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Employee Benefit Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Employee Benefit Plans | Employee Benefit Plans Officer, Management and Director Compensation Programs Officers of the Company participate in an annual non-equity incentive program pursuant to which they are eligible to earn cash payments based on a percentage of their annual base salary in effect for December of the applicable year. Under this component of our executive compensation program, officers are eligible to earn additional cash compensation to the extent specific performance-based metrics are achieved during the most recently completed year. The position held by each officer has a target annual incentive percentage that ranges from 35% to 135% of base salary. The more senior the position, the greater the portion of compensation that varies with performance. The percentage amount an officer may earn under the annual non-equity incentive plan is the product of the target annual incentive percentage times an “actual performance factor,” which can range from zero to 200%. The actual performance factor depends upon the relationship between actual performance in specific areas at each of our divisions and predetermined goals. For corporate officers, the actual performance factor is based on the goals and criteria applied to the Company’s performance as a whole. For officers who oversee our divisions, the actual performance factor is based on the goals and criteria applied partly to that division’s performance and partly to the Company’s performance overall. Amounts under our annual non-equity incentive plan are accrued and expensed in the year earned, but are typically paid early in the following year. Certain other employees participate in a similar annual non-equity incentive program. Incentive eligibility ranges from 6% to 30% of annual base salary. The actual incentive payment is determined by a mix of the Company's overall performance, the performance of any applicable division and the individual’s performance during each year. These amounts are also accrued and expensed in the year earned, but are typically paid early in the following year. The Company's officers are eligible to receive a mix of long-term equity incentive awards on or about March 1 of each year. Prior to 2018, the mix generally consisted of stock options, time-based restricted stock and total return-based restricted stock. In 2018, the mix consisted of time-based restricted stock and total return-based restricted stock. Time-based restricted stock grants are also made annually to directors and certain other employees. Dividends received on restricted stock are non-forfeitable and are paid at the same rate and on the same date as on shares of Common Stock, except that, with respect to shares of total return-based restricted stock issued to the Company's chief executive officer, dividends accumulate and are payable only if and to the extent the shares vest. Dividends paid on subsequently forfeited shares are expensed. Additional shares of total return-based restricted stock may be issued at the end of the applicable measurement periods if and to the extent actual performance exceeds certain levels of performance. Such additional shares, if any, would be fully vested when issued. No expense is recorded for additional shares of total return-based restricted stock that may be issued at the end of the applicable measurement period since that possibility is reflected in the grant date fair value. The following table sets forth the number of shares of Common Stock reserved for future issuance under the Company's long-term equity incentive plans:
| December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Outstanding stock options and warrants | 611,518 |  |  | 655,822 |
Possible future issuance under equity incentive plans | 2,188,696 |  |  | 2,404,131 |
| 2,800,214 |  |  | 3,059,953 |
Of the possible future issuance under the Company' long-term equity incentive plans at December 31, 2018, no more than an additional 0.6 million shares can be in the form of restricted stock. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recognized $7.5 million, $6.7 million and $6.3 million, respectively, of share-based compensation expense. Because REITs generally do not pay income taxes, we do not realize tax benefits on share-based payments. At December 31, 2018, there was $4.7 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation costs, which will be recognized over a weighted average remaining contractual term of 2.2 years.
11. | Employee Benefit Plans - Continued
- Stock Options Stock options issued from 2014 through 2017 vest ratably on an annual basis over four years and expire after 10 years. Stock options issued in 2012 and 2013 vest ratably on an annual basis over four years and expire after seven years. All stock options have an exercise price equal to the last reported stock price of our Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on the last trading day prior to grant. The value of all options as of the date of grant is calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and is amortized over the respective vesting period or the service period, if shorter, for employees who are or will become eligible under the Company's retirement plan. The weighted average fair values of options granted during 2017 and 2016 were $6.72 and $4.61, respectively, per option. The fair values of the options granted were determined at the grant dates using the following assumptions:
| 2017 |  | 2016
Risk free interest rate (1) | 2.0 | % |  | 1.4 | %
Common stock dividend yield (2) | 3.4 | % |  | 3.9 | %
Expected volatility (3) | 19.5 | % |  | 19.7 | %
Average expected option life (years) (4) | 5.75 |  |  | 5.75 |
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(1) | Represents the interest rate as of the grant date on US treasury bonds having the same life as the estimated life of the option grants.
(2) | The dividend yield is calculated utilizing the then current regular dividend rate for a one-year period and the per share price of Common Stock on the date of grant.
(3) | Based on the historical volatility of Common Stock over a period relevant to the related stock option grant.
