see Note 14 for information related to pension and postretirement benefit plans

17. Business Segments
Harley-Davidson, Inc. is the parent company for the groups of companies doing business as Harley-Davidson Motor Company (HDMC) and Harley-Davidson Financial Services (HDFS). The Company operates in two segments: the Motorcycles and Related Products (Motorcycles) segment and the Financial Services segment. The Company’s reportable segments are strategic business units that offer different products and services and are managed separately based on the fundamental differences in their operations. Selected segment information is set forth below (in thousands):

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Motorcycles net revenue | $ | 1,123,945 |  |  | $ | 962,136 |  |  | $ | 4,013,013 |  |  | $ | 3,867,982 |
Gross profit | 347,415 |  |  | 274,313 |  |  | 1,353,273 |  |  | 1,322,098 |
Selling, administrative and engineering expense | 266,921 |  |  | 256,961 |  |  | 797,323 |  |  | 750,848 |
Restructuring expense | 14,832 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,044 |  |  | — |
Operating income from Motorcycles | 65,662 |  |  | 17,352 |  |  | 481,906 |  |  | 571,250 |
Financial Services revenue | 191,724 |  |  | 189,059 |  |  | 558,000 |  |  | 550,314 |
Financial Services expense | 107,970 |  |  | 111,999 |  |  | 330,126 |  |  | 338,683 |
Operating income from Financial Services | 83,754 |  |  | 77,060 |  |  | 227,874 |  |  | 211,631 |
Operating income | $ | 149,416 |  |  | $ | 94,412 |  |  | $ | 709,780 |  |  | $ | 782,881 |

As discussed in Note 2, the Company adopted ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018, which required the Company to record the non-service cost components of net periodic benefit costs in non-operating income on a prospective and retrospective basis. As a result, operating income from Motorcycles excludes these costs for all periods presented.
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18. Supplemental Consolidating Data
The supplemental consolidating data for the periods noted is presented for informational purposes. The supplemental consolidating data may be different than segment information presented elsewhere due to the allocation of intercompany eliminations to the reportable segments. All supplemental data is presented in thousands.

| Three months ended September 30, 2018
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products | $ | 1,126,977 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,032 | ) |  | $ | 1,123,945 |
Financial Services | — |  |  | 192,188 |  |  | (464 | ) |  | 191,724 |
Total revenue | 1,126,977 |  |  | 192,188 |  |  | (3,496 | ) |  | 1,315,669 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products cost of goods sold | 776,530 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 776,530 |
Financial Services interest expense | — |  |  | 44,696 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,696 |
Financial Services provision for credit losses | — |  |  | 23,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,530 |
Selling, administrative and engineering expense | 267,316 |  |  | 42,776 |  |  | (3,427 | ) |  | 306,665 |
Restructuring expense | 14,832 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,832 |
Total costs and expenses | 1,058,678 |  |  | 111,002 |  |  | (3,427 | ) |  | 1,166,253 |
Operating income | 68,299 |  |  | 81,186 |  |  | (69 | ) |  | 149,416 |
Other income (expense), net | 644 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 644 |
Investment loss | (1,106 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,106 | )
Interest expense | 7,762 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,762 |
Income before provision for income taxes | 60,075 |  |  | 81,186 |  |  | (69 | ) |  | 141,192 |
Provision for income taxes | 10,613 |  |  | 16,724 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,337 |
Net income | $ | 49,462 |  |  | $ | 64,462 |  |  | $ | (69 | ) |  | $ | 113,855 |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2018
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products | $ | 4,021,268 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,255 | ) |  | $ | 4,013,013 |
Financial Services | — |  |  | 559,436 |  |  | (1,436 | ) |  | 558,000 |
Total revenue | 4,021,268 |  |  | 559,436 |  |  | (9,691 | ) |  | 4,571,013 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products cost of goods sold | 2,659,740 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,659,740 |
Financial Services interest expense | — |  |  | 145,089 |  |  | — |  |  | 145,089 |
Financial Services provision for credit losses | — |  |  | 72,462 |  |  | — |  |  | 72,462 |
Selling, administrative and engineering expense | 798,544 |  |  | 120,830 |  |  | (9,476 | ) |  | 909,898 |
Restructuring expense | 74,044 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74,044 |
Total costs and expenses | 3,532,328 |  |  | 338,381 |  |  | (9,476 | ) |  | 3,861,233 |
Operating income | 488,940 |  |  | 221,055 |  |  | (215 | ) |  | 709,780 |
Other income (expense), net | 1,509 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,509 |
Investment income | 112,630 |  |  | — |  |  | (110,000 | ) |  | 2,630 |
Interest expense | 23,180 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,180 |
Income before provision for income taxes | 579,899 |  |  | 221,055 |  |  | (110,215 | ) |  | 690,739 |
Provision for income taxes | 110,529 |  |  | 49,254 |  |  | — |  |  | 159,783 |
Net income | $ | 469,370 |  |  | $ | 171,801 |  |  | $ | (110,215 | ) |  | $ | 530,956 |

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| Three months ended September 24, 2017
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products | $ | 964,942 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,806 | ) |  | $ | 962,136 |
Financial Services | — |  |  | 189,932 |  |  | (873 | ) |  | 189,059 |
Total revenue | 964,942 |  |  | 189,932 |  |  | (3,679 | ) |  | 1,151,195 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products cost of goods sold | 687,823 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 687,823 |
Financial Services interest expense | — |  |  | 46,169 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,169 |
Financial Services provision for credit losses | — |  |  | 29,253 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,253 |
Selling, administrative and engineering expense | 257,357 |  |  | 39,383 |  |  | (3,202 | ) |  | 293,538 |
Total costs and expenses | 945,180 |  |  | 114,805 |  |  | (3,202 | ) |  | 1,056,783 |
Operating income | 19,762 |  |  | 75,127 |  |  | (477 | ) |  | 94,412 |
Other income (expense), net | 2,296 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,296 |
Investment income | 91,083 |  |  | — |  |  | (90,000 | ) |  | 1,083 |
Interest expense | 7,896 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,896 |
Income before provision for income taxes | 105,245 |  |  | 75,127 |  |  | (90,477 | ) |  | 89,895 |
Provision for income taxes | (6,134 | ) |  | 27,820 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,686 |
Net income | $ | 111,379 |  |  | $ | 47,307 |  |  | $ | (90,477 | ) |  | $ | 68,209 |
| Nine months ended September 24, 2017
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products | $ | 3,875,669 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (7,687 | ) |  | $ | 3,867,982 |
Financial Services | — |  |  | 552,201 |  |  | (1,887 | ) |  | 550,314 |
Total revenue | 3,875,669 |  |  | 552,201 |  |  | (9,574 | ) |  | 4,418,296 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles and Related Products cost of goods sold | 2,545,884 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,545,884 |
Financial Services interest expense | — |  |  | 133,866 |  |  | — |  |  | 133,866 |
Financial Services provision for credit losses | — |  |  | 99,059 |  |  | — |  |  | 99,059 |
Selling, administrative and engineering expense | 752,134 |  |  | 113,445 |  |  | (8,973 | ) |  | 856,606 |
Total costs and expenses | 3,298,018 |  |  | 346,370 |  |  | (8,973 | ) |  | 3,635,415 |
Operating income | 577,651 |  |  | 205,831 |  |  | (601 | ) |  | 782,881 |
Other income (expense), net | 6,887 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,887 |
Investment income | 198,539 |  |  | — |  |  | (196,000 | ) |  | 2,539 |
Interest expense | 23,295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,295 |
Income before provision for income taxes | 759,782 |  |  | 205,831 |  |  | (196,601 | ) |  | 769,012 |
Provision for income taxes | 179,058 |  |  | 76,509 |  |  | — |  |  | 255,567 |
Net income | $ | 580,724 |  |  | $ | 129,322 |  |  | $ | (196,601 | ) |  | $ | 513,445 |

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| September 30, 2018
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 576,670 |  |  | $ | 350,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 926,992 |
Marketable securities | 10,011 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,011 |
Accounts receivable, net | 640,416 |  |  | — |  |  | (308,107 | ) |  | 332,309 |
Finance receivables, net | — |  |  | 2,116,386 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,116,386 |
Inventories | 516,247 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 516,247 |
Restricted cash | — |  |  | 36,471 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,471 |
Other current assets | 106,259 |  |  | 44,783 |  |  | — |  |  | 151,042 |
Total current assets | 1,849,603 |  |  | 2,547,962 |  |  | (308,107 | ) |  | 4,089,458 |
Finance receivables, net | — |  |  | 5,187,176 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,187,176 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 833,279 |  |  | 51,681 |  |  | — |  |  | 884,960 |
Prepaid pension costs | 140,763 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 140,763 |
Goodwill | 55,318 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,318 |
Deferred income taxes | 25,780 |  |  | 39,203 |  |  | (1,424 | ) |  | 63,559 |
Other long-term assets | 151,815 |  |  | 19,799 |  |  | (89,048 | ) |  | 82,566 |
| $ | 3,056,558 |  |  | $ | 7,845,821 |  |  | $ | (398,579 | ) |  | $ | 10,503,800 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 291,395 |  |  | $ | 327,679 |  |  | $ | (308,107 | ) |  | $ | 310,967 |
Accrued liabilities | 483,964 |  |  | 80,427 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 564,832 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 1,373,859 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,373,859 |
Current portion of long-term debt, net | — |  |  | 1,526,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,526,156 |
Total current liabilities | 775,359 |  |  | 3,308,121 |  |  | (307,666 | ) |  | 3,775,814 |
Long-term debt, net | 742,458 |  |  | 3,454,059 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,196,517 |
Pension liability | 54,138 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54,138 |
Postretirement healthcare liability | 112,798 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 112,798 |
Other long-term liabilities | 170,464 |  |  | 38,003 |  |  | 3,094 |  |  | 211,561 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 1,201,341 |  |  | 1,045,638 |  |  | (94,007 | ) |  | 2,152,972 |
| $ | 3,056,558 |  |  | $ | 7,845,821 |  |  | $ | (398,579 | ) |  | $ | 10,503,800 |

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| December 31, 2017
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 338,186 |  |  | $ | 349,335 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 687,521 |
Accounts receivable, net | 483,709 |  |  | — |  |  | (153,723 | ) |  | 329,986 |
Finance receivables, net | — |  |  | 2,105,662 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,105,662 |
Inventories | 538,202 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 538,202 |
Restricted cash | — |  |  | 47,518 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,518 |
Other current assets | 132,999 |  |  | 48,521 |  |  | (5,667 | ) |  | 175,853 |
Total current assets | 1,493,096 |  |  | 2,551,036 |  |  | (159,390 | ) |  | 3,884,742 |
Finance receivables, net | — |  |  | 4,859,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,859,424 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 922,280 |  |  | 45,501 |  |  | — |  |  | 967,781 |
Prepaid pension costs | 19,816 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,816 |
Goodwill | 55,947 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,947 |
Deferred income taxes | 66,877 |  |  | 43,515 |  |  | (1,319 | ) |  | 109,073 |
Other long-term assets | 138,344 |  |  | 23,593 |  |  | (86,048 | ) |  | 75,889 |
| $ | 2,696,360 |  |  | $ | 7,523,069 |  |  | $ | (246,757 | ) |  | $ | 9,972,672 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 214,263 |  |  | $ | 167,057 |  |  | $ | (153,723 | ) |  | $ | 227,597 |
Accrued liabilities | 444,028 |  |  | 90,942 |  |  | (5,148 | ) |  | 529,822 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 1,273,482 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,273,482 |
Current portion of long-term debt, net | — |  |  | 1,127,269 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,127,269 |
Total current liabilities | 658,291 |  |  | 2,658,750 |  |  | (158,871 | ) |  | 3,158,170 |
Long-term debt, net | 741,961 |  |  | 3,845,297 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,587,258 |
Pension liability | 54,606 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54,606 |
Postretirement healthcare liability | 118,753 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 118,753 |
Other long-term liabilities | 171,200 |  |  | 35,503 |  |  | 2,905 |  |  | 209,608 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 951,549 |  |  | 983,519 |  |  | (90,791 | ) |  | 1,844,277 |
| $ | 2,696,360 |  |  | $ | 7,523,069 |  |  | $ | (246,757 | ) |  | $ | 9,972,672 |

