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Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2022
Receivables [Abstract]  
Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
Loans and leases, net of unearned income

Loans and leases, net of unearned income are summarized as follows:
March 31,
2022
December 31, 2021
 (in thousands)
Real estate - commercial mortgage$7,289,376 $7,279,080 
Commercial and industrial (1)
4,156,981 4,208,327 
Real-estate - residential mortgage3,946,741 3,846,750 
Real-estate - home equity1,098,171 1,118,248 
Real-estate - construction1,210,340 1,139,779 
Consumer481,551 464,657 
Equipment lease financing and other310,884 283,557 
Overdrafts1,928 1,988 
Gross loans18,495,972 18,342,386 
Unearned income(19,853)(17,036)
Net loans$18,476,119 $18,325,350 
(1) Includes PPP loans totaling $0.2 billion and $0.3 billion as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The Corporation segments its loan portfolio by "portfolio segments," as presented in the table above. Certain portfolio segments are further disaggregated by "class segment" for the purpose of estimating credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL related to loans consists of loans evaluated collectively and individually for expected credit losses. The ACL related to loans represents an estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans as of the balance sheet date and is recorded as a reduction to net loans. The ACL for OBS credit exposure includes estimated losses on unfunded loan commitments, letters of credit and other OBS credit exposures and is recorded in other liabilities. The total ACL is increased by charges to expense, through the provision for credit losses, and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries.

The following table presents the components of the ACL:
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
ACL - loans $243,705 $249,001 
ACL - OBS credit exposure13,933 14,533 
        Total ACL$257,638 $263,534 
The following table presents the activity in the ACL:
Three months ended March 31
 20222021
(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period$263,534 $291,940 
Loans charged off(1,900)(8,202)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off2,954 2,021 
Net loans (charged-off) recovered1,054 (6,181)
Provision for credit losses (1)
(6,950)(5,500)
Balance at end of period(2)
$257,638 $280,259 
(1) Includes $(0.6) million and $(0.1) million related to OBS credit exposures for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2) Includes $13.9 million and $14.3 million of reserves for OBS credit exposures as of March 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively.

The following table presents the activity in the ACL by portfolio segment:
Real Estate 
Commercial
Mortgage
Commercial and
Industrial
Consumer and Real Estate Home
Equity
Real Estate Residential
Mortgage
Real Estate
Construction
Equipment lease financing, other
and overdrafts
Total
 (in thousands)
Three months ended March 31, 2022
Balance at December 31, 2021$87,970 $67,056 $19,749 $54,236 $12,941 $7,049 $249,001 
Loans charged off(152)(227)(1,052)  (469)(1,900)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off112 1,980 454 222 32 154 2,954 
Net loans recovered (charged off) (40)1,753 (598)222 32 (315)1,054 
Provision for loan losses (1)
(8,077)(2,298)1,062 1,434 330 1,199 (6,350)
Balance at March 31, 2022$79,853 $66,511 $20,213 $55,892 $13,303 $7,933 $243,705 
Three months ended March 31, 2021
Balance at December 31, 2020$103,425 $74,771 $25,137 $51,995 $15,608 $6,633 $277,567 
Loans charged off(1,837)(4,319)(847)(192)(39)(968)(8,202)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off174 769 440 95 384 159 2,021 
Net loans recovered (charged off)(1,663)(3,550)(407)(97)345 (809)(6,181)
Provision for loan and lease losses (1)
(786)(27)(1,588)(1,903)(874)(222)(5,400)
Balance at March 31, 2021$100,976 $71,194 $23,142 $49,995 $15,079 $5,602 $265,986 
(1) Provision included in the table only includes the portion related to Net loans.

The ACL includes qualitative adjustments, as appropriate, intended to capture the impact of uncertainties not reflected in the quantitative models. Qualitative adjustments include and consider changes in national, regional and local economic and business conditions, an assessment of the lending environment, including underwriting standards and other factors affecting credit quality.

The impact from qualitative adjustments on the ACL decreased in the first quarter of 2022 due to the improvement in economic conditions.

Several factors as of the end of the first quarter of 2021 in comparison to the end of the fourth quarter of 2020, including improved economic forecasts and a decrease in specific allocations within the ACL for loans evaluated individually, reduced the level of the ACL determined to be necessary as of March 31, 2021.

