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Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business TriNet Group Inc. (TriNet, or the Company, we, our and us), a professional employer organization (PEO), provides comprehensive human resources (HR) solutions for small to midsize businesses (SMBs) under a co-employment model. These HR solutions include bundled services, such as multi-state payroll processing and tax administration, employee benefits programs, including health insurance and retirement plans, workers' compensation insurance and claims management, employment and benefit law compliance, and other services. Through the co-employment relationship, we are the employer of record for most administrative and regulatory purposes, including:
• | compensation through wages and salaries,
• | employer payroll-related tax payments,
• | employee payroll-related tax withholdings and payments,
• | employee benefit programs including health and life insurance, and others, and
• | workers' compensation coverage.
Our clients are responsible for the day-to-day job responsibilities of the worksite employees (WSEs). We operate in one reportable segment. All of our service revenues are generated from external clients. Less than 1% of revenue is generated outside of the U.S. Basis of Presentation Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Reclassifications and Impact of Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. Balance sheet reclassifications are summarized in the tables below:
|  | December 31, 2017
|  | As previously |  | Reclassification |  | As
(in millions) |  | Reported |  | Amounts |  | Revised
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted cash, cash equivalents, and investments |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 1,265 |  |  | $ | 1,280 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |
Unbilled revenue, net |  | — |  |  | 297 |  |  | 297 |
Prepaid income taxes |  | 5 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |
Prepaid expenses |  | 8 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 38 |
Other current assets |  | 2 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 19 |
Worksite employee related assets |  | 1,625 |  |  | (1,625 | ) |  | — |
Workers' compensation collateral receivable |  | 39 |  |  | (39 | ) |  | — |
Deferred and other long term income taxes |  | 2 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |
Other assets |  | 14 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 55 |
|  | December 31, 2017
|  | As previously |  | Reclassification |  | As
(in millions) |  | Reported |  | Amounts |  | Revised
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable & other current liabilities |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 59 |
Accrued wages |  | 40 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 329 |
Client deposits |  | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | 52 |
Accrued health insurance costs, net |  | — |  |  | 151 |  |  | 151 |
Accrued workers' compensation costs, net |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | 67 |
Payroll tax liabilities and other payroll withholdings |  | — |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | 1,034 |
Insurance premiums and other payables |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |
Other current liabilities |  | 14 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | — |
Worksite employee related liabilities |  | 1,618 |  |  | (1,618 | ) |  | — |
Effects on the cash flow statement due to adoption of ASU 2016-18 and effects due to reclassifications are summarized below:
| Year ended December 31,
| 2017 | 2016
(in millions) | As previously reported | Effect of ASU adoption | Reclassified amounts | As revised | As previously reported | Effect of ASU adoption | Reclassified amounts | As revised
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (14 | ) | $ | (14 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Restricted cash, cash equivalents, and investments | (46 | ) | 46 |  | — |  | — |  | (42 | ) | 42 |  | — |  | — |
Unbilled revenue | — |  | — |  | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | — |  | — |  | (79 | ) | (79 | )
Prepaid income taxes | 37 |  | — |  | (37 | ) | — |  | (38 | ) | — |  | 38 |  | — |
Prepaid expenses | 1 |  | — |  | 27 |  | 28 |  | (2 | ) | — |  | (43 | ) | (45 | )
Workers' compensation collateral receivable | (7 | ) | — |  | 7 |  | — |  | (3 | ) | — |  | 3 |  | — |
Accounts payable | 22 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 23 |  | 9 |  | — |  | 2 |  | 11 |
Client deposits | — |  | — |  | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | — |  | — |  | (2 | ) | (2 | )