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| September 24, 2017
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 311,029 |  |  | $ | 372,105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 683,134 |
Accounts receivable, net | 690,152 |  |  | — |  |  | (347,028 | ) |  | 343,124 |
Finance receivables, net | — |  |  | 2,058,168 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,058,168 |
Inventories | 469,091 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 469,091 |
Restricted cash | — |  |  | 52,209 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,209 |
Other current assets | 146,012 |  |  | 46,956 |  |  | (10,552 | ) |  | 182,416 |
Total current assets | 1,616,284 |  |  | 2,529,438 |  |  | (357,580 | ) |  | 3,788,142 |
Finance receivables, net | — |  |  | 5,042,857 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,042,857 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 892,260 |  |  | 42,355 |  |  | — |  |  | 934,615 |
Goodwill | 55,898 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,898 |
Deferred income taxes | 109,116 |  |  | 73,424 |  |  | (1,965 | ) |  | 180,575 |
Other long-term assets | 149,257 |  |  | 22,499 |  |  | (85,484 | ) |  | 86,272 |
| $ | 2,822,815 |  |  | $ | 7,710,573 |  |  | $ | (445,029 | ) |  | $ | 10,088,359 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 257,205 |  |  | $ | 366,940 |  |  | $ | (347,028 | ) |  | $ | 277,117 |
Accrued liabilities | 479,753 |  |  | 104,814 |  |  | (10,609 | ) |  | 573,958 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 834,875 |  |  | — |  |  | 834,875 |
Current portion of long-term debt, net | — |  |  | 1,530,401 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,530,401 |
Total current liabilities | 736,958 |  |  | 2,837,030 |  |  | (357,637 | ) |  | 3,216,351 |
Long-term debt, net | 741,797 |  |  | 3,865,994 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,607,791 |
Pension liability | 52,471 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52,471 |
Postretirement healthcare liability | 162,925 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 162,925 |
Other long-term liabilities | 154,696 |  |  | 34,071 |  |  | 3,234 |  |  | 192,001 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 973,968 |  |  | 973,478 |  |  | (90,626 | ) |  | 1,856,820 |
| $ | 2,822,815 |  |  | $ | 7,710,573 |  |  | $ | (445,029 | ) |  | $ | 10,088,359 |

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| Nine months ended September 30, 2018
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 469,370 |  |  | $ | 171,801 |  |  | $ | (110,215 | ) |  | $ | 530,956 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of intangibles | 193,289 |  |  | 3,172 |  |  | — |  |  | 196,461 |
Amortization of deferred loan origination costs | — |  |  | 61,213 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,213 |
Amortization of financing origination fees | 497 |  |  | 5,710 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,207 |
Provision for long-term employee benefits | 28,162 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,162 |
Employee benefit plan contributions and payments | (11,035 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,035 | )
Stock compensation expense | 26,122 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,122 |
Net change in wholesale finance receivables related to sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,400 | ) |  | (18,400 | )
Provision for credit losses | — |  |  | 72,462 |  |  | — |  |  | 72,462 |
Deferred income taxes | (2,991 | ) |  | 4,343 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 1,457 |
Other, net | 28,426 |  |  | 699 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 29,340 |
Changes in current assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (169,168 | ) |  | — |  |  | 154,384 |  |  | (14,784 | )
Finance receivables - accrued interest and other | — |  |  | 1,374 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,374 |
Inventories | 8,270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,270 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 170,001 |  |  | 152,028 |  |  | (138,423 | ) |  | 183,606 |
Derivative instruments | 1,124 |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,227 |
Other | 19,411 |  |  | 3,173 |  |  | (5,667 | ) |  | 16,917 |
Total adjustments | 292,108 |  |  | 307,277 |  |  | (7,786 | ) |  | 591,599 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 761,478 |  |  | 479,078 |  |  | (118,001 | ) |  | 1,122,555 |

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| Nine months ended September 30, 2018
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (110,493 | ) |  | (9,352 | ) |  | — |  |  | (119,845 | )
Origination of finance receivables | — |  |  | (5,845,799 | ) |  | 2,806,639 |  |  | (3,039,160 | )
Collections on finance receivables | — |  |  | 5,363,333 |  |  | (2,798,638 | ) |  | 2,564,695 |
Other | (21,753 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,753 | )
Net cash used by investing activities | (132,246 | ) |  | (491,818 | ) |  | 8,001 |  |  | (616,063 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of medium-term notes | — |  |  | 1,144,018 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,144,018 |
Repayments of medium-term notes | — |  |  | (877,488 | ) |  | — |  |  | (877,488 | )
Repayments of securitization debt | — |  |  | (224,507 | ) |  | — |  |  | (224,507 | )
Borrowings of asset-backed commercial paper | — |  |  | 120,903 |  |  | — |  |  | 120,903 |
Repayments of asset-backed commercial paper | — |  |  | (156,258 | ) |  | — |  |  | (156,258 | )
Net increase in credit facilities and unsecured commercial paper | — |  |  | 102,154 |  |  | — |  |  | 102,154 |
Dividends paid | (186,105 | ) |  | (110,000 | ) |  | 110,000 |  |  | (186,105 | )
Purchase of common stock for treasury | (195,998 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (195,998 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock option plans | 3,157 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,157 |
Net cash used by financing activities | (378,946 | ) |  | (1,178 | ) |  | 110,000 |  |  | (270,124 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (11,802 | ) |  | (765 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,567 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 238,484 |  |  | $ | (14,683 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 223,801 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of period | $ | 338,186 |  |  | $ | 408,024 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 746,210 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 238,484 |  |  | (14,683 | ) |  | — |  |  | 223,801 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of period | $ | 576,670 |  |  | $ | 393,341 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 970,011 |

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| Nine months ended September 24, 2017
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 580,724 |  |  | $ | 129,322 |  |  | $ | (196,601 | ) |  | $ | 513,445 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of intangibles | 158,938 |  |  | 5,036 |  |  | — |  |  | 163,974 |
Amortization of deferred loan origination costs | — |  |  | 62,052 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,052 |
Amortization of financing origination fees | 491 |  |  | 5,621 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,112 |
Provision for long-term employee benefits | 22,427 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,427 |
Employee benefit plan contributions and payments | (43,060 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43,060 | )
Stock compensation expense | 23,223 |  |  | 2,358 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,581 |
Net change in wholesale finance receivables related to sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,678 |  |  | 36,678 |
Provision for credit losses | — |  |  | 99,059 |  |  | — |  |  | 99,059 |
Deferred income taxes | 3,450 |  |  | (8,656 | ) |  | 55 |  |  | (5,151 | )
Other, net | (14,671 | ) |  | 2,946 |  |  | 603 |  |  | (11,122 | )
Changes in current assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (211,115 | ) |  | — |  |  | 181,948 |  |  | (29,167 | )
Finance receivables - accrued interest and other | — |  |  | 317 |  |  | — |  |  | 317 |
Inventories | 50,016 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,016 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 75,957 |  |  | 199,855 |  |  | (187,054 | ) |  | 88,758 |
Derivative instruments | 2,708 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,752 |
Other | (45,830 | ) |  | 1,731 |  |  | 10,503 |  |  | (33,596 | )
Total adjustments | 22,534 |  |  | 370,363 |  |  | 42,733 |  |  | 435,630 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 603,258 |  |  | 499,685 |  |  | (153,868 | ) |  | 949,075 |

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| Nine months ended September 24, 2017
| HDMC Entities |  | HDFS Entities |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (105,591 | ) |  | (8,431 | ) |  | — |  |  | (114,022 | )
Origination of finance receivables | — |  |  | (5,791,241 | ) |  | 2,863,869 |  |  | (2,927,372 | )
Collections on finance receivables | — |  |  | 5,386,123 |  |  | (2,906,001 | ) |  | 2,480,122 |
Other | 7,272 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,272 |
Net cash used by investing activities | (98,319 | ) |  | (413,549 | ) |  | (42,132 | ) |  | (554,000 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of medium-term notes | — |  |  | 893,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 893,668 |
Repayments of medium-term notes | — |  |  | (400,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | (400,000 | )
Repayments of securitization debt | — |  |  | (367,298 | ) |  | — |  |  | (367,298 | )
Borrowings of asset-backed commercial paper | — |  |  | 371,253 |  |  | — |  |  | 371,253 |
Repayments of asset-backed commercial paper | — |  |  | (129,690 | ) |  | — |  |  | (129,690 | )
Net decrease in credit facilities and unsecured commercial paper | — |  |  | (225,038 | ) |  | — |  |  | (225,038 | )
Dividends paid | (190,121 | ) |  | (196,000 | ) |  | 196,000 |  |  | (190,121 | )
Purchase of common stock for treasury | (465,167 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (465,167 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock option plans | 7,884 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,884 |
Net cash used by financing activities | (647,404 | ) |  | (53,105 | ) |  | 196,000 |  |  | (504,509 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 27,954 |  |  | 863 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,817 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (114,511 | ) |  | $ | 33,894 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (80,617 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of period | $ | 425,540 |  |  | $ | 401,591 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 827,131 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (114,511 | ) |  | 33,894 |  |  | — |  |  | (80,617 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of period | $ | 311,029 |  |  | $ | 435,485 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 746,514 |