Non-accrual Loans

All loans individually evaluated for impairment are measured for losses on a quarterly basis. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, substantially all of the Corporation’s individually evaluated loans with total commitments greater than or equal to $1.0 million were measured based on the estimated fair value of each loan’s collateral, if any. Collateral could be in the form of real estate, in the case of commercial mortgages and construction loans, or business assets, such as accounts receivable
or inventory, in the case of commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans may also be secured by real estate.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, approximately 86% and 98%, respectively, of loans evaluated individually for impairment with principal balances greater than or equal to $1.0 million, whose primary collateral consisted of real estate, were measured at estimated fair value using appraisals performed by state certified third-party appraisers that had been updated in the preceding 12 months.

The following table presents total non-accrual loans, by class segment:
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
With a Related AllowanceWithout a Related AllowanceTotalWith a Related AllowanceWithout a Related AllowanceTotal
(in thousands)
Real estate - commercial mortgage$18,681 $31,719 $50,400 $20,564 $32,251 $52,815 
Commercial and industrial12,390 16,100 28,490 12,571 17,570 30,141 
Real estate - residential mortgage31,626 2,294 33,920 35,269 — 35,269 
Real estate - home equity8,145  8,145 8,671 — 8,671 
Real estate - construction 672 672 173 728 901 
Consumer175  175 229 — 229 
Equipment lease financing and other5,742 9,255 14,997 6,247 9,393 15,640 
$76,759 $60,040 $136,799 $83,724 $59,942 $143,666 

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were $60.0 million and $59.9 million, respectively, of non-accrual loans that did not have a related allowance for credit losses. The estimated fair values of the collateral securing these loans exceeded their carrying amount, or the loans were previously charged down to realizable collateral values. Accordingly, no specific valuation allowance was considered to be necessary.

