10-Q 1 fult630201810q.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

ý | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018, or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File No. 0-10587
FULTON FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

PENNSYLVANIA |  | 23-2195389
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
One Penn Square, P.O. Box 4887, Lancaster, Pennsylvania |  | 17604
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(717) 291-2411
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ý |  | Accelerated filer |  | ¨
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ¨
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | ¨

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý
APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS: Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date:
Common Stock, $2.50 Par Value –175,918,000 shares outstanding as of July 31, 2018.
1

FULTON FINANCIAL CORPORATION
FORM 10-Q FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018
INDEX

Description | Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited): |
(a) | Consolidated Balance Sheets - June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 3
(b) | Consolidated Statements of Income - Three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 4
(c) | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 5
(d) | Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity - Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 6
(e) | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 7
(f) | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 39
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 67
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 69
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 70
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 70
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 70
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities - (not applicable) |
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures - (not applicable) |
Item 5. Other Information - (none to be reported) |
Item 6. Exhibits | 70
Signatures | 71

2

Item 1. Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except per-share data)

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (unaudited) |
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 99,742 |  |  | $ | 108,291 |
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks | 298,087 |  |  | 293,805 |
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 66,715 |  |  | 60,761 |
Loans held for sale | 35,898 |  |  | 31,530 |
Available for sale investment securities | 2,593,283 |  |  | 2,547,956 |
Loans, net of unearned income | 15,792,969 |  |  | 15,768,247 |
Less: Allowance for loan losses | (156,050 | ) |  | (169,910 | )
Net Loans | 15,636,919 |  |  | 15,598,337 |
Premises and equipment | 230,195 |  |  | 222,802 |
Accrued interest receivable | 55,208 |  |  | 52,910 |
Goodwill and intangible assets | 531,556 |  |  | 531,556 |
Other assets | 624,936 |  |  | 588,957 |
Total Assets | $ | 20,172,539 |  |  | $ | 20,036,905 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $ | 4,324,659 |  |  | $ | 4,437,294 |
Interest-bearing | 11,275,140 |  |  | 11,360,238 |
Total Deposits | 15,599,799 |  |  | 15,797,532 |
Short-term borrowings: |  |  |
Federal funds purchased | 343,000 |  |  | 220,000 |
Other short-term borrowings | 640,833 |  |  | 397,524 |
Total Short-Term Borrowings | 983,833 |  |  | 617,524 |
Accrued interest payable | 8,293 |  |  | 9,317 |
Other liabilities | 342,881 |  |  | 344,329 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other long-term debt | 991,948 |  |  | 1,038,346 |
Total Liabilities | 17,926,754 |  |  | 17,807,048 |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Common stock, $2.50 par value, 600 million shares authorized, 221.6 million shares issued in 2018 and 220.9 million shares issued in 2017 | 553,958 |  |  | 552,232 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,484,185 |  |  | 1,478,389 |
Retained earnings | 871,192 |  |  | 821,619 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (73,258 | ) |  | (32,974 | )
Treasury stock, at cost, 45.7 million shares in 2018 and 2017 | (590,292 | ) |  | (589,409 | )
Total Shareholders’ Equity | 2,245,785 |  |  | 2,229,857 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 20,172,539 |  |  | $ | 20,036,905 |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |

3

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per-share data) | Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
INTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees | $ | 167,825 |  |  | $ | 148,440 |  |  | $ | 327,961 |  |  | $ | 291,006 |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 13,885 |  |  | 11,474 |  |  | 27,078 |  |  | 23,388 |
Tax-exempt | 2,933 |  |  | 2,856 |  |  | 5,898 |  |  | 5,705 |
Dividends | — |  |  | 109 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 238 |
Loans held for sale | 284 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 388 |
Other interest income | 1,243 |  |  | 801 |  |  | 2,415 |  |  | 1,643 |
Total Interest Income | 186,170 |  |  | 163,881 |  |  | 363,857 |  |  | 322,368 |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 19,284 |  |  | 12,884 |  |  | 35,734 |  |  | 24,685 |
Short-term borrowings | 3,036 |  |  | 974 |  |  | 5,077 |  |  | 1,829 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other long-term debt | 7,783 |  |  | 8,460 |  |  | 15,661 |  |  | 16,712 |
Total Interest Expense | 30,103 |  |  | 22,318 |  |  | 56,472 |  |  | 43,226 |
Net Interest Income | 156,067 |  |  | 141,563 |  |  | 307,385 |  |  | 279,142 |
Provision for credit losses | 33,117 |  |  | 6,700 |  |  | 37,087 |  |  | 11,500 |
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses | 122,950 |  |  | 134,863 |  |  | 270,298 |  |  | 267,642 |
NON-INTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment management and trust services | 12,803 |  |  | 12,132 |  |  | 25,674 |  |  | 23,940 |
Other service charges and fees | 13,665 |  |  | 14,342 |  |  | 25,084 |  |  | 26,779 |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 12,270 |  |  | 12,914 |  |  | 24,232 |  |  | 25,314 |
Mortgage banking income | 5,163 |  |  | 6,141 |  |  | 9,356 |  |  | 10,737 |
Other | 5,189 |  |  | 5,406 |  |  | 10,600 |  |  | 9,732 |
Non-interest income before investment securities gains | 49,090 |  |  | 50,935 |  |  | 94,946 |  |  | 96,502 |
Investment securities gains, net | 4 |  |  | 1,436 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 2,542 |
Total Non-Interest Income | 49,094 |  |  | 52,371 |  |  | 94,969 |  |  | 99,044 |
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 74,919 |  |  | 74,496 |  |  | 150,687 |  |  | 143,732 |
Net occupancy expense | 12,760 |  |  | 12,316 |  |  | 26,392 |  |  | 24,979 |
Data processing and software | 10,453 |  |  | 9,054 |  |  | 20,926 |  |  | 18,033 |
Other outside services | 7,568 |  |  | 7,708 |  |  | 15,692 |  |  | 13,254 |
Equipment expense | 3,434 |  |  | 3,034 |  |  | 6,968 |  |  | 6,393 |
FDIC insurance expense | 2,663 |  |  | 2,366 |  |  | 5,616 |  |  | 4,424 |
State Taxes | 2,454 |  |  | 2,814 |  |  | 4,756 |  |  | 4,900 |
Professional fees | 2,372 |  |  | 2,931 |  |  | 7,188 |  |  | 5,668 |
Marketing | 2,335 |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | 4,585 |  |  | 4,220 |
Amortization of tax credit investments | 1,637 |  |  | 3,151 |  |  | 3,274 |  |  | 4,149 |
Other | 12,750 |  |  | 12,591 |  |  | 23,922 |  |  | 25,218 |
Total Non-Interest Expense | 133,345 |  |  | 132,695 |  |  | 270,006 |  |  | 254,970 |
Income Before Income Taxes | 38,699 |  |  | 54,539 |  |  | 95,261 |  |  | 111,716 |
Income taxes | 3,502 |  |  | 9,072 |  |  | 10,584 |  |  | 22,869 |
Net Income | $ | 35,197 |  |  | $ | 45,467 |  |  | $ | 84,677 |  |  | $ | 88,847 |
PER SHARE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income (Basic) | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |
Net Income (Diluted) | 0.20 |  |  | 0.26 |  |  | 0.48 |  |  | 0.51 |
Cash Dividends | 0.12 |  |  | 0.11 |  |  | 0.24 |  |  | 0.22 |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |  |  |  |  |

4

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net Income | $ | 35,197 |  |  | $ | 45,467 |  |  | $ | 84,677 |  |  | $ | 88,847 |
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain on securities | (6,631 | ) |  | 10,268 |  |  | (34,275 | ) |  | 14,541 |
Reclassification adjustment for securities gains included in net income | (3 | ) |  | (932 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (1,651 | )
Non-credit related unrealized gain on other-than-temporarily impaired debt securities | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 232 |  |  | — |
Amortization of net unrecognized pension and postretirement items | 540 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 879 |  |  | 684 |
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | (6,086 | ) |  | 9,677 |  |  | (33,183 | ) |  | 13,574 |
Total Comprehensive Income | $ | 29,111 |  |  | $ | 55,144 |  |  | $ | 51,494 |  |  | $ | 102,421 |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |  |  |  |  |

5

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018 AND 2017

(in thousands, except per-share data)

| Common Stock |  |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
| Shares Outstanding |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 175,170 |  |  | $ | 552,232 |  |  | $ | 1,478,389 |  |  | $ | 821,619 |  |  | $ | (32,974 | ) |  | $ | (589,409 | ) |  | $ | 2,229,857 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 84,677 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 84,677 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (33,183 | ) |  |  |  | (33,183 | )
Stock issued | 661 |  |  | 1,686 |  |  | 1,652 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (883 | ) |  | 2,455 |
Stock-based compensation awards | 16 |  | 40 |  | 4,144 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,184 |
Reclassification of stranded tax effects (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,101 |  |  | (7,101 | ) |  |  |  | — |
Common stock cash dividends - $0.24 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  | (42,205 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (42,205 | )
Balance at June 30, 2018 | 175,847 |  |  | $ | 553,958 |  |  | $ | 1,484,185 |  |  | $ | 871,192 |  |  | $ | (73,258 | ) |  | $ | (590,292 | ) |  | $ | 2,245,785 |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 174,040 |  |  | $ | 549,707 |  |  | $ | 1,467,602 |  |  | $ | 732,099 |  |  | $ | (38,449 | ) |  | $ | (589,844 | ) |  | $ | 2,121,115 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 88,847 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 88,847 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,574 |  |  |  |  | 13,574 |
Stock issued | 877 |  |  | 2,229 |  |  | 4,178 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,537 | ) |  | 4,870 |
Stock-based compensation awards |  |  |  |  | 1,769 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,769 |
Common stock cash dividends - $0.22 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38,405 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (38,405 | )
Balance at June 30, 2017 | 174,917 |  |  | $ | 551,936 |  |  | $ | 1,473,549 |  |  | $ | 782,541 |  |  | $ | (24,875 | ) |  | $ | (591,381 | ) |  | $ | 2,191,770 |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) Result of adoption of ASU 2018-02, See Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

6

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)

| Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 84,677 |  |  | $ | 88,847 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 37,087 |  |  | 11,500 |
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment | 14,580 |  |  | 13,974 |
Amortization of tax credit investments | 16,729 |  |  | 17,932 |
Net amortization of investment securities premiums | 4,856 |  |  | 4,775 |
Investment securities gains, net | (23 | ) |  | (2,542 | )
Gain on sales of mortgage loans held for sale | (6,499 | ) |  | (6,562 | )
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale | 379,399 |  |  | 283,251 |
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale | (377,268 | ) |  | (281,356 | )
Amortization of issuance costs on long-term debt | 399 |  |  | 382 |
Stock-based compensation | 4,184 |  |  | 1,769 |
Increase in accrued interest receivable | (2,298 | ) |  | (1,309 | )
Increase in other assets | (10,687 | ) |  | (44,542 | )
Decrease in accrued interest payable | (1,024 | ) |  | (1,828 | )
(Decrease) increase in other liabilities | (9,278 | ) |  | 3,398 |
Total adjustments | 50,157 |  |  | (1,158 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 134,834 |  |  | 87,689 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale | 48,731 |  |  | 29,518 |
Proceeds from principal repayments and maturities of securities available for sale | 170,141 |  |  | 225,788 |
Purchase of securities available for sale | (306,713 | ) |  | (158,078 | )
Increase in other interest-earning assets | (3,480 | ) |  | (71,845 | )
Net increase in loans | (65,361 | ) |  | (655,172 | )
Net purchases of premises and equipment | (21,973 | ) |  | (13,726 | )
Net change in tax credit investments | (38,544 | ) |  | (12,725 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (217,199 | ) |  | (656,240 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in demand and savings deposits | (265,298 | ) |  | 351,329 |
Net increase (decrease) in time deposits | 67,565 |  |  | (6,832 | )
Increase in short-term borrowings | 366,309 |  |  | 153,542 |
Additions to long-term debt | 50,000 |  |  | 223,251 |
Repayments of long-term debt | (100,081 | ) |  | (115,075 | )
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock | 2,455 |  |  | 4,870 |
Dividends paid | (40,378 | ) |  | (36,614 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 80,572 |  |  | 574,471 |
Net (Decrease) Increase in Cash and Restricted Cash | (1,793 | ) |  | 5,920 |
Cash and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Period | 246,726 |  |  | 236,887 |
Cash and Restricted Cash at End of Period | $ | 244,933 |  |  | $ | 242,807 |
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information: |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 57,496 |  |  | $ | 45,054 |
Income taxes | 5,794 |  |  | 7,016 |
Supplemental schedule of certain noncash activities: |  |  |
Transfer of student loans to loans held for sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,990 |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |

Restricted cash is comprised of required reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank and cash collateral posted by the Corporation with counterparties to secure derivative financial instruments. These balances are included in "Interest Bearing Deposits with Other Banks" on the consolidated balance sheets and totaled $145.2 million and $147.9 million at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
7

FULTON FINANCIAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 – Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Fulton Financial Corporation (the "Corporation") have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements as well as revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018. The Corporation evaluates subsequent events through the date of filing of this Form 10-Q with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Update 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." This standards update established a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The core principle prescribed by this standards update is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard applies to all contracts with customers, except those that are within the scope of other topics in the FASB ASC. The Corporation adopted this standard, and all subsequent Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU") that modified it on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach with no material impact on its consolidated financial statements. The Corporation evaluated the impact of the adoption of ASC Update 2014-09 on its consolidated financial statements and did not identify any significant changes in the timing of revenue recognition as a result of this amended guidance. The sources of revenue for the Corporation are interest income from loans and investments, net of interest expense on deposits and borrowings, and non-interest income. Non-interest income is earned from various banking and financial services that the Corporation offers through its subsidiary banks. Revenue is recognized as earned based on contractual terms, as transactions occur, or as services are provided. Following is further detail of the various types of revenue the Corporation earns and when it is recognized.
Interest income: Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis according to loan agreements, securities contracts or other such written contracts and is outside the scope of ASC Update 2014-09.
Investment management and trust services: Consists of trust commission income, brokerage income, money market income and insurance commission income. Trust commission income consists of advisory fees that are based on market values of clients' managed portfolios and transaction fees for fiduciary services performed, both of which are recognized as earned. Brokerage income includes advisory fees which are recognized as earned on a monthly basis and transaction fees that are recognized when transactions occur. Money market income is based on the balances held in trust accounts and is recognized monthly. Insurance commission income is earned and recognized when policies are originated. Currently, no investment management and trust service income is based on performance or investment results.
Service charges on deposit accounts: Consists of cash management, overdraft, non-sufficient fund fees and other service charges on deposit accounts. Revenue is primarily transactional and recognized when earned, at the time the transactions occur.
Other service charges and fees: Consists of branch fees, automated teller machine fees, debit card income and merchant services fees. These fees are primarily transactional, and revenue is recognized when transactions occur. Also included in other service charges and fees are letter of credit fees, foreign exchange income and commercial loan interest rate swap fees, which are outside the scope of ASC Update 2014-09.
Mortgage banking income: Consists of gains or losses on the sale of residential mortgage loans and mortgage loan servicing income. These revenues are outside the scope of ASC Update 2014-09.
8

Other Income: Includes credit card income, gains on sales of Small Business Association ("SBA") loans, cash surrender value of life insurance, and other miscellaneous income. These items are either outside the scope of ASC Update 2014-09 or are immaterial.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update 2016-01, "Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." ASC Update 2016-01 provides guidance regarding the income statement impact of equity investments held by an entity and the recognition of changes in fair value of financial liabilities when the fair value option is elected. This standard requires equity investments to be measured at fair value, with changes recorded in net income. This ASU also requires the use of the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. ASC Update 2016-01 was effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Corporation adopted this standards update effective with its March 31, 2018 quarterly report on Form 10-Q and the adoption of ASC Update 2016-01 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash." This standards update provides guidance regarding the presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. The update requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, along with cash and cash equivalents, when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. It also requires an entity to disclose the nature of the restrictions on cash and cash equivalents. ASC Update 2016-18 was effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of ASC Update 2016-18 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements; however on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, the Corporation corrected an error related to the adoption of this standards update to include restricted cash along with cash and cash equivalents in the reconciliation of beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts. The change had no impact on net income or retained earnings. In addition, the Corporation will revise the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2018 when the amounts are next presented in the first quarter of 2019.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update 2018-02, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." This ASU permits a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") to retained earnings of the stranded tax effects resulting from the application of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Act"), which changed the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. This ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Corporation adopted this standards update effective January 1, 2018 and elected to reclassify $7.1 million of stranded tax effects from AOCI to retained earnings at the beginning of the period of adoption. The Corporation's policy for releasing income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income is to release them as investments are sold or mature and as pension and post-retirement liabilities are extinguished.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update 2016-02, "Leases." This standards update states that a lessee should recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from all leases with a term greater than 12 months. The core principle requires the lessee to recognize a liability to make lease payments and a "right-of-use" asset. The accounting applied by the lessor is relatively unchanged. The standards update also requires expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The FASB has also issued amendments to this standard (ASC Updates 2017-13, 2018-01 and 2018-11). ASC Update 2016-02 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Corporation intends to adopt this standards update effective with its March 31, 2019 quarterly report on Form 10-Q. The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASC Update 2016-02 on its consolidated financial statements. The Corporation currently operates a number of branches that are leased, with the leases accounted for as operating leases that are not recognized on the consolidated balance sheet. Under ASC Update 2016-02, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities will need to be recognized on the consolidated balance sheet for these branches. The Corporation is assessing various components of this new standard including the practical expedients it intends to elect at adoption, the final determination of the incremental borrowing rate and the impact to regulatory capital ratios. The recognition of operating leases on the Corporation's consolidated balance sheet and additional disclosures are expected to be the most significant impact of the adoption of this standards update.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses." The new impairment model prescribed by this standards update is a single impairment model for all financial assets (i.e., loans and held to maturity investments). The recognition of credit losses would be based on an entity’s current estimate of expected losses (referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss model, or "CECL"), as opposed to recognition of losses only when they are probable under current U.S. GAAP. ASU 2016-13 also requires new disclosures for financial assets measured at amortized cost, loans and available-for-sale debt securities. Entities will apply the standard's provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the
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beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted. ASC Update 2016-13 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Corporation intends to adopt this standards update effective with its March 31, 2020 quarterly report on Form 10-Q. The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASC Update 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. While the Corporation is currently unable to reasonably estimate the impact of adopting ASU 2016-13, it expects that the impact of adoption could be significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of its loan portfolio as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts as of the adoption date. The Corporation’s steering committee and working group, which are comprised of individuals from various functional areas, are assessing processes, portfolio segmentation, systems requirements and solutions and resources to implement this new accounting standard. In addition, the Corporation has engaged a third-party consultant to assist with these implementation efforts.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASC Update 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other." This standards update eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test which measures the impairment amount. Identifying and measuring impairment will take place in a single quantitative step. In addition, no separate qualitative assessment for reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts is required. Entities must disclose the existence of these reporting units and the amount of goodwill allocated to them. This update should be applied on a prospective basis, and an entity is required to disclose the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle upon transition. ASC Update 2017-04 is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Corporation intends to adopt this standards update effective with its 2020 goodwill impairment test and does not expect the adoption of ASC Update 2017-04 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASC Update 2017-08, "Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities." This standards update requires that a company amortize the premium on callable debt securities to the earliest call date versus current U.S. GAAP which requires amortization over the contractual life of the securities. The amortization period for callable debt securities purchased at a discount would not be impacted by the new accounting standards update. This amendment is to be adopted on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. ASC Update 2017-08 is effective for annual or interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Corporation intends to adopt this standards update effective with its March 31, 2019 quarterly report on Form 10-Q and does not expect the adoption of ASC Update 2017-08 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the 2017 consolidated financial statements and notes have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation. On the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, the net change in tax credit investments is presented as cash flows from investing activities. Prior to the quarter ended March 31, 2018, these cash flows were presented as cash flows from operating activities, included in the net increase (decrease) in other liabilities. The presentation of the cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2017 were changed to conform to this presentation, resulting in a $12.7 million decrease in net cash flows used in investing activities and a corresponding increase in net cash flows provided by operating activities. The change had no impact on net income or retained earnings. In addition, the Corporation will revise the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the comparative 2017 periods in future filings.
NOTE 2 – Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per share is calculated as net income divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share is calculated as net income divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding plus the incremental number of shares added as a result of converting common stock equivalents, calculated using the treasury stock method. The Corporation’s common stock equivalents consist of outstanding stock options, restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance-based restricted stock units ("PSUs"). PSUs are required to be included in weighted average shares outstanding if performance measures, as defined in each PSU award agreement, are met as of the end of the period.
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A reconciliation of weighted average shares outstanding used to calculate basic net income per share and diluted net income per share follows:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Weighted average shares outstanding (basic) | 175,764 |  |  | 174,597 |  |  | 175,535 |  |  | 174,375 |
Impact of common stock equivalents | 1,080 |  |  | 935 |  |  | 1,171 |  |  | 1,179 |
Weighted average shares outstanding (diluted) | 176,844 |  |  | 175,532 |  |  | 176,706 |  |  | 175,554 |

NOTE 3 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following table presents changes in other comprehensive income (loss):

| Before-Tax Amount |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax Amount
| (in thousands)
Three months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on securities | $ | (8,397 | ) |  | $ | 1,766 |  |  | $ | (6,631 | )
Reclassification adjustment for securities gains included in net income (1) | (4 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (3 | )
Non-credit related unrealized gains on other-than-temporarily impaired debt securities | 9 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 8 |
Amortization of net unrecognized pension and postretirement items (2) | 683 |  |  | (143 | ) |  | 540 |
Total Other Comprehensive Loss | $ | (7,709 | ) |  | $ | 1,623 |  |  | $ | (6,086 | )
Three months ended June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on securities | $ | 15,798 |  |  | $ | (5,530 | ) |  | $ | 10,268 |
Reclassification adjustment for securities gains included in net income (1) | (1,436 | ) |  | 504 |  |  | (932 | )
Amortization of net unrecognized pension and postretirement items (2) | 522 |  |  | (181 | ) |  | 341 |
Total Other Comprehensive Income | $ | 14,884 |  |  | $ | (5,207 | ) |  | $ | 9,677 |
Six months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on securities | $ | (43,388 | ) |  | $ | 9,113 |  |  | $ | (34,275 | )
Reclassification adjustment for securities gains included in net income (1) | (23 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (19 | )
Non-credit related unrealized gains on other-than-temporarily impaired debt securities | 294 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | 232 |
Amortization of net unrecognized pension and postretirement items (2) | 1,113 |  |  | (234 | ) |  | 879 |
Total Other Comprehensive Loss | $ | (42,004 | ) |  | $ | 8,821 |  |  | $ | (33,183 | )
Six months ended June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on securities | $ | 22,374 |  |  | $ | (7,833 | ) |  | $ | 14,541 |
Reclassification adjustment for securities gains included in net income (1) | (2,542 | ) |  | 891 |  |  | (1,651 | )
Amortization of net unrecognized pension and postretirement items (2) | 1,051 |  |  | (367 | ) |  | 684 |
Total Other Comprehensive Income | $ | 20,883 |  |  | $ | (7,309 | ) |  | $ | 13,574 |

(1) | Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. Before-tax amounts included in "Investment securities gains, net" on the consolidated statements of income. See Note 4, "Investment Securities," for additional details.

(2) | Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. Before-tax amounts included in "Salaries and employee benefits" on the consolidated statements of income. See Note 8, "Employee Benefit Plans," for additional details.

