10-Q 1 vsec-q3x2019x10q.htm VSE CORPORATION 10-Q SEPTEMBER 30, 2019
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2019 Commission File Number: 0‑3676
VSE CORPORATION
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

DELAWARE | 54-0649263
(State or Other Jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization) | Identification No.)

6348 Walker Lane |  |  |  |
Alexandria, Virginia |  | 22310 |  | www.vsecorp.com
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code) |  | (Webpage)

Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (703) 960-4600
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.05 per share |  | VSEC |  | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [x] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [x] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filer and large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer [ ] | Accelerated filer [x]
Non-accelerated filer [ ] | Smaller reporting company [ ]
| Emerging growth company [ ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transaction period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Yes [ ] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes [ ] No [x]
Number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of October 22, 2019: 10,970,123

| TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|  | Page
PART I |  |
ITEM 1. | Financial Statements |
| Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 4
| Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 | 5
| Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 | 6
| Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 | 7
| Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 | 9
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
ITEM 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
ITEM 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks | 31
ITEM 4. | Controls and Procedures | 31
PART II |  |
ITEM 1. | Legal Proceedings | 31
ITEM 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 31
ITEM 6. | Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules | 32
Signatures |  | 33

-2-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Forward Looking Statements
This report contains statements that, to the extent they are not recitations of historical fact, constitute "forward looking statements" under federal securities laws. All such forward looking statements are intended to be subject to the safe harbor protection provided by applicable securities laws. For discussions identifying some important factors that could cause actual results of VSE Corporation ("VSE," the "Company," "us," "our" or "we") to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward looking statements contained in this report, see VSE's discussions captioned "Business," "Risk Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained in VSE's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on March 7, 2019 ("2018 Form 10-K").
Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward looking statements, which reflect management's analysis only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to revise publicly these forward looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date hereof. Readers should carefully review the risk factors described in our 2018 Form 10-K and in the reports and other documents the Company files from time to time with the SEC, including this and other Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and any Current Reports on Form 8-K that we have filed or will file with the SEC subsequent to December 31, 2018.
-3-

Table of Contents
PART I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands except share and per share amounts)

| September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,095 |  |  | $ | 162 |
Receivables, net | 69,793 |  |  | 60,004 |
Unbilled receivables, net | 54,151 |  |  | 41,255 |
Inventories, net | 202,811 |  |  | 166,392 |
Other current assets | 12,652 |  |  | 13,407 |
Total current assets | 340,502 |  |  | 281,220 |
Property and equipment, net | 43,792 |  |  | 49,606 |
Intangible assets, net | 142,907 |  |  | 94,892 |
Goodwill | 259,212 |  |  | 198,622 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 24,375 |  |  | — |
Other assets | 16,845 |  |  | 14,488 |
Total assets | $ | 827,633 |  |  | $ | 638,828 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 10,716 |  |  | $ | 9,466 |
Accounts payable | 71,668 |  |  | 57,408 |
Current portion of earn-out obligation | 10,700 |  |  | — |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 45,314 |  |  | 37,133 |
Dividends payable | 987 |  |  | 871 |
Total current liabilities | 139,385 |  |  | 104,878 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | 257,815 |  |  | 151,133 |
Deferred compensation | 17,417 |  |  | 17,027 |
Long-term lease obligations, less current portion | — |  |  | 18,913 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 25,124 |  |  | — |
Earn-out obligation | 14,300 |  |  | — |
Deferred tax liabilities | 17,732 |  |  | 18,482 |
Total liabilities | 471,773 |  |  | 310,433 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6) |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.05 per share, authorized 15,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 10,970,123 and 10,886,036, respectively | 549 |  |  | 544 |
Additional paid-in capital | 29,411 |  |  | 26,632 |
Retained earnings | 327,191 |  |  | 301,073 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | (1,291 | ) |  | 146 |
Total stockholders' equity | 355,860 |  |  | 328,395 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 827,633 |  |  | $ | 638,828 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-4-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income
(in thousands except share and per share amounts)