Accrued wages | 11 |  | — |  | 15 |  | 26 |  | 4 |  | — |  | 69 |  | 73 |
Accrued health insurance costs | — |  | — |  | 22 |  | 22 |  | — |  | — |  | 16 |  | 16 |
Accrued workers' compensation costs | 12 |  | — |  | (3 | ) | 9 |  | 55 |  | — |  | 5 |  | 60 |
Payroll taxes payable and other payroll withholdings | — |  | — |  | 294 |  | 294 |  | — |  | — |  | (175 | ) | (175 | )
Worksite employee related assets | (343 | ) | 307 |  | 36 |  | — |  | 92 |  | 1 |  | (93 | ) | — |
Worksite employee related liabilities | 342 |  | — |  | (342 | ) | — |  | (94 | ) | — |  | 94 |  | — |
Other assets | 4 |  | — |  | (15 | ) | (11 | ) | — |  | — |  | 174 |  | 174 |
Other liabilities | — |  | — |  | 17 |  | 17 |  | — |  | — |  | (9 | ) | (9 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 253 |  | 353 |  | — |  | 606 |  | 149 |  | 43 |  | — |  | 192 |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock on exercised options | 11 |  | — |  | (11 | ) | — |  | 5 |  | — |  | (5 | ) | — |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock on employee stock purchase plan | 5 |  | — |  | (5 | ) | — |  | 4 |  | — |  | (4 | ) | — |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | — |  | — |  | 16 |  | 16 |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | 9 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 152 |  | $ | 353 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 505 |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | 43 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 61 |
Interest income previously classified in other income (expense), net is now presented in a new line item. Depreciation expense and amortization of intangible assets previously reported separately, are now presented together as depreciation and amortization of intangible assets. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and related disclosures. Significant estimates include:
• | liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (accrued workers' compensation costs) related to workers' compensation and workers' compensation collateral receivable,
• | accrued health insurance costs,
• | liability for insurance premiums payable,
• | impairments of goodwill and other intangible assets,
• | income tax assets and liabilities, and
• | liability for legal contingencies.
These estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable from the facts available to us. Some of the assumptions are highly uncertain at the time of estimation. To the extent actual experience differs from the assumptions used, our consolidated financial statements could be materially affected. Revenue Recognition On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (ASC Topic 606) using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC Topic 606, while the comparative prior period amounts are not restated and continue to be reported in accordance with statements previously accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605. Upon adoption of ASC Topic 606, we recorded a $2 million cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Impacts from adoption of the new standard on our revenue recognition include:
• | Our annual service contracts with our clients that are cancellable with 30 days' notice are initially considered 30-day contracts under the new standard;
• | Professional service revenues are recognized on an output basis which results in recognition at the time payroll is processed;
• | Our non-refundable set up fees are no longer deferred but accounted for as part of our transaction price and are allocated among professional service revenues and insurance services revenues; and
• | The majority of sales commissions related to onboarding new clients that were previously expensed are capitalized as contract assets and amortized over the estimated client life.
Revenues are recognized when control of the promised services are transferred to our clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for services. We generate all of our revenue from contracts with clients. We disaggregate revenues into professional services revenues and insurance services revenues as reported on the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Generally, both the client and the Company may terminate the contract without penalty by providing a 30-day notice. Performance Obligations At contract inception, we assess the services promised in our contracts with clients and identify a performance obligation for each distinct promise to transfer to the client a service or bundle of services. We determined that the following distinct services represent separate performance obligations:
• | Payroll and payroll tax processing,
• | Health benefits services, and
• | Workers’ compensation services.