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The following table presents changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

| Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities Not Other-Than-Temporarily Impaired |  | Unrealized Non-Credit Gains (Losses) on Other-Than-Temporarily Impaired Debt Securities |  | Unrecognized Pension and Postretirement Plan Income (Costs) |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Three months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | (50,056 | ) |  | $ | 682 |  |  | $ | (17,798 | ) |  | $ | (67,172 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (6,631 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,623 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | 540 |  |  | 537 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | (56,690 | ) |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | (17,258 | ) |  | $ | (73,258 | )
Three months ended June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2017 | $ | (19,493 | ) |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | (15,332 | ) |  | $ | (34,552 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 10,268 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,268 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (932 | ) |  | — |  |  | 341 |  |  | (591 | )
Balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | (10,157 | ) |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | (14,991 | ) |  | $ | (24,875 | )
Six months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | (18,509 | ) |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | (14,923 | ) |  | $ | (32,974 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | (34,275 | ) |  | 232 |  |  | — |  |  | (34,043 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (19 | ) |  | — |  |  | 879 |  |  | 860 |
Reclassification of stranded tax effects | (3,887 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,214 | ) |  | (7,101 | )
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | (56,690 | ) |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | (17,258 | ) |  | $ | (73,258 | )
Six months ended June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | (23,047 | ) |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | (15,675 | ) |  | $ | (38,449 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 14,541 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,541 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (1,651 | ) |  | — |  |  | 684 |  |  | (967 | )
Balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | (10,157 | ) |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | (14,991 | ) |  | $ | (24,875 | )

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NOTE 4 – Investment Securities
The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair values of investment securities, which were all classified as available for sale:

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (in thousands)
June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities | $ | 26,830 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (309 | ) |  | $ | 26,526 |
State and municipal securities | 415,460 |  |  | 2,101 |  |  | (9,865 | ) |  | 407,696 |
Corporate debt securities | 92,411 |  |  | 1,261 |  |  | (1,802 | ) |  | 91,870 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 742,282 |  |  | 406 |  |  | (18,366 | ) |  | 724,322 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,035,724 |  |  | 2,342 |  |  | (37,102 | ) |  | 1,000,964 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 244,046 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (5,297 | ) |  | 238,783 |
Auction rate securities | 107,410 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,288 | ) |  | 103,122 |
Total | $ | 2,664,163 |  |  | $ | 6,149 |  |  | $ | (77,029 | ) |  | $ | 2,593,283 |

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (in thousands)
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities | $ | 5,962 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (26 | ) |  | $ | 5,938 |
State and municipal securities | 405,860 |  |  | 5,638 |  |  | (2,549 | ) |  | 408,949 |
Corporate debt securities | 96,353 |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | (1,876 | ) |  | 97,309 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 611,927 |  |  | 491 |  |  | (9,795 | ) |  | 602,623 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,132,080 |  |  | 3,957 |  |  | (15,241 | ) |  | 1,120,796 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 215,351 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,596 | ) |  | 212,755 |
Auction rate securities | 107,410 |  |  | — |  |  | (8,742 | ) |  | 98,668 |
Total debt securities | 2,574,943 |  |  | 12,920 |  |  | (40,825 | ) |  | 2,547,038 |
Equity securities | 776 |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | 918 |
Total | $ | 2,575,719 |  |  | $ | 13,062 |  |  | $ | (40,825 | ) |  | $ | 2,547,956 |

On August 1, 2018, the Corporation transferred debt securities with an amortized cost of $665.5 million and an estimated fair value of $641.7 million from the available for sale classification to the held to maturity classification. These securities consisted of residential mortgage-backed securities ($505.5 million amortized cost and $485.3 million estimated fair value) and state and municipal securities ($160.0 million amortized cost and $156.4 million estimated fair value). The transfer was accounted for at estimated fair value. These securities were transferred as the Corporation has the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity.
Securities carried at $1.5 billion at June 30, 2018 and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2017, were pledged as collateral to secure public and trust deposits and customer repurchase agreements.
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The amortized cost and estimated fair values of debt securities as of June 30, 2018, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following table. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as certain investment securities are subject to call or prepayment with or without call or prepayment penalties.

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (in thousands)
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 7,305 |  |  | $ | 7,313 |
Due from one year to five years |  | 44,956 |  |  | 44,959 |
Due from five years to ten years |  | 109,639 |  |  | 109,503 |
Due after ten years |  | 480,211 |  |  | 467,439 |
|  | 642,111 |  |  | 629,214 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities(1) |  | 1,035,724 |  |  | 1,000,964 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities(1) |  | 244,046 |  |  | 238,783 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations(1) |  | 742,282 |  |  | 724,322 |
Total |  | $ | 2,664,163 |  |  | $ | 2,593,283 |
(1) Maturities for mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are dependent upon the interest rate environment and prepayments on the underlying loans.

The following table presents information related to the gross realized gains and losses on the sales of equity and debt securities:

| Gross Realized Gains |  | Gross Realized Losses |  | Net Gains (Losses)
Three months ended June 30, 2018 | (in thousands)
Equity securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Debt securities | 1,530 |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  | 4 |
Total | $ | 1,530 |  |  | $ | (1,526 | ) |  | $ | 4 |
Three months ended June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 1,305 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,305 |
Debt securities | 145 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 131 |
Total | $ | 1,450 |  |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | 1,436 |
Six months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9 |
Debt securities | 1,540 |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  | 14 |
Total | $ | 1,549 |  |  | $ | (1,526 | ) |  | $ | 23 |
Six months ended June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 2,350 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,350 |
Debt securities | 206 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 192 |
Total | $ | 2,556 |  |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | 2,542 |

The cumulative balance of credit-related other-than-temporary impairment charges, previously recognized as components of earnings, for debt securities held by the Corporation at June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017 was $11.5 million. There were no other-than-temporary impairment charges recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017.
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The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair values of investments, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2018 | (in thousands)
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities | $ | 24,028 |  |  | $ | (309 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,028 |  |  | $ | (309 | )
State and municipal securities | 166,323 |  |  | (3,264 | ) |  | 113,946 |  |  | (6,601 | ) |  | 280,269 |  |  | (9,865 | )
Corporate debt securities | 35,112 |  |  | (220 | ) |  | 22,554 |  |  | (1,582 | ) |  | 57,666 |  |  | (1,802 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 529,808 |  |  | (10,258 | ) |  | 136,723 |  |  | (8,108 | ) |  | 666,531 |  |  | (18,366 | )
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 501,230 |  |  | (15,521 | ) |  | 450,713 |  |  | (21,581 | ) |  | 951,943 |  |  | (37,102 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 182,155 |  |  | (3,903 | ) |  | 45,352 |  |  | (1,394 | ) |  | 227,507 |  |  | (5,297 | )
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103,122 |  |  | (4,288 | ) |  | 103,122 |  |  | (4,288 | )
Total | $ | 1,438,656 |  |  | $ | (33,475 | ) |  | $ | 872,410 |  |  | $ | (43,554 | ) |  | $ | 2,311,066 |  |  | $ | (77,029 | )

| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2017 | (in thousands)
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities | $ | 5,830 |  |  | $ | (26 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,830 |  |  | $ | (26 | )
State and municipal securities | 11,650 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | 118,297 |  |  | (2,499 | ) |  | 129,947 |  |  | (2,549 | )
Corporate debt securities | 4,544 |  |  | (48 | ) |  | 32,163 |  |  | (1,828 | ) |  | 36,707 |  |  | (1,876 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 303,932 |  |  | (2,408 | ) |  | 187,690 |  |  | (7,387 | ) |  | 491,622 |  |  | (9,795 | )
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 511,378 |  |  | (4,348 | ) |  | 500,375 |  |  | (10,893 | ) |  | 1,011,753 |  |  | (15,241 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 190,985 |  |  | (2,118 | ) |  | 21,770 |  |  | (478 | ) |  | 212,755 |  |  | (2,596 | )
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,668 |  |  | (8,742 | ) |  | 98,668 |  |  | (8,742 | )
Total | $ | 1,028,319 |  |  | $ | (8,998 | ) |  | $ | 958,963 |  |  | $ | (31,827 | ) |  | $ | 1,987,282 |  |  | $ | (40,825 | )

The Corporation’s collateralized mortgage obligations and mortgage-backed securities have contractual terms that generally do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. The change in fair value of these securities is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and the Corporation does not have the intent to sell and does not believe it will more likely than not be required to sell any of these securities prior to a recovery of their fair value to amortized cost. Therefore, the Corporation does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of June 30, 2018.
As of June 30, 2018, all of the auction rate securities (auction rate certificates, or "ARCs"), were rated above investment grade. Based on management’s evaluations, none of the ARCs were subject to any other-than-temporary impairment charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. The Corporation does not have the intent to sell and does not believe it will more likely than not be required to sell any of these securities prior to a recovery of their fair value to amortized cost, which may be at maturity.
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The majority of the Corporation's available for sale corporate debt securities are issued by financial institutions. The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair values of corporate debt securities:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Amortized cost |  | Estimated fair value |  | Amortized cost |  | Estimated fair value
| (in thousands)
Single-issuer trust preferred securities | $ | 21,779 |  |  | $ | 20,396 |  |  | $ | 31,335 |  |  | $ | 30,703 |
Subordinated debt | 54,649 |  |  | 54,534 |  |  | 49,013 |  |  | 49,533 |
Senior debt | 12,027 |  |  | 12,109 |  |  | 12,031 |  |  | 12,392 |
Pooled trust preferred securities | — |  |  | 875 |  |  | — |  |  | 707 |
Corporate debt securities issued by financial institutions | 88,455 |  |  | 87,914 |  |  | 92,379 |  |  | 93,335 |
Other corporate debt securities | 3,956 |  |  | 3,956 |  |  | 3,974 |  |  | 3,974 |
Available for sale corporate debt securities | $ | 92,411 |  |  | $ | 91,870 |  |  | $ | 96,353 |  |  | $ | 97,309 |

Single-issuer trust preferred securities had an unrealized loss of $1.4 million at June 30, 2018. Two of the 11 single-issuer trust preferred securities, with an amortized cost of $2.0 million and an estimated fair value of $1.9 million at June 30, 2018, were rated below investment grade by at least one ratings agency. All of the single-issuer trust preferred securities rated below investment grade were rated either "BB" or "Ba". Two single-issuer trust preferred securities with an amortized cost of $3.8 million and an estimated fair value of $3.2 million at June 30, 2018 were not rated by any ratings agency.
Based on management’s evaluations, no corporate debt securities were subject to any other-than-temporary impairment charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. The Corporation does not have the intent to sell and does not believe it will more likely than not be required to sell any of these securities prior to a recovery of their fair value to amortized cost, which may be at maturity.
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NOTE 5 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
Loans, Net of Unearned Income
Loans, net of unearned income are summarized as follows:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Real-estate - commercial mortgage | $ | 6,304,475 |  |  | $ | 6,364,804 |
Commercial - industrial, financial and agricultural | 4,264,602 |  |  | 4,300,297 |
Real-estate - residential mortgage | 2,094,530 |  |  | 1,954,711 |
Real-estate - home equity | 1,491,395 |  |  | 1,559,719 |
Real-estate - construction | 990,705 |  |  | 1,006,935 |
Consumer | 360,315 |  |  | 313,783 |
Leasing and other | 315,243 |  |  | 291,556 |
Overdrafts | 1,778 |  |  | 4,113 |
Loans, gross of unearned income | 15,823,043 |  |  | 15,795,918 |
Unearned income | (30,074 | ) |  | (27,671 | )
Loans, net of unearned income | $ | 15,792,969 |  |  | $ | 15,768,247 |

The Corporation segments its loan portfolio by general loan type, or "portfolio segments," as presented in the table under the heading, "Loans, Net of Unearned Income," above. Certain portfolio segments are further disaggregated and evaluated collectively for impairment based on "class segments," which are largely based on the type of collateral underlying each loan. Commercial loans include both secured and unsecured loans. Construction loan class segments include loans secured by commercial real estate, loans to commercial borrowers secured by residential real estate and loans to individuals secured by residential real estate. Consumer loan class segments include direct consumer installment loans and indirect vehicle loans.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for loan losses and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments. The allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of incurred losses in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date and is recorded as a reduction to loans. The reserve for unfunded lending commitments represents management’s estimate of incurred losses in its unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit and is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The allowance for credit losses is increased by charges to expense, through the provision for credit losses, and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries.
The Corporation’s allowance for credit losses includes: (1) specific allowances allocated to loans individually evaluated for impairment (FASB ASC Section 310-10-35); and (2) allowances calculated for pools of loans collectively evaluated for impairment (FASB ASC Subtopic 450-20).
The following table presents the components of the allowance for credit losses:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Allowance for loan losses | $ | 156,050 |  |  | $ | 169,910 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments | 13,197 |  |  | 6,174 |
Allowance for credit losses | $ | 169,247 |  |  | $ | 176,084 |

17

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 176,019 |  |  | $ | 172,647 |  |  | $ | 176,084 |  |  | $ | 171,325 |
Loans charged off | (42,160 | ) |  | (8,715 | ) |  | (48,557 | ) |  | (18,122 | )
Recoveries of loans previously charged off | 2,271 |  |  | 4,366 |  |  | 4,633 |  |  | 10,295 |
Net loans charged off | (39,889 | ) |  | (4,349 | ) |  | (43,924 | ) |  | (7,827 | )
Provision for credit losses | 33,117 |  |  | 6,700 |  |  | 37,087 |  |  | 11,500 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 169,247 |  |  | $ | 174,998 |  |  | $ | 169,247 |  |  | $ | 174,998 |

Included in the provision for credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was a $36.8 million provision related to a single, large commercial lending relationship ("Commercial Relationship"). In addition, loans charged off for the same periods included a $33.9 million charge-off related to the Commercial Relationship.
The Corporation has historically maintained an unallocated allowance for credit losses for factors and conditions that exist at the balance sheet date, but are not specifically identifiable, and to recognize the inherent imprecision in estimating and measuring loss exposure. In the second quarter of 2017, enhancements were made to allow for the impact of these factors and conditions to be quantified in the allowance allocation process. Accordingly, an unallocated allowance for credit losses is no longer necessary.
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment:

| Real Estate - Commercial Mortgage |  | Commercial - Industrial, Financial and Agricultural |  | Real Estate - Home Equity |  | Real Estate - Residential Mortgage |  | Real Estate - Construction |  | Consumer |  | Leasing, other and overdrafts |  | Unallocated |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Three months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | 58,717 |  |  | $ | 61,830 |  |  | $ | 17,528 |  |  | $ | 15,261 |  |  | $ | 5,924 |  |  | $ | 1,903 |  |  | $ | 2,054 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 163,217 |
Loans charged off | (366 | ) |  | (38,632 | ) |  | (816 | ) |  | (483 | ) |  | (606 | ) |  | (712 | ) |  | (545 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42,160 | )
Recoveries of loans previously charged off | 321 |  |  | 541 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 444 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,271 |
Net loans charged off | (45 | ) |  | (38,091 | ) |  | (545 | ) |  | (387 | ) |  | (162 | ) |  | (266 | ) |  | (393 | ) |  | — |  |  | (39,889 | )
Provision for loan losses (1) | (2,089 | ) |  | 35,306 |  |  | (736 | ) |  | (370 | ) |  | 226 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 323 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,722 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 56,583 |  |  | $ | 59,045 |  |  | $ | 16,247 |  |  | $ | 14,504 |  |  | $ | 5,988 |  |  | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 1,984 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 156,050 |
Three months ended June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2017 | $ | 47,373 |  |  | $ | 55,309 |  |  | $ | 23,821 |  |  | $ | 22,018 |  |  | $ | 7,501 |  |  | $ | 3,031 |  |  | $ | 3,268 |  |  | $ | 7,755 |  |  | $ | 170,076 |
Loans charged off | (242 | ) |  | (5,353 | ) |  | (592 | ) |  | (124 | ) |  | (774 | ) |  | (430 | ) |  | (1,200 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8,715 | )
Recoveries of loans previously charged off | 934 |  |  | 1,974 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,366 |
Net loans charged off | 692 |  |  | (3,379 | ) |  | (377 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | (401 | ) |  | 40 |  |  | (951 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,349 | )
Provision for loan losses (1) | 9,307 |  |  | 15,712 |  |  | (5,988 | ) |  | (5,606 | ) |  | 2,434 |  |  | (1,277 | ) |  | (212 | ) |  | (7,755 | ) |  | 6,615 |
Balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | 57,372 |  |  | $ | 67,642 |  |  | $ | 17,456 |  |  | $ | 16,439 |  |  | $ | 9,534 |  |  | $ | 1,794 |  |  | $ | 2,105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 172,342 |
Six months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 58,793 |  |  | $ | 66,280 |  |  | $ | 18,127 |  |  | $ | 16,088 |  |  | $ | 6,620 |  |  | $ | 2,045 |  |  | $ | 1,957 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 169,910 |
Loans charged off | (633 | ) |  | (42,637 | ) |  | (1,224 | ) |  | (645 | ) |  | (764 | ) |  | (1,604 | ) |  | (1,050 | ) |  | — |  |  | (48,557 | )
Recoveries of loans previously charged off | 600 |  |  | 1,616 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 750 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 362 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,633 |
Net loans charged off | (33 | ) |  | (41,021 | ) |  | (747 | ) |  | (442 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (979 | ) |  | (688 | ) |  | — |  |  | (43,924 | )
Provision for loan losses (1) | (2,177 | ) |  | 33,786 |  |  | (1,133 | ) |  | (1,142 | ) |  | (618 | ) |  | 633 |  |  | 715 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,064 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 56,583 |  |  | $ | 59,045 |  |  | $ | 16,247 |  |  | $ | 14,504 |  |  | $ | 5,988 |  |  | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 1,984 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 156,050 |
Six months ended June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 46,842 |  |  | $ | 54,353 |  |  | $ | 26,801 |  |  | $ | 22,929 |  |  | $ | 6,455 |  |  | $ | 3,574 |  |  | $ | 3,192 |  |  | $ | 4,533 |  |  | $ | 168,679 |
Loans charged off | (1,466 | ) |  | (10,880 | ) |  | (1,290 | ) |  | (340 | ) |  | (1,021 | ) |  | (1,286 | ) |  | (1,839 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18,122 | )
Recoveries of loans previously charged off | 1,384 |  |  | 6,165 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 921 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 386 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,295 |
Net loans charged off | (82 | ) |  | (4,715 | ) |  | (938 | ) |  | 41 |  |  | (100 | ) |  | (580 | ) |  | (1,453 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,827 | )
Provision for loan losses (1) | 10,612 |  |  | 18,004 |  |  | (8,407 | ) |  | (6,531 | ) |  | 3,179 |  |  | (1,200 | ) |  | 366 |  |  | (4,533 | ) |  | 11,490 |
Balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | 57,372 |  |  | $ | 67,642 |  |  | $ | 17,456 |  |  | $ | 16,439 |  |  | $ | 9,534 |  |  | $ | 1,794 |  |  | $ | 2,105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 172,342 |

(1) | The provision for loan losses excluded a $395,000 and a $7.0 million increase in the reserve for unfunded lending commitments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, and an $85,000 and a $10,000 increase in the reserve for unfunded lending commitments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively. These amounts were reclassified to other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

18

The following table presents loans, net of unearned income and their related allowance for loan losses, by portfolio segment:

| Real Estate - Commercial Mortgage |  | Commercial - Industrial, Financial and Agricultural |  | Real Estate - Home Equity |  | Real Estate - Residential Mortgage |  | Real Estate - Construction |  | Consumer |  | Leasing, other and overdrafts |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Allowance for loan losses at June 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 48,489 |  |  | $ | 49,354 |  |  | $ | 5,093 |  |  | $ | 5,171 |  |  | $ | 5,338 |  |  | $ | 1,691 |  |  | $ | 1,984 |  |  | $ | 117,120 |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment | 8,094 |  |  | 9,691 |  |  | 11,154 |  |  | 9,333 |  |  | 650 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,930 |
| $ | 56,583 |  |  | $ | 59,045 |  |  | $ | 16,247 |  |  | $ | 14,504 |  |  | $ | 5,988 |  |  | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 1,984 |  |  | $ | 156,050 |
Loans, net of unearned income at June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 6,252,747 |  |  | $ | 4,209,786 |  |  | $ | 1,466,393 |  |  | $ | 2,055,206 |  |  | $ | 981,584 |  |  | $ | 360,304 |  |  | $ | 286,947 |  |  | $ | 15,612,967 |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment | 51,728 |  |  | 54,816 |  |  | 25,002 |  |  | 39,324 |  |  | 9,121 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 180,002 |
| $ | 6,304,475 |  |  | $ | 4,264,602 |  |  | $ | 1,491,395 |  |  | $ | 2,094,530 |  |  | $ | 990,705 |  |  | $ | 360,315 |  |  | $ | 286,947 |  |  | $ | 15,792,969 |
Allowance for loan losses at June 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 49,055 |  |  | $ | 57,341 |  |  | $ | 7,607 |  |  | $ | 6,013 |  |  | $ | 5,370 |  |  | $ | 1,773 |  |  | $ | 2,105 |  |  | $ | 129,264 |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment | 8,317 |  |  | 10,301 |  |  | 9,849 |  |  | 10,426 |  |  | 4,164 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,078 |
| $ | 57,372 |  |  | $ | 67,642 |  |  | $ | 17,456 |  |  | $ | 16,439 |  |  | $ | 9,534 |  |  | $ | 1,794 |  |  | $ | 2,105 |  |  | $ | 172,342 |
Loans, net of unearned income at June 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 6,212,998 |  |  | $ | 4,189,676 |  |  | $ | 1,557,989 |  |  | $ | 1,741,404 |  |  | $ | 921,839 |  |  | $ | 283,123 |  |  | $ | 252,253 |  |  | $ | 15,159,282 |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment | 49,010 |  |  | 56,173 |  |  | 21,750 |  |  | 43,308 |  |  | 17,061 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 187,335 |
| $ | 6,262,008 |  |  | $ | 4,245,849 |  |  | $ | 1,579,739 |  |  | $ | 1,784,712 |  |  | $ | 938,900 |  |  | $ | 283,156 |  |  | $ | 252,253 |  |  | $ | 15,346,617 |

Impaired Loans
A loan is considered to be impaired if it is probable that all amounts will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans consist of all loans on non-accrual status and accruing troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs"). An allowance for loan losses is established for an impaired loan if its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Impaired loans to borrowers with total commitments greater than or equal to $1.0 million are evaluated individually for impairment. Impaired loans to borrowers with total commitments less than $1.0 million are pooled and measured for impairment collectively.
All loans individually evaluated for impairment are measured for losses on a quarterly basis. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, substantially all of the Corporation’s individually evaluated impaired loans with total commitments greater than or equal to $1.0 million were measured based on the estimated fair value of each loan’s collateral. Collateral could be in the form of real estate, in the case of impaired commercial mortgages and construction loans, or business assets, such as accounts receivable or inventory, in the case of commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans may also be secured by real estate.
As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, approximately 88% and 87%, respectively, of impaired loans with principal balances greater than or equal to $1.0 million, whose primary collateral is real estate, were measured at estimated fair value of the collateral using appraisals that had been updated in the preceding 12 months, performed by state certified third-party appraisers.
When updated appraisals are not obtained for loans evaluated for impairment that are secured by real estate, fair values are estimated based on the original appraisal values, as long as the original appraisal indicated an acceptable loan-to-value position and, in the opinion of the Corporation's internal credit administration staff, there has not been a significant deterioration in the collateral value since the original appraisal was performed. Original appraisals are typically used only when the estimated collateral value, as adjusted for the age of the appraisal, results in a current loan-to-value ratio that is lower than the Corporation's loan-to-value requirements for new loans (generally less than 70%).
19

The following table presents total impaired loans by class segment:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Related Allowance |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Related Allowance
| (in thousands)
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate - commercial mortgage | $ | 27,582 |  |  | $ | 26,435 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,728 |  |  | $ | 22,886 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial | 41,971 |  |  | 26,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,936 |  |  | 39,550 |  |  | — |
Real estate - residential mortgage | 3,193 |  |  | 3,193 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,575 |  |  | 4,575 |  |  | — |
Construction | 11,162 |  |  | 7,213 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,477 |  |  | 8,100 |  |  | — |
| 83,908 |  |  | 63,602 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,716 |  |  | 75,111 |  |  | — |
With a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate - commercial mortgage | 32,432 |  |  | 25,293 |  |  | 8,094 |  |  | 33,710 |  |  | 25,895 |  |  | 8,112 |
Commercial | 50,734 |  |  | 28,055 |  |  | 9,691 |  |  | 29,816 |  |  | 24,175 |  |  | 11,406 |
Real estate - home equity | 28,776 |  |  | 25,002 |  |  | 11,154 |  |  | 28,282 |  |  | 24,693 |  |  | 11,124 |
Real estate - residential mortgage | 41,025 |  |  | 36,131 |  |  | 9,333 |  |  | 42,597 |  |  | 37,132 |  |  | 9,895 |
Construction | 5,595 |  |  | 1,908 |  |  | 650 |  |  | 7,308 |  |  | 4,097 |  |  | 967 |
Consumer | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 17 |
| 158,573 |  |  | 116,400 |  |  | 38,930 |  |  | 141,739 |  |  | 116,018 |  |  | 41,521 |
Total | $ | 242,481 |  |  | $ | 180,002 |  |  | $ | 38,930 |  |  | $ | 230,455 |  |  | $ | 191,129 |  |  | $ | 41,521 |

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were $63.6 million and $75.1 million, respectively, of impaired loans that did not have a related allowance for loan loss. The estimated fair values of the collateral securing these loans exceeded their carrying amount, or the loans were previously charged down to realizable collateral values. Accordingly, no specific valuation allowance was considered to be necessary.
The following table presents average impaired loans by class segment:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income (1) |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income (1) |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income (1) |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income (1)
| (in thousands)
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate - commercial mortgage | $ | 27,127 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 22,316 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 25,713 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | 23,360 |  |  | 141 |
Commercial | 33,644 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 30,829 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 35,612 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 29,061 |  |  | 82 |
Real estate - residential mortgage | 3,870 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 4,643 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 4,105 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 4,658 |  |  | 52 |
Construction | 7,528 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,965 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7,718 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,242 |  |  | 6 |
| 72,169 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 64,753 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 73,148 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 63,321 |  |  | 281 |
With a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate - commercial mortgage | 25,419 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 27,710 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 25,578 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 28,288 |  |  | 173 |
Commercial | 26,120 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 21,387 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 25,471 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 22,074 |  |  | 63 |
Real estate - home equity | 24,907 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 20,352 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 24,835 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 19,969 |  |  | 212 |
Real estate - residential mortgage | 36,261 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 39,500 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 36,551 |  |  | 444 |  |  | 40,119 |  |  | 455 |
Construction | 2,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,446 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2,966 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,542 |  |  | 7 |
Consumer | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |
Leasing, other and overdrafts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475 |  |  | — |
| 115,125 |  |  | 563 |  |  | 117,431 |  |  | 465 |  |  | 115,421 |  |  | 1,095 |  |  | 118,503 |  |  | 910 |
Total | $ | 187,294 |  |  | $ | 753 |  |  | $ | 182,184 |  |  | $ | 612 |  |  | $ | 188,569 |  |  | $ | 1,468 |  |  | $ | 181,824 |  |  | 1,191 |

(1) | All impaired loans, excluding accruing TDRs, were non-accrual loans. Interest income recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 represents amounts earned on accruing TDRs.