|  | For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | $ | 96,832 |  |  | $ | 85,886 |  |  | $ | 279,608 |  |  | $ | 264,678 |
Services |  | 101,494 |  |  | 83,045 |  |  | 277,748 |  |  | 251,544 |
Total revenues |  | 198,326 |  |  | 168,931 |  |  | 557,356 |  |  | 516,222 |
Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | 81,988 |  |  | 72,256 |  |  | 237,661 |  |  | 222,816 |
Services |  | 93,568 |  |  | 77,810 |  |  | 256,355 |  |  | 239,536 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 541 |  |  | 863 |  |  | 2,911 |  |  | 2,412 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 5,014 |  |  | 4,005 |  |  | 14,985 |  |  | 12,013 |
Total costs and operating expenses |  | 181,111 |  |  | 154,934 |  |  | 511,912 |  |  | 476,777 |
Gain on sale of contract |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |
Operating income |  | 17,215 |  |  | 15,697 |  |  | 45,444 |  |  | 41,145 |
Interest expense, net |  | 3,706 |  |  | 2,340 |  |  | 10,262 |  |  | 6,697 |
Income before income taxes |  | 13,509 |  |  | 13,357 |  |  | 35,182 |  |  | 34,448 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 2,982 |  |  | 3,323 |  |  | 8,154 |  |  | 8,611 |
Net income |  | $ | 10,527 |  |  | $ | 10,034 |  |  | $ | 27,028 |  |  | $ | 25,837 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 2.47 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |  | 10,970,123 |  |  | 10,881,106 |  |  | 10,953,581 |  |  | 10,874,331 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.95 |  |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 2.45 |  |  | $ | 2.37 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding |  | 11,060,081 |  |  | 10,935,112 |  |  | 11,035,951 |  |  | 10,916,989 |
Dividends declared per share |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-5-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(in thousands)

|  | For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income |  | $ | 10,527 |  |  | $ | 10,034 |  |  | $ | 27,028 |  |  | $ | 25,837 |
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax |  | (16 | ) |  | 28 |  |  | (1,437 | ) |  | 362 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  | (16 | ) |  | 28 |  |  | (1,437 | ) |  | 362 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 10,511 |  |  | $ | 10,062 |  |  | $ | 25,591 |  |  | $ | 26,199 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-6-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(in thousands except per share data)

| Three months ended September 30, 2019
|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 10,970 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 29,411 |  |  | $ | 317,652 |  |  | $ | (1,275 | ) |  | $ | 346,337 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,527 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,527 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (16 | )
Dividends declared ($0.09 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (988 | ) |  | — |  |  | (988 | )
Balance at September 30, 2019 | 10,970 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 29,411 |  |  | $ | 327,191 |  |  | $ | (1,291 | ) |  | $ | 355,860 |

| Three months ended September 30, 2018
|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | 10,881 |  |  | $ | 544 |  |  | $ | 26,490 |  |  | $ | 283,767 |  |  | $ | 515 |  |  | $ | 311,316 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,034 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,034 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | 28 |
Dividends declared ($0.08 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (871 | ) |  | — |  |  | (871 | )
Balance at September 30, 2018 | 10,881 |  |  | $ | 544 |  |  | $ | 26,490 |  |  | $ | 292,930 |  |  | $ | 543 |  |  | $ | 320,507 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-7-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (continued)
(in thousands except per share data)

| Nine months ended September 30, 2019
|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 10,886 |  |  | $ | 544 |  |  | $ | 26,632 |  |  | $ | 301,073 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 328,395 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-02, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,944 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,028 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,028 |
Stock-based compensation | 84 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,779 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,784 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,437 | ) |  | (1,437 | )
Dividends declared ($0.26 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,854 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,854 | )
Balance at September 30, 2019 | 10,970 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 29,411 |  |  | $ | 327,191 |  |  | $ | (1,291 | ) |  | $ | 355,860 |

| Nine months ended September 30, 2018
|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 10,839 |  |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 24,470 |  |  | $ | 267,902 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 293,095 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2014-09, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,695 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,695 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,837 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,837 |
Stock-based compensation | 42 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2,020 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,022 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 362 |  |  | 362 |
Dividends declared ($0.23 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,504 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,504 | )
Balance at September 30, 2018 | 10,881 |  |  | $ | 544 |  |  | $ | 26,490 |  |  | $ | 292,930 |  |  | $ | 543 |  |  | $ | 320,507 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-8-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)