(4) | The average expected option life is based on an analysis of the Company's historical data.
The following table sets forth stock option activity:
| Options Outstanding
| Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 687,228 |  |  | $ | 37.97 |
Granted | 244,664 |  |  | 43.55 |
Canceled | (14,743 | ) |  | 42.64 |
Exercised | (330,034 | ) |  | 34.26 |
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 587,115 |  |  | 42.26 |
Granted | 168,748 |  |  | 52.49 |
Exercised | (115,041 | ) |  | 40.41 |
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 640,822 |  |  | 45.29 |
Exercised | (44,304 | ) |  | 40.15 |
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2018 (1) (2) | 596,518 |  |  | $ | 45.67 |
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(1) | The outstanding options at December 31, 2018 had a weighted average remaining life of 6.8 years.
(2) | The Company had 303,674 options exercisable at December 31, 2018 with a weighted average exercise price of $43.67, weighted average remaining life of 6.2 years and intrinsic value of $0.1 million. Of these exercisable options, 217,386 had exercise prices higher than the market price of our Common Stock at December 31, 2018.
11. | Employee Benefit Plans - Continued
Cash received or receivable from options exercised was $1.9 million, $5.2 million and $13.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $0.4 million, $1.3 million and $4.8 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options outstanding at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $0.1 million, $3.9 million and $5.1 million, respectively. The Company generally does not permit the net cash settlement of exercised stock options, but does permit net share settlement so long as the shares received are held for at least a year. The Company has a practice of issuing new shares to satisfy stock option exercises. - Time-Based Restricted Stock Shares of time-based restricted stock vest ratably on an annual basis over four years. The value of grants of time-based restricted stock is based on the market value of Common Stock as of the date of grant and is amortized to expense over the respective vesting period or the service period, if shorter, for employees who are or will become eligible under the Company's retirement plan. The following table sets forth time-based restricted stock activity:
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted shares outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 204,720 |  |  | $ | 39.74 |
Awarded and issued (1) | 72,698 |  |  | 43.59 |
Vested (2) | (84,212 | ) |  | 37.76 |
Forfeited | (4,225 | ) |  | 41.96 |
Restricted shares outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 188,981 |  |  | 42.06 |
Awarded and issued (1) | 61,404 |  |  | 52.49 |
Vested (2) | (78,139 | ) |  | 40.55 |
Restricted shares outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 172,246 |  |  | 46.46 |
Awarded and issued (1) | 94,984 |  |  | 43.01 |
Vested (2) | (73,307 | ) |  | 44.19 |
Forfeited | (2,684 | ) |  | 45.89 |
Restricted shares outstanding at December 31, 2018 | 191,239 |  |  | $ | 45.62 |
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(1) | The weighted average fair value at grant date of time-based restricted stock issued during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $4.1 million, $3.2 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
(2) | The vesting date fair value of time-based restricted stock that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $3.2 million, $4.1 million and $3.7 million, respectively. Vested shares include those shares surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with such vesting.
11. | Employee Benefit Plans - Continued
- Total Return-Based Restricted Stock Shares of total return-based restricted stock vest to the extent the Company's absolute total returns for certain pre-determined three-year periods exceed predetermined goals. The amount subject to vesting ranges from zero to 150%. Notwithstanding the Company’s absolute total return, if the Company’s total return exceeds 100% of the average peer group total return index, at least 75% of total return-based restricted stock issued will vest at the end of the applicable period. The weighted average grant date fair value of such shares of total return-based restricted stock issued in 2018, 2017 and 2016 was determined to be $40.81, $49.59 and $41.37, respectively, and is amortized over the respective three-year period or the service period, if shorter, for employees who are or will become eligible under the Company's retirement plan. The fair values of the total return-based restricted stock granted were determined at the grant dates using a Monte Carlo simulation model and the following assumptions:
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Risk free interest rate (1) | 2.3 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  | 0.9 | %
Common stock dividend yield (2) | 3.9 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 4.1 | %
Expected volatility (3) | 41.1 | % |  | 42.8 | % |  | 43.1 | %
__________
(1) | Represents the interest rate as of the grant date on US treasury bonds having the same life as the estimated life of the total return-based restricted stock grants.
(2) | The dividend yield is calculated utilizing the then current regular dividend rate for a one-year period and the average per share price of Common Stock during the three-month period preceding the date of grant.
(3) | Based on the historical volatility of Common Stock over a period relevant to the related total return-based restricted stock grant.