20

Credit Quality Indicators and Non-performing Assets
The following is a summary of the Corporation's internal risk rating categories:

• | Pass: These loans do not currently pose undue credit risk and can range from the highest to average quality, depending on the degree of potential risk.

• | Special Mention: These loans constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk, but not to a point of justifying a classification of substandard. Loans in this category are currently acceptable, but are nevertheless potentially weak.

• | Substandard or Lower: These loans are inadequately protected by current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower. There exists a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the normal repayment of the debt.

The risk rating process allows management to identify credits that potentially carry more risk in a timely manner and to allocate resources to managing troubled accounts. The Corporation believes that internal risk ratings are the most relevant credit quality indicator for the class segments presented in the preceding tables. The migration of loans through the various internal risk rating categories is a significant component of the allowance for credit loss methodology, which bases the probability of default on this migration. Assigning risk ratings involves judgment. The Corporation's loan review officers provide an independent assessment of risk rating accuracy. Ratings may be changed based on the ongoing monitoring procedures performed by loan officers or credit administration staff, or if specific loan review activities identify a deterioration or an improvement in the loan.
The following table presents internal credit risk ratings for the indicated loan class segments:

| Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard or Lower |  | Total
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (dollars in thousands)
Real estate - commercial mortgage | $ | 5,990,838 |  |  | $ | 6,066,396 |  |  | $ | 164,908 |  |  | $ | 147,604 |  |  | $ | 148,729 |  |  | $ | 150,804 |  |  | $ | 6,304,475 |  |  | $ | 6,364,804 |
Commercial - secured | 3,823,052 |  |  | 3,831,485 |  |  | 139,345 |  |  | 121,842 |  |  | 146,190 |  |  | 179,113 |  |  | 4,108,587 |  |  | 4,132,440 |
Commercial - unsecured | 147,914 |  |  | 159,620 |  |  | 3,726 |  |  | 5,478 |  |  | 4,375 |  |  | 2,759 |  |  | 156,015 |  |  | 167,857 |
Total commercial - industrial, financial and agricultural | 3,970,966 |  |  | 3,991,105 |  |  | 143,071 |  |  | 127,320 |  |  | 150,565 |  |  | 181,872 |  |  | 4,264,602 |  |  | 4,300,297 |
Construction - commercial residential | 128,641 |  |  | 143,759 |  |  | 3,996 |  |  | 5,259 |  |  | 10,429 |  |  | 14,084 |  |  | 143,066 |  |  | 163,102 |
Construction - commercial | 762,920 |  |  | 761,218 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 846 |  |  | 5,382 |  |  | 3,752 |  |  | 768,646 |  |  | 765,816 |
Total construction (excluding Construction - other) | 891,561 |  |  | 904,977 |  |  | 4,340 |  |  | 6,105 |  |  | 15,811 |  |  | 17,836 |  |  | 911,712 |  |  | 928,918 |
| $ | 10,853,365 |  |  | $ | 10,962,478 |  |  | $ | 312,319 |  |  | $ | 281,029 |  |  | $ | 315,105 |  |  | $ | 350,512 |  |  | $ | 11,480,789 |  |  | $ | 11,594,019 |
% of Total | 94.5 | % |  | 94.6 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 2.4 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

The Corporation does not assign internal risk ratings to smaller balance, homogeneous loans, such as home equity, residential mortgage, construction loans to individuals secured by residential real estate, consumer and lease receivables. For these loans, the most relevant credit quality indicator is delinquency status. The migration of loans through the various delinquency status categories is a significant component of the allowance for credit losses methodology for those loans, which bases the probability of default on this migration.
The following table presents a summary of performing, delinquent and non-performing loans for the indicated loan class segments:

| Performing |  | Delinquent (1) |  | Non-performing (2) |  | Total
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (dollars in thousands)
Real estate - home equity | $ | 1,470,006 |  |  | $ | 1,535,557 |  |  | $ | 9,703 |  |  | $ | 12,655 |  |  | $ | 11,686 |  |  | $ | 11,507 |  |  | $ | 1,491,395 |  |  | $ | 1,559,719 |
Real estate - residential mortgage | 2,054,810 |  |  | 1,914,888 |  |  | 20,832 |  |  | 18,852 |  |  | 18,888 |  |  | 20,971 |  |  | 2,094,530 |  |  | 1,954,711 |
Construction - other | 78,503 |  |  | 77,403 |  |  | — |  |  | 203 |  |  | 490 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 78,993 |  |  | 78,017 |
Consumer - direct | 62,142 |  |  | 54,828 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 315 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 62,333 |  |  | 55,213 |
Consumer - indirect | 294,686 |  |  | 254,663 |  |  | 3,027 |  |  | 3,681 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 297,982 |  |  | 258,570 |
Total consumer | 356,828 |  |  | 309,491 |  |  | 3,135 |  |  | 3,996 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 360,315 |  |  | 313,783 |
Leasing, other and overdrafts | 285,722 |  |  | 267,111 |  |  | 1,049 |  |  | 855 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 286,947 |  |  | 267,998 |
| $ | 4,245,869 |  |  | $ | 4,104,450 |  |  | $ | 34,719 |  |  | $ | 36,561 |  |  | $ | 31,592 |  |  | $ | 33,217 |  |  | $ | 4,312,180 |  |  | $ | 4,174,228 |
% of Total | 98.5 | % |  | 98.3 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | Includes all accruing loans 30 days to 89 days past due.

(2) | Includes all accruing loans 90 days or more past due and all non-accrual loans.

21

The following table presents non-performing assets:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Non-accrual loans | $ | 111,116 |  |  | $ | 124,749 |
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing | 12,628 |  |  | 10,010 |
Total non-performing loans | 123,744 |  |  | 134,759 |
Other real estate owned (OREO) | 11,181 |  |  | 9,823 |
Total non-performing assets | $ | 134,925 |  |  | $ | 144,582 |

The following tables present past due status and non-accrual loans by portfolio segment and class segment:

| June 30, 2018
| 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | ≥ 90 Days Past Due and Accruing |  | Non- accrual |  | Total ≥ 90 Days |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Real estate - commercial mortgage | $ | 8,537 |  |  | $ | 961 |  |  | $ | 3,970 |  |  | $ | 35,308 |  |  | $ | 39,278 |  |  | $ | 48,776 |  |  | $ | 6,255,699 |  |  | $ | 6,304,475 |
Commercial - secured | 14,687 |  |  | 2,249 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 43,005 |  |  | 43,304 |  |  | 60,240 |  |  | 4,048,347 |  |  | 4,108,587 |
Commercial - unsecured | 350 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 612 |  |  | 741 |  |  | 1,253 |  |  | 154,762 |  |  | 156,015 |
Total commercial - industrial, financial and agricultural | 15,037 |  |  | 2,411 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 43,617 |  |  | 44,045 |  |  | 61,493 |  |  | 4,203,109 |  |  | 4,264,602 |
Real estate - home equity | 8,053 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 8,801 |  |  | 11,686 |  |  | 21,389 |  |  | 1,470,006 |  |  | 1,491,395 |
Real estate - residential mortgage | 15,333 |  |  | 5,499 |  |  | 4,619 |  |  | 14,269 |  |  | 18,888 |  |  | 39,720 |  |  | 2,054,810 |  |  | 2,094,530 |
Construction - commercial residential | 560 |  |  | 184 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,810 |  |  | 8,810 |  |  | 9,554 |  |  | 133,511 |  |  | 143,065 |
Construction - commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 768,628 |  |  | 768,647 |
Construction - other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 198 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 490 |  |  | 490 |  |  | 78,503 |  |  | 78,993 |
Total real estate - construction | 560 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 9,121 |  |  | 9,319 |  |  | 10,063 |  |  | 980,642 |  |  | 990,705 |
Consumer - direct | 45 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 62,142 |  |  | 62,333 |
Consumer - indirect | 2,535 |  |  | 492 |  |  | 269 |  |  | — |  |  | 269 |  |  | 3,296 |  |  | 294,686 |  |  | 297,982 |
Total consumer | 2,580 |  |  | 555 |  |  | 352 |  |  | — |  |  | 352 |  |  | 3,487 |  |  | 356,828 |  |  | 360,315 |
Leasing, other and overdrafts | 805 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 176 |  |  | — |  |  | 176 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 285,722 |  |  | 286,947 |
Total | $ | 50,905 |  |  | $ | 11,504 |  |  | $ | 12,628 |  |  | $ | 111,116 |  |  | $ | 123,744 |  |  | $ | 186,153 |  |  | $ | 15,606,816 |  |  | $ | 15,792,969 |

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| December 31, 2017
| 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | ≥ 90 Days Past Due and Accruing |  | Non- accrual |  | Total ≥ 90 Days |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Real estate - commercial mortgage | $ | 9,456 |  |  | $ | 4,223 |  |  | $ | 625 |  |  | $ | 34,822 |  |  | $ | 35,447 |  |  | $ | 49,126 |  |  | $ | 6,315,678 |  |  | $ | 6,364,804 |
Commercial - secured | 4,778 |  |  | 5,254 |  |  | 1,360 |  |  | 52,255 |  |  | 53,615 |  |  | 63,647 |  |  | 4,068,793 |  |  | 4,132,440 |
Commercial - unsecured | 305 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 649 |  |  | 694 |  |  | 1,009 |  |  | 166,848 |  |  | 167,857 |
Total commercial - industrial, financial and agricultural | 5,083 |  |  | 5,264 |  |  | 1,405 |  |  | 52,904 |  |  | 54,309 |  |  | 64,656 |  |  | 4,235,641 |  |  | 4,300,297 |
Real estate - home equity | 9,640 |  |  | 3,015 |  |  | 2,372 |  |  | 9,135 |  |  | 11,507 |  |  | 24,162 |  |  | 1,535,557 |  |  | 1,559,719 |
Real estate - residential mortgage | 11,961 |  |  | 6,891 |  |  | 5,280 |  |  | 15,691 |  |  | 20,971 |  |  | 39,823 |  |  | 1,914,888 |  |  | 1,954,711 |
Construction - commercial residential | — |  |  | 439 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,767 |  |  | 11,767 |  |  | 12,206 |  |  | 150,896 |  |  | 163,102 |
Construction - commercial | 483 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 502 |  |  | 765,314 |  |  | 765,816 |
Construction - other | 203 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 411 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 614 |  |  | 77,403 |  |  | 78,017 |
Total real estate - construction | 686 |  |  | 439 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,197 |  |  | 12,197 |  |  | 13,322 |  |  | 993,613 |  |  | 1,006,935 |
Consumer - direct | 260 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 54,828 |  |  | 55,213 |
Consumer - indirect | 3,055 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | 226 |  |  | 3,907 |  |  | 254,663 |  |  | 258,570 |
Total consumer | 3,315 |  |  | 681 |  |  | 296 |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |  |  | 4,292 |  |  | 309,491 |  |  | 313,783 |
Leasing, other and overdrafts | 568 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | 887 |  |  | 267,111 |  |  | 267,998 |
Total | $ | 40,709 |  |  | $ | 20,800 |  |  | $ | 10,010 |  |  | $ | 124,749 |  |  | $ | 134,759 |  |  | $ | 196,268 |  |  | $ | 15,571,979 |  |  | $ | 15,768,247 |

The following table presents TDRs, by class segment:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Real-estate - residential mortgage | $ | 25,055 |  |  | $ | 26,016 |
Real-estate - commercial mortgage | 16,420 |  |  | 13,959 |
Real estate - home equity | 16,201 |  |  | 15,558 |
Commercial | 11,199 |  |  | 10,820 |
Consumer | 11 |  |  | 26 |
Total accruing TDRs | 68,886 |  |  | 66,379 |
Non-accrual TDRs (1) | 24,743 |  |  | 29,051 |
Total TDRs | $ | 93,629 |  |  | $ | 95,430 |

(1) | Included in non-accrual loans in the preceding table detailing non-performing assets.

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The following table presents TDRs, by class segment and type of concession for loans that were modified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

|  | Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Number of Loans |  | Post-Modification Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Post-Modification Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Post-Modification Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Post-Modification Recorded Investment
| (dollars in thousands)
Real estate – residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Extend maturity without rate concession | 1 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 337 |
| Bankruptcy | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 335 |
Real estate - commercial mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Extend maturity without rate concession | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8,261 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 981 |
| Bankruptcy | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 12 |
Real estate - home equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Extend maturity without rate concession | 23 |  |  | 1,346 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 2,622 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 2,559 |
| Bankruptcy | 5 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1,063 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 421 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 1,516 |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Extend maturity without rate concession | 1 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,600 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5,693 |
| Bankruptcy | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 490 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 523 |
Construction - commercial residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Extend maturity without rate concession | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,204 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,204 |
Total | 31 |  |  | $ | 1,789 |  |  | 39 |  |  | $ | 7,464 |  |  | 60 |  |  | $ | 12,537 |  |  | 70 |  |  | $ | 13,160 |

The following table presents TDRs, by class segment, as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 that were modified in the previous 12 months and had a post-modification payment default during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. The Corporation defines a payment default as a single missed payment.

| 2018 |  | 2017
| Number of Loans |  | Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Recorded Investment
| (dollars in thousands)
Real estate - residential mortgage | 8 |  |  | $ | 863 |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 1,911 |
Real estate - commercial mortgage | 1 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 674 |
Real estate - home equity | 29 |  |  | 1,955 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 922 |
Commercial | 5 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,772 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 16 |
Total | 43 |  |  | $ | 3,140 |  |  | 32 |  |  | $ | 6,295 |

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NOTE 6 – Mortgage Servicing Rights
The following table summarizes the changes in mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs"), which are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 37,748 |  |  | $ | 38,543 |  |  | $ | 37,663 |  |  | $ | 38,822 |
Originations of mortgage servicing rights | 1,746 |  |  | 1,203 |  |  | 3,229 |  |  | 2,386 |
Amortization | (1,600 | ) |  | (1,566 | ) |  | (2,998 | ) |  | (3,028 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 37,894 |  |  | $ | 38,180 |  |  | $ | 37,894 |  |  | $ | 38,180 |
Valuation allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,291 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,291 | )
Reductions to valuation allowance | — |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,291 |
Balance at end of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Net MSRs at end of period | $ | 37,894 |  |  | $ | 38,180 |  |  | $ | 37,894 |  |  | $ | 38,180 |

MSRs represent the economic value of existing contractual rights to service mortgage loans that have been sold. Accordingly, actual and expected prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans can impact the value of MSRs. The Corporation accounts for MSRs at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.
The fair value of MSRs is estimated by discounting the estimated cash flows from servicing income, net of expense, over the expected life of the underlying loans at a discount rate commensurate with the risk associated with these assets. Expected life is based on the contractual terms of the loans, as adjusted for prepayment projections. Based on its fair value analysis, the Corporation determined a valuation allowance was not necessary as of June 30, 2018. In the prior year, the Corporation determined that a reduction to the valuation allowance of $1.3 million was appropriate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017. Reductions and additions to the valuation allowance are recorded as increases and decreases, respectively, to mortgage banking income on the consolidated statements of income.
NOTE 7 – Stock-Based Compensation
The Corporation grants equity awards to employees, consisting of stock options, restricted stock, RSUs and PSUs under its Amended and Restated Equity and Cash Incentive Compensation Plan ("Employee Equity Plan"). In addition, employees may purchase stock under the Corporation’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The fair value of equity awards granted to employees is recognized as compensation expense over the period during which employees are required to provide service in exchange for such awards. Compensation expense for PSUs is also recognized over the period during which employees are required to provide service in exchange for such awards, however, compensation expense may vary based on the expectations for actual performance relative to defined performance measures.
The Corporation also grants equity awards to non-employee members of its board of directors under the 2011 Directors’ Equity Participation Plan ("Directors’ Plan"). Under the Directors’ Plan, the Corporation can grant equity awards to non-employee holding company and subsidiary bank directors in the form of stock options, restricted stock or common stock.
Equity awards issued under the Employee Equity Plan are generally granted annually and become fully vested over or after a three-year vesting period. The vesting period for non-performance-based awards represents the period during which employees are required to provide service in exchange for such awards. Equity awards under the Directors' Plan generally vest immediately upon grant. Certain events, as defined in the Employee Equity Plan and the Directors' Plan, result in the acceleration of the vesting of equity awards.
25

Fair values for RSUs and a majority of PSUs are based on the trading price of the Corporation’s stock on the date of grant and earn dividend equivalents during the vesting period, which are forfeitable if the awards do not vest. The fair value of certain PSUs are estimated through the use of the Monte Carlo valuation methodology as of the date of grant.
As of June 30, 2018, the Employee Equity Plan had 10.6 million shares reserved for future grants through 2023, and the Directors’ Plan had approximately 329,000 shares reserved for future grants through 2021.
The following table presents compensation expense and the related tax benefits for equity awards recognized in the consolidated statements of income:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Compensation expense | $ | 2,674 |  |  | $ | 1,035 |  |  | $ | 4,184 |  |  | $ | 1,769 |
Tax benefit | (1,075 | ) |  | (1,940 | ) |  | (1,536 | ) |  | (2,684 | )
Stock-based compensation expense, net of tax benefit | $ | 1,599 |  |  | $ | (905 | ) |  | $ | 2,648 |  |  | $ | (915 | )

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the tax benefit exceeded the stock-based compensation expense as a result of excess tax benefits related to stock option exercises and vesting RSUs and PSUs during the periods, which were recorded as a reduction to income tax expense as required under ASU 2016-09.
NOTE 8 – Employee Benefit Plans
The net periodic pension cost for the Corporation’s Defined Benefit Pension Plan ("Pension Plan") consisted of the following components:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Interest cost | $ | 696 |  |  | $ | 830 |  |  | 1,527 |  |  | 1,660 |
Expected return on plan assets | (573 | ) |  | (451 | ) |  | (1,024 | ) |  | (902 | )
Net amortization and deferral | 551 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 1,215 |  |  | 1,326 |
Net periodic pension cost | $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 1,042 |  |  | $ | 1,718 |  |  | $ | 2,084 |

The components of the net benefit for the Corporation’s Postretirement Benefits Plan ("Postretirement Plan") consisted of the following components:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Interest cost | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 34 |
Net accretion and deferral | (139 | ) |  | (141 | ) |  | (280 | ) |  | (282 | )
Net periodic benefit | $ | (127 | ) |  | $ | (124 | ) |  | $ | (251 | ) |  | $ | (248 | )

The Corporation recognizes the funded status of its Pension Plan and Postretirement Plan on the consolidated balance sheets and recognizes the change in that funded status through other comprehensive income.
26

NOTE 9 – Derivative Financial Instruments
The Corporation manages its exposure to certain interest rate and foreign currency risks through the use of derivatives. None of the Corporation's outstanding derivative contracts are designated as hedges, and none are entered into for speculative purposes. Derivative instruments are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings as components of non-interest income or non-interest expense on the consolidated statements of income.
Derivative contracts create counterparty credit risk with both the Corporation's customers and with institutional counterparties. The Corporation manages counterparty credit risk through its credit approval processes, monitoring procedures and obtaining adequate collateral, when the Corporation determines it is appropriate to do so and in accordance with counterparty contracts.
Mortgage Banking Derivatives
In connection with its mortgage banking activities, the Corporation enters into commitments to originate certain fixed-rate residential mortgage loans for customers, also referred to as interest rate locks. In addition, the Corporation enters into forward commitments for the future sales or purchases of mortgage-backed securities to or from third-party counterparties to hedge the effect of changes in interest rates on the values of both the interest rate locks and mortgage loans held for sale. Forward sales commitments may also be in the form of commitments to sell individual mortgage loans at a fixed price at a future date. The amount necessary to settle each interest rate lock is based on the price that secondary market investors would pay for loans with similar characteristics, including interest rate and term, as of the date fair value is measured. Gross derivative assets and liabilities are recorded in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets, and changes in fair values during the period are recorded in mortgage banking income on the consolidated statements of income.
Interest Rate Swaps
The Corporation enters into interest rate swaps with certain qualifying commercial loan customers to meet their interest rate risk management needs. The Corporation simultaneously enters into interest rate swaps with dealer counterparties, with identical notional amounts and terms. The net result of these interest rate swaps is that the customer pays a fixed rate of interest and the Corporation receives a floating rate. These interest rate swaps are derivative financial instruments and the gross fair values are recorded in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in fair values during the period recorded in other non-interest expense on the consolidated statements of income. Fulton Bank, N.A. ("Fulton Bank"), the Corporation's largest banking subsidiary, exceeded $10 billion in total assets as of December 31, 2016 and is required to clear all eligible interest rate swap contracts with a central counterparty, effective January 1, 2017. As a result, Fulton Bank is subject to the regulations of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC").
Foreign Exchange Contracts
The Corporation enters into foreign exchange contracts to accommodate the needs of its customers. Foreign exchange contracts are commitments to buy or sell foreign currency on a specific date at a contractual price. The Corporation limits its foreign exchange exposure with customers by entering into contracts with institutional counterparties to mitigate its foreign exchange risk. The Corporation also holds certain amounts of foreign currency with international correspondent banks ("Foreign Currency Nostro Accounts"). The Corporation limits the total overnight net foreign currency open positions, which is defined as an aggregate of all outstanding contracts and Foreign Currency Nostro Account balances, to $500,000. Gross fair values are recorded in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in fair values during the period recorded in other service charges and fees on the consolidated statements of income.
27

The following table presents a summary of the notional amounts and fair values of derivative financial instruments:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Notional Amount |  | Asset (Liability) Fair Value |  | Notional Amount |  | Asset (Liability) Fair Value
| (in thousands)
Interest Rate Locks with Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Positive fair values | $ | 158,905 |  |  | $ | 1,425 |  |  | $ | 129,469 |  |  | $ | 1,059 |
Negative fair values | 8,765 |  |  | (65 | ) |  | 8,957 |  |  | (59 | )
Net interest rate locks with customers |  |  | 1,360 |  |  |  |  | 1,000 |
Forward Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Positive fair values | 12,829 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3,856 |  |  | 34 |
Negative fair values | 114,774 |  |  | (499 | ) |  | 100,808 |  |  | (213 | )
Net forward commitments |  |  | (494 | ) |  |  |  | (179 | )
Interest Rate Swaps with Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Positive fair values | 431,935 |  |  | 7,903 |  |  | 1,316,548 |  |  | 24,505 |
Negative fair values | 1,802,086 |  |  | (57,393 | ) |  | 716,634 |  |  | (18,978 | )
Net interest rate swaps with customers |  |  | (49,490 | ) |  |  |  | 5,527 |
Interest Rate Swaps with Dealer Counterparties |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Positive fair values (1) (3) | 1,802,086 |  |  | 48,518 |  |  | 716,634 |  |  | 18,941 |
Negative fair values (2) (3) | 431,935 |  |  | (4,716 | ) |  | 1,316,548 |  |  | (19,764 | )
Net interest rate swaps with dealer counterparties |  |  | 43,802 |  |  |  |  | (823 | )
Foreign Exchange Contracts with Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Positive fair values | 10,564 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 4,852 |  |  | 276 |
Negative fair values | 6,758 |  |  | (194 | ) |  | 5,914 |  |  | (119 | )
Net foreign exchange contracts with customers |  |  | 141 |  |  |  |  | 157 |
Foreign Exchange Contracts with Correspondent Banks |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Positive fair values | 9,397 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 7,960 |  |  | 184 |
Negative fair values | 12,147 |  |  | (329 | ) |  | 6,048 |  |  | (255 | )
Net foreign exchange contracts with correspondent banks |  |  | (33 | ) |  |  |  | (71 | )
Net derivative fair value asset |  |  | $ | (4,714 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 5,611 |