|  | For the nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 27,028 |  |  | $ | 25,837 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 20,622 |  |  | 18,984 |
Deferred taxes |  | (1,230 | ) |  | (1,733 | )
Stock-based compensation |  | 2,592 |  |  | 2,146 |
Gain on sale of contract |  | — |  |  | (1,700 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of impact of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables, net |  | (2,380 | ) |  | 738 |
Unbilled receivables, net |  | (12,896 | ) |  | 11,298 |
Inventories, net |  | (29,540 | ) |  | (36,448 | )
Other current assets and noncurrent assets |  | (481 | ) |  | 3,518 |
Accounts payable and deferred compensation |  | 11,793 |  |  | (14,972 | )
Accrued expenses and other current and noncurrent liabilities |  | 1,931 |  |  | (3,010 | )
Long-term lease obligations |  | — |  |  | (1,237 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 17,439 |  |  | 3,421 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (7,689 | ) |  | (2,522 | )
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment |  | 4 |  |  | 51 |
Proceeds from the sale of contract |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (112,660 | ) |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (120,345 | ) |  | (771 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings on loan agreement |  | 382,501 |  |  | 468,949 |
Repayments on loan agreement |  | (274,969 | ) |  | (465,521 | )
Payment of debt financing costs |  | — |  |  | (1,702 | )
Payments on capital lease obligations |  | — |  |  | (1,077 | )
Payments of taxes for equity transactions |  | (955 | ) |  | (641 | )
Dividends paid |  | (2,738 | ) |  | (2,393 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | 103,839 |  |  | (2,385 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | 933 |  |  | 265 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 162 |  |  | 624 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 1,095 |  |  | $ | 889 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-9-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
(1) Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation
Our accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and the instructions to SEC Form 10-Q and Article 10 of SEC Regulation S-X. Accordingly, such financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In our opinion, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019. For further information refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in our 2018 Form 10-K.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates affecting the financial statements include accruals for contract disallowance reserves, award fee revenues, costs to complete on fixed price contracts, recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets, and earn-out obligations.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASC 842"), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The new standard is required to be adopted using a modified retrospective method and is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. In July 2018, the FASB provided an alternative transition method of adoption through ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements, which provides entities with an optional transition method to apply the transition provisions of ASU 2016-02 at the beginning of the period of adoption.
On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC 842 using the alternative transition method provided by ASU 2018-11 recording right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for our existing leases as of January 1, 2019, as well as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings of initially applying the new standard as of January 1, 2019. We have elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which does not require reassessment of prior conclusions related to lease identification, lease classification, and treatment for initial direct lease costs. We have not elected the practical expedients pertaining to the use of hindsight and land easements.
The adoption of the new lease standard resulted in the recharacterization of our headquarters lease, which was accounted for using the financing method under previously existing build-to-suit accounting rules, to an operating lease under ASC 842. Upon adoption of the new lease standard on January 1, 2019, we recorded a right-of-use asset of $24.3 million, property and equipment of $2.8 million, and operating lease liability of $29.6 million, with immaterial changes to other balance sheet accounts. The recharacterization resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings of approximately $1.9 million, net of taxes, as of January 1, 2019. The new standard did not have a significant impact on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows.
(2) Acquisition
On January 10, 2019, our wholly owned subsidiary VSE Aviation, Inc. ("VSE Aviation") acquired 100% of the equity of 1st Choice Aerospace Inc. ("1st Choice Aerospace"), a provider of maintenance, repair and overhaul ("MRO") services and products for new generation and legacy commercial aircraft. 1st Choice Aerospace has operations in Florida and Kentucky. We have retained key members of 1st Choice Aerospace's management team under three-year employment contracts with five-year non-compete covenants.
The initial purchase consideration paid at closing for 1st Choice Aerospace was approximately $113 million, which included $1.1 million as an estimated net working capital adjustment. We will also be required to make earn-out payments of up to $40 million if 1st Choice Aerospace meets certain financial targets during 2019 and 2020. Approximately $1.1 million of our closing payments was deposited into an escrow account to secure the sellers' indemnification obligations. Any amount remaining in such escrow account at the end of the indemnification period less any then pending indemnification claims will be distributed to the sellers. 1st Choice Aerospace's results of operations are included in our Aviation Group in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements beginning on the acquisition date of January 10, 2019. 1st Choice Aerospace had unaudited revenues of approximately $45.1 million
-10-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
and operating income of approximately $10.5 million before amortization of intangible assets of approximately $3.0 million and allocated corporate costs of approximately $1.2 million from the acquisition date through September 30, 2019.
We have not finalized our assessment of the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as there has been insufficient time between the acquisition date and the issuance of these financial statements to complete our fair value review and final determination. As the amounts recorded for certain assets and liabilities are preliminary in nature, they are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained about the facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date. The final determination of fair values of certain assets and liabilities will be completed within the measurement period of up to one-year from the acquisition date as permitted under U.S. GAAP.
The 1 st Choice Aerospace acquisition requires the need to use the full one-year measurement period to adequately analyze and assess several factors used in establishing the asset acquired and liability assumed fair values as of the acquisition date, including intangibles, inventory and finalizing the estimated probability of each year’s earn-out obligation target being achieved. Any potential adjustments made could be material in relation to the preliminary values presented in the table below. Based on our preliminary valuation, the total estimated purchase price has been allocated to assets acquired (including identifiable intangible assets and goodwill) and liabilities assumed, as follows (in thousands):