Asset Quality

Maintaining an appropriate ACL is dependent on various factors, including the ability to identify potential problem loans in a timely manner. For commercial construction, residential construction, commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate, an internal risk rating process is used. The Corporation believes that internal risk ratings are the most relevant credit quality indicator for these types of loans. The migration of loans through the various internal risk rating categories is a significant component of the ACL methodology for these loans, which bases the probability of default on this migration. Assigning risk ratings involves judgment. The Corporation's loan review officers provide a separate assessment of risk rating accuracy. Risk ratings may be changed based on the ongoing monitoring procedures performed by loan officers or credit administration staff or if specific loan review assessments identify a deterioration or an improvement in the loans.
The following table summarizes designated internal risk rating categories by portfolio segment and loan class, by origination year, in the current period:
March 31, 2022
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving LoansRevolving Loans converted to Term Loans
(dollars in thousands)AmortizedAmortized
20222021202020192018PriorCost BasisCost BasisTotal
 Real estate - construction(1)
Pass$12,911 $242,122 $392,540 $95,074 $59,362 $129,036 $32,603 $— $963,648 
Special Mention— 5,974 767 9,984 — 19,082 — — 35,807 
Substandard or Lower— — — — — 4,549 220 — 4,769 
Total real estate - construction12,911 248,096 393,307 105,058 59,362 152,667 32,823 — 1,004,224 
Real estate - construction(1)
Current period gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — — 
Current period recoveries— — — — — — — 32 32 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— — — — — — — 32 32 
Commercial and industrial(2)
Pass245,683 619,816 466,917 347,857 212,978 704,570 1,232,653 529 3,831,003 
Special Mention572 18,295 9,196 12,782 8,526 32,872 66,765 — 149,008 
Substandard or Lower— 953 10,906 37,999 23,750 44,527 58,753 82 176,970 
Total commercial and industrial246,255 639,064 487,019 398,638 245,254 781,969 1,358,171 611 4,156,981 
Commercial and industrial
Current period gross charge-offs— — (36)— (21)— (130)(40)(227)
Current period recoveries— — 30 95 379 416 493 567 1,980 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— — (6)95 358 416 363 527 1,753 
Real estate - commercial mortgage
Pass188,756 1,070,853 863,498 823,168 636,889 2,955,373 65,078 — 6,603,615 
Special Mention96 8,993 65,964 75,021 35,108 177,894 1,387 — 364,463 
Substandard or Lower— 1,523 8,424 37,366 70,413 201,563 521 1,488 321,298 
Total real estate - commercial mortgage188,852 1,081,369 937,886 935,555 742,410 3,334,830 66,986 1,488 7,289,376 
Real estate - commercial mortgage
Current period gross charge-offs— — — — — — — (152)(152)
Current period recoveries— — — — — — 108 112 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— — — — — — (44)(40)
Total
Pass$447,350 $1,932,791 $1,722,955 $1,266,099 $909,229 $3,788,979 $1,330,334 $529 $11,398,266 
Special Mention668 33,262 75,927 97,787 43,634 229,848 68,152 — 549,278 
Substandard or Lower— 2,476 19,330 75,365 94,163 250,639 59,494 1,570 503,037 
Total$448,018 $1,968,529 $1,818,212 $1,439,251 $1,047,026 $4,269,466 $1,457,980 $2,099 $12,450,581 
(1) Excludes real estate - construction - other.
(2) Loans originated in 2021 and 2020 include $0.2 billion of PPP loans that were assigned a rating of Pass based on the existence of a federal government guaranty through the SBA.
The following table summarizes designated internal risk rating categories by portfolio segment and loan class, by origination year, in the prior period:
December 31, 2021
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving LoansRevolving Loans converted to Term Loans
(dollars in thousands)AmortizedAmortized
20212020201920182017PriorCost BasisCost BasisTotal
 Real estate - construction(1)
Pass$190,030 $315,811 $113,245 $83,886 $17,545 $117,157 $46,409 $— $884,083 
Special Mention5,843 775 9,984 20,200 15,724 6,315 — — 58,841 
Substandard or Lower— — — — 1,912 4,185 227 — 6,324 
Total real estate - construction195,873 316,586 123,229 104,086 35,181 127,657 46,636 — 949,248 
Real estate - construction(1)
Current period gross charge-offs— — (39)— — — — — (39)
Current period recoveries— — 39 — — 1,373 — — 1,412 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— — — — — 1,373 — — 1,373 
Commercial and industrial(2)
Pass855,924 520,802 396,575 232,805 147,675 581,762 1,177,857 339 3,913,739 
Special Mention5,386 8,538 33,937 8,301 10,346 23,380 52,386 95 142,369 
Substandard or Lower1,225 9,775 19,393 24,327 11,912 34,825 49,562 1,200 152,219 
Total commercial and industrial862,535 539,115 449,905 265,433 169,933 639,967 1,279,805 1,634 4,208,327 
Commercial and industrial
Current period gross charge-offs(2,977)(406)(4,966)(208)(286)(800)(5,694)— (15,337)
Current period recoveries39 4,691 841 457 2,342 1,211 — 9,587 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries(2,971)(367)(275)633 171 1,542 (4,483)— (5,750)
Real estate - commercial mortgage
Pass1,086,113 899,172 826,866 624,653 712,223 2,356,308 55,370 — 6,560,705 
Special Mention1,317 60,732 96,508 25,280 33,595 169,732 115 — 387,279 
Substandard or Lower1,537 8,516 28,810 68,818 69,793 151,450 684 1,488 331,096 
Total real estate - commercial mortgage1,088,967 968,420 952,184 718,751 815,611 2,677,490 56,169 1,488 7,279,080 
Real estate - commercial mortgage
Current period gross charge-offs— — (14)(25)(6,972)(1,517)(198)— (8,726)
Current period recoveries— — — — 983 1,491 — — 2,474 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— — (14)(25)(5,989)(26)(198)— (6,252)
Total
Pass$2,132,067 $1,735,785 $1,336,686 $941,344 $877,443 $3,055,227 $1,279,636 $339 $11,358,527 
Special Mention12,546 70,045 140,429 53,781 59,665 199,427 52,501 95 588,489 
Substandard or Lower2,762 18,291 48,203 93,145 83,617 190,460 50,473 2,688 489,639 
Total$2,147,375 $1,824,121 $1,525,318 $1,088,270 $1,020,725 $3,445,114 $1,382,610 $3,122 $12,436,655 
(1) Excludes real estate - construction - other.
(2) Loans originated in 2021 and 2020 include $0.3 billion of PPP loans that were assigned a rating of Pass based on the existence of a federal government guaranty through the SBA.