19. Subsequent Event
In October 2018, the Company announced a voluntary safety recall for a hydraulic clutch assembly on all model year 2017 and 2018 Touring, Trike and CVO Touring models and certain 2017 Softail models. The recall includes approximately 238,300 motorcycles globally. The Company estimates the cost of the recall to the Company to be approximately $35 million, which will be recorded in the fourth quarter of 2018.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Harley-Davidson, Inc. is the parent company of the groups of companies doing business as Harley-Davidson Motor Company (HDMC) and Harley-Davidson Financial Services (HDFS). Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to the "Company" include Harley-Davidson, Inc. and all its subsidiaries. The Company operates in two segments: Motorcycles and Related Products (Motorcycles) and Financial Services. The Company’s reportable segments are strategic business units that offer different products and services and are managed separately based on the fundamental differences in their operations.
The Motorcycles segment consists of HDMC which designs, manufactures and sells at wholesale on-road Harley-Davidson motorcycles as well as a line of motorcycle parts, accessories, general merchandise and related services. The Company's products are sold to retail customers through a network of independent dealers. The Company conducts business on a global basis, with sales in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) and the Asia Pacific region.
The Financial Services segment consists of HDFS which is engaged in the business of financing and servicing wholesale inventory receivables and retail consumer loans, primarily for the purchase of Harley-Davidson motorcycles. HDFS also works with certain unaffiliated insurance companies to provide motorcycle insurance and protection products to motorcycle owners. HDFS conducts business principally in the United States and Canada.
The “% Change” figures included in the “Results of Operations” section were calculated using unrounded dollar amounts and may differ from calculations using the rounded dollar amounts presented.
(1) Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
The Company intends that certain matters discussed in this report are “forward-looking statements” intended to qualify for the safe harbor from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified as such by reference to this footnote or because the context of the statement will include words such as the Company “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” or “estimates” or words of similar meaning. Similarly, statements that describe future plans, objectives, outlooks, targets, guidance or goals are also forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated as of the date of this report. Certain of such risks and uncertainties are described in close proximity to such statements or elsewhere in this report, including under the caption “Cautionary Statements” and in Item 1A “Risk Factors” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Shareholders, potential investors, and other readers are urged to consider these factors in evaluating the forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included in the Overview and Outlook sections are only made as of October 23, 2018 and the remaining forward-looking statements in this report are made as of the date of the filing of this report (November 8, 2018), and the Company disclaims any obligation to publicly update such forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.
Overview(1)
The Company’s net income was $113.9 million, or $0.68 per diluted share, for the third quarter of 2018 compared to $68.2 million, or $0.40 per diluted share, in the third quarter of 2017. Operating income from the Motorcycles segment increased $48.3 million compared to last year’s third quarter primarily due to a 16.7% increase in wholesale motorcycle shipments. Operating income from the Financial Services segment in the third quarter of 2018 was $83.8 million, up 8.7% compared to the year-ago quarter primarily due to a lower provision for credit losses.
Worldwide dealer retail sales of new Harley-Davidson motorcycles in the third quarter of 2018 were down 7.8% compared to the third quarter of 2017. In the U.S., retail sales were down 13.3% on a weak U.S. industry which declined 9.8% for the same period. Retail sales in international markets were up 2.6% compared to the prior year third quarter. International retail sales grew behind strong performance in western Europe and emerging markets.
The Company expects the U.S. industry to remain challenged into 2019 and will continue to proactively address these weak conditions. In the near-term, the Company is introducing exciting new products and adding innovation that customers value on its new motorcycles. The Company will continue to aggressively manage supply and execute marketing efforts to encourage motorcycle trials and increase the conversion of these trials into sales. In the mid-to-long term, the Company is accelerating its strategy to build the next generation of Harley-Davidson riders. The Company's previously announced More Roads to Harley-Davidson plan is aimed at strengthening the Company's core business as it grows more riders globally. The Company believes it is building the proper foundation and driving the right fundamentals to help steer the industry back to growth.
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Outlook(1)
On October 23, 2018, the Company provided the following information concerning its expectations for 2018:
The Company continues to expect to meet its 2018 shipment guidance despite the weak U.S. industry; however, it expects shipments to be toward the low end of its guidance range. The Company expects to ship 231,000 to 236,000 motorcycles to dealers worldwide in 2018, which is down approximately 2% to 4% from 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company expects to ship approximately 45,800 to 50,800 motorcycles, compared to 47,198 units shipped in the fourth quarter of 2017. The Company expects that 2018 full year U.S. dealer retail sales will be down compared to 2017 partially offset by growth in international retail sales compared to the prior year. The Company expects 2018 year-end U.S. retail inventory to be flat to 2017 and retail inventory in international markets to be up as it has continued to add new dealers.
The Company continues to expect operating margin as a percent of revenue for the Motorcycles segment to be approximately 9% to 10% for the full year 2018. However, given the expected cost of a voluntary safety recall announced in the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company believes its full year operating margin will likely finish at the low end of the guidance range. The voluntary safety recall relates to a hydraulic clutch assembly on all model year 2017 and 2018 Touring, Trike and CVO Touring models and certain 2017 Softail models. The voluntary recall includes approximately 238,300 motorcycles globally. The Company estimates the cost of the recall to be approximately $35 million, which will be recorded in the fourth quarter of 2018.
The Company expects the gross margin percent for the Motorcycles segment to be down for the full year 2018 compared to 2017. Gross margin as a percent of revenue in 2018 is expected to benefit from pricing on model year 2018 and 2019 motorcycles, favorable product mix and favorable foreign currency exchange rates. However, the Company expects these positive impacts to be more than offset by increased manufacturing expense and incremental tariff costs. Manufacturing expense is expected to be higher than in 2017 due to $15 million to $20 million of temporary inefficiencies related to the Company's manufacturing optimization plan and higher depreciation. Refer to "Manufacturing Optimization Costs and Savings" below for further information regarding the Company’s manufacturing optimization plan.
The Company expects incremental costs related to tariffs of approximately $43 million to $48 million in 2018, down from its prior expectation of $45 million to $55 million. The Company's expectations for the impact of recently enacted tariffs includes incremental costs of approximately $15 million to $20 million related to U.S. tariffs on imported steel and aluminum and approximately $25 million for European Union tariffs imposed on the Company’s products. Additionally, China recently increased tariffs on imported motorcycles produced in the U.S. by 25 percentage points, and the U.S. has increased tariffs for certain products imported from China. The Company's expectation for incremental costs related to tariffs includes approximately $3 million related to China.
The Company continues to expect selling, administrative and engineering expense for the Motorcycles segment to be higher in 2018 compared to 2017, but largely flat to 2017 when expressed as a percent of revenue. The Company expects selling, administrative and engineering expense to be up behind increased investments in marketing and product development as the Company works to grow ridership globally.
The Company's 2018 Motorcycles segment operating margin guidance includes expected manufacturing optimization costs which consist of the cost of temporary inefficiencies noted above as well as $85 million to $95 million in restructuring expenses.
The Company now expects operating income from Financial Services to be up in 2018 as compared to 2017. The Company had expected 2018 operating income from Financial Services to be flat to up slightly compared to 2017.
As described in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company adopted ASU 2017-07 in 2018 which requires the Company to record the non-service cost components of net periodic retirement plan costs in non-operating income and to recast prior periods to reflect the new classification. The Company expects 2018 full year non-operating income related to net periodic retirement plan costs of approximately $2 million in 2018 compared to $9.2 million in 2017. The reduction is due to an increase in the amortization of actuarial losses following the 2018 first quarter remeasurement of the assets and obligations of the Company's qualified pension plan. The remeasurement was required as a result of the curtailment of qualified pension plan benefits associated with the manufacturing optimization plan.
The Company now expects its full year effective tax rate will be approximately 22.5% to 24.0%, which is down from its previous expectation of 23.5% to 25.0%. This guidance excludes the effect of potential future adjustments associated with revisions to the tax expense recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 related to the enactment of the 2017 Tax Act, other new tax
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legislation, or audit settlements. The Company continues to regard its income tax estimates related to the 2017 Tax Act as provisional under SAB 118. The Company believes future guidance, interpretations, and pronouncements may add clarity to the numerous aspects of the 2017 Tax Act that may impact the Company and may result in revisions to the Company’s provisional estimates.
The Company has reduced its estimated capital expenditures for 2018 by $20 million and now expects capital expenditures to be between $230 million and $250 million, which includes approximately $50 million to support the manufacturing optimization plan. The Company anticipates it will have the ability to fund all capital expenditures in 2018 with cash flows generated by operations.
Manufacturing Optimization Plan Costs and Savings(1)
In January 2018, the Company commenced a significant, multi-year manufacturing optimization plan anchored by the consolidation of its final assembly plant in Kansas City, Missouri into its plant in York, Pennsylvania. As the operations are consolidated, the Company expects approximately 800 jobs will be eliminated with the closure of Kansas City operations and approximately 450 jobs will be added in York through 2019. As part of this manufacturing optimization plan, the Company will also close its wheel operations in Adelaide, Australia resulting in the elimination of approximately 90 jobs. The following table summarizes the expected costs and savings associated with the manufacturing optimization plan as of October 23, 2018:

(in millions) | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | Total
Costs related to temporary inefficiencies | $15 - $20 |  | $15 - $20 |  | n/a |  | $30 - $40
Restructuring expenses | $85 - $95 |  | $40 - $50 |  | n/a |  | $125 - $145
| $100 - $115 |  | $55 - $70 |  |  |  | $155 - $185
% cash | 70% |  | 70% |  |  |  | 70%
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | Ongoing
Annual cash savings | - |  | $25 - $30 |  | $45 - $50 |  | $65 - $75

The cost estimates above reflect a $15 million decrease in total costs from the Company's previous estimates. This includes a reduction in 2018 of $20 million and $25 million to the low and high ends of the range, respectively, offset by increases in 2019 of $5 million and $10 million to the low and high ends of the range, respectively.
The Company expects restructuring expenses to include the cost of employee termination benefits, accelerated depreciation, and other project implementation costs of $40 to $45 million, $50 to $55 million and $35 to $45 million, respectively. The timing of cash payments for restructuring costs may not occur in the same fiscal period that the Company records the expense.
The Company recorded restructuring expenses totaling $14.8 million and $74.0 million and costs related to temporary inefficiencies of $6.2 million and $9.3 million during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Refer to Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning restructuring expenses. The Company expects total capital expenditures of $75 million associated with the manufacturing optimization plan through 2019, including $50 million in 2018.
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Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Compared to the Three Months Ended September 24, 2017
Consolidated Results

| Three months ended |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except earnings per share) | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Change
Operating income from Motorcycles and Related Products | $ | 65,662 |  |  | $ | 17,352 |  |  | $ | 48,310 |  |  | 278.4 | %
Operating income from Financial Services | 83,754 |  |  | 77,060 |  |  | 6,694 |  |  | 8.7 |
Operating income | 149,416 |  |  | 94,412 |  |  | 55,004 |  |  | 58.3 |
Other income (expense), net | 644 |  |  | 2,296 |  |  | (1,652 | ) |  | (72.0 | )
Investment (loss) income | (1,106 | ) |  | 1,083 |  |  | (2,189 | ) |  | (202.1 | )
Interest expense | 7,762 |  |  | 7,896 |  |  | (134 | ) |  | (1.7 | )
Income before provision for income taxes | 141,192 |  |  | 89,895 |  |  | 51,297 |  |  | 57.1 |
Provision for income taxes | 27,337 |  |  | 21,686 |  |  | 5,651 |  |  | 26.1 |
Net income | $ | 113,855 |  |  | $ | 68,209 |  |  | $ | 45,646 |  |  | 66.9 | %
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | 70.0 | %