Description |  | Fair Value
Cash |  | $ | 396 |
Accounts receivable |  | 7,409 |
Inventories |  | 6,879 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 382 |
Property and equipment |  | 4,044 |
Intangibles - customer related |  | 55,000 |
Intangibles - trade name |  | 8,000 |
Goodwill |  | 60,590 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 2,643 |
Other assets |  | 333 |
Other current liabilities |  | (5,244 | )
Long-term operating lease liabilities |  | (2,376 | )
|  | $ | 138,056 |
Cash consideration |  | $ | 113,056 |
Acquisition date estimated fair value of earn-out obligation |  | 25,000 |
Total |  | $ | 138,056 |

The estimated value attributed to customer relationships is being amortized on a straight-line basis using weighted average useful lives of 17 years. The estimated value attributed to trade name is being amortized on a straight-line basis over nine years. The preliminary amount of goodwill recorded for our 1st Choice Aerospace acquisition was approximately $61 million, all of which is expected to be amortizable for income tax purposes. The goodwill recognized reflects the strategic advantage of expanding our sustainment services into the aviation supply chain market.
We incurred approximately $408 thousand of acquisition-related expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. The following VSE consolidated pro forma results are prepared as if the 1st Choice Aerospace acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2018. This information is for comparative purposes only and does not necessarily reflect the results that would have occurred or may occur in the future.
-11-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
The unaudited consolidated pro forma results of operations are as follows (in thousands except per share amounts):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenue |  | $ | 198,326 |  |  | $ | 181,464 |  |  | $ | 558,915 |  |  | $ | 550,452 |
Net Income |  | $ | 10,532 |  |  | $ | 10,294 |  |  | $ | 27,596 |  |  | $ | 26,465 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | $ | 0.94 |  |  | $ | 2.52 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.95 |  |  | $ | 0.94 |  |  | $ | 2.50 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |

(3) Revenue
Disaggregated Revenue
Our revenues are derived from contract services performed for the United States Postal Service ("USPS"), United States Department of Defense ("DoD") agencies or federal civilian agencies and from the delivery of products to commercial customers.
A summary of revenues for our operating groups by customer for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2019
Customer |  | Supply Chain Management |  | Aviation |  | Federal Services |  | Total
USPS |  | $ | 42,282 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,282 |
DoD |  | 6,935 |  |  | 1,613 |  |  | 76,505 |  |  | 85,053 |
Commercial |  | 6,015 |  |  | 56,839 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,854 |
Other government |  | 137 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 7,266 |  |  | 8,137 |
|  | $ | 55,369 |  |  | $ | 59,186 |  |  | $ | 83,771 |  |  | $ | 198,326 |

|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Customer |  | Supply Chain Management |  | Aviation |  | Federal Services |  | Total
USPS |  | $ | 127,077 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127,077 |
DoD |  | 18,238 |  |  | 2,768 |  |  | 201,828 |  |  | 222,834 |
Commercial |  | 15,085 |  |  | 159,400 |  |  | 1,104 |  |  | 175,589 |
Other government |  | 478 |  |  | 1,385 |  |  | 29,993 |  |  | 31,856 |
|  | $ | 160,878 |  |  | $ | 163,553 |  |  | $ | 232,925 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |

A summary of revenues for our operating groups by customer for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2018
Customer |  | Supply Chain Management |  | Aviation |  | Federal Services |  | Total
USPS |  | $ | 43,031 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,031 |
DoD |  | 5,479 |  |  | 913 |  |  | 73,610 |  |  | 80,002 |
Commercial |  | 3,324 |  |  | 32,641 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 36,027 |
Other government |  | — |  |  | 446 |  |  | 9,425 |  |  | 9,871 |
|  | $ | 51,834 |  |  | $ | 34,000 |  |  | $ | 83,097 |  |  | $ | 168,931 |

-12-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents

|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2018
Customer |  | Supply Chain Management |  | Aviation |  | Federal Services |  | Total
USPS |  | $ | 130,151 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 130,151 |
DoD |  | 21,180 |  |  | 3,153 |  |  | 225,509 |  |  | 249,842 |
Commercial |  | 10,123 |  |  | 98,213 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 108,631 |
Other government |  | 507 |  |  | 1,188 |  |  | 25,903 |  |  | 27,598 |
|  | $ | 161,961 |  |  | $ | 102,554 |  |  | $ | 251,707 |  |  | $ | 516,222 |