(1) Includes centrally cleared interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $399.3 million and a fair value of $0 as of June 30, 2018 and a notional amount of $24.4 million and a fair value of $0 as of December 31, 2017.
(2) Includes centrally cleared interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $158.8 million and a fair value of $0 as of June 30, 2018 and a notional amount of $377.1 million and a fair value of $0 as of December 31, 2017.
(3) The variation margin posted as collateral on centrally cleared interest rate swaps, which represents the fair value of such swaps, is legally characterized as settlements of the outstanding derivative contracts instead of cash collateral. Accordingly, the fair values of centrally cleared interest rate swaps were offset by variation margins of $5.8 million at June 30, 2018, increasing the fair value of such swaps to $0, and $4.6 million at December 31, 2017, reducing the fair value of such swaps to $0.
28

The following table presents a summary of the fair value (losses) gains on derivative financial instruments:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Interest rate locks with customers | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | (155 | ) |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 690 |
Forward commitments | (541 | ) |  | 157 |  |  | (315 | ) |  | (2,222 | )
Interest rate swaps with customers | (12,375 | ) |  | 13,809 |  |  | (55,017 | ) |  | 12,994 |
Interest rate swaps with dealer counterparties (1) | 10,811 |  |  | (10,831 | ) |  | 44,625 |  |  | (7,830 | )
Foreign exchange contracts with customers | (23 | ) |  | (325 | ) |  | (16 | ) |  | (317 | )
Foreign exchange contracts with correspondent banks | (50 | ) |  | 367 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 330 |
Net fair value (losses) gains on derivative financial instruments | $ | (1,947 | ) |  | $ | 3,022 |  |  | $ | (10,325 | ) |  | $ | 3,645 |

(1) Not included is $1.6 million and $10.4 million, respectively, of gains representing the change in the variation margin for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and $2.9 million and $5.1 million, respectively, of losses representing the change in the variation margin for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017.
Fair Value Option
The Corporation has elected to measure mortgage loans held for sale at fair value. Derivative financial instruments related to mortgage banking activities are also recorded at fair value, as noted above. The Corporation determines fair value for its mortgage loans held for sale based on the price that secondary market investors would pay for loans with similar characteristics, including interest rate and term, as of the date fair value is measured. Changes in fair values during the period are recorded as components of mortgage banking income on the consolidated statements of income.
The following table presents a summary of the Corporation’s mortgage loans held for sale:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Cost (1) | $ | 35,310 |  |  | $ | 31,069 |
Fair value | 35,898 |  |  | 31,530 |

(1) Cost basis of mortgage loans held for sale represents the unpaid principal balance.
For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017, gains related to changes in fair values of mortgage loans held for sale were $324,000 and $26,000, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017, the Corporation recorded gains related to changes in fair values of mortgage loans held for sale of $127,000 and $565,000, respectfully.
Balance Sheet Offsetting
Although certain financial assets and liabilities may be eligible for offset on the consolidated balance sheets because they are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements, the Corporation elects to not offset such qualifying assets and liabilities.
The Corporation is a party to interest rate swap transactions with financial institution counterparties and customers, disclosed in detail above. Under these agreements, the Corporation has the right to net-settle multiple contracts with the same counterparty in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. Cash collateral is posted by the party with a net liability position in accordance with contract thresholds and can be used to settle the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements in the event of default. A daily settlement occurs through a clearing agent for changes in the fair value of centrally cleared derivatives. As a result, the total fair values of interest rate swap derivative assets and derivative liabilities recognized on the consolidated balance sheet are not equal and offsetting.
The Corporation is also a party to foreign currency exchange contracts with financial institution counterparties, under which the Corporation has the right to net-settle multiple contracts with the same counterparty in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. As with interest rate swap contracts, collateral is posted by the party with a net liability position in accordance with contract thresholds and can be used to settle the fair value of the foreign currency exchange contracts in the event of default.
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The Corporation also enters into agreements with customers in which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities, referred to as repurchase agreements. Under these agreements, the Corporation may transfer legal control over the assets but still maintain effective control through agreements that both entitle and obligate the Corporation to repurchase the assets. Therefore, repurchase agreements are reported as secured borrowings, classified in short-term borrowings on the consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remain classified with investment securities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation has no intention of setting off these amounts. Therefore, these repurchase agreements are not eligible for offset.
The following table presents the Corporation's financial instruments that are eligible for offset, and the effects of offsetting, on the consolidated balance sheets:

| Gross Amounts |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset |  |
| Recognized |  | on the Consolidated |  |
| on the |  | Balance Sheets |  |
| Consolidated |  | Financial |  | Cash |  | Net
| Balance Sheets |  | Instruments(1) |  | Collateral (2) |  | Amount
| (in thousands)
June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivative assets | $ | 56,421 |  |  | $ | (5,916 | ) |  | $ | (44,080 | ) |  | $ | 6,425 |
Foreign exchange derivative assets with correspondent banks | 296 |  |  | (296 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 56,717 |  |  | $ | (6,212 | ) |  | $ | (44,080 | ) |  | $ | 6,425 |
Interest rate swap derivative liabilities | $ | 62,109 |  |  | $ | (5,916 | ) |  | $ | (13,177 | ) |  | $ | 43,016 |
Foreign exchange derivative liabilities with correspondent banks | 329 |  |  | (296 | ) |  | — |  |  | 33 |
Total | $ | 62,438 |  |  | $ | (6,212 | ) |  | $ | (13,177 | ) |  | $ | 43,049 |
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivative assets | $ | 43,446 |  |  | $ | (16,844 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,602 |
Foreign exchange derivative assets with correspondent banks | 184 |  |  | (184 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 43,630 |  |  | $ | (17,028 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,602 |
Interest rate swap derivative liabilities | $ | 38,742 |  |  | $ | (16,844 | ) |  | $ | (6,588 | ) |  | $ | 15,310 |
Foreign exchange derivative liabilities with correspondent banks | 255 |  |  | (184 | ) |  | — |  |  | 71 |
Total | $ | 38,997 |  |  | $ | (17,028 | ) |  | $ | (6,588 | ) |  | $ | 15,381 |

(1) | For interest rate swap assets, amounts represent any derivative liability fair values that could be offset in the event of counterparty or customer default. For interest rate swap liabilities, amounts represent any derivative asset fair values that could be offset in the event of counterparty or customer default.

(2) | Amounts represent cash collateral received from the counterparty or posted by the Corporation on interest rate swap transactions and foreign exchange contracts with financial institution counterparties. Interest rate swaps with customers are collateralized by the same collateral securing the underlying loans to those borrowers. Cash and securities collateral amounts are included in the table only to the extent of the net derivative fair values.

NOTE 10 – Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
The Corporation is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers.
Those financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets. Exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and letters of credit is represented by the outstanding amount of those instruments.
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The outstanding amounts of commitments to extend credit and letters of credit were as follows:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 6,498,732 |  |  | $ | 6,205,029 |
Standby letters of credit | 321,372 |  |  | 326,973 |
Commercial letters of credit | 42,018 |  |  | 41,801 |

The Corporation records a reserve for unfunded lending commitments, which represents management’s estimate of losses associated with unused commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. See Note 5, "Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses," for additional details.
Residential Lending
The Corporation originates and sells residential mortgages to secondary market investors. The Corporation provides customary representations and warranties to secondary market investors that specify, among other things, that the loans have been underwritten to the standards of the secondary market investor. The Corporation may be required to repurchase specific loans, or reimburse the investor for a credit loss incurred on a sold loan if it is determined that the representations and warranties have not been met. Under some agreements with secondary market investors, the Corporation may have additional credit exposure beyond customary representations and warranties, based on the specific terms of those agreements.
The Corporation maintains a reserve for estimated credit losses related to loans sold to investors. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the total reserve for losses on residential mortgage loans sold was $1.9 million and $2.1 million, respectively, including reserves for both representation and warranty and credit loss exposures.
Legal Proceedings
The Corporation is involved in various pending and threatened claims and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business activities of the Corporation. The Corporation evaluates the possible impact of these matters, taking into consideration the most recent information available. A loss reserve is established for those matters for which the Corporation believes a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Once established, the reserve is adjusted as appropriate to reflect any subsequent developments. Actual losses may be more or less than the amount estimated by the Corporation. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated by the Corporation, no loss reserve is established.
In addition, from time to time, the Corporation is the subject of investigations or other forms of regulatory or governmental inquiry covering a range of possible issues and, in some cases, these may be part of similar reviews of the specified activities of other industry participants. These inquiries could lead to administrative, civil or criminal proceedings, and could possibly result in fines, penalties, restitution or the need to alter the Corporation’s business practices, and cause the Corporation to incur additional costs. The Corporation’s practice is to cooperate fully with regulatory and governmental investigations.
As of the date of this report, the Corporation believes that any liabilities, individually or in the aggregate, which may result from the final outcomes of pending proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition of the Corporation. However, legal proceedings are often unpredictable, and it is possible that the ultimate resolution of any such matters, if unfavorable, may be material to the Corporation’s results of operations for any particular period, depending, in part, upon the size of the loss or liability imposed and the operating results for the applicable period.
BSA/AML Enforcement Orders
The Corporation and three of its bank subsidiaries are subject to regulatory enforcement orders issued during 2014 and 2015 by their respective federal and state bank regulatory agencies relating to identified deficiencies in the Corporation’s centralized Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering compliance program (the "BSA/AML Compliance Program"), which was designed to comply with the requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act, the USA Patriot Act of 2001 and related anti-money laundering regulations (collectively, the "BSA/AML Requirements"). The regulatory enforcement orders, which are in the form of consent orders or orders to cease and desist issued upon consent ("Consent Orders"), generally require, among other things, that the Corporation and the affected bank subsidiaries undertake a number of required actions to strengthen and enhance the BSA/AML Compliance Program, and, in some cases, conduct retrospective reviews of past account activity and transactions, as well as certain reports filed in accordance with the BSA/AML Requirements, to determine whether suspicious activity and certain transactions in currency were properly identified and reported in accordance with the BSA/AML Requirements. The Corporation and the affected bank
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subsidiaries have implemented numerous enhancements to the BSA/AML Compliance Program, completed the retrospective reviews required under the Consent Orders, and continue to strengthen and refine the BSA/AML Compliance Program to achieve a sustainable program in accordance with the BSA/AML Requirements. In addition to requiring strengthening and enhancement of the BSA/AML Compliance Program, while the Consent Orders remain in effect, the Corporation and the affected bank subsidiaries are subject to certain restrictions on expansion activities. Further, any failure to comply with the requirements of any of the Consent Orders involving the Corporation or the affected bank subsidiaries could result in further enforcement actions, the imposition of material restrictions on the activities of the Corporation or its bank subsidiaries, or the assessment of fines or penalties.
Fair Lending Investigation
During the second quarter of 2015, Fulton Bank, N.A., the Corporation’s largest bank subsidiary, received a letter from the U.S. Department of Justice (the "Department") indicating that the Department had initiated an investigation regarding potential violations of fair lending laws (specifically, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act) by Fulton Bank, N.A. in certain geographies. Fulton Bank, N.A. has been and is cooperating with the Department and responding to the Department’s requests for information. During the third quarter of 2016, the Department informed the Corporation, Fulton Bank, N.A., and three of the Corporation’s other bank subsidiaries, Fulton Bank of New Jersey, The Columbia Bank and Lafayette Ambassador Bank, that the Department was expanding its investigation of potential lending discrimination on the basis of race and national origin to encompass additional geographies that were not included in the initial letter from the Department. In addition to requesting information concerning the lending activities of these bank subsidiaries, the Department also requested information concerning the Corporation and the residential mortgage lending activities conducted under the Fulton Mortgage Company brand, the trade name used by all of the Corporation’s bank subsidiaries for residential mortgage lending. The investigation relates to lending activities during the period January 1, 2009 to the present. The Corporation and the identified bank subsidiaries are cooperating with the Department and responding to the Department’s requests for information. The Corporation and its bank subsidiaries are not able at this time to determine the terms on which this investigation will be resolved or the timing of such resolution, or to reliably estimate the amounts of any settlement, fines or other penalties or the cost of any other remedial actions, if enforcement action is taken. In addition, should the investigation result in an enforcement action against the Corporation or its bank subsidiaries, or a settlement with the Department, the ability of the Corporation and its bank subsidiaries to engage in certain expansion or other activities may be restricted.
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NOTE 11 – Fair Value Measurements
FASB ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value using the following three categories (from highest to lowest priority):

• | Level 1 – Inputs that represent quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

• | Level 2 – Inputs that represent quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, or quoted prices for identical instruments in non-active markets. Also includes valuation techniques whose inputs are derived principally from observable market data other than quoted prices, such as interest rates or other market-corroborated means.

• | Level 3 – Inputs that are largely unobservable, as little or no market data exists for the instrument being valued.

The Corporation has categorized all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis into the above three levels.
The following tables present summaries of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and reported on the consolidated balance sheets:

| June 30, 2018
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Mortgage loans held for sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,898 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,898 |
Available for sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities | — |  |  | 26,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,526 |
State and municipal securities | — |  |  | 407,696 |  |  | — |  |  | 407,696 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 87,795 |  |  | 4,075 |  |  | 91,870 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | 724,322 |  |  | — |  |  | 724,322 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 1,000,964 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,000,964 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 238,783 |  |  | — |  |  | 238,783 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103,122 |  |  | 103,122 |
Total available for sale investment securities | — |  |  | 2,486,086 |  |  | 107,197 |  |  | 2,593,283 |
Investments held in Rabbi Trust | 19,510 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,510 |
Other assets | 639 |  |  | 57,851 |  |  | — |  |  | 58,490 |
Total assets | $ | 20,149 |  |  | $ | 2,579,835 |  |  | $ | 107,197 |  |  | $ | 2,707,181 |
Other liabilities | $ | 20,034 |  |  | $ | 62,673 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 82,707 |

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| December 31, 2017
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Mortgage loans held for sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,530 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,530 |
Available for sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | 918 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 918 |
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities | — |  |  | 5,938 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,938 |
State and municipal securities | — |  |  | 408,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 408,949 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 93,552 |  |  | 3,757 |  |  | 97,309 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | 602,623 |  |  | — |  |  | 602,623 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 1,120,796 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,120,796 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 212,755 |  |  | — |  |  | 212,755 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,668 |  |  | 98,668 |
Total available for sale investment securities | 918 |  |  | 2,444,613 |  |  | 102,425 |  |  | 2,547,956 |
Investments held in Rabbi Trust | 18,982 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,982 |
Other assets | 469 |  |  | 44,539 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,008 |
Total assets | $ | 20,369 |  |  | $ | 2,520,682 |  |  | $ | 102,425 |  |  | $ | 2,643,476 |
Other liabilities | $ | 19,357 |  |  | $ | 39,014 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,371 |

The valuation techniques used to measure fair value for the items in the preceding tables are as follows:

• | Mortgage loans held for sale – This category consists of mortgage loans held for sale that the Corporation has elected to measure at fair value. Fair values as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were measured based on the price that secondary market investors were offering for loans with similar characteristics. See Note 9, "Derivative Financial Instruments" for details related to the Corporation’s election to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.

• | Available for sale investment securities – Included in this asset category are both equity and debt securities. Level 2 available for sale debt securities are valued by a third-party pricing service commonly used in the banking industry. The pricing service uses pricing models that vary based on asset class and incorporate available market information, including quoted prices of investment securities with similar characteristics. Because many fixed income securities do not trade on a daily basis, pricing models use available information, as applicable, through processes such as benchmark yield curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing.

Standard market inputs include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data, including market research publications. For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the standard market inputs may not be applicable.
Management tests the values provided by the pricing service by obtaining securities prices from an alternative third-party source and comparing the results. This test is performed for at least 80% of the securities valued by the pricing service. Generally, differences by security in excess of 5% are researched to reconcile the difference.

• | Equity securities – As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation did not hold any equity securities. Equity securities held as of December 31, 2017 consisted of common stocks of financial institutions and other equity investments. These Level 1 investments were measured at fair value based on quoted prices for identical securities in active markets.

• | U.S. Government sponsored agency securities/State and municipal securities/Collateralized mortgage obligations/Residential mortgage-backed securities/Commercial mortgage-backed securities – These debt securities are classified as Level 2 investments. Fair values are determined by a third-party pricing service, as detailed above.

• | Corporate debt securities – This category consists of subordinated debt and senior debt issued by financial institutions ($66.6 million at June 30, 2018 and $61.9 million at December 31, 2017), single-issuer trust preferred securities issued by financial institutions ($20.4 million at June 30, 2018 and $30.7 million at December 31, 2017), pooled trust preferred securities issued by financial institutions ($875,000 at June 30, 2018 and $707,000

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at December 31, 2017) and other corporate debt issued by non-financial institutions ($4.0 million at both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017).
Level 2 investments include the Corporation’s holdings of subordinated debt and senior debt, other corporate debt issued by non-financial institutions and $17.2 million and $27.7 million of single-issuer trust preferred securities held at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The fair values for these corporate debt securities are determined by a third-party pricing service, as detailed above.
Level 3 investments include the Corporation’s investments in pooled trust preferred securities ($875,000 at June 30, 2018 and $707,000 at December 31, 2017) and certain single-issuer trust preferred securities ($3.2 million at June 30, 2018 and $3.1 million at December 31, 2017). The fair values of these securities were determined based on quotes provided by third-party brokers who determined fair values based predominantly on internal valuation models which were not indicative prices or binding offers. The Corporation’s third-party pricing service cannot derive fair values for these securities primarily due to inactive markets for similar investments. Level 3 values are tested by management primarily through trend analysis, by comparing current values to those reported at the end of the preceding calendar quarter, and determining if they are reasonable based on price and spread movements for this asset class.

• | Auction rate securities – Due to their illiquidity, ARCs are classified as Level 3 investments and are valued through the use of an expected cash flows model prepared by a third-party valuation expert. The assumptions used in preparing the expected cash flows model include estimates for coupon rates, time to maturity and market rates of return. The most significant unobservable input to the expected cash flows model is an assumed return to market liquidity sometime in the next five years. If the assumed return to market liquidity was lengthened beyond the next five years, this would result in a decrease in the fair value of these ARCs. The Corporation believes that the trusts underlying the ARCs will self-liquidate as student loans are repaid. Level 3 fair values are tested by management through the performance of a trend analysis of the market price and discount rate. Changes in the price and discount rates are compared to changes in market data, including bond ratings, parity ratios, balances and delinquency levels.

Investments held in Rabbi Trust - This category consists of mutual funds that are held in trust for employee deferred compensation plans that the Corporation has elected to measure at fair value. Shares of mutual funds are valued based on net asset value, which represent quoted market prices for the underlying shares held in the mutual funds, and as such, are classified as Level 1 and are included in "other assets" on the consolidated balance sheet.
Other assets – Included in this category are the following:

• | Level 1 assets include the fair value of foreign currency exchange contracts ($631,000 at June 30, 2018 and $460,000 at December 31, 2017). The mutual funds and foreign exchange prices used to measure these items at fair value are based on quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

• | Level 2 assets include the fair value of mortgage banking derivatives in the form of interest rate locks and forward commitments with secondary market investors ($1.4 million at June 30, 2018 and $1.1 million at December 31, 2017) and the fair value of interest rate swaps ($56.4 million at June 30, 2018 and $43.4 million at December 31, 2017). The fair values of the Corporation’s interest rate locks, forward commitments and interest rate swaps represent the amounts that would be required to settle the derivative financial instruments at the balance sheet date. See Note 9, "Derivative Financial Instruments," for additional information.

Other liabilities – Included in this category are the following:

• | Level 1 liabilities include employee deferred compensation liabilities which represent amounts due to employees under deferred compensation plans ($19.5 million at June 30, 2018 and $19.0 million at December 31, 2017) and the fair value of foreign currency exchange contracts ($523,000 at June 30, 2018 and $374,000 at December 31, 2017). The fair value of these liabilities are determined in the same manner as the related assets, as described under the heading "Other assets" above.

• | Level 2 liabilities include the fair value of mortgage banking derivatives in the form of interest rate locks and forward commitments with secondary market investors ($564,000 at June 30, 2018 and $272,000 at December 31, 2017) and the fair value of interest rate swaps ($62.1 million at June 30, 2018 and $38.7 million at December 31, 2017). The fair values of these liabilities are determined in the same manner as the related assets, as described under the heading "Other assets" above.

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The following table presents the changes in the Corporation’s available for sale investment securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable inputs (Level 3):

| Three months ended June 30, 2018
| Pooled Trust Preferred Securities |  | Single-issuer Trust Preferred Securities |  | ARCs
| (in thousands)
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | 865 |  |  | $ | 3,095 |  |  | $ | 103,049 |
Unrealized adjustment to fair value (1) | 10 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 73 |
Discount accretion (2) | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 875 |  |  | $ | 3,200 |  |  | $ | 103,122 |
| Three months ended June 30, 2017
Balance at March 31, 2017 | $ | 422 |  |  | $ | 2,750 |  |  | $ | 97,439 |
Unrealized adjustment to fair value (1) | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 386 |
Discount accretion (2) | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 98 |
Balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | 422 |  |  | $ | 2,775 |  |  | $ | 97,923 |
| Six months ended June 30, 2018
| Pooled Trust Preferred Securities |  | Single-issuer Trust Preferred Securities |  | ARCs
| (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 707 |  |  | $ | 3,050 |  |  | $ | 98,668 |
Unrealized adjustment to fair value (1) | 168 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 4,454 |
Discount accretion (2) | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 875 |  |  | $ | 3,200 |  |  | $ | 103,122 |
| Six months ended June 30, 2017
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 422 |  |  | $ | 2,450 |  |  | $ | 97,256 |
Unrealized adjustment to fair value (1) | — |  |  | 319 |  |  | 472 |
Discount accretion (2) | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 195 |
Balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | 422 |  |  | $ | 2,775 |  |  | $ | 97,923 |

(1) | Pooled trust preferred securities, single-issuer trust preferred securities and ARCs are classified as available for sale investment securities; as such, the unrealized adjustment to fair value was recorded as an unrealized holding gain (loss) and included as a component of "available for sale investment securities" on the consolidated balance sheets.

(2) | Included as a component of "net interest income" on the consolidated statements of income.

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Certain assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value measurement in certain circumstances, such as upon their acquisition or when there is evidence of impairment. The following table presents the Corporation’s Level 3 financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and reported on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Net loans | $ | 141,072 |  |  | $ | 149,608 |
OREO | 11,181 |  |  | 9,823 |
MSRs | 37,894 |  |  | 37,663 |
Total assets | $ | 190,147 |  |  | $ | 197,094 |

The valuation techniques used to measure fair value for the items in the table above are as follows:

• | Net loans – This category consists of loans that were collectively evaluated for impairment and have been classified as Level 3 assets. The amount shown is the balance of impaired loans, net of the related allowance for loan losses. See Note 5, "Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses," for additional details.

• | OREO – This category includes OREO, classified as Level 3 assets. Fair values for OREO were based on estimated selling prices less estimated selling costs for similar assets in active markets.

• | MSRs – This category includes MSRs, classified as Level 3 assets. MSRs are initially recorded at fair value upon the sale of residential mortgage loans to secondary market investors. MSRs are amortized as a reduction to servicing income over the estimated lives of the underlying loans. MSRs are stratified and evaluated for impairment by comparing each stratum's carrying amount to its estimated fair value. Fair values are determined at the end of each quarter through a discounted cash flows valuation performed by a third-party valuation expert. Significant inputs to the valuation included expected net servicing income, the discount rate and the expected life of the underlying loans. Expected life is based on the contractual terms of the loans, as adjusted for prepayment projections. The weighted average annual constant prepayment rate and the weighted average discount rate used in the June 30, 2018 valuation were 9.2% and 9.0%, respectively. Management tests the reasonableness of the significant inputs to the third-party valuation in comparison to market data.