Payroll and payroll tax processing performance obligations include services to process payroll and payroll tax-related transactions on behalf of our clients. Revenues associated with this performance obligation are reported as professional service revenues and recognized using an output method in which the control of the promised services is considered transferred when a client's payroll is processed by us and WSEs are paid. Professional service revenues are stated net of the gross payroll and payroll tax amounts funded by our clients. Although we assume the responsibilities to process and remit the payroll and payroll related obligations, we do not assume employment-related responsibilities such as determining the amount of the payroll and related payroll obligations. As a result, we are the agent in this arrangement for revenue recognition purposes. Health benefits and workers' compensation services include performance obligations to provide TriNet-sponsored health benefits and workers' compensation insurance coverage through insurance policies provided by third-party insurance carriers and settle high deductible amounts on those policies. Revenues associated with these performance obligations are reported as insurance services revenues and are recognized using the output method over the period of time that the client and WSEs are covered under TriNet-sponsored insurance policies. We control the selection of health benefits and workers' compensation coverage made available. As a result, we are the principal in this arrangement for revenue recognition purposes and insurance services revenues are reported gross. We generally charge new customers a nominal upfront non-refundable fee to recover our costs to set them up on our TriNet platform for payroll processing and other administrative services, such as benefit enrollments. These fees are accounted for as part of our transaction price and are allocated among the performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices. Variable Consideration and Pricing Allocation Our contracts with customers generally do not include any variable consideration. However, from time to time, we may offer incentive credits to our clients considered to be variable consideration including incentive credits issued related to contract renewals. Incentive credits are recorded as a reduction to revenue as part of the transaction price at contract inception when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the incentive credit and we reduce the full amount of the credit only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of any incremental revenue will not occur. These incentive credits are allocated among the performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices. We allocate the total transaction price to each performance obligation based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised services underlying each performance obligation. The transaction price for the payroll and payroll tax processing performance obligations is determined upon establishment of the contract that contains the final terms of the arrangement, including the description and price of each service purchased. The estimated service fee is calculated based on observable inputs and include the following key assumptions: target profit margin, pricing strategies including the mix of services purchased and competitive factors, and client and industry specifics. The transaction price for health benefits insurance and worker’s compensation insurance performance obligations is determined during the new client on-boarding and enrollment processes based on the types of benefits coverage the clients and WSEs have elected and the applicable risk profile of the client. We estimate our service fees based on actuarial forecasts of our expected insurance premiums and claim costs, and amounts to cover our costs to administer these programs. We require our clients to prefund payroll and related taxes and other withholding liabilities before payroll is processed or due for payment. Under the provision of our contracts with clients, we generally will process the payment of a client’s payroll only when the client successfully funds the amount required. As a result, there is no financing arrangement for the contracts, however, certain contracts to provide payroll and payroll tax processing services permit the client to pay certain payroll tax components ratably over a 12-month period rather than as payroll tax is determined on wages paid, which may be considered a significant financing arrangement under ASC Topic 606. However, as the period between our performing the service under the contract and when the client pays for the service is less than one year, we have elected, as a practical expedient, not to adjust the transaction price. Contract Costs We recognize as deferred commission expense the incremental cost to obtain a contract with a client for certain components under our commission plans for sales representatives and channel partners that are directly related to new customers onboarded as we expect to recover these costs through future service fees. Such assets will be amortized over the estimated average client tenure. These commissions are earned on the basis of the revenue generated from payroll and payroll tax processing performance obligations. When the commission on a renewal contract is not commensurate with the commission on the initial contract, such incremental commission will be capitalized and amortized over the estimated average client tenure. If the commission for both initial contract and renewal contracts are commensurate, such commissions are expensed in the contract period. When the amortization period is less than one year, we apply practical expedient to expense sales commissions in sales and marketing expenses in the period incurred. The below table summarizes the amounts capitalized and amortized during the year ended December 31, 2018:
| Year Ended December 31, 2018
(in millions) | Capitalized | Amortized
Deferred commission costs | $ | 33 |  | $ | 2 |
Certain commission plans will pay a commission on estimated professional service revenues over the first 12 months of the contract with clients. The portion of commission paid in excess of the actual commission earned in that period is recorded as prepaid commission. When the prepaid commission is considered earned, it is classified as a deferred commission expense and subject to amortization. We do not have material contract liabilities as of December 31, 2018. Insurance Costs Our fully insured insurance plans are provided by third-party insurance carriers under risk-based or guaranteed-cost insurance policies. Under risk-based policies, we agree to reimburse our carriers for any claims paid within an agreed-upon per-person deductible layer up to a maximum aggregate exposure limit per policy. These deductible dollar limits and maximum limits vary by carrier and year. Under guaranteed-cost policies, our carriers establish the premiums and we are not responsible for any deductible. Insurance costs include insurance premiums for coverage provided by insurance carriers, reimbursement of claims payments made by insurance carriers or third-party administrators, and changes in accrued costs related to our workers' compensation and health benefit insurance. At policy inception, annual workers' compensation premiums are estimated by the insurance carriers based on projected wages over the duration of the policy period and the risk categories of the WSEs. As actual wages are realized, premium expense recorded may differ from estimated premium expense, creating an asset or liability throughout the policy year. Such asset or liability is reported on our consolidated balance sheets as prepaid expenses or insurance premiums and other payables, respectively. Accrued Workers' Compensation Costs We have secured fully insured workers' compensation insurance policies with insurance carriers to administer and pay claims for our clients and WSEs. We are responsible for reimbursing the insurance carriers for losses up to $1 million per claim occurrence (deductible layer). Insurance carriers are responsible for administering and paying claims. We are responsible for reimbursing each carrier up to a deductible limit per occurrence. Accrued workers' compensation costs represent our liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses. These accrued costs are established to provide for the estimated ultimate costs of paying claims within the deductible layer in accordance with worker's compensation insurance policies. These accrued costs include estimates for reported and incurred but not reported (IBNR) losses, accrued costs on reported claims, and expenses associated with processing and settling the claims. In establishing these accrued costs, we use an independent actuary to provide an estimate of undiscounted future cash payments that would be made to settle the claims based upon:
• | TriNet's historical loss experience, exposure data, and industry loss experience,
• | inputs including WSE job responsibilities and location,
• | historical frequency and severity of workers' compensation claims,
• | an estimate of future cost trends to establish expected loss ratios for subsequent accident years,
• | expected loss ratios for the latest accident year or prior accident years, adjusted for the loss trend, the effect of rate changes and other quantifiable factors, and
• | loss development factors to project the reported losses for each accident year to an ultimate basis.
We assess the accrued workers' compensation costs on a quarterly basis. For each reporting period, changes in the actuarial methods and assumptions resulting from changes in actual claims experience and other trends are incorporated into the accrued workers' compensation costs. Adjustments to previously established accrued costs estimate are reflected in the results of operations for the period in which the adjustment is identified. Such adjustments could be significant, reflecting any variety of new adverse or favorable trends. Accordingly, final claim settlements may vary materially from the present estimates, particularly when those payments may not occur until well into the future. In our experience, plan years related to workers' compensation programs may take ten years or more to be settled. We do not discount accrued workers' compensation costs. Claim costs expected to be paid within one year are recorded as accrued workers' compensation costs. Claim costs expected to be paid beyond one year are included in accrued workers' compensation costs, less current portion. We have collateral agreements with various insurance carriers where either we retain custody of funds in trust accounts which we record as restricted cash and cash equivalents, or remit funds to carriers. Collateral whether held by us, or the carriers, is used to settle our insurance and claim deductible obligations to them. Collateral requirements are established at the policy year and are re-assessed by each carrier annually. Based on the results of each assessment, additional collateral may be required for or paid to the carrier or collateral funds may be released or returned to the Company. Collateral paid to carriers, by agreement permits net settlement of obligations against collateral held, which we record net of our accrued costs (Carrier Collateral Offset). We offset Carrier Collateral Offset against our obligation due within the next 12 months before applying against long term obligations. Collateral balances in excess of accrued costs are recorded as accounts receivable or in other assets. Accrued Health Insurance Costs We sponsor and administer a number of fully insured, risk-based employee benefit plans, including group health, dental, and vision as an employer plan sponsor under section 3(5) of the ERISA. In 2018, a majority of our group health insurance costs related to risk-based plans. Our remaining group health insurance costs were for guaranteed-cost policies. Accrued health insurance costs are established to provide for the estimated unpaid costs of reimbursing the carriers for paying claims within the deductible layer in accordance with risk-based health insurance policies. These accrued costs include estimates for reported losses, plus estimates for claims incurred but not paid. We assess accrued health insurance costs regularly based upon independent actuarial studies that include other relevant factors such as current and historical claims payment patterns, plan enrollment and medical trend rates. In certain carrier contracts we are required to prepay the expected claims activity for the subsequent period. These prepaid balances by agreement permit net settlement of obligations and offset the accrued health insurance costs or when the prepaid is in excess of our recorded liability the net asset position is included in prepaid expenses. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, prepayments included in accrued health insurance costs were $33 million and $19 million, respectively. Under certain policies, based on plan performance, we may be entitled to receive refunds of premiums which we recognize in accordance with the policy terms. We estimate these refunds based on premium and claims data and record as a reduction in the insurance costs on the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income and prepaid expenses on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018, there were no prepaid insurance premiums. As of December 31, 2017, there was $11 million included within prepaid expenses as prepaid insurance premiums. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include bank deposits and short-term, highly liquid investments. Investments with original maturity dates of three months or less are considered cash equivalents. Restricted Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments Restricted cash, cash equivalents and investments presented on our consolidated balance sheets include:
• | cash and cash equivalents in trust accounts functioning as security deposits for our insurance carriers,
• | payroll funds collected representing cash collected in advance from clients which we designate as restricted for the purpose of funding WSE payroll and payroll taxes and other payroll related liabilities, and
• | amounts held in trust for current and future premium and claim obligations with our insurance carriers, which amounts are held in trust according to the terms of the relevant insurance policies and by the local insurance regulations of the jurisdictions in which the policies are in force.