A summary of revenues for our operating groups by contract type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2019
Contract Type |  | Supply Chain Management |  | Aviation |  | Federal Services |  | Total
Cost-type |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | 41,691 |  |  | $ | 42,006 |
Fixed-price |  | 55,369 |  |  | 26,268 |  |  | 19,078 |  |  | 100,715 |
Time and materials |  | — |  |  | 32,603 |  |  | 23,002 |  |  | 55,605 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 55,369 |  |  | $ | 59,186 |  |  | $ | 83,771 |  |  | $ | 198,326 |

|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Contract Type |  | Supply Chain Management |  | Aviation |  | Federal Services |  | Total
Cost-type |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 696 |  |  | $ | 103,027 |  |  | $ | 103,723 |
Fixed-price |  | 160,878 |  |  | 75,260 |  |  | 58,098 |  |  | 294,236 |
Time and materials |  | — |  |  | 87,597 |  |  | 71,800 |  |  | 159,397 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 160,878 |  |  | $ | 163,553 |  |  | $ | 232,925 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |

A summary of revenues for our operating groups by contract type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2018
Contract Type |  | Supply Chain Management |  | Aviation |  | Federal Services |  | Total
Cost-type |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,638 |  |  | $ | 44,638 |
Fixed-price |  | 51,834 |  |  | 20,152 |  |  | 19,234 |  |  | 91,220 |
Time and materials |  | — |  |  | 13,848 |  |  | 19,225 |  |  | 33,073 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 51,834 |  |  | $ | 34,000 |  |  | $ | 83,097 |  |  | $ | 168,931 |

|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2018
Contract Type |  | Supply Chain Management |  | Aviation |  | Federal Services |  | Total
Cost-type |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,098 |  |  | $ | 137,560 |  |  | $ | 138,658 |
Fixed-price |  | 161,961 |  |  | 59,525 |  |  | 51,577 |  |  | 273,063 |
Time and materials |  | — |  |  | 41,931 |  |  | 62,570 |  |  | 104,501 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 161,961 |  |  | $ | 102,554 |  |  | $ | 251,707 |  |  | $ | 516,222 |

-13-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
Contract Balances
Billed receivables, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and contract liabilities are the results of revenue recognition, customer billing, and timing of payment receipts. Billed receivables, net, represent unconditional rights to consideration under the terms of the contract and include amounts billed and currently due from our customers. Unbilled receivables represent our right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that we have transferred to the customer prior to us having the right to payment for such goods or services. Contract liabilities are recorded when customers remit contractual cash payments in advance of us satisfying related performance obligations under contractual arrangements, including those with performance obligations to be satisfied over a period of time.
We present our unbilled receivables and contract liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis. If a contract liability exists, it is netted against the unbilled receivables balance for that contract. Unbilled receivables increased from $41.3 million at December 31, 2018 to $54.2 million at September 30, 2019, primarily due to the revenue recognized as performance obligations were satisfied prior to the billing of our customers. Contract liabilities, which are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet, decreased from $5.0 million at December 31, 2018 to $4.9 million at September 30, 2019, primarily due to revenue recognized in excess of advance payments received. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, we recognized revenue that was previously included in the beginning balance of contract liabilities of $2.1 million and $8.1 million, respectively.
Performance Obligations
Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time. Revenues from products and services transferred to customers over time accounted for approximately 57% of our revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, primarily related to revenues in our Federal Services Group and for MRO services in our Aviation Group. Revenues from products and services transferred to customers at a point in time accounted for approximately 43% of our revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018. The majority of our revenue recognized at a point in time is for the sale of vehicle and aircraft parts in our Supply Chain Management and Aviation groups.
As of September 30, 2019, the aggregate amount of transaction prices allocated to unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations was $252 million. Performance obligations expected to be satisfied within one year and greater than one year are 97% and 3%, respectively. We have applied the practical expedient for certain parts sales and MRO services to exclude the amount of remaining performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected term of one year or less or (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice for services performed.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods was not material.
(4) Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Bank credit facility - term loan | $ | 73,300 |  |  | $ | 80,800 |
Bank credit facility - revolver loans | 196,966 |  |  | 81,934 |
Principal amount of long-term debt | 270,266 |  |  | 162,734 |
Less debt issuance costs | (1,735 | ) |  | (2,135 | )
Total long-term debt | 268,531 |  |  | 160,599 |
Less current portion | (10,716 | ) |  | (9,466 | )
Long-term debt, less current portion | $ | 257,815 |  |  | $ | 151,133 |

We have a loan agreement with a group of banks to provide working capital, letters of credit and acquisition financing. The loan agreement, which was amended in January 2018 and expires in January 2023, has a term loan facility and a revolving loan facility. The revolving loan facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit. Financing costs associated with the loan agreement
-14-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
amendment of approximately $1.5 million were capitalized and are being amortized over the five-year life of the loan. The fair value of outstanding debt as of September 30, 2019 under our bank loan facilities approximates its carrying value using Level 2 inputs based on market data on companies with a corporate rating similar to ours that have recently priced credit facilities.
Our required term loan payments after September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

