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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The components of loss before provision for income taxes were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202120202019
United States$(46,241)$(35,542)$(52,685)
Foreign8,528 4,141 1,552 
Loss before provision for income taxes$(37,713)$(31,401)$(51,133)
The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202120202019
Current tax benefit (expense)
Federal$— $2 $— 
State(257)(132)(19)
Foreign(1,650)(1,019)(240)
Total current tax expense(1,907)(1,149)(259)
Deferred tax benefit (expense)
Federal— — — 
State— — — 
Foreign864 (14)— 
Total deferred tax benefit (expense)864 (14)— 
Provision for income taxes$(1,043)$(1,163)$(259)
A reconciliation at the applicable federal statutory rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Federal income taxes at statutory rate21.00 %21.00 %21.00 %
State income tax, net of federal benefit11.37 2.93 3.09 
Increase in valuation allowance(66.51)(26.26)(25.27)
Stock-based compensation31.08 — — 
Other0.29 (1.37)0.67 
Effective income tax rate(2.77) %(3.70) %(0.51) %
As of December 31, 2021, the Company has U.S. net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $272.1 million and state NOL carryforwards of $123.9 million. Such NOL carryforwards will begin to expire between 2032 and 2041. NOL carryforwards are subject to possible limitation should a change in ownership of the Company occur, as defined by Internal Revenue Code Section 382.
The tax effects of the temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets were as follows:
As of December 31,
(in thousands)20212020
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss carryforwards$67,253 $45,531 
Accrued expenses2,561 1,328 
Stock-based compensation4,272 1,535 
Operating lease liabilities642 1,107 
Other1,865 738 
Gross deferred tax assets76,593 50,239 
Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets and intangible assets(112)(223)
Operating lease right-of-use assets(485)(825)
Other(848)— 
Gross deferred tax liabilities(1,445)(1,048)
Valuation allowance(74,244)(49,159)
Net deferred tax assets$904 $32 
The Company has established a full valuation allowance against the U.S. net deferred tax assets, as it believes that these deferred tax assets do not meet the more likely than not threshold.
The net change in the total valuation allowance was an increase of $25.1 million, $8.2 million, and $12.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 respectively. The following represents the changes in our valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202120202019
Balance at the beginning of the period$49,159 $40,913 $27,994 
Charged to net income25,085 8,246 12,919 
Balance at the end of the period$74,244 $49,159 $40,913 
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various state jurisdictions, and internationally. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there is no accrued interest or penalties associated with income taxes recorded in the consolidated financial statements. The 2012 through 2021 tax years remain open for examination by taxing authorities.
The calculation of the Company’s tax obligations involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations. ASC 740, Income Taxes, provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits. The Company has assessed its income tax positions and recorded tax benefits for all years subject to examination, based upon its evaluation of the facts,
circumstances and information available at each period end. For those tax positions where the Company has determined there is a greater than 50% likelihood that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company has recorded the largest amount of tax benefit that may potentially be realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is determined there is less than 50% likelihood that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized. The Company had no uncertain tax positions during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
The Company recognizes interest and, if applicable, penalties for any uncertain tax positions. Interest and penalties are recorded as a component of income tax expense. In the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not have any accrued interest or penalties associated with any unrecognized tax benefits.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted by the United States on March 27, 2020. The CARES Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2021 or 2020.