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STOCK BASED COMPENSATION | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
STOCK BASED COMPENSATION | STOCK BASED COMPENSATION Equity Based Incentive Plans Our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2019 Plan), approved in May 2019, provides for the grant of stock awards, including stock options, RSUs, RSAs, and other stock awards. There were approximately 1 million shares available for grant under the 2019 Plan as of December 31, 2022. The 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2009 Plan), was replaced by the 2019 Plan, except that any outstanding awards granted under the 2009 Plan remain in effect pursuant to their terms. Stock Options Stock options are granted to employees at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the dates of grant. Stock options generally have a maximum contractual term of 10 years. Stock options generally vest over 4 years, and are generally forfeited if the employee terminates service prior to vesting. The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 306,867 |  | $ | 16.22 |  | 2.2 | $ | 24 |
Exercised | (116,592) |  | 9.30 |  |  | 8 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 (1) | 190,275 |  | $ | 20.50 |  | 1.5 | $ | 9 |
(1) All options are vested and exercisable.
| Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for Stock Options (in millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Total fair value of options vested | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Total intrinsic value of options exercised | 8 |  | 6 |  | 4 |
Cash received from options exercised | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) and Restricted Stock Awards (RSAs) Time-based RSUs and RSAs generally vest over a four-year term. Performance-based RSUs and RSAs are subject to vesting requirements and are earned, in part, based on certain financial performance metrics as defined in the grant notice. Actual number of shares earned may range from 0% to 200% of the target award. Performance-based awards granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 are earned based on a single-year performance period subject to subsequent multi-year time-based vesting with 50% of the shares earned vesting in one year after the performance period and the remaining shares in the year after. The performance-based awards granted in 2019 were previously cancelled. RSUs and RSAs are generally forfeited if the participant terminates service prior to vesting. The following tables summarize RSU and RSA activity for the year ended December 31, 2022: Time-based RSUs and RSAs
| Total Number of RSUs | Total Number of RSAs | Total Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 1,008,927 |  | 5,744 |  | 1,014,671 |  | $ | 68.74 |
Granted | 979,102 |  | — |  | 979,102 |  | 86.41 |
Vested | (589,625) |  | (5,744) |  | (595,369) |  | 70.71 |
Forfeited | (199,843) |  | — |  | (199,843) |  | 77.03 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 1,198,561 |  | — |  | 1,198,561 |  | $ | 80.75 |
| Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for equity-based plans | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Total grant date fair value of shares granted (in millions) | $ | 85 |  | $ | 47 |  | $ | 50 |
Total grant date fair value of shares vested (in millions) | $ | 42 |  | $ | 34 |  | $ | 31 |
Shares withheld to settle payroll tax liabilities related to vesting of shares held by employees | 204,191 |  | 207,603 |  | 230,569 |
Performance-based RSUs
| Total Number of RSUs | Total Number Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 255,224 |  | 255,224 |  | $ | 67.16 |
Granted | 245,808 |  | 245,808 |  | 84.88 |
Vested | (252,236) |  | (252,236) |  | 65.78 |
Forfeited | (46,210) |  | (46,210) |  | 82.78 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 202,586 |  | 202,586 |  | $ | 86.82 |
| Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for equity-based plans | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Total grant date fair value of shares granted (in millions) (1) | $ | 20 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 10 |
Total grant date fair value of shares vested (in millions) | $ | 17 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 5 |
Shares withheld to settle payroll tax liabilities related to vesting of shares held by employees | 119,901 |  | 77,787 |  | 48,787 |
(1) Amount includes fair value of finalized additional grant related to the most recently ended performance period. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) offers eligible employees an option to purchase shares of our common stock through payroll deductions. The purchase price is equal to the lesser of 85% of the fair market value of our common stock on the offering date or 85% of the fair market value of our common stock on the applicable purchase date. Offering periods are approximately six months in duration and will end on or about May 15 and November 15 of each year. The plan is considered to be a compensatory plan. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 5 million shares were reserved for future issuances under the ESPP. In applying the Black Scholes option valuation model for the ESPP options, we use the following assumptions:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Expected Term (in Years) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5
Expected Volatility | 21-39% | 21-35% | 40-83%
Risk-Free Interest Rate | 0.7-4.5% | 0.4-0.7% | 0.2-1.6%
Expected Dividend Yield | 0 | % | 0 | % | 0 | %
Shares Issued under ESPP | 158,134 |  | 136,861 |  | 236,887 |
Stock Based Compensation Stock based compensation expense is measured based on the fair value of the stock award on the grant date and recognized over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the stock award. Stock based compensation expense and other disclosures for stock based awards made to our employees pursuant to the equity plans were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Cost of providing services | $ | 13 |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | 9 |
Sales and marketing | 7 |  | 6 |  | 6 |
General and administrative | 38 |  | 29 |  | 26 |
Systems development and programming costs | 4 |  | 3 |  | 2 |
Total stock based compensation expense | $ | 62 |  | $ | 50 |  | $ | 43 |
Total stock based compensation capitalized | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |
Income tax benefit related to stock based compensation expense | $ | 13 |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 9 |
Tax benefit realized from stock options exercised and similar awards | $ | 14 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 14 |
The table below summarizes unrecognized compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 associated with the following:
| Amount (in millions) | Weighted-Average Period (in Years)
Nonvested time based RSUs and RSAs | $ | 89 |  | 2.62
Nonvested performance based RSUs and RSAs | 17 |  | 1.60

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