2019 |  | $ | 2,500 |
2020 |  | 11,875 |
2021 |  | 14,375 |
2022 |  | 15,000 |
2023 |  | 29,550 |
Total |  | $ | 73,300 |

The maximum amount of credit available to us under the loan agreement for revolving loans and letters of credit as of September 30, 2019 was $300 million. Subject to the terms of the loan agreement, we may borrow and repay the revolving loan borrowings as our cash flows require or permit. We pay an unused commitment fee and fees on letters of credit that are issued. We had $72 thousand and $57 thousand in letters of credit outstanding as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or both facilities, up to an aggregate additional amount of $100 million.
We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. As of September 30, 2019, the LIBOR base margin was 2.50% and the base rate base margin was 1.25%. The base margins increase or decrease in increments as our Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio increases or decreases, respectively.
The loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan for the first three years after the January 2018 amendment date of the agreement. To mitigate the risks associated with future interest rate movements we have employed interest rate hedges to fix the rate on a portion of our outstanding borrowings for various periods. We executed interest rate swap agreements in February 2019 and February 2018. The notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements was $125 million and $50 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
After taking into account the impact of interest rate swap agreements, as of September 30, 2019, interest rates on portions of our outstanding debt ranged from 4.53% to 6.25%, and the effective interest rate on our aggregate outstanding debt was 4.91%.
Interest expense incurred on bank loan borrowings and interest rate hedges was approximately $3.6 million and $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Interest expense incurred on bank loan borrowings and interest rate hedges was approximately $9.9 million and $5.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The loan agreement contains collateral requirements to secure our loan agreement obligations, restrictive covenants, a limit on annual dividends, and other affirmative and negative covenants, conditions, and limitations. Restrictive covenants include a maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio and a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio. We were in compliance with required ratios and other terms and conditions at September 30, 2019.
-15-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
(5) Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share ("EPS") has been computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Shares issued during the period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. Our calculation of diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effects for an assumed vesting of restricted stock awards.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 10,970,123 |  |  | 10,881,106 |  |  | 10,953,581 |  |  | 10,874,331 |
Effect of dilutive shares |  | 89,958 |  |  | 54,006 |  |  | 82,370 |  |  | 42,658 |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 11,060,081 |  |  | 10,935,112 |  |  | 11,035,951 |  |  | 10,916,989 |

(6) Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
We determine at its inception whether an arrangement that provides us control over the use of an asset is a lease. We recognize at lease commencement a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term. Substantially all of our leases are long-term operating leases for facilities with fixed payment terms between two and 15 years. Our operating lease ROU assets are recorded in operating lease right-of-use assets on our accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheet. The current portion of operating lease liabilities are presented within accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and the non-current portion of operating lease liabilities are presented under long-term operating lease liabilities on our accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheet.
For leases with terms greater than 12 months, we record the related asset and lease liability at the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less with purchase options or extension options that are not reasonably certain to be exercised are not recorded on the balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
Our lease cost for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 included the following components (in thousands):

|  | Three months |  | Nine months
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 1,465 |  |  | $ | 4,715 |
Short-term lease cost |  | 146 |  |  | 445 |
Less: sublease income |  | (251 | ) |  | (791 | )
Total lease cost, net |  | $ | 1,360 |  |  | $ | 4,369 |

Certain of our leases include options to extend the term of the lease or to terminate the lease. When it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option, we include the impact of the option in the lease term for purposes of determining total future lease payments. Our lease agreements do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate nor is it available to us from our lessors. Instead, we estimate our incremental borrowing rate based on information available at lease commencement to discount lease payments to present value.
-16-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
The table below summarizes future minimum lease payments under operating leases, recorded on the balance sheet, as of September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

|  | Operating Leases
Last three months of 2019 |  | $ | 972 |
2020 |  | 5,486 |
2021 |  | 5,192 |
2022 |  | 5,156 |
2023 |  | 4,790 |
After 2023 |  | 14,149 |
Minimum lease payments |  | 35,745 |
Less: imputed interest |  | (6,654 | )
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | 29,091 |
Less: current maturities of lease liabilities |  | (3,967 | )
Long-term lease liabilities |  | $ | 25,124 |