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As required by FASB ASC Section 825-10-50, the following table details the book values and estimated fair values of the Corporation’s financial instruments as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. In addition, a general description of the methods and assumptions used to estimate such fair values is also provided.

| June 30, 2018
| Amortized Cost | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Estimated Fair Value
| (in thousands)
FINANCIAL ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 99,742 |  | $ | 99,742 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 99,742 |
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks | 298,087 |  | 298,087 |  | — |  | — |  | 298,087 |
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 66,715 |  | — |  | 66,715 |  | — |  | 66,715 |
Loans held for sale | 35,898 |  | — |  | 35,898 |  | — |  | 35,898 |
Available for sale investment securities | 2,593,283 |  | — |  | 2,486,086 |  | 107,197 |  | 2,593,283 |
Net Loans | 15,636,919 |  | — |  | — |  | 14,996,906 |  | 14,996,906 |
Accrued interest receivable | 55,208 |  | 55,208 |  | — |  | — |  | 55,208 |
Other financial assets | 229,475 |  | 122,547 |  | 57,851 |  | 49,077 |  | 229,475 |
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and savings deposits | $ | 12,776,849 |  | $ | 12,776,849 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12,776,849 |
Brokered deposits | 161,447 |  | 161,447 |  | — |  | — |  | 161,447 |
Time deposits | 2,661,503 |  | — |  | 2,656,421 |  | — |  | 2,656,421 |
Short-term borrowings | 983,833 |  | 983,833 |  | — |  | — |  | 983,833 |
Accrued interest payable | 8,293 |  | 8,293 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,293 |
Other financial liabilities | 251,170 |  | 188,497 |  | 62,673 |  | — |  | 251,170 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and long-term debt | 991,948 |  | — |  | 964,318 |  | — |  | 964,318 |
| December 31, 2017
| Book Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Estimated Fair Value
| (in thousands)
FINANCIAL ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 108,291 |  | $ | 108,291 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 108,291 |
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks | 293,805 |  | 293,805 |  | — |  | — |  | 293,805 |
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 60,761 |  | — |  | 60,761 |  | — |  | 60,761 |
Loans held for sale | 31,530 |  | — |  | 31,530 |  | — |  | 31,530 |
Available for sale investment securities | 2,547,956 |  | 918 |  | 2,444,613 |  | 102,425 |  | 2,547,956 |
Net Loans | 15,598,337 |  | — |  | — |  | 15,380,974 |  | 15,380,974 |
Accrued interest receivable | 52,910 |  | 52,910 |  | — |  | — |  | 52,910 |
Other financial assets | 215,464 |  | 123,439 |  | 44,539 |  | 47,486 |  | 215,464 |
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Demand and savings deposits | $ | 13,042,147 |  | $ | 13,042,147 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 13,042,147 |
Brokered deposits | 90,473 |  | 90,473 |  | — |  | — |  | 90,473 |
Time deposits | 2,664,912 |  | — |  | 2,664,912 |  | — |  | 2,664,912 |
Short-term borrowings | 617,524 |  | 617,524 |  | — |  | — |  | 617,524 |
Accrued interest payable | 9,317 |  | 9,317 |  | — |  | — |  | 9,317 |
Other financial liabilities | 227,569 |  | 188,555 |  | 39,014 |  | — |  | 227,569 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and long-term debt | 1,038,346 |  | — |  | 1,038,346 |  | — |  | 1,038,346 |

Fair values of financial instruments are significantly affected by the assumptions used, principally the timing of future cash flows and discount rates. Because assumptions are inherently subjective in nature, the estimated fair values cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent market quotes and, in many cases, the estimated fair values could not necessarily be realized in an immediate sale or settlement of the instrument. The aggregate fair value amounts presented do not necessarily represent management’s estimate of the underlying value of the Corporation.
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For short-term financial instruments, defined as those with remaining maturities of 90 days or less, and excluding those recorded at fair value on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets, book value was considered to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.
The following instruments are predominantly short-term:

Assets |  | Liabilities
Cash and due from banks |  | Demand and savings deposits
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks |  | Short-term borrowings
Accrued interest receivable |  | Accrued interest payable

Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock represent restricted investments and are carried at cost on the consolidated balance sheets.
As of June 30, 2018, fair values for loans and time deposits were estimated by discounting future cash flows using the current rates, as adjusted for liquidity considerations, at which similar loans would be made to borrowers and similar deposits would be issued to customers for the same remaining maturities. Fair values of loans also include estimated credit losses that would be assumed in a market transaction. Beginning in 2018, fair values estimated in this manner are considered to represent estimated exit prices, required by ASU 2016-01, "Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities". As of December 31, 2017, loan fair values do not fully incorporate an exit price approach to fair value.
The fair values of FHLB advances and long-term debt were estimated by discounting the remaining contractual cash flows using a rate at which the Corporation could issue debt with similar remaining maturities as of the balance sheet date. These borrowings would be categorized in Level 2 liabilities under FASB ASC Topic 820.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("Management’s Discussion") relates to Fulton Financial Corporation (the "Corporation"), a financial holding company registered under the Bank Holding Company Act and incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1982, and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Management’s Discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and other financial information presented in this report.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The Corporation has made, and may continue to make, certain forward-looking statements with respect to its financial condition, results of operations and business. Do not unduly rely on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "may," "should," "will," "could," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "continue," "anticipates," "believes," "plans," "expects," "future," "intends," "projects," the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements may include projections of, or guidance on, the Corporation's future financial performance, expected levels of future expenses, anticipated growth strategies, descriptions of new business initiatives and anticipated trends in the Corporation's business or financial results.
Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts, nor assurance of future performance. Instead, they are based on current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of the Corporation's business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of the Corporation's control, and actual results and financial condition may differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not unduly rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement is based only on information currently available and speaks only as of the date when made. The Corporation undertakes no obligation, other than as required by law, to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Many factors could affect future financial results including, without limitation:

• | the impact of adverse conditions in the economy and capital markets on the performance of the Corporation’s loan portfolio and demand for the Corporation’s products and services;

• | increases in non-performing assets, which may require the Corporation to increase the allowance for credit losses, charge off loans and incur elevated collection and carrying costs related to such non-performing assets;

39

• | investment securities gains and losses, including other-than-temporary declines in the value of securities which may result in charges to earnings;

• | the effects of market interest rates, and the relative balances of interest rate-sensitive assets to interest rate-sensitive liabilities, on net interest margin and net interest income;

• | the effects of changes in interest rates on demand for the Corporation’s products and services;

• | the effects of changes in interest rates or disruptions in liquidity markets on the Corporation’s sources of funding;

• | the effects of the extensive level of regulation and supervision to which the Corporation and its bank subsidiaries are subject;

• | the effects of the increasing amounts of time and expense associated with regulatory compliance and risk management;

• | the potential for negative consequences from regulatory violations, investigations and examinations including potential supervisory actions and the assessment of fines and penalties;

• | the additional time, expense and investment required to comply with, and the restrictions on potential growth and investment activities resulting from, the existing enforcement orders applicable to the Corporation and three of its bank subsidiaries by federal and state bank regulatory agencies requiring improvement in compliance functions and other remedial actions, or any future enforcement orders;

• | the continuing impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on the Corporation's business and results of operations;

• | the effects of, and uncertainty surrounding, new legislation, changes in regulation and government policy, and changes in leadership at the federal banking agencies, which could result in significant changes in banking and financial services regulation;

• | the effects of actions by the federal government, including those of the Federal Reserve Board and other government agencies, that impact money supply and market interest rates;

• | the effects of changes in U.S. federal, state or local tax laws;

• | the effects of negative publicity on the Corporation’s reputation;

• | the effects of adverse outcomes in litigation and governmental or administrative proceedings;

• | the potential to incur losses in connection with repurchase and indemnification payments related to sold loans;

• | the Corporation's ability to obtain regulatory approvals to consolidate its bank subsidiaries and achieve intended reductions in the time, expense and resources associated with regulatory compliance from such consolidations;

• | the Corporation’s ability to successfully transform its business model;

• | the Corporation’s ability to achieve its growth plans;

• | the effects of competition on deposit rates and growth, loan rates and growth and net interest margin;

• | the Corporation’s ability to manage the level of non-interest expenses, including salaries and employee benefits expenses, operating risk losses and goodwill impairment;

• | the effects of changes in accounting policies, standards, and interpretations on the presentation of the Corporation's financial condition and results of operations;

• | the impact of operational risks, including the risk of human error, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems, computer and telecommunications systems failures, faulty or incomplete data and an inadequate risk management framework;

• | the impact of failures of third parties upon which the Corporation relies to perform in accordance with contractual arrangements;

• | the failure or circumvention of the Corporation’s system of internal controls;

• | the loss of, or failure to safeguard, confidential or proprietary information;

• | the Corporation’s failure to identify and to address cyber-security risks, including data breaches and cyber-attacks;

• | the Corporation’s ability to keep pace with technological changes;

• | the Corporation’s ability to attract and retain talented personnel;

• | capital and liquidity strategies, including the Corporation’s ability to comply with applicable capital and liquidity requirements, and the Corporation’s ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;

• | the Corporation’s reliance on its subsidiaries for substantially all of its revenues and its ability to pay dividends or other distributions; and

• | the effects of any downgrade in the Corporation’s credit ratings on its borrowing costs or access to capital markets.

40

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
The Corporation is a financial holding company comprised of six wholly owned bank subsidiaries which provide a full range of retail and commercial financial services through locations in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and Virginia. The Corporation generates the majority of its revenue through net interest income, or the difference between interest earned on loans, investments and other interest-earning assets, and interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Growth in net interest income is dependent upon balance sheet growth and maintaining or increasing the net interest margin, which is net interest income (fully taxable-equivalent, or "FTE") as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The Corporation also generates revenue through fees earned on the various services and products offered to its customers and through gains on sales of assets, such as loans, investments, or properties. Offsetting these revenue sources are provisions for credit losses on loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures, non-interest expenses and income taxes.
The following table presents a summary of the Corporation’s earnings and selected performance ratios:

| As of or for the three months ended June 30 |  | As of or for the six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income (in thousands) | $ | 35,197 |  |  | $ | 45,467 |  |  | $ | 84,677 |  |  | $ | 88,847 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |
Return on average assets | 0.70 | % |  | 0.94 | % |  | 0.86 | % |  | 0.93 | %
Return on average equity | 6.28 | % |  | 8.36 | % |  | 7.64 | % |  | 8.29 | %
Return on average tangible equity (1) | 8.23 | % |  | 11.06 | % |  | 10.02 | % |  | 11.00 | %
Net interest margin (2) | 3.39 | % |  | 3.29 | % |  | 3.37 | % |  | 3.28 | %
Efficiency ratio (1) | 63.3 | % |  | 65.3 | % |  | 65.3 | % |  | 64.8 | %
Non-performing assets to total assets | 0.67 | % |  | 0.75 | % |  | 0.67 | % |  | 0.75 | %
Annualized net charge-offs to average loans | 1.01 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | 0.56 | % |  | 0.10 | %

(1) | Ratio represents a financial measure derived by methods other than U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP"). See reconciliation of this non-U.S. GAAP financial measure to the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure under the heading, "Supplemental Reporting of Non-U.S.GAAP Based Financial Measures" at the end of this "Overview" section.

(2) | Presented on an FTE basis, using a 21% and a 35% federal tax rate and statutory interest expense disallowances in 2018 and 2017, respectively. See also the “Net Interest Income” section of Management’s Discussion.

The following is a summary of financial results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Net Income and Net Income Per Share Growth - Net income was $35.2 million and $84.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2018, net income decreased $10.3 million, or 22.6%, compared to the same period in 2017. Diluted net income per share for the three months ended June 30, 2018 decreased $0.06, or 23.1%, to $0.20 per diluted share compared to the same period in 2017. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, net income decreased $4.2 million, or 4.7%, compared to the same period in 2017. Diluted net income per share for the first six months of 2018 decreased $0.03, or 5.9%, to $0.48 per diluted share compared to the same period of 2017.
On May 31, 2018, the Corporation filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission disclosing an expected credit loss arising from a single, large commercial lending relationship ("Commercial Relationship"). At the time of the Current Report, the Corporation estimated that the credit loss related to the Commercial Relationship would be up to $32 million, net of tax, or $0.18 per diluted share. Since the date of the Current Report, the Corporation determined that the provision for credit loss for the Commercial Relationship, which was recorded in the second quarter of 2018, was $36.8 million, or $29.1 million, net of tax. This loss equates to approximately $0.16 per diluted share. The credit loss resulted from fraudulent activity believed to have been perpetrated by one or more employees of the borrower and its related entities. Based on the Corporation’s review of the circumstances of the fraudulent activity involving this borrower, the Corporation believes this incident is an isolated occurrence and not indicative of a broader increase in exposure to fraud-related losses in connection with its lending businesses.
Net Interest Income Growth - For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, net interest income increased $14.5 million, or 10.2%, and $28.2 million, or 10.1%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017. The increases were the result of growth in interest-earning assets, primarily loans, and the impact of a 10 and 9 basis point increase, respectively, in net interest margin,
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largely driven by the impact of 25 basis point increases in the federal funds target rate in June and December of 2017 and March of 2018.
Net Interest Margin - For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the net interest margin increase was driven by a 26 and 22 basis point increase, respectively, in yields on interest-earning assets, partially offset by a 19 and 17 basis point increase, respectively, in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities. The enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Act") in December 2017 resulted in a 6 and 7 basis point decrease for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, in average yields on interest-earning assets and net interest margin as a result of the impact of the Tax Act on calculated FTE yields on tax exempt loans and investment securities.
Loan Growth - Average loans were $641.2 million, or 4.2%, and $721.9 million, or 4.8%, higher for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017. The most notable increases were in commercial and residential mortgages, commercial loans and construction loans. The loan growth occurred throughout all of the Corporation's geographic markets.
Deposit Growth - Average deposits grew $428.3 million, or 2.8%, and $480.9 million, or 3.2%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017, respectively. The increases resulted from growth in total demand and savings accounts, partially offset by decreases in time deposits.
Asset Quality - Annualized net charge-offs to average loans outstanding were 1.01% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared to 0.11% for the same period in 2017 and were 0.56% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to 0.10% for the same period in 2017. The $33.9 million charge-off in the second quarter of 2018 related to the Commercial Relationship was approximately 0.86%, on an annualized basis, of the average loans outstanding.
Other credit metrics improved as of June 30, 2018 compared to June 30, 2017. Non-performing assets decreased to 0.67% as a percentage of total assets, compared to 0.75% as of June 30, 2017 and the total delinquency rate improved to 1.18% as of June 30, 2018, from 1.20% as of June 30, 2017.
The provision for credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $33.1 million and $37.1 million, compared to $6.7 million and $11.5 million for the same periods in 2017, respectively. The increases were primarily driven by a $36.8 million provision for credit losses arising from the Commercial Relationship recorded in the second quarter of 2018.
Non-interest Income - For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, non-interest income, excluding investment securities gains, decreased $1.8 million, or 3.6%, and $1.6 million, or 1.6%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017. Decreases in commercial loan interest rate swap fees, generally driven by the pace of new loan originations as well as interest rates and the shape of the yield curve, and mortgage banking income were partially offset by increases in investment management and trust services income, merchant fees and cash management fee income.
Non-interest Expense - For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, non-interest expense increased $650,000, or 0.5%, and $15.0 million, or 5.9%, respectively, in comparison to the same periods in 2017. The increases were primarily driven by higher data processing and software expenses for the three month period and higher salaries and employee benefits, data processing and software, other outside services and professional fees for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Income Taxes - Income tax expense was $3.5 million and $10.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, resulting in effective tax rates ("ETR"), or income taxes as a percentage of income before income taxes, of 9.0% and 11.1%, respectively. The ETR for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 were 16.6% and 20.5%. The ETR for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 were significantly impacted by the reduction in the federal statutory income tax rate as the result of the Tax Act, as well as lower income before income taxes.
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Supplemental Reporting of Non-U.S. GAAP Based Financial Measures
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains supplemental financial information, as detailed below, which has been derived by methods other than U.S. GAAP. The Corporation has presented these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures because it believes that these measures provide useful and comparative information to assess trends in the Corporation's results of operations. Presentation of these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures is consistent with how the Corporation evaluates its performance internally, and these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of the Corporation and companies in the Corporation's industry. Management believes that these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures, in addition to U.S. GAAP measures, are also useful to investors to evaluate the Corporation's results. Investors should recognize that the Corporation's presentation of these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures might not be comparable to similarly-titled measures at other companies. These non-U.S. GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for U.S. GAAP basis measures, and the Corporation strongly encourages a review of its consolidated financial statements in their entirety. Following are reconciliations of these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure:

| As of or for the three months ended June 30 |  | As of or for the six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (dollars in thousands)
Return on average shareholders' equity (tangible)
Net income - numerator | $ | 35,197 |  |  | $ | 45,467 |  |  | $ | 84,677 |  |  | $ | 88,847 |
Average common shareholders' equity | $ | 2,246,904 |  |  | $ | 2,181,189 |  |  | $ | 2,235,821 |  |  | $ | 2,160,980 |
Less: Average goodwill and intangible assets | (531,556 | ) |  | (531,556 | ) |  | (531,556 | ) |  | (531,556 | )
Average tangible shareholders' equity - denominator | $ | 1,715,348 |  |  | $ | 1,649,633 |  |  | $ | 1,704,265 |  |  | $ | 1,629,424 |
Return on average tangible equity (tangible), annualized | 8.23 | % |  | 11.06 | % |  | 10.02 | % |  | 11.00 | %
Efficiency ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest expense | $ | 133,345 |  |  | $ | 132,695 |  |  | $ | 270,006 |  |  | $ | 254,970 |
Less: Amortization of tax credit investments | (1,637 | ) |  | (3,151 | ) |  | (3,274 | ) |  | (4,149 | )
Numerator | $ | 131,708 |  |  | $ | 129,544 |  |  | $ | 266,732 |  |  | $ | 250,821 |
Net interest income (fully taxable equivalent) (1) | $ | 159,027 |  |  | $ | 147,349 |  |  | $ | 313,259 |  |  | $ | 290,593 |
Plus: Total Non-interest income | 49,094 |  |  | 52,371 |  |  | 94,969 |  |  | 99,044 |
Less: Investment securities gains, net | (4 | ) |  | (1,436 | ) |  | (23 | ) |  | (2,542 | )
Denominator | $ | 208,117 |  |  | $ | 198,284 |  |  | $ | 408,205 |  |  | $ | 387,095 |
Efficiency ratio | 63.3 | % |  | 65.3 | % |  | 65.3 | % |  | 64.8 | %

(1) | Presented on an FTE basis, using a 21% and 35% federal tax rate and statutory interest expense disallowances in 2018 and 2017, respectively. See also the “Net Interest Income” section of Management’s Discussion.

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Quarter Ended June 30, 2018 compared to the Quarter Ended June 30, 2017
Net Interest Income
FTE net interest income increased $11.7 million, to $159.0 million, in the second quarter of 2018, from $147.3 million in the second quarter of 2017. The increase was due to an $801.3 million, or 4.5%, increase in average interest-earning assets and a 10 basis point increase in the net interest margin, to 3.39%. The following table provides a comparative average balance sheet and net interest income analysis for those periods. Interest income and yields are presented on an FTE basis, using a 21% and 35% federal tax rate and statutory interest expense disallowances for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The enactment of the Tax Act resulted in a 6 basis point decrease in average yields on interest-earning assets and net interest margin in the second quarter of 2018, as a result of the impact of the Tax Act on calculated FTE yields on tax-exempt loans and investment securities.

| Three months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017
| Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Yield/ Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Yield/ Rate
ASSETS | (dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net of unearned income (1) | $ | 15,768,377 |  |  | $ | 170,005 |  |  | 4.32 | % |  | $ | 15,127,205 |  |  | $ | 152,649 |  |  | 4.05 | %
Taxable investment securities (2) | 2,262,789 |  |  | 13,885 |  |  | 2.45 |  |  | 2,090,120 |  |  | 11,473 |  |  | 2.20 |
Tax-exempt investment securities (2) | 408,715 |  |  | 3,713 |  |  | 3.63 |  |  | 404,680 |  |  | 4,394 |  |  | 4.34 |
Equity securities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,759 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 5.52 |
Total investment securities | 2,671,504 |  |  | 17,598 |  |  | 2.63 |  |  | 2,505,559 |  |  | 16,015 |  |  | 2.56 |
Loans held for sale | 22,237 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 5.11 |  |  | 19,750 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 4.07 |
Other interest-earning assets | 316,381 |  |  | 1,243 |  |  | 1.57 |  |  | 324,719 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 0.99 |
Total interest-earning assets | 18,778,499 |  |  | 189,130 |  |  | 4.04 |  |  | 17,977,233 |  |  | 169,667 |  |  | 3.78 |
Noninterest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | 100,811 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 103,078 |  |  |  |  |
Premises and equipment | 232,048 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 218,075 |  |  |  |  |
Other assets | 1,112,913 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,174,745 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Allowance for loan losses | (160,896 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (172,156 | ) |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 20,063,375 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,300,975 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | $ | 3,952,115 |  |  | $ | 4,959 |  |  | 0.50 | % |  | $ | 3,690,059 |  |  | $ | 2,780 |  |  | 0.30 | %
Savings and money market deposits | 4,538,083 |  |  | 5,545 |  |  | 0.49 |  |  | 4,315,495 |  |  | 2,710 |  |  | 0.25 |
Brokered deposits | 85,242 |  |  | 395 |  |  | 1.87 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Time deposits | 2,660,410 |  |  | 8,385 |  |  | 1.26 |  |  | 2,696,033 |  |  | 7,394 |  |  | 1.10 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 11,235,850 |  |  | 19,284 |  |  | 0.69 |  |  | 10,701,587 |  |  | 12,884 |  |  | 0.48 |
Short-term borrowings | 1,023,160 |  |  | 3,036 |  |  | 1.18 |  |  | 633,102 |  |  | 974 |  |  | 0.61 |
FHLB advances and other long-term debt | 945,177 |  |  | 7,783 |  |  | 3.30 |  |  | 1,070,845 |  |  | 8,460 |  |  | 3.16 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 13,204,187 |  |  | 30,103 |  |  | 0.91 |  |  | 12,405,534 |  |  | 22,318 |  |  | 0.72 |
Noninterest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 4,281,574 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,387,517 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 330,710 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 326,735 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 17,816,471 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,119,786 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 2,246,904 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,181,189 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 20,063,375 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,300,975 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income/net interest margin (FTE) |  |  | 159,027 |  |  | 3.39 | % |  |  |  | 147,349 |  |  | 3.29 | %
Tax equivalent adjustment |  |  | (2,960 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (5,786 | ) |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 156,067 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 141,563 |  |  |

(1) | Includes non-performing loans.

(2) | Balances include amortized historical cost for available for sale securities; the related unrealized holding gains (losses) are included in other assets.