The Corporation considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the ACL. The Corporation does not assign internal risk ratings to smaller balance, homogeneous loans, such as home equity, residential mortgage, construction loans to individuals secured by residential real estate, consumer and equipment lease financing. For these loans, the most relevant credit quality indicator is delinquency status and the Corporation evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan. The following tables present the amortized cost of these loans based on payment activity, by origination year, for the periods shown:
March 31, 2022
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving LoansRevolving Loans converted to Term Loans
(dollars in thousands)AmortizedAmortized
20222021202020192018PriorCost BasisCost BasisTotal
Consumer and real estate - home equity
Performing$53,362 $145,950 $96,504 $68,114 $61,230 $158,366 $965,477 $19,237 $1,568,240 
Nonperforming— 150 118 59 75 2,096 8,969 15 11,482 
Total consumer and real estate - home equity53,362 146,100 96,622 68,173 61,305 160,462 974,446 19,252 1,579,722 
Consumer and real estate - home equity
Current period gross charge-offs— (587)(70)(108)(16)(205)(66)— (1,052)
Current period recoveries— 42 72 29 16 169 126 — 454 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— (545)(79)— (36)60 — (598)
Real estate - residential mortgage
Performing202,665 1,581,675 1,089,264 319,209 96,585 617,755 — — 3,907,153 
Nonperforming— 801 6,229 2,408 3,710 26,440 — — 39,588 
    Total real estate - residential mortgage202,665 1,582,476 1,095,493 321,617 100,295 644,195 — — 3,946,741 
Real estate - residential mortgage
Current period gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — — 
Current period recoveries— — — 27 191 — — 222 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— — — 27 191 — — 222 
Equipment lease financing and other
Performing95,224 53,218 55,272 41,466 28,155 24,324 — — 297,659 
Nonperforming— — — — — 15,153 — — 15,153 
Total leasing and other95,224 53,218 55,272 41,466 28,155 39,477 — — 312,812 
Equipment lease financing and other
Current period gross charge-offs— — — — — (469)— — (469)
Current period recoveries— 20 125 — — 154 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— 20 (344)— — (315)
Construction - other
Performing18,085 154,762 27,874 — 5,028 — 367 — 206,116 
Nonperforming— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction - other18,085 154,762 27,874 — 5,028 — 367 — 206,116 
Total
Performing$369,336 $1,935,605 $1,268,914 $428,789 $190,998 $800,445 $965,844 $19,237 $5,979,168 
Nonperforming— 951 6,347 2,467 3,785 43,689 8,969 15 66,223 
Total$369,336 $1,936,556 $1,275,261 $431,256 $194,783 $844,134 $974,813 $19,252 $6,045,391 
December 31, 2021
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving LoansRevolving Loans converted to Term Loans
(dollars in thousands)AmortizedAmortized
20212020201920182017PriorCost BasisCost BasisTotal
Consumer and Real estate - home equity
Performing$162,441 $102,918 $73,769 $68,564 $33,254 $135,412 $990,842 $3,999 $1,571,199 
Nonperforming122 101 60 51 314 2,348 8,512 198 11,706 
Total consumer and real estate - home equity162,563 103,019 73,829 68,615 33,568 137,760 999,354 4,197 1,582,905 
Consumer and Real estate - home equity
Current period gross charge-offs(175)(491)(496)(238)(224)(411)(1,274)— (3,309)
Current period recoveries— 223 131 131 167 1,048 645 — 2,345 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries(175)(268)(365)(107)(57)637 (629)— (964)
Real estate - residential mortgage
Performing1,548,174 1,133,602 344,625 113,801 198,164 468,842 — — 3,807,208 
Nonperforming— 6,753 2,189 3,424 2,844 24,332 — — 39,542 
    Total real estate - residential mortgage1,548,174 1,140,355 346,814 117,225 201,008 493,174 — — 3,846,750 
Real estate - residential mortgage
Current period gross charge-offs— (626)(148)(125)(4)(387)— — (1,290)
Current period recoveries— — 18 — 264 92 — 375 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries— (626)(147)(107)(4)(123)92 — (915)
Equipment lease financing and other
Performing97,077 65,316 49,591 34,107 22,444 1,369 — — 269,904 
Nonperforming— — — — 15,503 138 — — 15,641 
Total leasing and other97,077 65,316 49,591 34,107 37,947 1,507 — — 285,545 
Equipment lease financing and other
Current period gross charge-offs(975)(1,276)— — — — — — (2,251)
Current period recoveries255 539 88 10 18 43 — — 953 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries(720)(737)88 10 18 43 — — (1,298)
Construction - other
Performing144,652 40,040 638 5,028 — — — — 190,358 
Nonperforming— — — — 173 — — — 173 
Total construction - other144,652 40,040 638 5,028 173 — — — 190,531 
Total
Performing$1,952,344 $1,341,876 $468,623 $221,500 $253,862 $605,623 $990,842 $3,999 $5,838,669 
Nonperforming122 6,854 2,249 3,475 18,834 26,818 8,512 198 67,062 
Total$1,952,466 $1,348,730 $470,872 $224,975 $272,696 $632,441 $999,354 $4,197 $5,905,731 
The following table presents non-performing assets:
March 31,
2022
December 31,
2021
 (in thousands)
Non-accrual loans$136,799 $143,666 
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing24,182 8,453 
Total non-performing loans160,981 152,119 
OREO (1)
2,014 1,817 
Total non-performing assets$162,995 $153,936 
(1) Excludes $4.7 million and $6.4 million of residential mortgage properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The following tables present the aging of the amortized cost basis of loans, by class segment:
30-5960-89≥ 90 Days
Days PastDays PastPast DueNon-
DueDueand AccruingAccrualCurrentTotal
(in thousands)
March 31, 2022
Real estate – commercial mortgage$3,869 $725 $13,790 $50,400 $7,220,592 $7,289,376 
Commercial and industrial(1)
5,107 606 1,702 28,490 4,121,076 4,156,981 
Real estate – residential mortgage29,343 4,040 5,388 33,920 3,874,050 3,946,741 
Real estate – home equity4,326 727 2,729 8,145 1,082,244 1,098,171 
Real estate – construction1,139   672 1,208,529 1,210,340 
Consumer2,762 669 417 175 477,528 481,551 
Equipment lease financing and other261  156 14,997 277,545 292,959 
Total$46,807 $6,767 $24,182 $136,799 $18,261,564 $18,476,119 
(1) Includes PPP loans totaling $0.2 billion as of March 31, 2022.

30-59 Days Past
Due
60-89
Days Past
Due
≥ 90 Days
Past Due
and
Accruing
Non-
accrual
CurrentTotal
(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Real estate – commercial mortgage$1,089 $1,750 $1,229 $52,815 $7,222,197 $7,279,080 
Commercial and industrial(1)
5,457 1,932 488 30,141 4,170,309 4,208,327 
Real estate – residential mortgage22,957 2,920 4,130 35,269 3,781,474 3,846,750 
Real estate – home equity4,369 1,154 2,253 8,671 1,101,801 1,118,248 
Real estate – construction1,318 — — 901 1,137,560 1,139,779 
Consumer3,561 876 353 229 459,638 464,657 
Equipment lease financing and other226 27 — 15,640 252,616 268,509 
Total$38,977 $8,659 $8,453 $143,666 $18,125,595 $18,325,350 
(1) Includes PPP loans totaling $0.3 billion as of December 31, 2021.

Collateral-Dependent Loans

A loan is considered to be collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. For all classes of loans deemed collateral-dependent, the Corporation elected the practical expedient to estimate expected credit losses based on the collateral’s fair value less cost to sell. In most cases, the Corporation records a partial charge-off to reduce the loan’s carrying value to the collateral’s fair value less cost to sell. Substantially all of the collateral supporting collateral-dependent financial assets consists of various types of
real estate, including residential properties, commercial properties, such as retail centers, office buildings, and lodging, agriculture land, and vacant land.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

Restructured loan modifications may include payment schedule modifications, interest rate concessions, bankruptcies, principal reduction or some combination of these concessions. The restructured loan modifications primarily included maturity date extensions, rate modifications and payment schedule modifications.

The following table presents TDRs, by class segment:
March 31,
2022
December 31,
2021
 (in thousands)
Real estate - commercial mortgage$3,563 $3,464 
Commercial and industrial1,903 1,857 
Real estate - residential mortgage11,700 11,948 
Real estate - home equity12,028 12,218 
Consumer2 
Total accruing TDRs29,196 29,492 
Non-accrual TDRs (1)
52,125 55,945 
Total TDRs$81,321 $85,437 
(1) Included in non-accrual loans in the preceding table detailing non-performing assets.

The following table presents TDRs, by class segment, for loans that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
Three months ended March 31
20222021
Number of LoansPost-Modification Recorded InvestmentNumber of LoansPost-Modification Recorded Investment
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial1 $82 $1,894 
Real estate - commercial mortgage1 150 4,162 
Real estate - residential mortgage4 293 23 7,626 
Real estate - home equity  148 
Real estate - construction  154 
Consumer5 329 — — 
Total
11 $854 35 $13,984 
In accordance with regulatory guidance, payment schedule modifications granted after March 13, 2020 to borrowers impacted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and who were not delinquent at the time of the payment schedule modifications have been excluded from TDRs. As of March 31, 2022, $13.1 million in recorded investment remains in active COVID-19 deferral programs.