We made cash payments of approximately $4.8 million for operating leases during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which are included in cash flows from operating activities in our unaudited consolidated statement of cash flows. The weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate for our operating leases were approximately 6.8 years and 6.0%, respectively at September 30, 2019.
Contingencies
On or about April 19, 2018 Joseph Waggoner, on behalf of himself and all similarly situated individuals, filed a lawsuit against VSE and two of our subcontractors in the United States District Court, Eastern District of Texas, Texarkana Division, alleging overtime compensation entitlement at a rate of one and one-half times their regular rate of pay for all hours worked over 40 hours in a workweek. The plaintiffs are seeking to certify the case as a collective action for similarly situated individuals. The plaintiffs work under a contract between defendants and the United States Army at the Red River Army Depot in Texas. The plaintiffs assert that employees' 15-minute unpaid work breaks should have been included as "working hours" in calculating overtime. Because we believe it is probable that VSE will incur a loss related to this matter, we have accrued a loss provision for this matter, which represents our reasonable estimate related to a possible unfavorable settlement. While we do not believe that we will have any additional liability that is material, there can be no guaranty that the ultimate resolution will not result in an additional liability that is material.
Other Matters
In addition to the above-referenced legal proceeding, we may have certain claims in the normal course of business, including legal proceedings, against us and against other parties. In our opinion, the resolution of these other claims will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. However, because the results of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated.
Further, from time-to-time, government agencies investigate whether our operations are being conducted in accordance with applicable contractual and regulatory requirements. Government investigations of us, whether relating to government contracts or conducted for other reasons, could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities, including repayments, fines or penalties being imposed upon us, or could lead to suspension or debarment from future government contracting. Government investigations often take years to complete and many result in no adverse action against us. We believe, based upon current information, that the outcome of any such government disputes and investigations will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
-17-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
(7) Business Segments and Customer Information
Business Segments
Management of our business operations is conducted under three reportable operating segments:
Supply Chain Management Group – Our Supply Chain Management Group supplies vehicle parts primarily through a Managed Inventory Program ("MIP") and direct sales to the United States Postal Service ("USPS"), the United States Department of Defense ("DoD") and to commercial customers.
Aviation Group – Our Aviation Group provides maintenance, repair and overhaul ("MRO") services, parts supply and distribution, and supply chain solutions for commercial aerospace and business and general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories.
Federal Services Group – Our Federal Services Group provides engineering, industrial, logistics, foreign military sales, legacy equipment sustainment services, IT and technical and consulting services primarily to DoD and other government agencies.
The operating segments reported below are the segments of the Company for which separate financial information is available and for which segment results are evaluated regularly by our Chief Executive Officer in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. We evaluate segment performance based on consolidated revenues and operating income. Net sales of our business segments exclude intersegment sales as these activities are eliminated in consolidation. Our segment information is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Supply Chain Management Group |  | $ | 55,369 |  |  | $ | 51,834 |  |  | $ | 160,878 |  |  | $ | 161,961 |
Aviation Group |  | 59,186 |  |  | 34,000 |  |  | 163,553 |  |  | 102,554 |
Federal Services Group |  | 83,771 |  |  | 83,097 |  |  | 232,925 |  |  | 251,707 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 198,326 |  |  | $ | 168,931 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |  |  | $ | 516,222 |
Operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Supply Chain Management Group |  | $ | 7,843 |  |  | $ | 7,783 |  |  | $ | 22,388 |  |  | $ | 23,547 |
Aviation Group |  | 6,568 |  |  | 2,184 |  |  | 14,820 |  |  | 7,291 |
Federal Services Group |  | 4,524 |  |  | 6,186 |  |  | 12,968 |  |  | 12,270 |
Corporate/unallocated expenses |  | (1,720 | ) |  | (456 | ) |  | (4,732 | ) |  | (1,963 | )
Operating income |  | $ | 17,215 |  |  | $ | 15,697 |  |  | $ | 45,444 |  |  | $ | 41,145 |

-18-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
Customer Information
Our revenues by customer is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
Customer |  | 2019 |  | % |  | 2018 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | % |  | 2018 |  | %
USPS |  | $ | 42,282 |  |  | 21.3 | % |  | $ | 43,031 |  |  | 25.5 | % |  | $ | 127,077 |  |  | 22.8 | % |  | $ | 130,151 |  |  | 25.2 | %
U.S. Navy |  | 30,123 |  |  | 15.2 | % |  | 37,013 |  |  | 21.9 | % |  | 72,930 |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | 115,294 |  |  | 22.4 | %
U.S. Army |  | 48,529 |  |  | 24.5 | % |  | 38,167 |  |  | 22.6 | % |  | 132,581 |  |  | 23.8 | % |  | 122,502 |  |  | 23.7 | %
U.S. Air Force |  | 6,401 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | 4,822 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 17,323 |  |  | 3.1 | % |  | 12,046 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Total - DoD |  | 85,053 |  |  | 42.9 | % |  | 80,002 |  |  | 47.4 | % |  | 222,834 |  |  | 40.0 | % |  | 249,842 |  |  | 48.4 | %
Commercial aviation |  | 56,839 |  |  | 28.7 | % |  | 32,641 |  |  | 19.3 | % |  | 159,400 |  |  | 28.6 | % |  | 98,213 |  |  | 19.0 | %
Other commercial |  | 6,015 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3,386 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 16,189 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 10,418 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Total - Commercial |  | 62,854 |  |  | 31.7 | % |  | 36,027 |  |  | 21.3 | % |  | 175,589 |  |  | 31.5 | % |  | 108,631 |  |  | 21.0 | %
Other government |  | 8,137 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 9,871 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  | 31,856 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 27,598 |  |  | 5.4 | %
Total |  | $ | 198,326 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 168,931 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 557,356 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 516,222 |  |  | 100 | %