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The following table summarizes the changes in FTE interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in average balances (volume) and changes in rates for the three months ended June 30, 2018 in comparison to the same period in 2017:

| 2018 vs. 2017 Increase (Decrease) due to change in
| Volume |  | Rate |  | Net
| (in thousands)
Interest income on: |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net of unearned income | $ | 6,641 |  |  | $ | 10,715 |  |  | $ | 17,356 |
Taxable investment securities | 996 |  |  | 1,416 |  |  | 2,412 |
Tax-exempt investment securities | 43 |  |  | (724 | ) |  | (681 | )
Equity securities | (74 | ) |  | (74 | ) |  | (148 | )
Loans held for sale | 27 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 83 |
Other interest-earning assets | (21 | ) |  | 462 |  |  | 441 |
Total interest income | $ | 7,612 |  |  | $ | 11,851 |  |  | $ | 19,463 |
Interest expense on: |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 1,969 |  |  | $ | 2,179 |
Savings and money market deposits | 147 |  |  | 2,688 |  |  | 2,835 |
Brokered deposits | 395 |  |  | — |  |  | 395 |
Time deposits | (99 | ) |  | 1,090 |  |  | 991 |
Short-term borrowings | 822 |  |  | 1,240 |  |  | 2,062 |
FHLB advances and other long-term debt | (1,023 | ) |  | 346 |  |  | (677 | )
Total interest expense | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | 7,333 |  |  | $ | 7,785 |

Note: Changes which are partially attributable to both volume and rate are allocated to the volume and rate components presented above based on the percentage of direct changes that are attributable to each component. The impact of the Tax Act on FTE interest income is included in "Rate" in the table above.
Interest rate increases on both interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the corresponding increases in FTE interest income and interest expense were largely the result of the three 25 basis point increases in the federal funds target rate in June and December of 2017 and March of 2018. The increases in the federal funds target rate resulted in corresponding increases to the index rates for the Corporation's variable and adjustable rate loans, primarily the prime rate and the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR").
As summarized above, the 26 basis point increase in the yield on average interest-earning assets resulted in an $11.9 million increase in FTE interest income. The yield on the loan portfolio increased 27 basis points, or 6.7%, from the second quarter of 2017, as variable and adjustable rate loans repriced to higher rates and yields on new loan originations exceeded the average yield on the loan portfolio. The increase in average interest-earning assets, primarily loans, since the second quarter of 2017 resulted in a $7.6 million increase in FTE interest income.
Interest expense increased $7.3 million primarily due to the 20 and 24 basis point increases in the rates on average interest-bearing demand deposits and savings and money market deposits, respectively. These rate increases contributed $2.0 million and $2.7 million to the increase in interest expense, respectively. In addition, the 16 basis point and 57 basis point increases in the rates on time deposits and short-term borrowings, respectively, contributed $1.1 million and $1.2 million increases to interest expense.
45

Average loans and average FTE yields, by type, are summarized in the following table:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Balance
| Balance |  | Yield |  | Balance |  | Yield |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Real estate – commercial mortgage | $ | 6,298,534 |  |  | 4.34 | % |  | $ | 6,163,844 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 134,690 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Commercial – industrial, financial and agricultural | 4,335,097 |  |  | 4.27 |  |  | 4,221,025 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 114,072 |  |  | 2.7 |
Real estate – residential mortgage | 2,026,161 |  |  | 3.89 |  |  | 1,707,929 |  |  | 3.77 |  |  | 318,232 |  |  | 18.6 |
Real estate – home equity | 1,502,936 |  |  | 4.83 |  |  | 1,587,680 |  |  | 4.33 |  |  | (84,744 | ) |  | (5.3 | )
Real estate – construction | 978,327 |  |  | 4.40 |  |  | 897,321 |  |  | 3.98 |  |  | 81,006 |  |  | 9.0 |
Consumer | 345,572 |  |  | 4.43 |  |  | 300,967 |  |  | 5.03 |  |  | 44,605 |  |  | 14.8 |
Leasing | 272,298 |  |  | 4.59 |  |  | 244,742 |  |  | 4.42 |  |  | 27,556 |  |  | 11.3 |
Other | 9,452 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,697 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,755 |  |  | 155.7 |
Total | $ | 15,768,377 |  |  | 4.32 | % |  | $ | 15,127,205 |  |  | 4.05 | % |  | $ | 641,172 |  |  | 4.2 | %

Average loans increased $641.2 million, or 4.2%, compared to the second quarter of 2017. The increase was driven largely by growth in the residential mortgage and commercial mortgage portfolios, as well as the commercial loan and construction portfolios. The $134.7 million, or 2.2%, increase in commercial mortgages occurred in both owner-occupied and investment property types and was realized across most geographic markets. The $318.2 million, or 18.6%, increase in residential mortgages was experienced across all geographic markets, with the most significant increases occurring in Maryland and Virginia. This growth was, in part, related to new product offerings and marketing efforts targeting specific customer segments. The $114.1 million, or 2.7%, increase in commercial loans was spread across all geographic markets and across a broad range of industries.
Average deposits and average interest rates, by type, are summarized in the following table:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease) in Balance
| 2018 |  | 2017 |
| Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 4,281,574 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 4,387,517 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | (105,943 | ) |  | (2.4 | )%
Interest-bearing demand | 3,952,115 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 3,690,059 |  |  | 0.30 |  |  | 262,056 |  |  | 7.1 |
Savings and money market accounts | 4,538,083 |  |  | 0.49 |  |  | 4,315,495 |  |  | 0.25 |  |  | 222,588 |  |  | 5.2 |
Total demand and savings | 12,771,772 |  |  | 0.34 |  |  | 12,393,071 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 378,701 |  |  | 3.1 |
Brokered deposits | 85,242 |  |  | 1.87 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,242 |  |  | N/M |
Time deposits | 2,660,410 |  |  | 1.26 |  |  | 2,696,033 |  |  | 1.10 |  |  | (35,623 | ) |  | (1.3 | )
Total deposits | $ | 15,517,424 |  |  | 0.50 | % |  | $ | 15,089,104 |  |  | 0.34 | % |  | $ | 428,320 |  |  | 2.8 | %

N/M - Not meaningful
The $378.7 million, or 3.1%, increase in total demand and savings accounts was primarily due to a $422.6 million, or 7.1%, increase in consumer account balances and a $137.4 million, or 7.0%, increase in municipal account balances, partially offset by a $187.2 million or 4.2% decrease in business account balances.
During the third quarter of 2017, the Corporation began accepting deposits under an agreement with a non-bank third party pursuant to which excess cash in the accounts of customers of the third party is swept on a collective basis, as frequently as every business day, by the third party, into omnibus deposit accounts maintained by one of the Corporation’s subsidiary banks ("Third-Party Deposit Sweep Arrangement"). The average balance in the omnibus accounts was $85.2 million and is shown as “brokered deposits” in the above table. This source of funding is considered to be both geographically diverse and considered to be a stable source of funding, with balances in the omnibus deposit accounts bearing interest at a rate based on the federal funds rate.
Time deposits decreased $35.6 million, or 1.3%, as customer preferences continued to shift toward shorter-term, non-maturity deposits. The average cost of total deposits increased 16 basis points, to 0.50%, for the second quarter of 2018, compared to 0.34% for the second quarter of 2017.
46

Average borrowings and interest rates, by type, are summarized in the following table:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Balance
| Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Short-term borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer repurchase agreements | $ | 162,276 |  |  | 0.15 | % |  | $ | 199,657 |  |  | 0.09 | % |  | $ | (37,381 | ) |  | (18.7 | )%
Customer short-term promissory notes | 316,049 |  |  | 0.54 |  |  | 77,554 |  |  | 0.10 |  |  | 238,495 |  |  | N/M |
Total short-term customer funding | 478,325 |  |  | 0.41 |  |  | 277,211 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 201,114 |  |  | 72.5 |
Federal funds purchased | 398,297 |  |  | 1.79 |  |  | 242,375 |  |  | 1.03 |  |  | 155,922 |  |  | 64.3 |
Short-term FHLB advances (1) | 146,538 |  |  | 2.03 |  |  | 113,516 |  |  | 0.99 |  |  | 33,022 |  |  | 29.1 |
Total short-term borrowings | 1,023,160 |  |  | 1.18 |  |  | 633,102 |  |  | 0.61 |  |  | 390,058 |  |  | 61.6 |
Long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB advances | 558,655 |  |  | 2.48 |  |  | 652,192 |  |  | 2.27 |  |  | (93,537 | ) |  | (14.3 | )
Other long-term debt | 386,522 |  |  | 4.48 |  |  | 418,653 |  |  | 4.56 |  |  | (32,131 | ) |  | (7.7 | )
Total long-term debt | 945,177 |  |  | 3.30 |  |  | 1,070,845 |  |  | 3.16 |  |  | (125,668 | ) |  | (11.7 | )
Total borrowings | $ | 1,968,337 |  |  | 2.20 | % |  | $ | 1,703,947 |  |  | 2.22 | % |  | $ | 264,390 |  |  | 15.5 | %

(1) Represents FHLB advances with an original maturity term of less than one year.
N/M - Not meaningful
Average total short-term borrowings increased $390.1 million, or 61.6%, primarily as a result of a $238.5 million, increase in customer short-term promissory notes during the second quarter of 2018 as customers shifted deposit balances to higher-yielding short-term promissory notes. Federal funds purchased increased $155.9 million, or 64.3%, to provide additional funding as average loan growth outpaced the increase in average deposits.
Average long-term debt decreased $125.7 million, or 11.7%, to $945.2 million during the second quarter of 2018, compared to $1.1 billion during the same period of 2017.
Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses was $33.1 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $26.4 million from the second quarter of 2017, driven by the $36.8 million provision for credit losses recorded in the second quarter of 2018 arising from the Commercial Relationship. A $3.7 million negative provision for credit losses was recorded for the remainder of the portfolio, mainly due to payoffs of certain loans that had allowance for credit losses allocations in prior periods and improving overall credit performance.
The provision for credit losses is recognized as an expense in the consolidated statements of income and is the amount necessary to adjust the allowance for credit losses to its appropriate balance, as determined through the Corporation's allowance methodology. The Corporation determines the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses based on many quantitative and qualitative factors, including, but not limited to: the size and composition of the loan portfolio, changes in risk ratings, changes in collateral values, delinquency levels, historical losses and economic conditions. See the "Financial Condition" section of Management's Discussion under the heading "Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses" for details related to the Corporation's provision and allowance for credit losses.
47

Non-Interest Income
The following table presents the components of non-interest income:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Investment management and trust services | $ | 12,803 |  |  | $ | 12,132 |  |  | $ | 671 |  |  | 5.5 | %
Other service charges and fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Merchant fees | 4,920 |  |  | 4,531 |  |  | 389 |  |  | 8.6 |
Debit card income | 3,077 |  |  | 2,884 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 6.7 |
Commercial loan interest rate swap fees | 2,393 |  |  | 3,768 |  |  | (1,375 | ) |  | (36.5 | )
Letter of credit fees | 956 |  |  | 1,109 |  |  | (153 | ) |  | (13.8 | )
Foreign exchange income | 591 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 32.5 |
Other | 1,728 |  |  | 1,604 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 7.7 |
Total other service charges and fees | 13,665 |  |  | 14,342 |  |  | (677 | ) |  | (4.7 | )
Service charges on deposit accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Overdraft fees | 5,092 |  |  | 5,648 |  |  | (556 | ) |  | (9.8 | )
Cash management fees | 4,452 |  |  | 3,614 |  |  | 838 |  |  | 23.2 |
Other | 2,726 |  |  | 3,652 |  |  | (926 | ) |  | (25.4 | )
Total service charges on deposit accounts | 12,270 |  |  | 12,914 |  |  | (644 | ) |  | (5.0 | )
Mortgage banking income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains on sales of mortgage loans | 3,852 |  |  | 3,488 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 10.4 |
Mortgage servicing income | 1,311 |  |  | 2,653 |  |  | (1,342 | ) |  | (50.6 | )
Total mortgage banking income | 5,163 |  |  | 6,141 |  |  | (978 | ) |  | (15.9 | )
Other income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card income | 2,866 |  |  | 2,666 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 7.5 |
SBA lending income | 846 |  |  | 1,163 |  |  | (317 | ) |  | (27.3 | )
Other income | 1,477 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | (100 | ) |  | (6.3 | )
Total other income | 5,189 |  |  | 5,406 |  |  | (217 | ) |  | (4.0 | )
Total, excluding investment securities gains, net | 49,090 |  |  | 50,935 |  |  | (1,845 | ) |  | (3.6 | )
Investment securities gains, net | 4 |  |  | 1,436 |  |  | (1,432 | ) |  | N/M |
Total | $ | 49,094 |  |  | $ | 52,371 |  |  | $ | (3,277 | ) |  | (6.3 | )%

N/M - Not meaningful
Excluding investment securities gains, non-interest income decreased $1.8 million, or 3.6%, in the second quarter of 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017. Investment management and trust services income increased $671,000, or 5.5%, with growth in both trust commissions and brokerage income, due to overall market performance and an increase in assets under management.
Other service charges and fees decreased $677,000, or 4.7%, primarily due to a $1.4 million decrease in commercial loan interest rate swap fees, resulting from lower commercial loan originations, partially offset by increases in merchant fees, debit card income and foreign exchange income driven by higher transaction volumes.
Service charges on deposit accounts decreased $644,000, or 5.0%, with decreases in overdraft fees and other service charges being partially offset by an increase in cash management fees. The increase in cash management fees and the decrease in other service charges largely reflects a classification change, effective in the first quarter of 2018, of certain types of deposit service charges. The decrease in overdraft fees reflects a processing change related to point-of-sale debit card transactions, which had the effect of decreasing the overall volume of overdraft charges to customers.
Mortgage servicing income decreased $1.3 million, or 50.6%, as the second quarter of 2017 included a $1.3 million reduction to the mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs") valuation allowance. See Note 6, "Mortgage Servicing Rights," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details. Gains on sales of mortgage loans increased $364,000, or 10.4%, driven by higher volumes of new loan commitments.
48

Investment securities gains decreased $1.4 million from the second quarter of 2017 as the prior year included gains on sales of financial institution common stocks. See Note 4, "Investment Securities," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.
Non-Interest Expense
The following table presents the components of non-interest expense:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 74,919 |  |  | $ | 74,496 |  |  | $ | 423 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Net occupancy expense | 12,760 |  |  | 12,316 |  |  | 444 |  |  | 3.6 |
Data processing and software | 10,453 |  |  | 9,054 |  |  | 1,399 |  |  | 15.5 |
Other outside services | 7,568 |  |  | 7,708 |  |  | (140 | ) |  | (1.8 | )
Equipment expense | 3,434 |  |  | 3,034 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 13.2 |
FDIC insurance expense | 2,663 |  |  | 2,366 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 12.6 |
State taxes | 2,454 |  |  | 2,814 |  |  | (360 | ) |  | (12.8 | )
Professional fees | 2,372 |  |  | 2,931 |  |  | (559 | ) |  | (19.1 | )
Marketing | 2,335 |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 4.5 |
Amortization of tax credit investments | 1,637 |  |  | 3,151 |  |  | (1,514 | ) |  | (48.0 | )
Other | 12,750 |  |  | 12,591 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 1.3 |
Total | $ | 133,345 |  |  | $ | 132,695 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | 0.5 | %

The $423,000, or 0.6%, increase in salaries and employee benefits reflects the net impact of a $1.6 million increase in employee salaries, largely offset by lower incentive compensation and benefit costs.
Net occupancy expense increased $444,000, or 3.6%, due mainly to additional depreciation expense resulting from renovations of certain branch properties.
Data processing and software expense increased $1.4 million, or 15.5%, reflecting higher transaction volumes and new processing platforms. In addition, 2017 expense was lower as a result of renegotiated contracts.
Equipment expenses increased $400,000, or 13.2%, largely due to maintenance costs associated with the Corporation's ATM network.
FDIC insurance expense increased $297,000, or 12.6%, reflecting higher premium assessments for the Corporation's largest banking subsidiary as a result of it exceeding $10 billion in assets.
State taxes decreased $360,000, or 12.8%, due to sales tax assessments in 2017 that did not reoccur in 2018.
Professional fees decreased $559,000, or 19.1%, largely due to a decrease in legal fees. The Corporation incurs fees related to various legal matters in the normal course of business. These fees can fluctuate based on the timing and extent of these matters.
Amortization of tax credit investments decreased $1.5 million, or 48.0%, in the second quarter of 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017 as the result of one significant historical tax credit project that was fully amortized in 2017.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the second quarter of 2018 was $3.5 million, a $5.6 million, or 61.4%, decrease from $9.1 million for the second quarter of 2017. This decrease resulted from a $15.8 million decrease in income before taxes and the passage of the Tax Act, which lowered the U.S. corporate income tax rate from a top rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%. The Corporation’s ETR was 9.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to 16.6% in the same period of 2017. The ETR is generally lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% due to tax-exempt interest income earned on loans, investments in tax-free municipal securities and investments in community development projects that generate tax credits under various federal programs.
49

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
Net Interest Income
FTE net interest income increased $22.7 million, to $313.3 million, in the first six months of 2018, from $290.6 million in the same period in 2017. The increase was due to an $825.0 million, or 4.6%, increase in average interest-earning assets and a 9 basis point increase in the net interest margin, to 3.37%, for the first six months of 2018, compared to 3.28% for the same period in 2017. The following table provides a comparative average balance sheet and net interest income analysis for those periods. Interest income and yields are presented on an FTE basis, using a 21% and 35% federal tax rate and statutory interest expense disallowances for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The enactment of the Tax Act resulted in a 7 basis point decrease in average yields on interest-earning assets and net interest margin in 2018, as a result of the impact of the Tax Act on calculated FTE yields on tax-exempt loans and investment securities.

| Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017
| Average Balance |  | Interest (1) |  | Yield/ Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest (1) |  | Yield/ Rate
ASSETS | (dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net of unearned income (2) | $ | 15,715,001 |  |  | $ | 332,267 |  |  | 4.26 | % |  | $ | 14,993,129 |  |  | $ | 299,299 |  |  | 4.02 | %
Taxable investment securities (3) | 2,230,991 |  |  | 27,078 |  |  | 2.43 |  |  | 2,117,733 |  |  | 23,387 |  |  | 2.21 |
Tax-exempt investment securities (3) | 410,761 |  |  | 7,466 |  |  | 3.64 |  |  | 404,271 |  |  | 8,777 |  |  | 4.34 |
Equity securities (3) | 253 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8.30 |  |  | 11,247 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 5.81 |
Total investment securities | 2,642,005 |  |  | 34,549 |  |  | 2.62 |  |  | 2,533,251 |  |  | 32,488 |  |  | 2.57 |
Loans held for sale | 21,132 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 4.73 |  |  | 17,814 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 4.36 |
Other interest-earning assets | 309,620 |  |  | 2,415 |  |  | 1.56 |  |  | 318,542 |  |  | 1,644 |  |  | 1.03 |
Total interest-earning assets | 18,687,758 |  |  | 369,731 |  |  | 3.98 |  |  | 17,862,736 |  |  | 333,819 |  |  | 3.76 |
Noninterest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | 103,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 109,766 |  |  |  |  |
Premises and equipment | 231,152 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 217,974 |  |  |  |  |
Other assets | 1,113,118 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,162,254 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Allowance for loan losses | (165,035 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (171,151 | ) |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 19,970,251 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,181,579 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | $ | 3,955,485 |  |  | $ | 8,963 |  |  | 0.46 | % |  | $ | 3,670,603 |  |  | $ | 5,019 |  |  | 0.28 | %
Savings deposits | 4,516,384 |  |  | 9,912 |  |  | 0.44 |  |  | 4,255,190 |  |  | 4,921 |  |  | 0.23 |
Brokered deposits | 79,665 |  |  | 671 |  |  | 1.70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Time deposits | 2,653,634 |  |  | 16,188 |  |  | 1.23 |  |  | 2,717,624 |  |  | 14,745 |  |  | 1.09 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 11,205,168 |  |  | 35,734 |  |  | 0.64 |  |  | 10,643,417 |  |  | 24,685 |  |  | 0.47 |
Short-term borrowings | 960,348 |  |  | 5,077 |  |  | 1.06 |  |  | 672,580 |  |  | 1,829 |  |  | 0.54 |
FHLB advances and other long-term debt | 966,129 |  |  | 15,661 |  |  | 3.25 |  |  | 1,030,667 |  |  | 16,712 |  |  | 3.25 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 13,131,645 |  |  | 56,472 |  |  | 0.87 |  |  | 12,346,664 |  |  | 43,226 |  |  | 0.70 |
Noninterest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 4,263,968 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,344,859 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 338,817 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 329,076 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 17,734,430 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,020,599 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 2,235,821 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,160,980 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 19,970,251 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,181,579 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income/net interest margin (FTE) |  |  | 313,259 |  |  | 3.37 | % |  |  |  | 290,593 |  |  | 3.28 | %
Tax equivalent adjustment |  |  | (5,874 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (11,451 | ) |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 307,385 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 279,142 |  |  |

(1) | Includes non-performing loans.

(2) | Balances include amortized historical cost for available for sale securities; the related unrealized holding gains (losses) are included in other assets.

50

The following table summarizes the changes in FTE interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in average balances (volume) and changes in rates for the six months ended June 30, 2018 in comparison to the same period of 2017:

| 2018 vs. 2017 Increase (Decrease) due to change in
| Volume |  | Rate |  | Net
| (in thousands)
Interest income on: |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net of unearned income | $ | 14,830 |  |  | $ | 18,138 |  |  | $ | 32,968 |
Taxable investment securities | 1,298 |  |  | 2,393 |  |  | 3,691 |
Tax-exempt investment securities | 136 |  |  | (1,447 | ) |  | (1,311 | )
Equity securities | (415 | ) |  | 96 |  |  | (319 | )
Loans held for sale | 77 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 112 |
Other interest-earning assets | (47 | ) |  | 818 |  |  | 771 |
Total interest income | $ | 15,879 |  |  | $ | 20,033 |  |  | $ | 35,912 |
Interest expense on: |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 3,527 |  |  | $ | 3,944 |
Savings and money market deposits | 320 |  |  | 4,671 |  |  | 4,991 |
Brokered deposits | 671 |  |  | — |  |  | 671 |
Time deposits | (353 | ) |  | 1,796 |  |  | 1,443 |
Short-term borrowings | 1,014 |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | 3,248 |
FHLB advances and other long-term debt | (1,048 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (1,051 | )
Total interest expense | $ | 1,021 |  |  | $ | 12,225 |  |  | $ | 13,246 |

Note: Changes which are partially attributable to both volume and rate are allocated to the volume and rate components presented above based on the percentage of direct changes that are attributable to each component. The impact of the Tax Act on FTE interest income is included in "Rate" in the table above.
Interest rate increases on both interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the corresponding increases in FTE interest income and interest expense were largely the result of the three 25 basis point increases in the federal funds target rate in June and December of 2017 and March of 2018. The increases in the federal funds target rate resulted in corresponding increases to the index rates for the Corporation's variable and adjustable rate loans, primarily the prime rate and the LIBOR.
As summarized above, the increase in average interest-earning assets, primarily loans, in comparison to the first six months of 2017 resulted in a $15.9 million increase in FTE interest income. The 22 basis point increase in the yield on average interest-earning assets resulted in a $20.0 million increase in FTE interest income. The yield on the loan portfolio increased 24 basis points, or 6.0%, from the same period of 2017, as variable and adjustable rate loans repriced to higher rates and yields on new loan originations exceeded the average yield on the loan portfolio.
Interest expense increased $13.2 million primarily due to the 18 and 21 basis point increases in the rates on average interest-bearing demand deposits and savings and money market deposits, respectively. These rate increases contributed $3.5 million and $4.7 million to the increase in interest expense, respectively. In addition, the 14 basis point and 52 basis point increases in the rates on time deposits and short-term borrowings, respectively, contributed $1.8 million and $2.2 million increases to interest expense.
51

Average loans and average FTE yields, by type, are summarized in the following table:

| Six months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Balance
| Balance |  | Yield |  | Balance |  | Yield |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Real estate – commercial mortgage | $ | 6,302,157 |  |  | 4.25 | % |  | $ | 6,101,836 |  |  | 3.99 | % |  | $ | 200,321 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Commercial – industrial, financial and agricultural | 4,311,994 |  |  | 4.21 |  |  | 4,213,094 |  |  | 3.95 |  |  | 98,900 |  |  | 2.3 |
Real estate – residential mortgage | 1,992,520 |  |  | 4.74 |  |  | 1,672,994 |  |  | 3.77 |  |  | 319,526 |  |  | 19.1 |
Real estate – home equity | 1,520,855 |  |  | 3.87 |  |  | 1,600,394 |  |  | 4.26 |  |  | (79,539 | ) |  | (5.0 | )
Real estate – construction | 981,269 |  |  | 4.31 |  |  | 869,299 |  |  | 3.98 |  |  | 111,970 |  |  | 12.9 |
Consumer | 330,831 |  |  | 4.54 |  |  | 292,704 |  |  | 5.14 |  |  | 38,127 |  |  | 13.0 |
Leasing | 266,571 |  |  | 4.56 |  |  | 239,145 |  |  | 5.06 |  |  | 27,426 |  |  | 11.5 |
Other | 8,804 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,663 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,141 |  |  | 140.3 |
Total | $ | 15,715,001 |  |  | 4.26 | % |  | $ | 14,993,129 |  |  | 4.02 | % |  | $ | 721,872 |  |  | 4.8 | %

Average loans increased $721.9 million, or 4.8%, compared to the first six months of 2017. The increase was driven largely by growth in the residential mortgage and commercial mortgage portfolios, as well as the construction and commercial loan portfolios. The $200.3 million, or 3.3%, increase in commercial mortgages occurred in both owner-occupied and investment property types and was realized across most geographic markets. The $319.5 million, or 19.1%, increase in residential mortgages was experienced across all geographic markets, with the most significant increases occurring in Maryland and Virginia. This growth was, in part, related to new product offerings and marketing efforts targeting specific customer segments. The $112.0 million, or 12.9%, increase in construction loans occurred in most geographic markets. Commercial loans increased $98.9 million, primarily in Pennsylvania and New Jersey and the growth was spread across a broad range of industries.
Average deposits and average interest rates, by type, are summarized in the following table:

| Six months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease) in Balance
| 2018 |  | 2017 |
| Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 4,263,968 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 4,344,859 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | (80,891 | ) |  | (1.9 | )%
Interest-bearing demand | 3,955,485 |  |  | 0.46 |  |  | 3,670,603 |  |  | 0.28 |  |  | 284,882 |  |  | 7.8 |
Savings | 4,516,384 |  |  | 0.44 |  |  | 4,255,190 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  | 261,194 |  |  | 6.1 |
Total demand and savings | 12,735,837 |  |  | 0.30 |  |  | 12,270,652 |  |  | 0.16 |  |  | 465,185 |  |  | 3.8 |
Brokered deposits | 79,665 |  |  | 1.70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79,665 |  |  | N/M |
Time deposits | 2,653,634 |  |  | 1.23 |  |  | 2,717,624 |  |  | 1.09 |  |  | (63,990 | ) |  | (2.4 | )
Total deposits | $ | 15,469,136 |  |  | 0.47 | % |  | $ | 14,988,276 |  |  | 0.33 | % |  | $ | 480,860 |  |  | 3.2 | %

N/M - Not meaningful
The $465.2 million, or 3.8%, increase in total demand and savings accounts was primarily due to a $478.6 million, or 8.2%, increase in consumer account balances.
During the third quarter of 2017, the Corporation began accepting deposits under an agreement with a non-bank third party pursuant to which excess cash in the accounts of customers of the third party is swept on a collective basis, as frequently as every business day, by the third party, into omnibus deposit accounts maintained by one of the Corporation’s subsidiary banks ("Third-Party Deposit Sweep Arrangement"). The average balance in the omnibus accounts was $79.7 million and is shown as “brokered deposits” in the above table. This source of funding is considered to be both geographically diverse and a stable source of funding, with balances in the omnibus deposit accounts bearing interest at a rate based on the federal funds rate.
Time deposits decreased $64.0 million, or 2.4%, as customer preferences continued to shift toward shorter-term, non-maturity deposits. The average cost of total deposits increased 14 basis points to 0.47% for the second half of 2018, compared to 0.33% for the second half of 2017.
52

