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STOCK BASED COMPENSATION (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Summary of Stock Option Activity Under Equity-Based Plans | The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 306,867 |  | $ | 16.22 |  | 2.2 | $ | 24 |
Exercised | (116,592) |  | 9.30 |  |  | 8 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 (1) | 190,275 |  | $ | 20.50 |  | 1.5 | $ | 9 |
(1) All options are vested and exercisable.
Additional Disclosure for Stock Options |
| Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for Stock Options (in millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Total fair value of options vested | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Total intrinsic value of options exercised | 8 |  | 6 |  | 4 |
Cash received from options exercised | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Summary of RSU and RSA Activity Under Equity-Based Plans | The following tables summarize RSU and RSA activity for the year ended December 31, 2022: Time-based RSUs and RSAs
| Total Number of RSUs | Total Number of RSAs | Total Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 1,008,927 |  | 5,744 |  | 1,014,671 |  | $ | 68.74 |
Granted | 979,102 |  | — |  | 979,102 |  | 86.41 |
Vested | (589,625) |  | (5,744) |  | (595,369) |  | 70.71 |
Forfeited | (199,843) |  | — |  | (199,843) |  | 77.03 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 1,198,561 |  | — |  | 1,198,561 |  | $ | 80.75 |
| Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for equity-based plans | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Total grant date fair value of shares granted (in millions) | $ | 85 |  | $ | 47 |  | $ | 50 |
Total grant date fair value of shares vested (in millions) | $ | 42 |  | $ | 34 |  | $ | 31 |
Shares withheld to settle payroll tax liabilities related to vesting of shares held by employees | 204,191 |  | 207,603 |  | 230,569 |
Performance-based RSUs
| Total Number of RSUs | Total Number Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 255,224 |  | 255,224 |  | $ | 67.16 |
Granted | 245,808 |  | 245,808 |  | 84.88 |
Vested | (252,236) |  | (252,236) |  | 65.78 |
Forfeited | (46,210) |  | (46,210) |  | 82.78 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 202,586 |  | 202,586 |  | $ | 86.82 |
Additional Disclosures for Equity-Based Plans |
| Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for equity-based plans | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Total grant date fair value of shares granted (in millions) (1) | $ | 20 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 10 |
Total grant date fair value of shares vested (in millions) | $ | 17 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 5 |
Shares withheld to settle payroll tax liabilities related to vesting of shares held by employees | 119,901 |  | 77,787 |  | 48,787 |
(1) Amount includes fair value of finalized additional grant related to the most recently ended performance period.
Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options | In applying the Black Scholes option valuation model for the ESPP options, we use the following assumptions:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Expected Term (in Years) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5
Expected Volatility | 21-39% | 21-35% | 40-83%
Risk-Free Interest Rate | 0.7-4.5% | 0.4-0.7% | 0.2-1.6%
Expected Dividend Yield | 0 | % | 0 | % | 0 | %
Shares Issued under ESPP | 158,134 |  | 136,861 |  | 236,887 |
Stock-based Compensation Expense | Stock based compensation expense and other disclosures for stock based awards made to our employees pursuant to the equity plans were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Cost of providing services | $ | 13 |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | 9 |
Sales and marketing | 7 |  | 6 |  | 6 |
General and administrative | 38 |  | 29 |  | 26 |
Systems development and programming costs | 4 |  | 3 |  | 2 |
Total stock based compensation expense | $ | 62 |  | $ | 50 |  | $ | 43 |
Total stock based compensation capitalized | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |
Income tax benefit related to stock based compensation expense | $ | 13 |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 9 |
Tax benefit realized from stock options exercised and similar awards | $ | 14 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 14 |
The table below summarizes unrecognized compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 associated with the following:
| Amount (in millions) | Weighted-Average Period (in Years)
Nonvested time based RSUs and RSAs | $ | 89 |  | 2.62
Nonvested performance based RSUs and RSAs | 17 |  | 1.60

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