(8) Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Changes in goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Supply Chain Management |  | Federal Services |  | Aviation |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 63,190 |  |  | $ | 30,883 |  |  | $ | 104,549 |  |  | $ | 198,622 |
Increase from acquisition |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60,590 |  |  | 60,590 |
Balance as of September 30, 2019 |  | $ | 63,190 |  |  | $ | 30,883 |  |  | $ | 165,139 |  |  | $ | 259,212 |

Intangible assets consist of the value of contract and customer-related intangible assets, acquired technologies and trade names. Amortization expense was approximately $5.0 million and $15.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $4.0 million and $12.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
-19-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
Intangible assets, net were comprised of the following (in thousands):

|  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Accumulated Impairment Loss |  | Net Intangible Assets
September 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract and customer-related |  | $ | 228,094 |  |  | $ | (98,278 | ) |  | $ | (1,025 | ) |  | $ | 128,791 |
Acquired technologies |  | 12,400 |  |  | (9,378 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,022 |
Trade names |  | 24,670 |  |  | (13,576 | ) |  | — |  |  | 11,094 |
Total |  | $ | 265,164 |  |  | $ | (121,232 | ) |  | $ | (1,025 | ) |  | $ | 142,907 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract and customer-related |  | $ | 173,094 |  |  | $ | (86,076 | ) |  | $ | (1,025 | ) |  | $ | 85,993 |
Acquired technologies |  | 12,400 |  |  | (8,533 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,867 |
Trade names |  | 16,670 |  |  | (11,638 | ) |  | — |  |  | 5,032 |
Total |  | $ | 202,164 |  |  | $ | (106,247 | ) |  | $ | (1,025 | ) |  | $ | 94,892 |

(9) Fair Value Measurements
The accounting standard for fair value measurements defines fair value, and establishes a market-based framework or hierarchy for measuring fair value. The standard is applicable whenever assets and liabilities are measured at fair value.
The fair value hierarchy established in the standard prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels as follows:
Level 1–Observable inputs–quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
Level 2–Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities–includes quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets and amounts derived from valuation models where all significant inputs are observable in active markets; and
Level 3–Unobservable inputs–includes amounts derived from valuation models where one or more significant inputs are unobservable and require us to develop relevant assumptions.
The following table summarizes the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the level they fall within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

Amounts Recorded at Fair Value |  | Financial Statement Classification |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Fair Value September 30, 2019 |  | Fair Value December 31, 2018
Non-COLI assets held in Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan |  | Other assets |  | Level 1 |  | $ | 651 |  |  | $ | 403 |
Interest rate swap agreements |  | Accrued expenses/Other current assets |  | Level 2 |  | $ | 1,720 |  |  | $ | 195 |
Earn-out obligation - short-term |  | Current portion of earn-out obligation |  | Level 3 |  | $ | 10,700 |  |  | $ | — |
Earn-out obligation - long-term |  | Earn-out obligation |  | Level 3 |  | $ | 14,300 |  |  | $ | — |

-20-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019
Table of Contents
Non-COLI assets held in our deferred supplemental compensation plan consist of equity funds with fair value based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets in active markets and changes in fair value are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses.
We account for our interest rate swap agreements under the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and have determined that our swap agreements qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges. The fair value of the swap agreements, which is a liability of approximately $1.7 million, has been reported in accrued expenses at September 30, 2019. The fair value of the swap agreements, which was an asset of approximately $195 thousand, was reported in other current assets at December 31, 2018. The offset, net of an income tax effect of approximately $429 thousand and $49 thousand, was included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying balance sheets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The amounts paid and received on the swap agreements are recorded in interest expense in the period during which the related floating-rate interest is incurred. We determine the fair value of the swap agreements based on a valuation model using primarily observable market data inputs.
We utilized an income approach to determine the fair value of our 1st Choice Aerospace acquisition earn-out obligation. Significant unobservable inputs used to value the contingent consideration include projected revenue and cost of services and the discount rate. If a significant increase or decrease in the discount rate occurred in isolation, the result could be significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.
(10) