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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consists of the following:
 
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
2018
2017
2016
Current:
 
 
 
Federal
$
41

$
46

$
1

State
7

1


 Total Current
48

47

1

Deferred:
 
 
 
Federal
(3
)
12

38

State
4

3

5

Revaluation due to legislative changes

(40
)
(1
)
Total Deferred
1

(25
)
42

Total
$
49

$
22

$
43

U.S. Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate Reconciled to Effective Tax Rate
The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate reconciled to our effective tax rate is as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
2017
2016
(in millions, except percent)
Pre-Tax Income
Tax Expense/(Benefit)
Percent of Pre-Tax Income (Loss)
Pre-Tax Income
Tax Expense/(Benefit)
Percent of Pre-Tax Income (Loss)
Pre-Tax Income
Tax Expense/(Benefit)
Percent of Pre-Tax Income (Loss)
 
$
241

 
 
$
200

 
 
$
104

 
 
U.S. federal statutory tax rate
 
$
51

21
 %
 
$
70

35
 %
 
$
37

35
 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
 
18

8

 
10

5

 
4

4

Tax rate change
 


 
(40
)
(20
)
 
(1
)
(1
)
Nondeductible meals, entertainment and penalties
 
1

1

 
1


 
4

4

Stock-based compensation
 
(9
)
(4
)
 
(15
)
(7
)
 
1

1

Uncertain tax positions
 
1


 
4

2

 


Tax credits
 
(4
)
(2
)
 
(3
)
(1
)
 
(1
)
(1
)
State and tax return to provision adjustment
 
(7
)
(3
)
 
(5
)
(3
)
 
(1
)
(1
)
Sec 199 benefits
 


 
(3
)
(1
)
 


Other
 
(2
)
(1
)
 
3

1

 


Total
 
$
49

20
 %
 
$
22

11
 %
 
$
43

41
 %
Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
2018
2017
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
Net operating losses (federal and state)
$
3

$
4

Accrued expenses
8

6

Accrued workers' compensation costs
9

8

Stock-based compensation
8

8

Tax benefits relating to uncertain positions

1

Tax credits (federal and state)
7

9

Total
35

36

Valuation allowance
(7
)
(7
)
Total deferred tax assets
28

29

Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
(24
)
(13
)
Deferred service revenues
(62
)
(79
)
Prepaid health plan expenses

(3
)
Prepaid commission expenses
(9
)

Total deferred tax liabilities
(95
)
(95
)
Net deferred tax liabilities
$
(67
)
$
(66
)
Reconciliation of Beginning and Ending Amount of Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties) is presented in the table below:
 
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
2018
2017
2016
Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1
$
6

$
1

$
3

Additions for tax positions of prior periods
1

4


Additions for tax positions of current period

1


Reductions for tax positions of prior period:
 
 
 
Settlements with taxing authorities


(2
)
Lapse of applicable statute of limitations
(1
)


Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31
$
6

$
6

$
1