The following table sets forth total return-based restricted stock activity:
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted shares outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 195,303 |  |  | $ | 36.66 |
Awarded and issued (1) (3) | 64,701 |  |  | 40.87 |
Vested (2) (3) | (71,617 | ) |  | 36.50 |
Forfeited | (4,663 | ) |  | 39.91 |
Restricted shares outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 183,724 |  |  | 39.82 |
Awarded and issued (1) (3) | 84,013 |  |  | 44.76 |
Vested (2) (3) | (107,013 | ) |  | 37.88 |
Restricted shares outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 160,724 |  |  | 44.72 |
Awarded and issued (1) | 77,456 |  |  | 40.81 |
Vested (2) | (41,160 | ) |  | 45.61 |
Forfeited (4) | (16,926 | ) |  | 45.24 |
Restricted shares outstanding at December 31, 2018 | 180,094 |  |  | $ | 43.34 |
__________
(1) | The fair value at grant date of total return-based restricted stock issued during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $3.2 million, $2.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively, at target.
(2) | The vesting date fair value of total return-based restricted stock that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $1.8 million, $5.6 million and $3.1 million, respectively, based on the performance of the specific plans. Vested shares include those shares surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with such vesting.
(3) | The 2017 and 2016 amounts include 34,669 and 6,647 additional shares, respectively, that were issued at the end of the applicable measurement period because actual performance exceeded certain levels of performance.
(4) | Includes 13,707 shares that were forfeited at the end of the applicable measurement period because the applicable total return did not meet the target level.
11. | Employee Benefit Plans - Continued
401(k) Retirement Savings Plan We have a 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan covering substantially all employees who meet certain age and employment criteria. We contribute amounts for each participant at a rate of 75% of the employee’s contribution (up to 6% of each employee’s bi-weekly salary and cash incentives, subject to statutory limits). During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we contributed $1.4 million, $1.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively, to the 401(k) savings plan. The assets of this qualified plan are not included in our Consolidated Financial Statements since the assets are not owned by us. Retirement Plan The Company has a retirement plan for employees with at least 30 years of continuous service or are at least 55 years old with at least 10 years of continuous service. Subject to advance written notice and a non-compete agreement, eligible retirees would be entitled to receive a pro rata amount of any annual non-equity incentive compensation earned during the year of retirement and stock options and time-based restricted stock would be non-forfeitable and vest according to the terms of their original grants. Eligible retirees would also be entitled to retain any total return-based restricted stock that subsequently vests after the retirement date according to the terms of their original grants. For employees who meet the age and service eligibility requirements, 100% of their annual grants are expensed at the grant date as if fully vested. For employees who will meet the age and service eligibility requirements within the normal vesting periods, the grants are amortized over the shorter service period. Deferred Compensation Prior to 2010, officers could elect to defer all or a portion of their cash compensation, which was then invested in unrelated mutual funds under a non-qualified deferred compensation plan. These investments are recorded at fair value, which aggregated $1.8 million and $2.4 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in prepaid expenses and other assets, with an offsetting deferred compensation liability recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. Deferred amounts ultimately payable to the participants are based on the value of the related mutual fund investments. Accordingly, changes in the value of the unrelated mutual funds are recorded in interest and other income and the corresponding offsetting changes in the deferred compensation liability are recorded in general and administrative expense. As a result, there is no effect on our net income. The following table sets forth our deferred compensation liability:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Beginning deferred compensation liability | $ | 2,388 |  |  | $ | 2,451 |  |  | $ | 2,736 |
Mark-to-market adjustment to deferred compensation (in general and administrative expenses) | (182 | ) |  | 492 |  |  | 222 |
Distributions from deferred compensation plans | (357 | ) |  | (555 | ) |  | (507 | )
Total deferred compensation liability | $ | 1,849 |  |  | $ | 2,388 |  |  | $ | 2,451 |
Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company has an Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") pursuant to which employees may contribute up to 25% of their cash compensation for the purchase of Common Stock. At the end of each quarter, each participant's account balance, which includes accumulated dividends, is applied to acquire shares of Common Stock at a cost that is calculated at 85% of the average closing price on the New York Stock Exchange on the five consecutive days preceding the last day of the quarter. In the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company issued 38,951, 33,278 and 27,773 shares, respectively, of Common Stock under the ESPP. The 15% discount on newly issued shares, which is taxable income to the participants and is recorded by us as additional compensation expense, aggregated $0.3 million, $0.2 million and $0.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Generally, shares purchased under the ESPP must be held at least one year. The Company satisfies its ESPP obligations by issuing additional shares of Common Stock.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2208855 + Details
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