Average borrowings and interest rates, by type, are summarized in the following table:

| Six months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Balance
| Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Short-term borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer repurchase agreements | $ | 169,300 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | $ | 199,945 |  |  | 0.10 | % |  | $ | (30,645 | ) |  | (15.3 | )%
Customer short-term promissory notes | 312,407 |  |  | 0.54 |  |  | 78,348 |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | 234,059 |  |  | N/M |
Total short-term customer funding | 481,707 |  |  | 0.41 |  |  | 278,293 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 203,414 |  |  | 73.1 |
Federal funds purchased | 389,111 |  |  | 1.65 |  |  | 275,116 |  |  | 0.87 |  |  | 113,995 |  |  | 41.4 |
Short-term FHLB advances (1) | 89,530 |  |  | 1.95 |  |  | 119,171 |  |  | 0.87 |  |  | (29,641 | ) |  | (24.9 | )
Total short-term borrowings | 960,348 |  |  | 1.06 |  |  | 672,580 |  |  | 0.54 |  |  | 287,768 |  |  | 42.8 |
Long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB advances | 579,702 |  |  | 2.45 |  |  | 629,141 |  |  | 2.31 |  |  | (49,439 | ) |  | (7.9 | )
Other long-term debt | 386,427 |  |  | 4.47 |  |  | 401,526 |  |  | 4.73 |  |  | (15,099 | ) |  | (3.8 | )
Total long-term debt | 966,129 |  |  | 3.25 |  |  | 1,030,667 |  |  | 3.25 |  |  | (64,538 | ) |  | (6.3 | )
Total borrowings | $ | 1,926,477 |  |  | 2.16 | % |  | $ | 1,703,247 |  |  | 2.18 | % |  | $ | 223,230 |  |  | 13.1 | %

(1) Represents FHLB advances with an original maturity term of less than one year.
N/M - Not meaningful
Average total short-term borrowings increased $287.8 million, or 42.8%, as a result of a $234.1 million increase in customer short-term promissory notes during the first six months of 2018 as customers shifted deposit balances to higher-yielding short-term promissory notes.
Average long-term debt decreased $64.5 million, or 6.3%, to $966.1 million during the second half of 2018, compared to $1.0 billion during the same period of 2017.
Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses was $37.1 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $25.6 million from the same period in 2017, driven mainly by the $36.8 million provision for credit losses recorded for the Commercial Relationship.
The provision for credit losses is recognized as an expense in the consolidated statements of income and is the amount necessary to adjust the allowance for credit losses to its appropriate balance, as determined through the Corporation's allowance methodology. The Corporation determines the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses based on many quantitative and qualitative factors, including, but not limited to: the size and composition of the loan portfolio, changes in risk ratings, changes in collateral values, delinquency levels, historical losses and economic conditions. See the "Financial Condition" section of Management's Discussion under the heading "Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses" for details related to the Corporation's provision and allowance for credit losses.
53

Non-Interest Income
The following table presents the components of non-interest income:

| Six months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Investment management and trust services | $ | 25,674 |  |  | $ | 23,940 |  |  | $ | 1,734 |  |  | 7.2 | %
Other service charges and fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Merchant fees | 9,035 |  |  | 8,138 |  |  | 897 |  |  | 11.0 |
Debit card income | 5,894 |  |  | 5,549 |  |  | 345 |  |  | 6.2 |
Commercial loan interest rate swap fees | 3,684 |  |  | 6,826 |  |  | (3,142 | ) |  | (46.0 | )
Letter of credit fees | 1,948 |  |  | 2,309 |  |  | (361 | ) |  | (15.6 | )
Foreign exchange income | 1,124 |  |  | 780 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 44.1 |
Other | 3,399 |  |  | 3,177 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 7.0 |
Total other service charges and fees | 25,084 |  |  | 26,779 |  |  | (1,695 | ) |  | (6.3 | )
Service charges on deposit accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Overdraft fees | 10,237 |  |  | 11,117 |  |  | (880 | ) |  | (7.9 | )
Cash management fees | 8,769 |  |  | 7,151 |  |  | 1,618 |  |  | 22.6 |
Other | 5,226 |  |  | 7,046 |  |  | (1,820 | ) |  | (25.8 | )
Total service charges on deposit accounts | 24,232 |  |  | 25,314 |  |  | (1,082 | ) |  | (4.3 | )
Mortgage banking income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains on sales of mortgage loans | 6,499 |  |  | 6,562 |  |  | (63 | ) |  | (1.0 | )
Mortgage servicing income | 2,857 |  |  | 4,175 |  |  | (1,318 | ) |  | (31.6 | )
Total mortgage banking income | 9,356 |  |  | 10,737 |  |  | (1,381 | ) |  | (12.9 | )
Other Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card income | 5,682 |  |  | 5,314 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 6.9 |
SBA lending income | 1,203 |  |  | 1,591 |  |  | (388 | ) |  | (24.4 | )
Other income | 3,715 |  |  | 2,827 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 31.4 |
Total other income | 10,600 |  |  | 9,732 |  |  | 868 |  |  | 8.9 |
Total, excluding investment securities gains, net | 94,946 |  |  | 96,502 |  |  | (1,556 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
Investment securities gains, net | 23 |  |  | 2,542 |  |  | (2,519 | ) |  | N/M |
Total | $ | 94,969 |  |  | $ | 99,044 |  |  | $ | (4,075 | ) |  | (4.1 | )%

N/M - Not meaningful
Excluding investment securities gains, non-interest income decreased $1.6 million, or 1.6%, in the first six months of 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017.
Investment management and trust services income increased $1.7 million, or 7.2%, with growth in both trust commissions and brokerage income, due to overall market performance and an increase in assets under management.
Other service charges and fees decreased $1.7 million, or 6.3%, primarily due to a $3.1 million decrease in commercial loan interest rate swap fees, resulting from lower new commercial loan originations, partially offset by increases in merchant fees, debit card and foreign exchange income as transaction volumes increased.
Service charges on deposit accounts decreased $1.1 million, or 4.3%, with decreases in overdraft fees and other service charges being partially offset by an increase in cash management fees. The increase in cash management fees and the decrease in other service charges largely reflects a classification change, effective in the first quarter of 2018, of certain types of deposit service charges. The decrease in overdraft fees reflects a processing change related to point-of-sale debit card transactions, which had the effect of decreasing the overall volume of overdraft charges to customers.
Mortgage servicing income decreased $1.3 million, or 31.6%, as 2017 included a $1.3 million reduction to the MSRs valuation allowance. See Note 6, "Mortgage Servicing Rights," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.
54

Gains on sales of mortgage loans were down slightly as the impact of an increase in new loan commitments was more than offset by a decrease in pricing spreads.
Credit card income grew $368,000, or 6.9%, as a result of higher transaction volumes. Other income increased $888,000, or 31.4% , primarily due to gains realized in the bank-owned life insurance portfolio.
Investment securities gains decreased $2.5 million as 2017 included gains on sales of financial institution common stocks. See Note 4, "Investment Securities," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.
Non-Interest Expense
The following table presents the components of non-interest expense:

| Six months ended June 30 |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 150,687 |  |  | $ | 143,732 |  |  | $ | 6,955 |  |  | 4.8 | %
Net occupancy expense | 26,392 |  |  | 24,979 |  |  | 1,413 |  |  | 5.7 |
Data processing and software | 20,926 |  |  | 18,033 |  |  | 2,893 |  |  | 16.0 |
Other outside services | 15,692 |  |  | 13,254 |  |  | 2,438 |  |  | 18.4 |
Equipment expense | 6,968 |  |  | 6,393 |  |  | 575 |  |  | 9.0 |
FDIC insurance expense | 5,616 |  |  | 4,424 |  |  | 1,192 |  |  | 26.9 |
State taxes | 4,756 |  |  | 4,900 |  |  | (144 | ) |  | (2.9 | )
Professional fees | 7,188 |  |  | 5,668 |  |  | 1,520 |  |  | 26.8 |
Marketing | 4,585 |  |  | 4,220 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 8.6 |
Amortization of tax credit investments | 3,274 |  |  | 4,149 |  |  | (875 | ) |  | (21.1 | )
Other | 23,922 |  |  | 25,218 |  |  | (1,296 | ) |  | (5.1 | )
Total | $ | 270,006 |  |  | $ | 254,970 |  |  | $ | 15,036 |  |  | 5.9 | %

The $7.0 million, or 4.8%, increase in salaries and employee benefits expense was driven by salaries, reflecting annual merit increases and higher staffing levels. In addition, expenses for stock compensation and certain incentive compensation plans were higher in 2018. Benefits expenses decreased slightly, driven by lower health insurance claims.
Net occupancy expenses increased $1.4 million, or 5.7%, primarily due to higher snow removal and utilities costs, and additional depreciation and amortization related to branch renovations.
Data processing and software expense increased $2.9 million, or 16.0%, reflecting higher transaction volumes and new processing platforms. In addition, 2017 expense was lower as a result of renegotiated contracts.
Other outside services increased $2.4 million, or 18.4%, largely due to consulting services related to various banking and technology initiatives, as well as the timing of engagements.
FDIC insurance expense increased $1.2 million, or 26.9%, reflecting higher premium assessments for the Corporation's largest banking subsidiary as a result of it exceeding $10 billion in assets.
Professional fees increased $1.5 million, or 26.8%, driven by higher legal expenses. The Corporation incurs fees related to various legal matters in the normal course of business. These fees can fluctuate based on the timing and extent of these matters.
Amortization of tax credit investments decreased $875,000, or 21.1%, as 2017 included a significant historical tax credit project that was fully amortized in 2017.
Other expenses decreased $1.3 million, or 5.1%. This expense category is the aggregate of various items that are not individually significant, but can experience period to period volatility. The decrease reflects lower other real estate owned expenses, as well as lower postage and telephone expense.
55

Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the first six months of 2018 was $10.6 million, a $12.3 million, or 53.7%, decrease from $22.9 million for the same period in 2017. This decrease was primarily a result of the reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate following the passage of the Tax Act, which lowered the U.S. corporate income tax rate from a top rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%. The Corporation’s ETR was 11.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to 20.5% in the same period of 2017. The ETR is generally lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% due to tax-exempt interest income earned on loans, investments in tax-free municipal securities and investments in community development projects that generate tax credits under various federal programs.
The ETR in any quarter may be positively or negatively affected by adjustments that are required to be reported in the specific quarter of resolution. While the Corporation has made reasonable estimates of the impact of the Tax Act, final results may differ due to, among other things, changes in interpretations and assumptions, additional guidance that may be issued by the Internal Revenue Service, and actions taken by the Corporation.
56

FINANCIAL CONDITION
The table below presents condensed consolidated ending balance sheets.

|  |  | Increase (Decrease)
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 99,742 |  |  | $ | 108,291 |  |  | $ | (8,549 | ) |  | (7.9 | )%
Other interest-earning assets | 364,802 |  |  | 354,566 |  |  | 10,236 |  |  | 2.9 |
Loans held for sale | 35,898 |  |  | 31,530 |  |  | 4,368 |  |  | 13.9 |
Investment securities | 2,593,283 |  |  | 2,547,956 |  |  | 45,327 |  |  | 1.8 |
Loans, net of allowance | 15,636,919 |  |  | 15,598,337 |  |  | 38,582 |  |  | 0.2 |
Premises and equipment | 230,195 |  |  | 222,802 |  |  | 7,393 |  |  | 3.3 |
Goodwill and intangible assets | 531,556 |  |  | 531,556 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other assets | 680,144 |  |  | 641,867 |  |  | 38,277 |  |  | 6.0 |
Total Assets | $ | 20,172,539 |  |  | $ | 20,036,905 |  |  | $ | 135,634 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 15,599,799 |  |  | $ | 15,797,532 |  |  | $ | (197,733 | ) |  | (1.3 | )%
Short-term borrowings | 983,833 |  |  | 617,524 |  |  | 366,309 |  |  | 59.3 |
Long-term debt | 991,948 |  |  | 1,038,346 |  |  | (46,398 | ) |  | (4.5 | )
Other liabilities | 351,174 |  |  | 353,646 |  |  | (2,472 | ) |  | (0.7 | )
Total Liabilities | 17,926,754 |  |  | 17,807,048 |  |  | 119,706 |  |  | 0.7 |
Total Shareholders’ Equity | 2,245,785 |  |  | 2,229,857 |  |  | 15,928 |  |  | 0.7 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 20,172,539 |  |  | $ | 20,036,905 |  |  | $ | 135,634 |  |  | 0.7 | %

Investment Securities
The following table presents the carrying amount of investment securities:

|  |  | Increase (Decrease)
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities | $ | 26,526 |  |  | $ | 5,938 |  |  | $ | 20,588 |  |  | N/M |
State and municipal securities | 407,696 |  |  | 408,949 |  |  | (1,253 | ) |  | (0.3 | )%
Corporate debt securities | 91,870 |  |  | 97,309 |  |  | (5,439 | ) |  | (5.6 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 724,322 |  |  | 602,623 |  |  | 121,699 |  |  | 20.2 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,000,964 |  |  | 1,120,796 |  |  | (119,832 | ) |  | (10.7 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 238,783 |  |  | 212,755 |  |  | 26,028 |  |  | 12.2 |
Auction rate securities | 103,122 |  |  | 98,668 |  |  | 4,454 |  |  | 4.5 |
Total debt securities | 2,593,283 |  |  | 2,547,038 |  |  | 46,245 |  |  | 1.8 |
Equity securities | — |  |  | 918 |  |  | (918 | ) |  | (100.0 | )
Total | $ | 2,593,283 |  |  | $ | 2,547,956 |  |  | $ | 45,327 |  |  | 1.8 | %

N/M - Not meaningful
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities increased $20.6 million during the first six months of 2018, collateralized mortgage obligations increased $121.7 million, or 20.2%, and commercial mortgage-backed securities increased $26.0 million, or 12.2%. Cash flows from maturities and repayments of residential mortgage-backed securities, which decreased $119.8 million, or 10.7%, were reinvested in these investment categories to diversify the portfolio into securities with a shorter projected average life.
57

Loans, net of Allowance for Loan Losses
The following table presents ending balances of loans outstanding, net of unearned income:

|  |  |  |  | Increase (Decrease)
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands) |  |
Real estate – commercial mortgage | $ | 6,304,475 |  |  | $ | 6,364,804 |  |  | $ | (60,329 | ) |  | (0.9 | )%
Commercial – industrial, financial and agricultural | 4,264,602 |  |  | 4,300,297 |  |  | (35,695 | ) |  | (0.8 | )
Real estate – residential mortgage | 2,094,530 |  |  | 1,954,711 |  |  | 139,819 |  |  | 7.2 |
Real estate – home equity | 1,491,395 |  |  | 1,559,719 |  |  | (68,324 | ) |  | (4.4 | )
Real estate – construction | 990,705 |  |  | 1,006,935 |  |  | (16,230 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
Consumer | 360,315 |  |  | 313,783 |  |  | 46,532 |  |  | 14.8 |
Leasing, other and overdrafts | 286,947 |  |  | 267,998 |  |  | 18,949 |  |  | 7.1 |
Loans, net of unearned income | 15,792,969 |  |  | 15,768,247 |  |  | 24,722 |  |  | 0.2 |
Allowance for loan losses | (156,050 | ) |  | (169,910 | ) |  | 13,860 |  |  | (8.2 | )
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses | $ | 15,636,919 |  |  | $ | 15,598,337 |  |  | $ | 38,582 |  |  | 0.2 | %

Loans, net of unearned income, increased $24.7 million in comparison to December 31, 2017. During the first six months of 2018, several items negatively impacted loan growth, particularly in the commercial loan portfolios, including line borrowings declining and several criticized and classified credits paying off. In addition, there were higher than normal prepayments, primarily a result of intensified competition and pricing pressure during the first six months of 2018 in many of the markets in which the Corporation operates.
Residential mortgage loans increased $139.8 million, or 7.2%, compared to December 31, 2017, with the growth occurring in Virginia ($76.9 million, or 17.6%), Maryland ($37.5 million, or 8.8%), Pennsylvania ($13.0 million, or 1.8%), New Jersey ($7.5 million, or 2.8%) and Delaware ($4.8 million, or 5.8%). The Corporation continues to retain certain types of residential mortgage loans in its portfolio rather than selling those loans in the secondary market.
Consumer loans and leasing and other loans increased $46.5 million, or 14.8%, and $18.9 million, or 7.1%, respectively. The increases were realized across all markets and result from continued focus on growing these portfolios.
Real estate - home equity loans decreased $68.3 million, or 4.4%, compared to December 31, 2017 with declines experienced in all markets. This continues recent downward trends in this loan type.
Construction loans decreased $16.2 million, or 1.6%, in comparison to December 31, 2017. Construction loans include loans to commercial borrowers secured by commercial real estate, loans to commercial borrowers secured by residential real estate, and other construction loans, which represent loans to individuals secured by residential real estate.

The Corporation does not have a significant concentration of credit risk with any single borrower, industry or geographic location. Approximately $7.3 billion, or 46.2%, of the loan portfolio was in commercial mortgage and construction loans as of June 30, 2018. The Corporation's internal policy limits its maximum total lending commitment to an individual borrowing relationship to $55 million as of June 30, 2018. In addition to this policy, the Corporation has established lower total lending limits for certain types of lending commitments, and lower total lending limits based on the Corporation's internal risk rating of an individual borrowing relationship at the time the lending commitment is approved.

Commercial loans and commercial mortgage loans also include shared national credits, which are participations in loans or loan commitments of at least $100 million that are shared by three or more banks. Effective January 1, 2018, the federal banking agencies increased the threshold for defining a shared national credit to $100 million from $20 million.
58

Below is a summary of outstanding shared national credits:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Commercial - industrial, financial and agricultural | $ | 58,169 |  |  | $ | 156,277 |
Real estate - commercial mortgage | — |  |  | 110,658 |
Total | $ | 58,169 |  |  | $ | 266,935 |

Total shared national credits decreased $208.8 million, or 78.2%, in comparison to December 31, 2017 as a result of the new threshold. The Corporation's shared national credits are to borrowers located in its geographic markets, and are granted subject to the Corporation's standard underwriting policies. None of the shared national credits were past due as of June 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.
Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table presents the components of the allowance for credit losses:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (dollars in thousands)
Allowance for loan losses | $ | 156,050 |  |  | $ | 169,910 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments | 13,197 |  |  | 6,174 |
Allowance for credit losses | $ | 169,247 |  |  | $ | 176,084 |
Allowance for loan losses to loans outstanding | 0.99 | % |  | 1.08 | %
Allowance for credit losses to loans outstanding | 1.07 | % |  | 1.12 | %

Management believes that the allowance for credit losses of $169.2 million as of June 30, 2018 is sufficient to cover incurred losses in the loan and lease portfolio, unfunded lending commitments and letters of credit as of that date and is appropriate under U.S. GAAP.
The allowance for loan losses decreased $13.9 million, or 8.2%, from December 31, 2017 primarily driven by improvements in overall risk ratings for commercial loans and mortgages, as well as improvements in overall delinquency. As a result, the allowance for loan losses to loans outstanding decreased by 9 basis points to 0.99%. The total allowance for credit losses, which includes reserves for all lending-related credit exposures, decreased $6.8 million, or 3.9%, from December 31, 2017 and as a result, the allowance for credit losses to loans outstanding decreased by 5 basis points to 1.07%.
As of June 30, 2018, the reserve for unfunded lending commitments was $13.2 million. The reserve for unfunded lending commitments increased $7.0 million, or 113.8%, from December 31, 2017 to June 30, 2018 mainly as a result of additional loss allocations relating to one specific customer relationship which occurred during the first quarter of 2018. The exposure to this customer relationship is fully reserved. In addition, $2.9 million was allocated during the second quarter of 2018 related to the Commercial Relationship referenced in the Overview section.
59

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses:

| Three months ended June 30 |  | Six months ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (dollars in thousands)
Average balance of loans, net of unearned income | $ | 15,768,377 |  |  | $ | 15,127,205 |  |  | $ | 15,715,001 |  |  | $ | 14,993,129 |
Balance of allowance for credit losses at beginning of period | $ | 176,019 |  |  | $ | 172,647 |  |  | $ | 176,084 |  |  | $ | 171,325 |
Loans charged off: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate – commercial mortgage | 366 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 633 |  |  | 1,466 |
Commercial – industrial, financial and agricultural | 38,632 |  |  | 5,353 |  |  | 42,637 |  |  | 10,880 |
Real estate – residential mortgage | 483 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 645 |  |  | 340 |
Real estate – home equity | 816 |  |  | 592 |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | 1,290 |
Real estate – construction | 606 |  |  | 774 |  |  | 764 |  |  | 1,021 |
Consumer | 712 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 1,604 |  |  | 1,286 |
Leasing, other and overdrafts | 545 |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 1,839 |
Total loans charged off | 42,160 |  |  | 8,715 |  |  | 48,557 |  |  | 18,122 |
Recoveries of loans previously charged off: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate – commercial mortgage | 321 |  |  | 934 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 1,384 |
Commercial – industrial, financial and agricultural | 541 |  |  | 1,974 |  |  | 1,616 |  |  | 6,165 |
Real estate – residential mortgage | 96 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 381 |
Real estate – home equity | 271 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 352 |
Real estate – construction | 444 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 750 |  |  | 921 |
Consumer | 446 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 706 |
Leasing, other and overdrafts | 152 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 386 |
Total recoveries | 2,271 |  |  | 4,366 |  |  | 4,633 |  |  | 10,295 |
Net loans charged off | 39,889 |  |  | 4,349 |  |  | 43,924 |  |  | 7,827 |
Provision for credit losses | 33,117 |  |  | 6,700 |  |  | 37,087 |  |  | 11,500 |
Balance of allowance for credit losses at end of period | $ | 169,247 |  |  | $ | 174,998 |  |  | $ | 169,247 |  |  | $ | 174,998 |
Net charge-offs to average loans (annualized) | 1.01 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | 0.56 | % |  | 0.10 | %

The provision for credit losses for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $33.1 million, an increase of $26.4 million in comparison to the same period in of 2017. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the provision for credit losses was $37.1 million, an increase of $25.6 million in comparison to the same period of 2017. The increases in the provision for credit losses were driven primarily by a $36.8 million provision related to the Commercial Relationship.
Net charge-offs increased $35.5 million, to $39.9 million for the second quarter of 2018, compared to $4.3 million for the second quarter of 2017, resulting in a 90 basis point increase in annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans. Net charge-offs increased $36.1 million, to $43.9 million for the first six months of 2018, compared to $7.8 million for the same period of 2017, resulting in a 46 basis point increase in net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans. These increases were largely a result of the $33.9 million charge-off relating to the Commercial Relationship during the second quarter of 2018.
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The following table presents the changes in non-accrual loans for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018:

| Commercial - Industrial, Financial and Agricultural |  | Real Estate - Commercial Mortgage |  | Real Estate - Construction |  | Real Estate - Residential Mortgage |  | Real Estate - Home Equity |  | Consumer |  | Leasing |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Three months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance of non-accrual loans at March 31, 2018 | $ | 52,970 |  |  | $ | 35,183 |  |  | $ | 10,733 |  |  | $ | 15,335 |  |  | $ | 8,745 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 122,966 |
Additions | 40,680 |  |  | 8,496 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 589 |  |  | 1,702 |  |  | 712 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 52,420 |
Payments | (10,562 | ) |  | (7,135 | ) |  | (1,111 | ) |  | (89 | ) |  | (566 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,463 | )
Charge-offs | (38,632 | ) |  | (366 | ) |  | (606 | ) |  | (483 | ) |  | (816 | ) |  | (712 | ) |  | (136 | ) |  | (41,751 | )
Transfers to accrual status | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers to OREO | (839 | ) |  | (870 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,083 | ) |  | (264 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,056 | )
Balance of non-accrual loans at June 30, 2018 | $ | 43,617 |  |  | $ | 35,308 |  |  | $ | 9,121 |  |  | $ | 14,269 |  |  | $ | 8,801 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 111,116 |
Six months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance of non-accrual loans at December 31, 2017 | $ | 52,904 |  |  | $ | 34,822 |  |  | $ | 12,197 |  |  | $ | 15,691 |  |  | $ | 9,135 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 124,749 |
Additions | 54,739 |  |  | 13,887 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 1,221 |  |  | 2,990 |  |  | 1,604 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 74,923 |
Payments | (20,093 | ) |  | (9,903 | ) |  | (2,534 | ) |  | (309 | ) |  | (919 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,758 | )
Charge-offs | (42,637 | ) |  | (633 | ) |  | (764 | ) |  | (645 | ) |  | (1,224 | ) |  | (1,604 | ) |  | (260 | ) |  | (47,767 | )
Transfers to accrual status | (457 | ) |  | (604 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37 | ) |  | (158 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,256 | )
Transfers to OREO | (839 | ) |  | (2,261 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,652 | ) |  | (1,023 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,775 | )
Balance of non-accrual loans at June 30, 2018 | $ | 43,617 |  |  | $ | 35,308 |  |  | $ | 9,121 |  |  | $ | 14,269 |  |  | $ | 8,801 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 111,116 |

Non-accrual loans decreased $13.6 million, or 10.9%, in comparison to December 31, 2017. The Corporation realized a decrease in non-accrual loans as a result of payoffs and charge-offs exceeding additions to non-accrual loans in each period. For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Commercial Relationship resulted in a net addition of $7.3 million to non-accrual loans (a $41.2 million addition reduced by a $33.9 million charge-off).
The following table summarizes non-performing loans, by type, as of the indicated dates:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Commercial – industrial, financial and agricultural | $ | 44,045 |  |  | $ | 54,309 |
Real estate – commercial mortgage | 39,278 |  |  | 35,447 |
Real estate – residential mortgage | 18,888 |  |  | 20,971 |
Real estate – home equity | 11,686 |  |  | 11,507 |
Real estate – construction | 9,319 |  |  | 12,197 |
Consumer | 352 |  |  | 296 |
Leasing | 176 |  |  | 32 |
Total non-performing loans | $ | 123,744 |  |  | $ | 134,759 |

Non-performing loans decreased $11.0 million, or 8.2%, in comparison to December 31, 2017. Non-performing loans as a percentage of total loans were 0.78% at June 30, 2018 in comparison to 0.85% at December 31, 2017.
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The following table summarizes non-performing assets as of the indicated dates:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (dollars in thousands)
Non-accrual loans | $ | 111,116 |  |  | $ | 124,749 |
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing | 12,628 |  |  | 10,010 |
Total non-performing loans | 123,744 |  |  | 134,759 |
Other real estate owned (OREO) | 11,181 |  |  | 9,823 |
Total non-performing assets | $ | 134,925 |  |  | $ | 144,582 |
Non-accrual loans to total loans | 0.70 | % |  | 0.79 | %
Non-performing assets to total assets | 0.67 | % |  | 0.72 | %
Allowance for loan losses to non-performing loans | 126.11 | % |  | 126.08 | %
Allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans | 136.77 | % |  | 130.67 | %

The following table presents loans whose terms have been modified under troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs"), by type, as of the indicated dates:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Real-estate - residential mortgage | $ | 25,055 |  |  | $ | 26,016 |
Real-estate - commercial mortgage | 16,420 |  |  | 13,959 |
Real estate - home equity | 16,201 |  |  | 15,558 |
Commercial | 11,199 |  |  | 10,820 |
Consumer | 11 |  |  | 26 |
Total accruing TDRs | 68,886 |  |  | 66,379 |
Non-accrual TDRs (1) | 24,743 |  |  | 29,051 |
Total TDRs | $ | 93,629 |  |  | $ | 95,430 |

(1) Included with non-accrual loans in the preceding table.
TDRs modified during the first six months of 2018 and still outstanding as of June 30, 2018 totaled $12.5 million. During the first six months of 2018, $3.1 million of TDRs that were modified in the previous 12 months had a payment default, which is defined as a single missed scheduled payment subsequent to modification.
The following table summarizes the Corporation’s OREO, by property type, as of the indicated dates:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (in thousands)
Residential properties | $ | 5,370 |  |  | $ | 4,562 |
Commercial properties | 4,129 |  |  | 3,331 |
Undeveloped land | 1,682 |  |  | 1,930 |
Total OREO | $ | 11,181 |  |  | $ | 9,823 |

The ability to identify potential problem loans in a timely manner is important to maintaining an adequate allowance for credit losses. For commercial loans, commercial mortgages and construction loans to commercial borrowers, an internal risk rating process is used to monitor credit quality. The evaluation of credit risk for residential mortgages, home equity loans, construction loans to individuals, consumer loans and lease receivables is based on payment history, through the monitoring of delinquency levels and trends. For a description of the Corporation's risk ratings, see Note 5, "Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Total internally risk-rated loans were $11.5 billion and $11.6 billion as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The following table presents internal risk ratings for commercial loans, commercial mortgages and construction loans to commercial
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borrowers with internal risk ratings of Special Mention (considered "criticized" loans) or Substandard or lower (considered "classified" loans), by class segment.

| Special Mention |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Substandard or lower |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Total Criticized and Classified Loans
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (dollars in thousands)
Real estate - commercial mortgage | $ | 164,908 |  |  | $ | 147,604 |  |  | $ | 17,304 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | $ | 148,729 |  |  | $ | 150,804 |  |  | $ | (2,075 | ) |  | (1.4 | )% |  | $ | 313,637 |  |  | $ | 298,408 |
Commercial - secured | 139,345 |  |  | 121,842 |  |  | 17,503 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 146,190 |  |  | 179,113 |  |  | (32,923 | ) |  | (18.4 | ) |  | 285,535 |  |  | 300,955 |
Commercial -unsecured | 3,726 |  |  | 5,478 |  |  | (1,752 | ) |  | (32.0 | ) |  | 4,375 |  |  | 2,759 |  |  | 1,616 |  |  | 58.6 |  |  | 8,101 |  |  | 8,237 |
Total Commercial - industrial, financial and agricultural | 143,071 |  |  | 127,320 |  |  | 15,751 |  |  | 12.4 |  |  | 150,565 |  |  | 181,872 |  |  | (31,307 | ) |  | (17.2 | ) |  | 293,636 |  |  | 309,192 |
Construction - commercial residential | 3,996 |  |  | 5,259 |  |  | (1,263 | ) |  | (24.0 | ) |  | 10,429 |  |  | 14,084 |  |  | (3,655 | ) |  | (26.0 | ) |  | 14,425 |  |  | 19,343 |
Construction - commercial | 344 |  |  | 846 |  |  | (502 | ) |  | (59.3 | ) |  | 5,382 |  |  | 3,752 |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | 5,726 |  |  | 4,598 |
Total real estate - construction (excluding construction - other) | 4,340 |  |  | 6,105 |  |  | (1,765 | ) |  | (28.9 | ) |  | 15,811 |  |  | 17,836 |  |  | (2,025 | ) |  | (11.4 | ) |  | 20,151 |  |  | 23,941 |
Total | $ | 312,319 |  |  | $ | 281,029 |  |  | $ | 31,290 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | $ | 315,105 |  |  | $ | 350,512 |  |  | $ | (35,407 | ) |  | (10.1 | )% |  | $ | 627,424 |  |  | $ | 631,541 |
% of total risk-rated loans | 2.7 | % |  | 2.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | 5.4 | %

The following table summarizes loan delinquency rates, by type, as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| 30-89 Days |  | ≥ 90 Days (1) |  | Total |  | 30-89 Days |  | ≥ 90 Days (1) |  | Total
Real estate – commercial mortgage | 0.15 | % |  | 0.62 | % |  | 0.77 | % |  | 0.21 | % |  | 0.56 | % |  | 0.77 | %
Commercial – industrial, financial and agricultural | 0.41 | % |  | 1.03 | % |  | 1.44 | % |  | 0.24 | % |  | 1.26 | % |  | 1.50 | %
Real estate – construction | 0.08 | % |  | 0.94 | % |  | 1.02 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | 1.21 | % |  | 1.32 | %
Real estate – residential mortgage | 0.99 | % |  | 0.91 | % |  | 1.90 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 1.08 | % |  | 2.04 | %
Real estate – home equity | 0.65 | % |  | 0.78 | % |  | 1.43 | % |  | 0.81 | % |  | 0.74 | % |  | 1.55 | %
Consumer, leasing and other | 0.65 | % |  | 0.08 | % |  | 0.73 | % |  | 0.83 | % |  | 0.06 | % |  | 0.89 | %
Total | 0.40 | % |  | 0.78 | % |  | 1.18 | % |  | 0.39 | % |  | 0.85 | % |  | 1.24 | %
Total dollars (in thousands) | $ | 62,409 |  |  | $ | 123,744 |  |  | $ | 186,153 |  |  | $ | 61,509 |  |  | $ | 134,759 |  |  | $ | 196,268 |

(1) | Includes non-accrual loans.

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Deposits and Borrowings
The following table presents ending deposits, by type, as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  |  | Increase (Decrease)
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 4,324,659 |  |  | $ | 4,437,294 |  |  | $ | (112,635 | ) |  | (2.5 | )%
Interest-bearing demand | 3,854,680 |  |  | 4,018,107 |  |  | (163,427 | ) |  | (4.1 | )
Savings and money market accounts | 4,597,510 |  |  | 4,586,746 |  |  | 10,764 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total demand and savings | 12,776,849 |  |  | 13,042,147 |  |  | (265,298 | ) |  | (2.0 | )
Brokered deposits | 161,447 |  |  | 90,473 |  |  | 70,974 |  |  | 78.4 |
Time deposits | 2,661,503 |  |  | 2,664,912 |  |  | (3,409 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Total deposits | $ | 15,599,799 |  |  | $ | 15,797,532 |  |  | $ | (197,733 | ) |  | (1.3 | )%

The $197.7 million overall decrease in deposits reflected a decrease in municipal deposits and an increase in short-term promissory notes, which are included in short-term borrowings.
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits decreased $112.6 million, or 2.5%, as a result of a $143.0 million decrease in commercial accounts, partially offset by increases of $19.4 million and $17.2 million in municipal and consumer accounts, respectively.
Interest-bearing demand accounts decreased $163.4 million, or 4.1%, due to a $162.7 million decrease in municipal account balances and $23.3 million decrease in consumer accounts partially offset by a $22.5 million increase in commercial account balances.
Brokered deposits increased $71.0 million, or 78.4%, partially offsetting declines in other deposit balances.
The following table presents ending short-term borrowings and long-term debt, by type, as of the dates indicated:

|  |  | Increase (Decrease)
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Short-term borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer repurchase agreements | $ | 152,594 |  |  | $ | 172,017 |  |  | $ | (19,423 | ) |  | (11.3 | )%
Customer short-term promissory notes | 303,239 |  |  | 225,507 |  |  | 77,732 |  |  | 34.5 |
Total short-term customer funding | 455,833 |  |  | 397,524 |  |  | 58,309 |  |  | 14.7 |
Federal funds purchased | 343,000 |  |  | 220,000 |  |  | 123,000 |  |  | 55.9 |
Short-term FHLB advances (1) | 185,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 185,000 |  |  | N/M |
Total short-term borrowings | 983,833 |  |  | 617,524 |  |  | 366,309 |  |  | 59.3 |
Long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB advances | 602,046 |  |  | 652,113 |  |  | (50,067 | ) |  | (7.7 | )
Other long-term debt | 389,902 |  |  | 386,233 |  |  | 3,669 |  |  | 0.9 |
Total long-term debt | 991,948 |  |  | 1,038,346 |  |  | (46,398 | ) |  | (4.5 | )
Total borrowings | $ | 1,975,781 |  |  | $ | 1,655,870 |  |  | $ | 319,911 |  |  | 19.3 | %

N/M - Not meaningful
(1) Represents FHLB advances with an original maturity term of less than one year.
Total borrowings increased $319.9 million, or 19.3%, primarily due to a $366.3 million, or 59.3%, increase in short-term borrowings. The increase in short-term borrowings was used to partially offset declines in deposits. The decrease of $50.1 million, or 7.7%, in long-term FHLB advances was the result of a maturity which was replaced with other borrowed funds.
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Shareholders' Equity
Total shareholders’ equity increased $15.9 million during the first six months of 2018. The increase was due primarily to $84.7 million of net income and $2.5 million of stock issued, partially offset by a $33.2 million increase in other comprehensive loss and $42.2 million of common stock dividends. The increase in other comprehensive loss resulted primarily from unrealized losses on investment securities as interest rates continued to rise during the first half of 2018.
In November 2017, the Corporation's board of directors approved an extension to a share repurchase program pursuant to which the Corporation is authorized to repurchase up to $50.0 million of its outstanding shares of common stock, or approximately 2.3% of its outstanding shares, through December 31, 2018. As of June 30, 2018, 1.5 million shares had been repurchased under this program, all prior to 2017, at a total cost of $18.5 million, or an average of $12.48 per share. Up to an additional $31.5 million of the Corporation's common stock may be repurchased under this program through December 31, 2018.
Regulatory Capital
The Corporation and its subsidiary banks are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by various banking regulators. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain actions by regulators that could have a material effect on the Corporation’s financial statements. In July 2013, the Federal Reserve Board approved final rules (the "U.S. Basel III Capital Rules") establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations and implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's December 2010 framework for strengthening international capital standards. The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions.
The minimum regulatory capital requirements established by the U.S. Basel III Capital Rules became effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2015, and will be fully phased in on January 1, 2019.
The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules require the Corporation and its bank subsidiaries to:

• | Meet a minimum Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.50% of risk-weighted assets and a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.00% of risk-weighted assets;

• | Continue to require a minimum Total capital ratio of 8.00% of risk-weighted assets and a minimum Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of 4.00% of average assets; and

• | Comply with a revised definition of capital to improve the ability of regulatory capital instruments to absorb losses. Certain non-qualifying capital instruments, including cumulative preferred stock and trust preferred securities ("TruPS"), have been phased out as a component of Tier 1 capital for institutions of the Corporation's size.

When fully phased in on January 1, 2019, the Corporation and its bank subsidiaries will also be required to maintain a "capital conservation buffer" of 2.50% above the minimum risk-based capital requirements, which must be maintained to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments.
The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules use a standardized approach for risk weightings that expands the risk-weightings for assets and off-balance sheet exposures from the previous 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% categories to a much larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets and off-balance sheet exposures and resulting in higher risk weightings for a variety of asset categories.
As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation's capital levels meet the fully phased-in minimum capital requirements, including the new capital conservation buffers, as prescribed in the U.S. Basel III Capital Rules.
As of June 30, 2018, each of the Corporation’s subsidiary banks was well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action based on their capital ratio calculations. To be categorized as well capitalized, these banks must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier I risk-based, Common Equity Tier I risk-based and Tier I leverage ratios as set forth in the following table. There are no conditions or events since June 30, 2018 that management believes have changed the institutions’ capital categories.
65

The following table summarizes the Corporation’s capital ratios in comparison to regulatory requirements:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | Regulatory Minimum for Capital Adequacy |  | Fully Phased-in, with Capital Conservation Buffers
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) | 13.2 | % |  | 13.0 | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | 10.5 | %
Tier I Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) | 10.6 | % |  | 10.4 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | 8.5 | %
Common Equity Tier I (to Risk-Weighted Assets) | 10.6 | % |  | 10.4 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 7.0 | %
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets) | 9.2 | % |  | 8.9 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 4.0 | %

The increases in regulatory capital ratios from December 31, 2017 to June 30, 2018 largely reflected increases in regulatory capital, generated by net income less shareholder dividends, outpacing the growth in risk-weighted and total assets.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk is the exposure to economic loss that arises from changes in the values of certain financial instruments. The types of market risk exposures generally faced by financial institutions include interest rate risk, equity market price risk, debt security market price risk, foreign currency price risk and commodity price risk. Due to the nature of its operations, foreign currency price risk and commodity price risk are not significant to the Corporation.
Interest Rate Risk, Asset/Liability Management and Liquidity
Interest rate risk creates exposure in two primary areas. First, changes in rates have an impact on the Corporation’s liquidity position and could affect its ability to meet obligations and continue to grow. Second, movements in interest rates can create fluctuations in the Corporation’s net interest income and changes in the economic value of its equity.
The Corporation employs various management techniques to minimize its exposure to interest rate risk. An Asset/Liability Management Committee ("ALCO") is responsible for reviewing the interest rate sensitivity and liquidity positions of the Corporation, approving asset and liability management policies, and overseeing the formulation and implementation of strategies regarding balance sheet positions.
The Corporation uses two complementary methods to measure and manage interest rate risk. They are simulation of net interest income and estimates of economic value of equity. Using these measurements in tandem provides a reasonably comprehensive summary of the magnitude of the Corporation's interest rate risk, level of risk as time evolves, and exposure to changes in interest rates.
Simulation of net interest income is performed for the next 12-month period. A variety of interest rate scenarios are used to measure the effects of sudden and gradual movements upward and downward in the yield curve. These results are compared to the results obtained in a flat or unchanged interest rate scenario. Simulation of net interest income is used primarily to measure the Corporation’s short-term earnings exposure to rate movements. The Corporation’s policy limits the potential exposure of net interest income, in a non-parallel instantaneous shock, to 10% of the base case net interest income for a 100 basis point shock in interest rates, 15% for a 200 basis point shock and 20% for a 300 basis point shock. A "shock" is an immediate upward or downward movement of interest rates. The shocks do not take into account changes in customer behavior that could result in changes to mix and/or volumes in the balance sheet, nor do they take into account the potential effects of competition on the pricing of deposits and loans over the forward 12-month period.
Contractual maturities and repricing opportunities of loans are incorporated in the simulation model as are prepayment assumptions, maturity data and call options in the investment portfolio. Assumptions based on past experience are incorporated into the model for non-maturity deposit accounts. The assumptions used are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model's simulated results due to timing, amount and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies.
The following table summarizes the expected impact of abrupt interest rate changes, i.e. a non-parallel instantaneous shock, on net interest income as of June 30, 2018 (due to the current level of interest rates, the 200 and 300 basis point downward shock scenarios are not shown):

Rate Shock(1) | Annual change in net interest income |  | % Change in net interest income
+300 bp | + $81.0 million |  | 12.4%
+200 bp | + $55.3 million |  | 8.5%
+100 bp | + $28.2 million |  | 4.3%
–100 bp | – $45.3 million |  | – 6.92%

(1) | These results include the effect of implicit and explicit interest rate floors that limit further reduction in interest rates.

Economic value of equity estimates the discounted present value of asset and liability cash flows. Discount rates are based upon market prices for like assets and liabilities. Abrupt changes or "shocks" in interest rates, both upward and downward, are used to determine the comparative effect of such interest rate movements relative to the unchanged environment. This measurement tool is used primarily to evaluate the longer-term repricing risks and options in the Corporation’s balance sheet. The Corporation's policy limits the economic value of equity that may be at risk, in a non-parallel instantaneous shock, to 10% of the base case
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economic value of equity for a 100 basis point shock in interest rates, 20% for a 200 basis point shock and 30% for a 300 basis point shock. As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation was within economic value of equity policy limits for every 100 basis point shock.
Interest Rate Swaps
The Corporation enters into interest rate swaps with certain qualifying commercial loan customers to meet their interest rate risk management needs. The Corporation simultaneously enters into interest rate swaps with dealer counterparties, with identical notional amounts and terms. The net result of these interest rate swaps is that the customer pays a fixed rate of interest and the Corporation receives a floating rate. These interest rate swaps are derivative financial instruments and the gross fair values are recorded in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in fair value during the period recorded in other non-interest expense on the consolidated statements of income.
Liquidity
The Corporation must maintain a sufficient level of liquid assets to meet the cash needs of its customers, who, as depositors, may want to withdraw funds or who, as borrowers, need credit availability. Liquidity is provided on a continuous basis through scheduled and unscheduled principal and interest payments on investments and outstanding loans and through the availability of deposits and borrowings. The Corporation also maintains secondary sources that provide liquidity on a secured and unsecured basis to meet short-term and long-term needs.
The Corporation maintains liquidity sources in the form of demand and savings deposits, brokered deposits, time deposits, repurchase agreements and short-term promissory notes. The Corporation can access additional liquidity from these sources, if necessary, by increasing the rates of interest paid on those accounts and borrowings. The positive impact to liquidity resulting from paying higher interest rates could have a detrimental impact on the net interest margin and net income if rates on interest-earning assets do not experience a proportionate increase. Borrowing availability with the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank, along with federal funds lines at various correspondent banks, provides the Corporation with additional liquidity.
Each of the Corporation’s subsidiary banks is a member of the FHLB and has access to FHLB overnight and term credit facilities. As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation had $602.0 million of advances outstanding from the FHLB with an additional borrowing capacity of approximately $3.4 billion under these facilities. Advances from the FHLB are secured by qualifying commercial real estate and residential mortgage loans, investments and other assets.
As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation had aggregate availability under federal funds lines of $1.1 billion with $343 million borrowed against that amount. A combination of commercial real estate loans, commercial loans and securities are pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia to provide access to Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window borrowings. As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation had $481.3 million of collateralized borrowing availability at the Discount Window, and no outstanding borrowings.
Liquidity must also be managed at the Corporation parent company level. For safety and soundness reasons, banking regulations limit the amount of cash that can be transferred from subsidiary banks to the parent company in the form of loans and dividends. Generally, these limitations are based on the subsidiary banks’ regulatory capital levels and their net income. Management continues to monitor the liquidity and capital needs of the parent company and will implement appropriate strategies, as necessary, to remain sufficiently capitalized and to meet its cash needs.
The Corporation’s sources and uses of funds were discussed in general terms in the "Net Interest Income" section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis. The consolidated statements of cash flows provide additional information. The Corporation’s operating activities during the first six months of 2018 generated $134.8 million of cash, mainly due to net income. Cash used in investing activities was $217.2 million, mainly due to net increases in investments and loans. Net cash provided by financing activities was $80.6 million due mainly to increases in short-term borrowings, partially offset by decreases in deposits and long-term debts.
Debt Security Market Price Risk
Debt security market price risk is the risk that changes in the values of debt securities, unrelated to interest rate changes, could have a material impact on the financial position or results of operations of the Corporation. The Corporation’s debt security investments consist primarily of U.S. government sponsored agency issued mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, state and municipal securities, U.S. government debt securities, auction rate securities and corporate debt securities. All of the Corporation's investments in commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations have principal payments that are guaranteed by U.S. government sponsored agencies.
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State and Municipal Securities
As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation owned $407.7 million of municipal securities issued by various states or municipalities. Downward pressure on local tax revenues of issuers could have an adverse impact on the underlying credit quality of issuers. The Corporation evaluates existing and potential holdings primarily based on the creditworthiness of the issuing state or municipality and then, to a lesser extent, on any underlying credit enhancement. State or municipal securities can be supported by the general obligation of the issuing state or municipality, allowing the securities to be repaid by any means available to the issuing municipality. As of June 30, 2018, approximately 98% of state or municipal securities were supported by the general obligation of corresponding states or municipalities. Approximately 62% of these securities were school district issuances, which are also supported by the states of the issuing municipalities.
Auction Rate Securities
As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation’s investments in auction rate certificates ("ARCs"), a type of auction rate security, had a cost basis of $107.4 million and a fair value of $103.1 million.
As of June 30, 2018, the fair values of the ARCs currently in the portfolio were derived using significant unobservable inputs based on expected cash flow models which produced fair values that were materially different from those that would be expected from settlement of these investments in the current market. The expected cash flow models produced fair values which assumed a return to market liquidity within the next five years. The Corporation believes that the trusts underlying the ARCs will self-liquidate as student loans are repaid.
The credit quality of the underlying debt associated with the ARCs is also a factor in the determination of their estimated fair value. As of June 30, 2018, all of the ARCs were rated above investment grade. All of the loans underlying the ARCs have principal payments that are guaranteed by the federal government. At June 30, 2018, all ARCs were current and making scheduled interest payments.
Corporate Debt Securities
The Corporation holds corporate debt securities in the form of pooled trust preferred securities, single-issuer trust preferred securities, subordinated debt and senior debt issued by financial institutions. As of June 30, 2018, these securities had an amortized cost of $92.4 million and an estimated fair value of $91.9 million.
See "Note 4 - Investment Securities," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion related to the Corporation’s other-than-temporary impairment evaluations for debt securities, and see "Note 11 - Fair Value Measurements," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion related to the fair values of debt securities.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
The Corporation carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s management, including the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15, promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"). Based upon that evaluation, the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in Corporation reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.
There have been no changes in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter covered by this quarterly report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information presented in the "Legal Proceedings" section of Note 10 "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) None.
(b) None.
(c) There were no purchases of equity securities by the issuer or any affiliated purchasers during the three months ended June 30, 2018.
Item 6. Exhibits

3.1 |  |  | Articles of Incorporation, as amended and restated, of Fulton Financial Corporation– Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Fulton Financial Corporation Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 24, 2011. (File No. 0-10587) |
3.2 |  |  | Bylaws of Fulton Financial Corporation as amended – Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Fulton Financial Corporation Current Report on an Amended Form 8-K dated September 23, 2014. |
31.1 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
31.2 |  |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
32.1 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
32.2 |  |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
101 |  |  | Financial statements from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Fulton Financial Corporation for the period ended June 30, 2018, filed on August 9, 2018, formatted in XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - filed herewith. |

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FULTON FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

FULTON FINANCIAL CORPORATION |  |
Date: |  | August 9, 2018 |  | /s/ E. Philip Wenger
|  |  |  | E. Philip Wenger
|  |  |  | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: |  | August 9, 2018 |  | /s/ Mark R. McCollom
|  |  |  | Mark R. McCollom
|  |  |  | Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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