Consolidated operating income was up $55.0 million in the third quarter of 2018, or 58.3%, compared to the same period last year. Operating income from the Motorcycles segment improved $48.3 million, or 278.4%, compared to the third quarter of 2017, and operating income from the Financial Services segment increased $6.7 million, or 8.7%, compared to the third quarter of 2017. Please refer to the “Motorcycles and Related Products Segment” and “Financial Services Segment” discussions following for a more detailed discussion of the factors affecting operating income.
Other income in the third quarter was adversely impacted by higher amortization of actuarial losses following a 2018 first quarter remeasurement of the assets and obligations of the qualified pension plan.
The effective income tax rate for the third quarter of 2018 was 19.4% compared to 24.1% for the third quarter of 2017. The lower effective income tax rate was primarily due to the impact of the 2017 Tax Act enacted in December 2017, partially offset by a lower benefit from discrete tax adjustments recorded in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017.
Diluted earnings per share were $0.68 in the third quarter of 2018, up 70.0% from the same period in the prior year. The increase in diluted earnings per share was driven by a 66.9% increase in net income and also benefited from lower diluted weighted average shares outstanding. Diluted weighted average shares outstanding decreased from 170.7 million in the third quarter of 2017 to 166.7 million in the third quarter of 2018, driven by the Company's repurchases of common stock. Please refer to "Liquidity and Capital Resources" for additional information concerning the Company's share repurchase activity.
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Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Retail Sales(a)
The following table includes retail unit sales of Harley-Davidson motorcycles:

| Three months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | (Decrease) Increase |  | % Change
United States | 36,220 |  |  | 41,793 |  |  | (5,573 | ) |  | (13.3 | )%
Europe(b) | 9,239 |  |  | 8,970 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 3.0 |
EMEA - Other | 1,304 |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 17.7 |
Total EMEA | 10,543 |  |  | 10,078 |  |  | 465 |  |  | 4.6 |
Asia Pacific(c) | 4,578 |  |  | 5,136 |  |  | (558 | ) |  | (10.9 | )
Asia Pacific - Other | 2,855 |  |  | 2,321 |  |  | 534 |  |  | 23.0 |
Total Asia Pacific | 7,433 |  |  | 7,457 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Latin America | 2,577 |  |  | 2,306 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 11.8 |
Canada | 2,453 |  |  | 2,575 |  |  | (122 | ) |  | (4.7 | )
Total International Retail Sales | 23,006 |  |  | 22,416 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 2.6 |
Total Worldwide Retail Sales | 59,226 |  |  | 64,209 |  |  | (4,983 | ) |  | (7.8 | )%

(a) | Data source for retail sales figures shown above is new sales warranty and registration information provided by Harley-Davidson dealers and compiled by the Company. The Company must rely on information that its dealers supply concerning new retail sales, and the Company does not regularly verify the information that its dealers supply. This information is subject to revision.

(b) | Includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

(c) | Includes Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Korea. Prior period Asia Pacific retail sales have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Retail sales of new Harley-Davidson motorcycles in the U.S. were down 13.3% in the third quarter of 2018. Overall, U.S. retail sales of new Harley-Davidson motorcycles were adversely impacted by the continued weak U.S. industry, which was down 9.8% in the third quarter compared to the third quarter of 2017. The Company believes that industry sales of new motorcycles continued to be adversely impacted by soft used motorcycle prices, partially offset by less severe hurricane impacts compared to the third quarter of 2017. The Company believes Hurricane Florence had a nominal impact on 2018 third quarter retail sales of new Harley-Davidson motorcycles.
Prices for used Harley-Davidson motorcycles remain at historically low levels compared to new; however, the Company is encouraged by positive momentum in used motorcycle pricing. Wholesale prices of used Harley-Davidson motorcycles at auction during the third quarter of 2018 were up from year-ago levels, and third-party pricing services continued to publish higher retail values year-over-year for used Harley-Davidson motorcycles during the third quarter of 2018. Additionally, for the fifth consecutive quarter, prices of used Harley-Davidson motorcycles in the Company's dealer network were higher than prior year.
Retail sales of used Harley-Davidson motorcycles in the U.S. were up through August 2018 compared to the prior year. Additionally, the share of combined new and used motorcycle registrations in the U.S. attributable to Harley-Davidson motorcycles was up in 2018 through August after having also been up for each of the last 9 consecutive full years. (Source for data regarding used motorcycle sales: IHS Markit Used Registrations for On-Highway and Dual Purpose motorcycles with engines 601+cc in the U.S. from 2008 through August 2018). While the Company does not benefit directly from sales of used motorcycles, the Company believes used motorcycle sales are an indicator of the health of the Harley-Davidson brand and provide prospects for future new motorcycle sales.
The Company's U.S. market share of new 601+cc motorcycles for the third quarter of 2018 was 50.9%, down 2.2 percentage points from the same period last year. The Company's U.S. market share reflects the adverse impact of relatively strong growth in segments in which it does not currently compete. In the Touring and Cruiser segments, which represent
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approximately 70% of the 601+cc market, where the Company does compete, its market share was up slightly during the third quarter and was up 1.0 percentage point on a year-to-date basis (Source: Motorcycle Industry Council).
International retail sales of new Harley-Davidson motorcycles were up 2.6% in the third quarter. Retail sales in emerging markets were up 17.5% during the third quarter partially offset by lower retail sales in developed markets, which declined 2.5% during the third quarter. In developed markets, retail sales grew in western Europe driven by strong sales of the Company's new Softail motorcycles. However, retail sales in Japan and Australia continued to be weak in the third quarter behind contracting industry sales and competitive new product introductions in segments outside of the Touring and Cruiser segments. Retail sales in Canada were also down 4.7% in the third quarter of 2018. The Company continues efforts to drive demand in these markets through marketing programs with a significant focus on national test ride campaigns. The Company also continued to expand its international dealer network, opening 9 new dealers during the third quarter of 2018.
Motorcycles and Related Products Segment
Motorcycle Unit Shipments
The following table includes wholesale motorcycle unit shipments for the Motorcycles segment:

| Three months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | Unit |  | Unit
| Units |  | Mix % |  | Units |  | Mix % |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Change
United States | 26,213 |  |  | 53.9 | % |  | 19,668 |  |  | 47.2 | % |  | 6,545 |  |  | 33.3 | %
International | 22,426 |  |  | 46.1 | % |  | 21,994 |  |  | 52.8 | % |  | 432 |  |  | 2.0 |
Harley-Davidson motorcycle units | 48,639 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 41,662 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 6,977 |  |  | 16.7 | %
Touring motorcycle units | 22,204 |  |  | 45.7 | % |  | 14,674 |  |  | 35.2 | % |  | 7,530 |  |  | 51.3 | %
Cruiser motorcycle units | 16,049 |  |  | 33.0 | % |  | 17,292 |  |  | 41.5 | % |  | (1,243 | ) |  | (7.2 | )
Sportster® / Street motorcycle units | 10,386 |  |  | 21.3 | % |  | 9,696 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | 690 |  |  | 7.1 |
Harley-Davidson motorcycle units | 48,639 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 41,662 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 6,977 |  |  | 16.7 | %

The Company shipped 48,639 Harley-Davidson motorcycles worldwide during the third quarter of 2018, which was 16.7% higher than the third quarter of 2017 and in line with the Company's expectations. In the third quarter of last year, the Company reduced shipments to U.S. dealers to allow them to focus on selling model year 2017 motorcycles and reduce retail inventory levels as the Company launched its model year 2018 motorcycles. The shipment reduction in 2017 also resulted in a lower than normal mix of Touring motorcycles in the third quarter of 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company expects mix to be largely flat compared to the fourth quarter of 2017.(1)
The Company believes its 2018 shipment cadence resulted in lower U.S. dealer inventory throughout the selling season and significantly improved the mix of new model year versus prior model year motorcycle inventory in the U.S. dealer network. At the end of the third quarter of 2018, U.S. dealer retail inventory of new motorcycles was down approximately 2,200 motorcycles compared to the end of the prior year quarter. Combined with the reduction of 12,200 motorcycles at the end of last year’s third quarter compared to the prior year, U.S. retail inventory at the end of the third quarter of 2018 has been reduced by approximately 14,400 units over the last two years.
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Segment Results
The following table includes the condensed statements of operations for the Motorcycles segment (in thousands):

| Three months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Change
Revenue(a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles | $ | 821,670 |  |  | $ | 639,849 |  |  | $ | 181,821 |  |  | 28.4 | %
Parts & Accessories | 212,406 |  |  | 228,993 |  |  | (16,587 | ) |  | (7.2 | )
General Merchandise | 58,266 |  |  | 72,687 |  |  | (14,421 | ) |  | (19.8 | )
Licensing | 10,680 |  |  | 9,904 |  |  | 776 |  |  | 7.8 |
Other | 20,923 |  |  | 10,703 |  |  | 10,220 |  |  | 95.5 |
Total revenue | 1,123,945 |  |  | 962,136 |  |  | 161,809 |  |  | 16.8 |
Cost of goods sold | 776,530 |  |  | 687,823 |  |  | 88,707 |  |  | 12.9 |
Gross profit | 347,415 |  |  | 274,313 |  |  | 73,102 |  |  | 26.6 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling & administrative expense | 221,812 |  |  | 212,553 |  |  | 9,259 |  |  | 4.4 |
Engineering expense | 45,109 |  |  | 44,408 |  |  | 701 |  |  | 1.6 |
Restructuring expense | 14,832 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,832 |  |  | — |
Operating expense | 281,753 |  |  | 256,961 |  |  | 24,792 |  |  | 9.6 |
Operating income from Motorcycles | $ | 65,662 |  |  | $ | 17,352 |  |  | $ | 48,310 |  |  | 278.4 | %

(a) | In connection with the adoption of ASU 2014-09, the Company has changed its presentation of disaggregated Motorcycles segment revenue and the prior period has been recast to reflect the new presentation.

The following table includes the estimated impact of significant factors affecting the comparability of net revenue, cost of goods sold and gross profit from the third quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2018 (in millions):

| Net Revenue |  | Cost of Goods Sold |  | Gross Profit
Three months ended September 24, 2017 | $ | 962.1 |  |  | $ | 687.8 |  |  | $ | 274.3 |
Volume | 84.6 |  |  | 56.4 |  |  | 28.2 |
Price, net of related cost | 31.8 |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 20.8 |
Foreign currency exchange rates and hedging | (14.4 | ) |  | (7.0 | ) |  | (7.4 | )
Shipment mix | 59.8 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 34.1 |
Raw material prices | — |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | (3.8 | )
Manufacturing and other costs | — |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 1.2 |
Total | 161.8 |  |  | 88.7 |  |  | 73.1 |
Three months ended September 30, 2018 | $ | 1,123.9 |  |  | $ | 776.5 |  |  | $ | 347.4 |

The following factors affected the comparability of net revenue, cost of goods sold and gross profit from the third quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2018:

• | The increase in volume was due to higher wholesale motorcycle shipments partially offset by decreased P&A and general merchandise sales. The P&A revenue decline was in line with the decline in new motorcycle retail sales during the quarter and general merchandise revenue was down given last year’s strong sell-in of the Company's 115th anniversary product.

• | On average, wholesale prices for motorcycles shipped in the current period were higher than in the same period last year resulting in a favorable impact on revenue. The positive impact on revenue was partially offset by increased costs related to the additional content added to motorcycles shipped in the current period as compared to the same period last year. Wholesale and manufacturer's suggested retail weighted-average pricing of the Company's new model year 2019 motorcycles increased approximately 2.5%.

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• | Revenue was adversely impacted by weaker weighted-average foreign currency exchange rates, relative to the U.S. dollar, as compared to the same period last year. The unfavorable revenue impact was partially offset by higher net gains associated with foreign currency hedging and the remeasurement of foreign-denominated balance sheet accounts.

• | Revenue and gross profit were positively impacted by a shift in the mix of motorcycle families shipped during the quarter as compared to prior year.

• | Raw material prices were higher primarily due to increased steel and aluminum costs which includes the impacts of U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum imports.

• | Manufacturing and other costs benefited from increased fixed cost absorption on higher production volume; however, these benefits were mostly offset by higher tariff costs and temporary inefficiencies associated with the manufacturing optimization plan. In the third quarter of 2018, the Company incurred incremental tariff costs of $9.9 million associated with tariffs enacted in the European Union.

The increase in operating expenses during the third quarter of 2018 was due to higher selling, administrative and engineering expenses and a $14.8 million restructuring expense related to the Company's manufacturing optimization plan.
Financial Services Segment
Segment Results
The following table includes the condensed statements of operations for the Financial Services segment (in thousands):

| Three months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Change
Interest income | $ | 166,013 |  |  | $ | 163,831 |  |  | $ | 2,182 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Other income | 25,451 |  |  | 24,777 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 2.7 |
Securitization and servicing fee income | 260 |  |  | 451 |  |  | (191 | ) |  | (42.4 | )
Financial Services revenue | 191,724 |  |  | 189,059 |  |  | 2,665 |  |  | 1.4 |
Interest expense | 44,696 |  |  | 46,169 |  |  | (1,473 | ) |  | (3.2 | )
Provision for credit losses | 23,530 |  |  | 29,253 |  |  | (5,723 | ) |  | (19.6 | )
Operating expenses | 39,744 |  |  | 36,577 |  |  | 3,167 |  |  | 8.7 |
Financial Services expense | 107,970 |  |  | 111,999 |  |  | (4,029 | ) |  | (3.6 | )
Operating income from Financial Services | $ | 83,754 |  |  | $ | 77,060 |  |  | $ | 6,694 |  |  | 8.7 | %

Interest income was favorable in the third quarter of 2018 due to higher average retail receivables and a higher average wholesale yield, partially offset by lower average wholesale receivables.
Interest expense decreased due to lower cost of funds driven by the repayment of the Company's 6.80% medium-term notes which matured in June 2018, partially offset by effects of a rising interest rate environment.
The provision for credit losses decreased $5.7 million compared to the third quarter of 2017. The retail motorcycle provision decreased $7.3 million primarily due to a decrease in the retail reserve rate as compared to an increase in the reserve rate during the third quarter of 2017, driven by lower retail credit losses. This favorability was partially offset by higher retail receivables in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017. The wholesale provision increased $1.6 million as a result of an increase in the wholesale reserve rate and a smaller decrease in wholesale receivables during the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017.
Operating expenses increased $3.2 million compared to the third quarter of 2017 driven primarily by higher employee-related expenses.
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Changes in the allowance for credit losses on finance receivables were as follows (in thousands):

| Three months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 193,930 |  |  | $ | 193,528 |
Provision for credit losses | 23,530 |  |  | 29,253 |
Charge-offs, net of recoveries | (24,013 | ) |  | (27,199 | )
Balance, end of period | $ | 193,447 |  |  | $ | 195,582 |

Results of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 24, 2017
Consolidated Results

| Nine months ended |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except earnings per share) | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | (Decrease) Increase |  | % Change
Operating income from Motorcycles and Related Products | $ | 481,906 |  |  | $ | 571,250 |  |  | $ | (89,344 | ) |  | (15.6 | )%
Operating income from Financial Services | 227,874 |  |  | 211,631 |  |  | 16,243 |  |  | 7.7 |
Operating income | 709,780 |  |  | 782,881 |  |  | (73,101 | ) |  | (9.3 | )
Other income (expense), net | 1,509 |  |  | 6,887 |  |  | (5,378 | ) |  | (78.1 | )
Investment income | 2,630 |  |  | 2,539 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 3.6 |
Interest expense | 23,180 |  |  | 23,295 |  |  | (115 | ) |  | (0.5 | )
Income before provision for income taxes | 690,739 |  |  | 769,012 |  |  | (78,273 | ) |  | (10.2 | )
Provision for income taxes | 159,783 |  |  | 255,567 |  |  | (95,784 | ) |  | (37.5 | )
Net income | $ | 530,956 |  |  | $ | 513,445 |  |  | $ | 17,511 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 3.17 |  |  | $ | 2.95 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | 7.5 | %

Consolidated operating income was down 9.3% in the first nine months of 2018 due to a decrease in operating income from the Motorcycles segment of $89.3 million, or 15.6%, compared to the first nine months of 2017. The decline in operating income from the Motorcycles segment was partially offset by an increase in operating income from the Financial Services segment of $16.2 million in the first nine months of 2018 compared to the same period last year. Please refer to the “Motorcycles and Related Products Segment” and “Financial Services Segment” discussions following for a more detailed discussion of the factors affecting operating income.
Other income in the first nine months was adversely impacted by higher amortization of actuarial losses and pension curtailment expense following a 2018 first quarter remeasurement of the assets and obligations of the qualified pension plan.
The effective income tax rate for the first nine months of 2018 was 23.1% compared to 33.2% for the same period in 2017. The lower effective income tax rate was primarily due to the impact of the 2017 Tax Act enacted in December 2017.
Diluted earnings per share were $3.17 in the first nine months of 2018, up 7.5% from the same period in the prior year on higher net income and lower diluted weighted average shares outstanding. Diluted weighted average shares outstanding decreased from 174.3 million in the first nine months of 2017 to 167.7 million in the first nine months of 2018, driven by the Company's repurchases of common stock. Please refer to "Liquidity and Capital Resources" for additional information concerning the Company's share repurchase activity.
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Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Retail Sales(a)
The following table includes retail unit sales of Harley-Davidson motorcycles:

| Nine months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | (Decrease) Increase |  | % Change
United States | 112,019 |  |  | 124,777 |  |  | (12,758 | ) |  | (10.2 | )%
Europe(b) | 34,967 |  |  | 33,311 |  |  | 1,656 |  |  | 5.0 |
EMEA - Other | 4,282 |  |  | 4,164 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 2.8 |
Total EMEA | 39,249 |  |  | 37,475 |  |  | 1,774 |  |  | 4.7 |
Asia Pacific(c) | 14,126 |  |  | 15,782 |  |  | (1,656 | ) |  | (10.5 | )
Asia Pacific - Other | 7,354 |  |  | 6,846 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 7.4 |
Total Asia Pacific | 21,480 |  |  | 22,628 |  |  | (1,148 | ) |  | (5.1 | )
Latin America | 7,652 |  |  | 7,003 |  |  | 649 |  |  | 9.3 |
Canada | 8,340 |  |  | 8,763 |  |  | (423 | ) |  | (4.8 | )
Total International Retail Sales | 76,721 |  |  | 75,869 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 1.1 |
Total Worldwide Retail Sales | 188,740 |  |  | 200,646 |  |  | (11,906 | ) |  | (5.9 | )%

(a) | Data source for retail sales figures shown above is new sales warranty and registration information provided by Harley-Davidson dealers and compiled by the Company. The Company must rely on information that its dealers supply concerning new retail sales, and the Company does not regularly verify the information that its dealers supply. This information is subject to revision.

(b) | Includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

(c) | Includes Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Korea. Prior period Asia Pacific retail sales have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Retail sales of new Harley-Davidson motorcycles in the U.S. were down 10.2% in the first nine months of 2018 and continued to be adversely impacted by a weak U.S. industry, which was down 8.7% compared to the same period last year. The Company's U.S. market share of new 601+cc motorcycles for the first nine months of 2018 was 49.7%, down 1.0 percentage point compared to the same period last year (Source: Motorcycle Industry Council).
International retail sales of new Harley-Davidson motorcycles were up 1.1% in the first nine months of 2018. Retail sales in international emerging markets were up 7.1% during the first nine months of 2018 while retail sales in developed markets declined 0.7%. In developed markets, retail sales growth in western Europe was more than offset by lower retail sales in Japan, Australia, and Canada.
The Company's 2018 market share of new 601+cc motorcycles in Europe was 10.4% through September, up 0.8 percentage points compared to the prior year (Source: Association des Constructeurs Europeens de Motocycles).
Motorcycle Registration Data(a)
The following table includes industry retail motorcycle registration data:

| Nine months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | (Decrease) Increase |  | % Change
United States(b) | 222,468 |  |  | 243,718 |  |  | (21,250 | ) |  | (8.7 | )%
Europe(c) | 347,884 |  |  | 345,701 |  |  | 2,183 |  |  | 0.6 | %

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(a) | Data includes on-road 601+cc models. On-road 601+cc models include dual purpose models, three-wheeled motorcycles and autocycles. Registration data for Harley-Davidson Street® 500 motorcycles is not included in this table.

(b) | United States industry data is derived from information provided by Motorcycle Industry Council (MIC). This third-party data is subject to revision and update.

(c) | Europe data includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Industry retail motorcycle registration data includes 601+cc models derived from information provided by Association des Constructeurs Europeens de Motocycles (ACEM), an independent agency. This third-party data is subject to revision and update.

Motorcycles and Related Products Segment
Motorcycle Unit Shipments
The following table includes wholesale motorcycle unit shipments for the Motorcycles segment:

| Nine months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  |  |  |
| Units |  | Mix % |  | Units |  | Mix % |  | Unit (Decrease) Increase |  | Unit % Change
United States | 108,057 |  |  | 58.4 | % |  | 118,418 |  |  | 60.9 | % |  | (10,361 | ) |  | (8.7 | )%
International | 77,119 |  |  | 41.6 | % |  | 75,882 |  |  | 39.1 | % |  | 1,237 |  |  | 1.6 |
Harley-Davidson motorcycle units | 185,176 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 194,300 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | (9,124 | ) |  | (4.7 | )%
Touring motorcycle units | 84,125 |  |  | 45.4 | % |  | 80,392 |  |  | 41.4 | % |  | 3,733 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Cruiser motorcycle units | 61,951 |  |  | 33.5 | % |  | 67,693 |  |  | 34.8 | % |  | (5,742 | ) |  | (8.5 | )
Sportster® / Street motorcycle units | 39,100 |  |  | 21.1 | % |  | 46,215 |  |  | 23.8 | % |  | (7,115 | ) |  | (15.4 | )
Harley-Davidson motorcycle units | 185,176 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 194,300 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | (9,124 | ) |  | (4.7 | )%

The Company shipped 185,176 Harley-Davidson motorcycles worldwide during the first nine months of 2018, which was 4.7% lower than the same period in 2017 on slower year-over-year retail sales in the U.S. The shipment mix of Touring motorcycles increased as a percent of total shipments while the mix of Cruiser, Sportster®, and Street motorcycle shipments declined slightly as compared to the same period last year.
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Segment Results
The following table includes the condensed statements of operations for the Motorcycles segment (in thousands):

| Nine months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Change
Revenue(a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motorcycles | $ | 3,144,796 |  |  | $ | 2,975,650 |  |  | $ | 169,146 |  |  | 5.7 | %
Parts & Accessories | 612,495 |  |  | 633,532 |  |  | (21,037 | ) |  | (3.3 | )
General Merchandise | 183,520 |  |  | 191,540 |  |  | (8,020 | ) |  | (4.2 | )
Licensing | 29,445 |  |  | 29,237 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 0.7 |
Other | 42,757 |  |  | 38,023 |  |  | 4,734 |  |  | 12.5 |
Total revenue | 4,013,013 |  |  | 3,867,982 |  |  | 145,031 |  |  | 3.7 |
Cost of goods sold | 2,659,740 |  |  | 2,545,884 |  |  | 113,856 |  |  | 4.5 |
Gross profit | 1,353,273 |  |  | 1,322,098 |  |  | 31,175 |  |  | 2.4 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling & administrative expense | 653,666 |  |  | 622,905 |  |  | 30,761 |  |  | 4.9 |
Engineering expense | 143,657 |  |  | 127,943 |  |  | 15,714 |  |  | 12.3 |
Restructuring expense | 74,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,044 |  |  | — |
Operating expense | 871,367 |  |  | 750,848 |  |  | 120,519 |  |  | 16.1 |
Operating income from Motorcycles | $ | 481,906 |  |  | $ | 571,250 |  |  | $ | (89,344 | ) |  | (15.6 | )%

(a) | In connection with the adoption of ASU 2014-09, the Company has changed its presentation of disaggregated Motorcycles segment revenue and the prior period has been recast to reflect the new presentation.

