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Stockholders' Equity (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Equity [Abstract] |
Summary of Stock Option Activity Under Equity-Based Plans | The following table summarizes stock option activity under our equity-based plan for the year ended December 31, 2018:
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 1,296,863 |  | $ | 12.27 |  | 5.87 | $ | 41 |
Exercised | (617,157 | ) | 11.00 |  |  |
Forfeited | (15,694 | ) | 32.81 |  |  |
Canceled | (8,497 | ) | 32.02 |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 655,515 |  | $ | 12.90 |  | 4.91 | $ | 19 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2018 | 642,631 |  | $ | 12.65 |  | 4.94 | $ | 19 |
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018 | 655,515 |  | $ | 12.90 |  | 4.91 | $ | 19 |
Additional Disclosure for Stock Options |
| Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for Stock Options (in millions) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Total fair value of options vested | $ | 4 |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 7 |
Total intrinsic value of options exercised | 24 |  | 36 |  | 21 |
Cash received from options exercised | 7 |  | 11 |  | 5 |
Summary of RSU and RSA Activity Under Equity-Based Plans | The following table summarizes RSU and RSA activity under our equity-based plans for the year ended December 31, 2018:
| RSUs | RSAs
| Number of Units | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2017 | 2,703,335 |  | $ | 25.82 |  | — |  | $ | — |
Granted | 714,358 |  | 47.07 |  | 372,783 |  | 49.02 |
Vested | (1,273,796 | ) | 27.26 |  | (13,683 | ) | 47.61 |
Forfeited | (406,343 | ) | 28.68 |  | (12,308 | ) | 47.61 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2018 | 1,737,554 |  | $ | 32.83 |  | 346,792 |  | $ | 49.13 |
Additional Disclosures for Equity-Based Plans |
| RSUs |  | RSAs
| Year Ended December 31, |  | Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for equity-based plans | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 |  | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Total grant date fair value of shares granted (in millions) | $ | 34 |  | $ | 46 |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Total grant date fair value of shares vested (in millions) | $ | 35 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Shares withheld to settle payroll tax liabilities related to vesting of shares held by employees | 451,875 |  | 335,101 |  | 217,769 |  |  | 6,357 |  | — |  | — |
Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options |
| ESPP Assumptions
Year Ended December 31, | Expected Term (in Years) | Expected Volatility | Risk-Free Interest Rate | Expected Dividend Yield
2018 | 0.50 | 27-37% | 1.42-2.5% | 0 | %
2017 | 0.50 | 28-37% | 0.62-1.42% | 0 | %
2016 | 0.50 | 32-76% | 0.33-0.62% | 0 | %
Stock-based Compensation Expense | Stock-based compensation expense and other disclosures for stock-based awards made to our employees pursuant to the equity plans was as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Cost of providing services | $ | 10 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 7 |
Sales and marketing | 8 |  | 6 |  | 6 |
General and administrative | 22 |  | 14 |  | 11 |
Systems development and programming costs | 4 |  | 4 |  | 2 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 44 |  | $ | 32 |  | $ | 26 |
Income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense | $ | 11 |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 9 |
Tax benefit realized from stock options exercised and similar awards | $ | 23 |  | $ | 28 |  | $ | 7 |
Summary of Unrecognized Compensation Expense | The table below summarizes unrecognized compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 associated with the following:
| Amount (in millions) | Weighted-Average Period (in Years)
Nonvested stock options | $ | — |  | 0.11
Nonvested RSUs | 49 |  | 2.07
Nonvested RSAs | 12 |  | 2.44

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