Investments Our investments are primarily classified as available-for-sale and are carried at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of deferred income taxes. The amortized cost of debt investments is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts from the date of purchase to the earliest call date for premiums or the maturity date for discounts. Such amortization is included in interest income as an addition to or deduction from the coupon interest earned on the investments. We use the specific identification method to determine the realized gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale securities. Realized gains and losses are included in interest income in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We assess our investments for an other-than-temporary impairment loss due to a decline in fair value or other market conditions. We review several factors to determine whether a loss is other than temporary, such as the length and extent of the fair value decline, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and whether we have the intent to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell before the securities' anticipated recovery, which may be at maturity. If management determines that a security is impaired under these circumstances, the impairment recognized in earnings is measured as the entire difference between the amortized cost and the then-current fair value. We have investments within our unrestricted and our restricted accounts. Unrestricted investments are recorded on the balance sheet as current or noncurrent based upon the remaining time to maturity, and investments subject to restrictions are classified as current or noncurrent based on the expected payout of the related liability. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. Our financial assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are comprised of cash equivalents, available-for-sale marketable securities and certificates of deposits. We measure certain financial assets at fair value for disclosure purposes, as well as on a nonrecurring basis when they are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. Our other current financial assets and liabilities have fair values that approximate their carrying value due to their short-term nature. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are measured and classified in accordance with a three-tier fair value hierarchy based on the observability of the inputs available in the market to measure fair value, summarized as follows:
• | Level 1—observable inputs for identical assets or liabilities, such as quoted prices in active markets,
• | Level 2—inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly,
• | Level 3—unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which requires that we develop our own assumptions.
The fair value hierarchy requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. We classify our cash equivalents, debt securities and debt payable in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Unbilled Revenue We recognize WSE payroll and payroll tax liabilities in the period in which the WSEs perform work. When clients' pay periods cross reporting periods, we accrue the portion of the unpaid WSE payroll where we assume, under state regulations, the obligation for the payment of wages and the corresponding payroll tax liabilities associated with the work performed prior to period-end. These estimated payroll and payroll tax liabilities are recorded in accrued wages. The associated receivables, including estimated revenues, offset by advance collections from clients, are recorded as unbilled revenue. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, advance collections included in unbilled revenue were $23 million and $12 million respectively. Accounts Receivable Our accounts receivable represents outstanding gross billings to clients, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. We require our clients to prefund payroll and related liabilities before payroll is processed or due for payment. If a client fails to fund payroll or misses the funding cut-off, at our sole discretion, we may pay the payroll and the resulting unfunded payroll is recognized as accounts receivable. When client payment is received in advance of our performance under the contract, such amount is recorded as client deposits. We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality of clients, current economic conditions and other factors that may affect clients’ ability to pay, and charge-off amounts when they are deemed uncollectible. Property and Equipment We record property and equipment at historical cost and compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or the lease terms, generally three to five years for software and office equipment, five to seven years for furniture and fixtures, and the shorter of the asset life or the remaining lease term for leasehold improvements. We expense the cost of maintenance and repairs as incurred and capitalize leasehold improvements. We capitalize internal and external costs incurred to develop internal-use computer software during the application development stage. Application development stage costs include license fee paid to third-parties for software use, software configuration, coding, and installation. Capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life, typically ranging from three to five years, commencing when the software is placed into service. We expense costs incurred during the preliminary project stage, as well as general and administrative, overhead, maintenance and training costs, and costs that do not add functionality to existing systems. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, internally developed software costs capitalized were $33 million, $29 million and $21 million respectively. We periodically assess the likelihood of unsuccessful completion of projects in progress, as well as monitor events or changes in circumstances, which might suggest that impairment has occurred and recoverability should be evaluated. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable and exceeds the future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Our goodwill and identifiable intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment on an annual basis or when an event occurs or circumstances change in a way to indicate that there has been a potential decline in the fair value of the reporting unit. Goodwill impairment is determined by comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. All goodwill is associated with one reporting unit within our one reportable segment. Annually, we perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit has declined below carrying value. This assessment considers various financial, macroeconomic, industry, and reporting unit specific qualitative factors. We perform our annual impairment testing in the fourth quarter. Based on the results of our reviews, no impairment loss was recognized in the results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives ranging from two to ten years using either the straight-line method or an accelerated method. Intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment at least annually and evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Based on the results of our reviews, no impairment loss was recognized in the results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An asset is considered impaired if the carrying amount exceeds the undiscounted future net cash flows the asset is expected to generate. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds its fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less selling costs. Advertising Costs We expense the costs of producing advertisements at the time production occurs, and expense the cost of running advertisements in the period in which the advertising space or airtime is used as sales and marketing expense. Advertising costs were $17 million, $8 million, and $6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation Our stock-based awards to employees include time-based and performance-based restricted stock units and restricted stock awards, stock options and an employee stock purchase plan. Compensation expense associated with restricted stock units and restricted stock awards is based on the fair value of common stock on the date of grant. Compensation expense associated with stock options and employee stock purchase plan are based on the estimated grant date fair value method using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Expense is recognized using a straight-line amortization method over the respective vesting period for awards that are ultimately expected to vest, with adjustments to expense recognized in the period in which forfeitures occur. Income Taxes We account for our provision for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which we recognize income taxes payable or refundable for current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax effect of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. We measure our current and deferred tax assets and liabilities based on provision of enacted tax laws of those jurisdictions in which we operate. The effect of changes in tax laws and regulations, or interpretations, is recognized in our consolidated financial statements in the period that includes the enactment date. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as the expected benefits of using net operating loss and other carryforwards. We are required to establish a valuation allowance when it is determined more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Provision for income taxes may change when estimates used in determining valuation allowances change or when receipt of new information indicates the need for adjustment in valuation allowances. Changes in valuation allowances are reflected as a component of provision for income taxes in the period the change is enacted. We recognize a reserve for uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return when it is concluded that tax positions are not more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the positions. Assumptions, judgment and the use of estimates are required in determining if the more likely than not standard has been met when developing the provision for income taxes and in determining the expected benefit. The tax benefits of the position recognized in the financial statements are then measured based on the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement with a taxing authority. Unrecognized tax benefits due to tax uncertainties that do not meet the minimum probability threshold are included as other liabilities and are charged to earnings in the period that such determination is made. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. Accrued interest and penalties are included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments subject to concentrations of credit risk include cash, cash equivalents and investments (unrestricted and restricted), accounts receivable, and amounts due from insurance carriers. We maintain these financial assets principally in domestic financial institutions. We perform periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these institutions. Our exposure to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions holding these funds is limited to amounts currently held by the institution in excess of insured amounts. Under the terms of professional services agreements, clients agree to maintain sufficient funds or other satisfactory credit at all times to cover the cost of their current payroll, all accrued paid time off, vacation or sick leave balances, and other vested wage and benefit obligations for all their work site employees. We generally require payment from our clients on or before the applicable payroll date. For certain clients, we require an indemnity guarantee payment (IGP) supported by a letter of credit, bond, or a certificate of deposit from certain financial institutions. The IGP typically equals the total payroll and service fee for one average payroll period. As of December 31, 2018, no client accounted for over 10% of total accounts receivable. One client accounted for more than 47% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2017. No client accounted for more than 10% of total revenues in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Bad debt expense, net of recoveries was $1 million, for each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently adopted accounting guidance Revenue Recognition - In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09-Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. We have adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. For further discussion of our adoption of ASC Topic 606, including our operating results under the new standard, see Revenue Recognition section above. The impact from the adoption of ASC Topic 606 to our consolidated income statements and balance sheets is as follows:
| December 31, 2018
(in millions) | As reported | Balance Using Previous Standard | Increase (Decrease)
Balance sheet |  |  |
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 228 |  | $ | 235 |  | $ | (7 | )
Restricted cash, cash equivalents and investments, current | 942 |  | 935 |  | 7 |
Unbilled revenue, net | 304 |  | 311 |  | (7 | )
Prepaid expenses | 48 |  | 44 |  | 4 |
Other current assets | 59 |  | 49 |  | 10 |
Other assets | 78 |  | 67 |  | 11 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities | $ | 45 |  | $ | 48 |  | $ | 3 |
Deferred taxes | 68 |  | 67 |  | $ | (1 | )
Other non-current liabilities | 18 |  | 22 |  | $ | 4 |
Equity |  |  |
Accumulated deficit | $ | (266 | ) | $ | (290 | ) | $ | (24 | )
| Year Ended December 31, 2018
(in millions, except per share data) | As Reported | Balance Using Previous Standard | Increase (Decrease)
Income statement |  |  |
Revenue |  |  |
Professional service revenues | $ | 487 |  | $ | 485 |  | $ | 2 |
Total revenues | 3,503 |  | 3,501 |  | 2 |
Expense |  |  |
Sales and marketing expense |  |  |
Commissions expense | 22 |  | 53 |  | (31 | )
Total expense | 3,252 |  | 3,283 |  | (31 | )
Income before provision for income taxes | 241 |  | 208 |  | 33 |
Income tax expense | 49 |  | 40 |  | 9 |
Net income | $ | 192 |  | $ | 168 |  | $ | 24 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.72 |  | $ | 2.40 |  | $ | 0.32 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 2.65 |  | $ | 2.34 |  | $ | 0.31 |
Statement of Cash Flows - In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. ASU 2016-18 addresses diversity in practice from entities classifying and presenting transfers between cash and restricted cash as operating, investing or financing activities or as a combination of those activities in the statement of cash flows. The ASU requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. As a result, transfers between such categories are no longer be presented in the statement of cash flows. We adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 using the retrospective method. See the effects of this adoption under the Impact of Reclassifications and Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance section above. Recent issued accounting pronouncements Lease arrangements - In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02-Leases (Topic 842) and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance (collectively, ASC Topic 842) to supersede existing guidance on accounting for leases in ASC 840, Leases (ASC 840). ASC Topic 842 requires us to recognize on our balance sheet a lease liability representing the present value of future lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing our right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term for any operating lease with a term greater than one year. This standard is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Our leases primarily consist of leases for office space. We have an immaterial amount of capitalized leases. We will adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method, under which we will recognize the cumulative effects of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on January 1, 2019 with unchanged comparative periods. Additionally, we will elect the practical expedient approach and will not reassess whether any contracts that existed prior to adoption have or contain leases or the classification of our existing leases. We will continue to classify initial indirect costs of existing leases as part of our existing leases and not separate any non-lease components. On the date of adoption, the consolidated balance sheet will be adjusted by the following amounts:
(in millions) | Increase Under New Guidance
Recognizing right-of-use asset |
Long-term right-of-use assets | $ | 53 |
Recognizing lease liability and derecognizing deferred rent |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities | $ | 16 |
Other non-current liabilities | 37 |
The impact on the consolidated statements of income is expected to be immaterial. In addition, ASC Topic 842 requires significant new disclosures, including significant judgments regarding our leasing activities. We have completed our implementation, including a review of the processes and controls to ensure we meet the reporting and disclosure requirements.

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