The following table includes the estimated impact of significant factors affecting the comparability of net revenue, cost of goods sold and gross profit from the first nine months of 2017 to the first nine months of 2018 (in millions):

| Net Revenue |  | Cost of Goods Sold |  | Gross Profit
Nine months ended September 24, 2017 | $ | 3,868.0 |  |  | $ | 2,545.9 |  |  | $ | 1,322.1 |
Volume | (196.5 | ) |  | (119.7 | ) |  | (76.8 | )
Price, net of related costs | 95.9 |  |  | 54.4 |  |  | 41.5 |
Foreign currency exchange rates and hedging | 47.9 |  |  | 39.6 |  |  | 8.3 |
Shipment mix | 197.7 |  |  | 100.7 |  |  | 97.0 |
Raw material prices | — |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | (13.2 | )
Manufacturing and other costs | — |  |  | 25.6 |  |  | (25.6 | )
Total | 145.0 |  |  | 113.8 |  |  | 31.2 |
Nine months ended September 30, 2018 | $ | 4,013.0 |  |  | $ | 2,659.7 |  |  | $ | 1,353.3 |

The following factors affected the comparability of net revenue, cost of goods sold and gross profit from the first nine months of 2017 to the first nine months of 2018:

• | The decrease in volume was due to lower wholesale motorcycle shipments, as well as decreased P&A and general merchandise sales.

• | On average, wholesale prices for motorcycles shipped in the current period were higher than in the same period last year resulting in a favorable impact on revenue. The positive impact on revenue was partially offset by increased costs related to the additional content added to motorcycles shipped in the current period as compared to the same period last year.

• | Revenue was positively impacted by stronger weighted-average foreign currency exchange rates, relative to the U.S. dollar, as compared to the same period last year. The favorable revenue impact was partially offset by higher net foreign currency losses due primarily to the remeasurement of foreign-denominated balance sheet accounts, as compared to the prior year.

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• | Shipment mix changes resulted in a positive impact on gross profit resulting from favorable changes in the mix of motorcycle families, as well as the mix of models within motorcycle families.

• | Raw material prices were higher primarily due to increased steel and aluminum costs which includes the impacts of U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum imports.

• | Manufacturing and other costs were negatively impacted by lower fixed cost absorption due to lower production, higher depreciation, higher tariff costs and temporary inefficiencies associated with the manufacturing optimization plan. In 2018, the Company incurred incremental tariff costs of $9.9 million associated with tariffs enacted in the European Union.

The increase in operating expenses during the first nine months of 2018 was due primarily to increased spending on marketing and product development activities as well as a $74.0 million restructuring expense related to the Company's manufacturing optimization plan.
Financial Services Segment
Segment Results
The following table includes the condensed statements of operations for the Financial Services segment (in thousands):

| Nine months ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Change
Interest income | $ | 478,693 |  |  | $ | 471,988 |  |  | $ | 6,705 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Other income | 78,391 |  |  | 76,790 |  |  | 1,601 |  |  | 2.1 |
Securitization and servicing fee income | 916 |  |  | 1,536 |  |  | (620 | ) |  | (40.4 | )
Financial Services revenue | 558,000 |  |  | 550,314 |  |  | 7,686 |  |  | 1.4 |
Interest expense | 145,089 |  |  | 133,866 |  |  | 11,223 |  |  | 8.4 |
Provision for credit losses | 72,462 |  |  | 99,059 |  |  | (26,597 | ) |  | (26.8 | )
Operating expenses | 112,575 |  |  | 105,758 |  |  | 6,817 |  |  | 6.4 |
Financial Services expense | 330,126 |  |  | 338,683 |  |  | (8,557 | ) |  | (2.5 | )
Operating income from Financial Services | $ | 227,874 |  |  | $ | 211,631 |  |  | $ | 16,243 |  |  | 7.7 | %

Interest income was higher for the first nine months of 2018 due to higher average retail receivables, partially offset by lower average wholesale receivables.
Interest expense increased due to a higher cost of funds and higher average outstanding debt.
The provision for credit losses decreased $26.6 million compared to the first nine months of 2017. The retail motorcycle provision decreased $27.3 million driven by a decrease in the retail reserve rate as compared to an increase in the reserve rate during the first nine months of 2017, driven by lower retail credit losses. This favorability was partially offset by a larger increase in retail receivables as compared to the first nine months of 2017. The wholesale provision increased $0.7 million.
Annualized credit losses for the Company's retail motorcycle loans were 1.55% through September 30, 2018 compared to 1.73% through September 24, 2017. The 30-day delinquency rate for retail motorcycle loans at September 30, 2018 was 3.60% compared to 3.72% at September 24, 2017.
Operating expenses increased $6.8 million compared to the nine months ended September 24, 2017 driven primarily by higher employee-related expenses.
Changes in the allowance for credit losses on finance receivables were as follows (in thousands):

| Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 192,471 |  |  | $ | 173,343 |
Provision for credit losses | 72,462 |  |  | 99,059 |
Charge-offs, net of recoveries | (71,486 | ) |  | (76,820 | )
Balance, end of period | $ | 193,447 |  |  | $ | 195,582 |

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Other Matters
Contractual Obligations
The Company has updated the contractual obligations table under the caption “Contractual Obligations” in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 as of September 30, 2018 to reflect the new projected principal and interest payments for the remainder of 2018 and beyond as follows (in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2019-2020 |  | 2021-2022 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Principal payments on debt | $ | 1,414,961 |  |  | $ | 3,050,982 |  |  | $ | 1,550,955 |  |  | $ | 1,100,000 |  |  | $ | 7,116,898 |
Interest payments on debt | 34,921 |  |  | 259,504 |  |  | 141,178 |  |  | 374,206 |  |  | 809,809 |
| $ | 1,449,882 |  |  | $ | 3,310,486 |  |  | $ | 1,692,133 |  |  | $ | 1,474,206 |  |  | $ | 7,926,707 |

Interest obligations for floating rate instruments, as calculated above, assume rates in effect at September 30, 2018 remain constant. For purposes of the above, the principal payment balances for medium-term notes, on-balance sheet asset-backed securitizations, and senior unsecured notes are shown without reduction for debt issuance costs. Refer to Note 10 for a breakout of the finance costs consistent with ASU No. 2015-03.
As of September 30, 2018, there have been no other material changes to the Company’s summary of expected payments for significant contractual obligations in the contractual obligations table in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Commitments and Contingencies
Environmental Protection Agency Notice:
In December 2009, the Company received formal, written requests for information from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding: (i) certificates of conformity for motorcycle emissions and related designations and labels, (ii) aftermarket parts, and (iii) warranty claims on emissions related components. The Company promptly submitted written responses to the EPA’s inquiry and has engaged in information exchanges and discussions with the EPA. In August 2016, the Company entered into a consent decree with the EPA regarding these issues, and the consent decree was subsequently revised in July 2017 (the Settlement). In the Settlement, the Company agreed to, among other things, pay a fine and not sell tuning products unless they are approved by the EPA or California Air Resources Board. In December 2017, the EPA filed the Settlement with the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia for the purpose of obtaining court approval of the Settlement. Three amicus briefs opposing portions of the Settlement were filed with the court by the deadline of January 31, 2018. On March 1, 2018, the Company and the EPA each filed separate response briefs. The Company anticipates the court will make a decision whether or not to finalize the Settlement in the following months. The Company has an accrual associated with this matter which is included in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, and as a result, if it is finalized, the Settlement would not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition or results of operations. The Settlement is not final until it is approved by the court, and if it is not approved by the court, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the impact of any remedies the EPA might seek beyond the Company's current reserve for this matter.
York Environmental Matters:
The Company is involved with government agencies and groups of potentially responsible parties related to a matter involving the cleanup of soil and groundwater contamination at its York, Pennsylvania facility. The York facility was formerly used by the U.S. Navy and AMF prior to the purchase of the York facility by the Company from AMF in 1981. The Company has been working with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) since 1986 and with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in undertaking environmental investigation and remediation activities, including a site-wide remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS).
In January 1995, the Company entered into a settlement agreement (the Agreement) with the Navy, and the parties amended the Agreement in 2013 to address ordnance and explosive waste. The Agreement calls for the Navy and the Company to contribute amounts into a trust equal to 53% and 47%, respectively, of costs associated with environmental investigation and remediation activities at the York facility (Response Costs). The trust administers the payment of the Response Costs incurred at the York facility as covered by the Agreement.
The Company has an accrual for its estimate of its share of the future Response Costs at the York facility which is included in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. While the work on the RI/FS is now complete, the final remedy has not yet been proposed or approved and, given the uncertainty that exists concerning the nature and scope of
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additional environmental remediation that may ultimately be required under the approved final remedy, the Company is unable to make a reasonable estimate of those additional costs, if any, that may result.
The estimate of the Company's future Response Costs that will be incurred at the York facility is based on reports of independent environmental consultants retained by the Company, the actual costs incurred to date, and the estimated costs to complete the necessary investigation and remediation activities.
Product Liability Matters:
The Company is involved in product liability suits related to the operation of its business. The Company accrues for claim exposures that are probable of occurrence and can be reasonably estimated. The Company also maintains insurance coverage for product liability exposures. The Company believes that its accruals and insurance coverage are adequate and that product liability suits will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company participates in asset-backed financing both through asset-backed securitization transactions and through asset-backed commercial paper conduit facilities. In the Company's asset-backed financing programs, the Company transfers retail motorcycle finance receivables to special purpose entities (SPEs), which are considered VIEs under U.S. GAAP. Each SPE then converts those assets into cash, through the issuance of debt. The Company retains servicing rights for all of the retail motorcycle finance receivables transferred to SPEs as part of an asset-backed financing.
The SPEs are separate legal entities that assume the risks and rewards of ownership of the retail motorcycle finance receivables they hold. The assets of the VIEs are not available to pay other obligations or claims of the Company’s creditors. The Company’s economic exposure related to the VIEs is generally limited to restricted cash reserve accounts, retained interests and ordinary representations and warranties and related covenants. The VIEs have a limited life and generally terminate upon final distribution of amounts owed to investors.
The accounting treatment for asset-backed financings depends on the terms of the related transaction and the Company’s continuing involvement with the VIE. Most of the Company’s asset-backed financings do not meet the criteria to be treated as a sale for accounting purposes because, in addition to retaining servicing rights, the Company retains a financial interest in the VIE in the form of a debt security. These transactions are treated as secured borrowings. As secured borrowings, the retail motorcycle finance receivables remain on the balance sheet with a corresponding obligation reflected as debt.
During the second quarter of 2016, the Company sold finance receivables with a principal balance of $301.8 million into a securitization VIE. The transaction met the criteria to be treated as a sale for accounting purposes and resulted in an off-balance sheet arrangement because the Company did not retain any financial interest in the VIE beyond servicing rights and ordinary representations and warranties and related covenants. For more information, see Note 11.
Liquidity and Capital Resources as of September 30, 2018(1)
Over the long-term, the Company expects that its business model will continue to generate cash that will allow it to invest in the business, fund future growth opportunities, and return value to shareholders.(1) The Company will evaluate opportunities to return cash to its shareholders through increasing dividends and repurchasing shares. The Company believes the Motorcycles operations will continue to be primarily funded through cash flows generated by operations.(1) The Financial Services operations have been funded with unsecured debt, unsecured commercial paper, asset-backed commercial paper conduit facilities, committed unsecured bank facilities, and asset-backed securitizations.
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The Company’s strategy is to maintain a minimum of twelve months of its projected liquidity needs through a combination of cash and cash equivalents and availability under credit facilities. The following table summarizes the Company’s cash and availability under credit and conduit facilities (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 926,992 |
Current marketable securities | 10,011 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities | 937,003 |
Credit facilities | 196,141 |
Asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit facilities(a) | 634,956 |
Asset-backed Canadian commercial paper conduit facility(a) | 20,998 |
Total availability under credit and conduit facilities | 852,095 |
Total | $ | 1,789,098 |

(a) | Includes facilities expiring in the next twelve months which the Company expects to renew prior to expiration.(1)

The Company recognizes that it must continue to monitor and adjust its business to changes in the lending environment. The Company intends to continue with a diversified funding profile through a combination of short-term and long-term funding vehicles and to pursue a variety of sources to obtain cost-effective funding. The Financial Services operations could be negatively affected by higher costs of funding and increased difficulty of raising, or potential unsuccessful efforts to raise, funding in the short-term and long-term capital markets.(1) These negative consequences could in turn adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations in various ways, including through higher costs of capital, reduced funds available through its Financial Services operations to provide loans to independent dealers and their retail customers, and dilution to existing shareholders through the use of alternative sources of capital.
Cash Flow Activity
The following table summarizes the cash flow activity for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 1,122,555 |  |  | $ | 949,075 |
Net cash used by investing activities | (616,063 | ) |  | (554,000 | )
Net cash used by financing activities | (270,124 | ) |  | (504,509 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (12,567 | ) |  | 28,817 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 223,801 |  |  | $ | (80,617 | )

Operating Activities
The increase in cash provided by operating activities for the first nine months of 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily due to favorable changes in working capital and lower cash outflows for retirement plans. During the first nine months of 2017, the Company made a $25.0 million voluntary contribution to its qualified pension plan. There was no comparable voluntary contribution in the first nine months of 2018 and none are planned for the remainder of 2018.(1)
Investing Activities
The Company’s most significant investing activities consist of capital expenditures and retail finance originations and collections. Capital expenditures were $119.8 million in the first nine months of 2018 compared to $114.0 million in the same period last year. Net cash outflows for finance receivables for the first nine months of 2018 were $474.5 million, which was $27.2 million higher than the same period last year.
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Financing Activities
The Company’s financing activities consist primarily of share repurchases, dividend payments, and debt activity. Cash outflows for share repurchases were $196.0 million in the first nine months of 2018 compared to $465.2 million in the same period last year. Share repurchases during the first nine months of 2018 totaled 4.3 million shares of common stock related to discretionary share repurchases and 0.2 million shares of common stock that employees surrendered to satisfy withholding taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units. As of September 30, 2018, there were 21.3 million shares remaining on board-approved share repurchase authorizations. The Company paid dividends of $1.110 and $1.095 per share totaling $186.1 million and $190.1 million during the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Financing cash flows related to debt activity resulted in net cash inflows of $108.8 million in the first nine months of 2018 compared to net cash inflows of $142.9 million in the first nine months of 2017. The Company’s total outstanding debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Unsecured commercial paper | $ | 1,373,859 |  |  | $ | 834,875 |
Asset-backed Canadian commercial paper conduit facility | 149,418 |  |  | 122,130 |
Asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit facilities | 265,044 |  |  | 280,308 |
Medium-term notes, net | 4,437,279 |  |  | 4,564,124 |
Senior unsecured notes, net | 742,458 |  |  | 741,797 |
Asset-backed securitization debt, net | 128,474 |  |  | 429,833 |
Total debt | $ | 7,096,532 |  |  | $ | 6,973,067 |

To access the debt capital markets, the Company relies on credit rating agencies to assign short-term and long-term credit ratings. Generally, lower credit ratings result in higher borrowing costs and reduced access to debt capital markets. A credit rating agency may change or withdraw the Company’s ratings based on its assessment of the Company’s current and future ability to meet interest and principal repayment obligations. The Company’s short-term debt ratings affect its ability to issue unsecured commercial paper. The Company’s short- and long-term debt ratings as of September 30, 2018 were as follows:

| Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Outlook
Moody’s | P2 |  | A3 |  | Stable
Standard & Poor’s | A2 |  | BBB+ |  | Negative (long-term only)
Fitch | F1 |  | A |  | Stable

Credit Facilities – In April 2018, the Company entered into a $780.0 million five-year credit facility to replace the $675.0 million five-year credit facility that was due to mature in April 2019 and also terminated the $100.0 million 364-day credit facility that would have matured at the end of April 2018. The new five-year credit facility matures in April 2023. The Company also has a $765.0 million five-year credit facility which matures in April 2021. The two five-year credit facilities (together, the Global Credit Facilities) bear interest at variable rates, which may be adjusted upward or downward depending on certain criteria, such as credit ratings. The Global Credit Facilities also require the Company to pay a fee based on the average daily unused portion of the aggregate commitments under the Global Credit Facilities. The Global Credit Facilities are committed facilities primarily used to support the Company's unsecured commercial paper program. In May 2018, the Company renewed its $25.0 million 364-day credit facility that was due to mature in that month. The $25.0 million credit facility bears interest at variable interest rates, and the Company pays a fee based on the unused portion of the $25.0 million commitment. This credit facility matures in May 2019.
Unsecured Commercial Paper – Subject to limitations, the Company could issue unsecured commercial paper of up to $1.55 billion as of September 30, 2018 supported by the Global Credit Facilities, as discussed above. Outstanding unsecured commercial paper may not exceed the unused portion of the Global Credit Facilities. Maturities may range up to 365 days from the issuance date. The Company intends to repay unsecured commercial paper as it matures with additional unsecured commercial paper or through other means, such as borrowing under the Global Credit Facilities, borrowing under its asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit facility or through the use of operating cash flow and cash on hand.(1)
Medium-Term Notes – The Company had the following medium-term notes (collectively, the Notes) issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 (in thousands):
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Principal Amount |  | Rate |  | Issue Date |  | Maturity Date
$600,000 |  | 2.25% |  | January 2016 |  | January 2019
$150,000 |  | Floating-rate(a) |  | March 2017 |  | March 2019
$600,000 |  | 2.40% |  | September 2014 |  | September 2019
$600,000 |  | 2.15% |  | February 2015 |  | February 2020
$450,000 |  | Floating-rate(b) |  | May 2018 |  | May 2020
$350,000 |  | 2.40% |  | March 2017 |  | June 2020
$600,000 |  | 2.85% |  | January 2016 |  | January 2021
$350,000 |  | 3.55% |  | May 2018 |  | May 2021
$400,000 |  | 2.55% |  | June 2017 |  | June 2022
$350,000 |  | 3.35% |  | February 2018 |  | February 2023

(a) | Floating interest rate based on LIBOR plus 35 bps.

(b) | Floating interest rate based on LIBOR plus 50 bps. The Company utilized an interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge to convert this from a floating rate basis to a fixed rate basis. Refer to Note 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

The fixed-rate Notes provide for semi-annual interest payments and the floating-rate Notes provide for quarterly interest payments. Principal on the Notes is due at maturity. Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs on the Notes reduced the outstanding balance by $12.7 million and $13.4 million at September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, $877.5 million of 6.80% and $400.0 million of 2.70% medium-term notes matured, respectively, and the principal and accrued interest were paid in full.
Senior Unsecured Notes – In July 2015, the Company issued $750.0 million of senior unsecured notes in an underwritten offering. The senior unsecured notes provide for semi-annual interest payments and principal due at maturity. $450.0 million of the senior unsecured notes mature in July 2025 and have an interest rate of 3.50%, and $300.0 million of the senior unsecured notes mature in July 2045 and have an interest rate of 4.625%. The Company used the proceeds from the debt to repurchase shares of its common stock in 2015.
On-Balance Sheet Asset-Backed Canadian Commercial Paper Conduit Facility – The Company has a revolving facility agreement (Canadian Conduit) with a Canadian bank-sponsored asset-backed commercial paper conduit. Under the agreement, the Canadian Conduit is contractually committed, at the Company's option, to purchase from the Company eligible Canadian retail motorcycle finance receivables for proceeds up to C$220.0 million. The transferred assets are restricted as collateral for the payment of the debt. The terms for this facility provide for interest on the outstanding principal based on prevailing market interest rates plus a specified margin. The Canadian Conduit also provides for a program fee and an unused commitment fee based on the unused portion of the total aggregate commitment of C$220.0 million. There is no amortization schedule; however, the debt is reduced monthly as available collections on the related finance receivables are applied to outstanding principal. Upon expiration of the Canadian Conduit, any outstanding principal will continue to be reduced monthly through available collections. Unless earlier terminated or extended by mutual agreement between the Company and the lenders, as of September 30, 2018, the Canadian Conduit has an expiration date of June 28, 2019.
The following table includes quarterly transfers of Canadian retail motorcycle finance receivables to the Canadian Conduit and the respective proceeds (in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
| Transfers |  | Proceeds |  | Transfers |  | Proceeds
First quarter | $ | 7,600 |  |  | $ | 6,200 |  |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 5,500 |
Second quarter | 38,900 |  |  | 32,200 |  |  | 14,200 |  |  | 12,400 |
Third quarter | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 46,500 |  |  | $ | 38,400 |  |  | $ | 20,500 |  |  | $ | 17,900 |

On-Balance Sheet Asset-Backed U.S. Commercial Paper Conduit Facilities VIE – In December 2017, the Company renewed its existing $300.0 million and $600.0 million revolving facility agreements with a third-party bank-sponsored asset-backed U.S. commercial paper conduit. Availability under the revolving facilities (together, the U.S. Conduit Facilities) is based on, among other things, the amount of eligible U.S. retail motorcycle receivables held by the relevant SPE as collateral.
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The following table includes quarterly transfers of U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to the U.S. Conduit and the respective proceeds (in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
| Transfers |  | Proceeds |  | Transfers |  | Proceeds
First quarter | $ | 32,900 |  |  | $ | 29,300 |  |  | $ | 333,400 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |
Second quarter | 59,100 |  |  | 53,300 |  |  | 28,200 |  |  | 24,000 |
Third quarter | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,100 |  |  | 29,600 |
| $ | 92,000 |  |  | $ | 82,600 |  |  | $ | 395,700 |  |  | $ | 353,600 |

The terms for this debt provide for interest on the outstanding principal based on prevailing commercial paper rates or LIBOR to the extent the advance is not funded by a conduit lender through the issuance of commercial paper plus, in each case, a program fee based on outstanding principal. The U.S. Conduit Facilities also provide for an unused commitment fee based on the unused portion of the total aggregate commitment of $900.0 million. There is no amortization schedule; however, the debt will be reduced monthly as available collections on the related finance receivables are applied to outstanding principal. Upon expiration of the U.S. Conduit Facilities, any outstanding principal will continue to be reduced monthly through available collections. Unless earlier terminated or extended by mutual agreement of the Company and the lenders, as of September 30, 2018, the U.S. Conduit Facilities have an expiration date of December 12, 2018.
Asset-Backed Securitization VIEs – For all of its asset-backed securitization transactions, the Company transfers U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to separate VIEs, which in turn issue secured notes with various maturities and interest rates to investors. All of the notes held by the VIEs are secured by future collections of the purchased U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables. The U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables included in the asset-backed securitization transactions are not available to pay other obligations or claims of the Company's creditors until the associated debt and other obligations are satisfied. Restricted cash balances held by the VIEs are used only to support the securitizations.
The accounting treatment for asset-backed securitizations depends on the terms of the related transaction and the Company’s continuing involvement with the VIE. Most of the Company’s asset-backed securitizations do not meet the criteria to be accounted for as a sale because, in addition to retaining servicing rights, the Company retains a financial interest in the VIE in the form of a debt security. These transactions are treated as secured borrowings. As secured borrowings, the retail motorcycle finance receivables remain on the balance sheet with a corresponding obligation reflected as debt. There is no amortization schedule for the secured notes; however, the debt is reduced monthly as available collections on the related retail motorcycle finance receivables are applied to outstanding principal. The secured notes’ contractual lives have various maturities ranging from 2020 to 2022.
There were no on or off-balance sheet asset-backed securitization transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 or September 24, 2017.
Support Agreement - The Company has a support agreement with HDFS whereby, if required, the Company agrees to provide HDFS with financial support to maintain HDFS’ fixed-charge coverage at 1.25 and minimum net worth of $40.0 million. Support may be provided at the Company’s option as capital contributions or loans. Accordingly, certain debt covenants may restrict the Company’s ability to withdraw funds from HDFS outside the normal course of business. No amount has ever been provided to HDFS under the support agreement.
Operating and Financial Covenants – HDFS and the Company are subject to various operating and financial covenants related to the credit facilities and various operating covenants under the Notes and the U.S. and Canadian asset-backed commercial paper conduit facilities. The more significant covenants are described below.
The operating covenants limit the Company’s and HDFS’ ability to:

• | Assume or incur certain liens;

• | Participate in certain mergers or consolidations; and

• | Purchase or hold margin stock.

Under the current financial covenants of the Global Credit Facilities, the ratio of HDFS’s consolidated debt, excluding secured debt, to HDFS’s consolidated shareholders' equity, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), cannot exceed 10.0 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter. In addition, the ratio of the Company's consolidated debt to the Company's consolidated debt and consolidated shareholders’ equity (where the Company's consolidated debt in each case excludes that of HDFS and its subsidiaries, and the Company's consolidated shareholders’ equity excludes accumulated other
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comprehensive income (loss)), cannot exceed 0.7 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter. No financial covenants are required under the Notes or the U.S. or Canadian asset-backed commercial paper conduit facilities.
At September 30, 2018, HDFS and the Company remained in compliance with all of the then existing covenants.
Cautionary Statements
The Company's ability to meet the targets and expectations noted above depends upon, among other factors, the Company's ability to (i) execute its business plans and strategies, including the elements of the More Roads to Harley-Davidson plan that the Company disclosed on July 30, 2018, and strengthen its existing business while enabling growth, (ii) manage the impact that new or adjusted tariffs may have on the cost of raw materials and components and our ability to sell product internationally, (iii) execute its strategy of growing ridership, globally, (iv) effectively execute the Company’s manufacturing optimization initiative within expected costs and timing and successfully carry out its global manufacturing and assembly operations, (v) accurately analyze, predict and react to changing market conditions and successfully adjust to shifting global consumer needs and interests, (vi) negotiate and successfully implement a strategic alliance relationship with a local partner in Asia, (vii) develop and introduce products, services and experiences on a timely basis that the market accepts, that enable the Company to generate desired sales levels and that provide the desired financial returns, (viii) perform in a manner that enables the Company to benefit from market opportunities while competing against existing and new competitors, (ix) realize expectations concerning market demand for electric models, which may depend in part on the building of necessary infrastructure, (x) prevent, detect, and remediate any issues with its motorcycles or any issues associated with manufacturing processes to avoid delays in new model launches, recall campaigns, regulatory agency investigations, increased warranty costs or litigation and adverse effects on its reputation and brand strength, and carry out any product programs or recalls within expected costs and timing, (xi) manage supply chain issues, including quality issues and any unexpected interruptions or price increases caused by raw material shortages or natural disasters, (xii) manage the impact that prices for and supply of used motorcycles may have on its business, including on retail sales of new motorcycles, (xiii) reduce other costs to offset costs of the More Roads to Harley-Davidson plan and redirect capital without adversely affecting its existing business, (xiv) balance production volumes for its new motorcycles with consumer demand, (xv) manage risks that arise through expanding international manufacturing, operations and sales, (xvi) manage through changes in general economic and business conditions, including changing capital, credit and retail markets, and the changing political environment, (xvii) continue to manage the relationships and agreements that the Company has with its labor unions to help drive long-term competitiveness, (xviii) accurately estimate and adjust to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices, (xix) continue to develop the capabilities of its distributors and dealers, effectively implement changes relating to its dealers and distribution methods and manage the risks that its independent dealers may have difficulty obtaining capital and managing through changing economic conditions and consumer demand, (xx) retain and attract talented employees, (xxi) prevent a cybersecurity breach involving consumer, employee, dealer, supplier, or Company data and respond to evolving regulatory requirements regarding data security, (xxii) manage the credit quality, the loan servicing and collection activities, and the recovery rates of HDFS' loan portfolio, (xxiii) adjust to tax reform, healthcare inflation and reform and pension reform, and successfully estimate the impact of any such reform on the Company’s business, (xxiv) manage through the effects inconsistent and unpredictable weather patterns may have on retail sales of motorcycles, (xxv) implement and manage enterprise-wide information technology systems, including systems at its manufacturing facilities, (xxvi) manage changes and prepare for requirements in legislative and regulatory environments for its products, services and operations, (xxvii) manage its exposure to product liability claims and commercial or contractual disputes, and (xxviii) successfully access the capital and/or credit markets on terms (including interest rates) that are acceptable to the Company and within its expectations.
In addition, the Company could experience delays or disruptions in its operations as a result of work stoppages, strikes, natural causes, terrorism or other factors. Further, actual foreign currency exchange rates may vary from underlying assumptions. Other factors are described in risk factors that the Company has disclosed in documents previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Many of these risk factors are impacted by the current changing capital, credit and retail markets and the Company's ability to manage through inconsistent economic conditions.
The Company’s ability to sell its motorcycles and related products and services and to meet its financial expectations also depends on the ability of the Company’s independent dealers to sell its motorcycles and related products and services to retail customers. The Company depends on the capability and financial capacity of its independent dealers to develop and implement effective retail sales plans to create demand for the motorcycles and related products and services they purchase from the Company. In addition, the Company’s independent dealers and distributors may experience difficulties in operating their businesses and selling Harley-Davidson motorcycles and related products and services as a result of weather, economic conditions or other factors.
In recent years, HDFS has experienced historically low levels of retail credit losses, but there is no assurance that this will continue. The Company believes that HDFS' retail credit losses may increase over time due to changing consumer credit
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behavior and HDFS' efforts to increase prudently structured loan approvals to sub-prime borrowers, as well as actions that the Company has taken and could take that impact motorcycle values.
Refer to “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for a discussion of additional risk factors and a more complete discussion of some of the cautionary statements noted above.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The Company’s earnings related to its operations outside the U.S. are impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The majority of the Company’s exposure relates to the Euro, Australian dollar, Japanese yen, Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, and Brazilian real. A weakening in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar will generally have an adverse effect on revenue related to sales made in those foreign currencies offset by a corresponding positive impact from natural hedges created by the operating costs incurred in those same foreign currencies. As the majority of the Company’s manufacturing occurs in the U.S., the Company’s operating expenses paid in foreign currencies generally include limited manufacturing costs and the selling and administrative costs incurred at the Company’s international locations. In addition, to the extent the Company carries foreign-denominated cash, receivables or accounts payable, those amounts are also exposed to foreign currency remeasurements that can impact the Company’s earnings.
The Company also uses derivative financial instruments to hedge a portion of the forecasted cash flows in its key foreign currencies. These instruments generally have terms of up to 12 months and are purchased over time so that at any point in time some portion of the next 12 months of expected foreign currency exposure is hedged. The hedging instruments allow the Company to lock in the exchange rate on future foreign currency cash flows based on the forward rates available at the time of purchase. The level of gain or loss on these instruments will depend on the spread between the forward rate and the corresponding spot rate at the date the instruments are settled.
HDFS’ earnings are affected by changes in interest rates. HDFS’ interest-rate sensitive financial instruments include finance receivables, debt and interest rate swaps.
Refer to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for further information concerning the Company's market risk. There have been no material changes to the market risk information included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company’s management evaluated, with the participation of the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based upon their evaluation of these disclosure controls and procedures, the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time period specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its President and Chief Executive Officer and Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.
Changes in Internal Controls
There were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1 – Legal Proceedings
The information required under this Item 1 of Part II is contained in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and such information is incorporated herein by reference in this Item 1 of Part II.
Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table contains detail related to the Company's repurchase of its common stock based on the date of trade during the quarter ended September 30, 2018:

2018 Fiscal Month | Total Number of Shares Purchased (a) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 2 to August 5 | 5,109 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | 5,109 |  |  | 23,247,303 |
August 6 to September 2 | 1,110,548 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | 1,110,548 |  |  | 22,137,398 |
September 3 to September 30 | 830,900 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | 830,900 |  |  | 21,306,498 |
Total | 1,946,557 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | 1,946,557 |  |  |

(a) | Includes discretionary share repurchases and shares of common stock that employees surrendered to satisfy withholding taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units

In February 2016, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to 20.0 million shares of its common stock with no dollar limit or expiration date which superseded the share repurchase authority granted by the Board of Directors in December 1997. The Company repurchased 1.9 million shares on a discretionary basis during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 under this authorization. In February 2018, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to 15.0 million additional shares of its common stock with no dollar limit or expiration date. As of September 30, 2018, 21.3 million shares remained under these authorizations.
Under the share repurchase authorizations, the Company’s common stock may be purchased through any one or more of a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan and discretionary purchases on the open market, block trades, accelerated share repurchases, or privately negotiated transactions. The number of shares repurchased, if any, and the timing of repurchases will depend on a number of factors, including share price, trading volume, and general market conditions, as well as on working capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors. The repurchase authority has no expiration date but may be suspended, modified, or discontinued at any time.
The Harley-Davidson, Inc. 2014 Incentive Stock Plan and predecessor stock plans permit participants to satisfy all or a portion of the statutory federal, state, and local withholding tax obligations arising in connection with plan awards by electing to (a) have the Company withhold shares otherwise issuable under the award, (b) tender back shares received in connection with such award, or (c) deliver other previously owned shares, in each case having a value equal to the amount to be withheld. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company acquired 5,752 shares of common stock that employees presented to the Company to satisfy withholding taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units.
Item 6 – Exhibits
Refer to the Exhibit Index immediately following this page.
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Harley-Davidson, Inc.
Exhibit Index to Form 10-Q

Exhibit No. |  | Description
31.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)
31.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)
32.1 |  | Written Statement of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC.
Date: November 8, 2018 | /s/ John A. Olin
| John A. Olin
| Senior Vice President and
| Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal financial officer)

Date: November 8, 2018 | /s/ Mark R. Kornetzke
| Mark R. Kornetzke
| Chief Accounting Officer
| (Principal accounting officer)

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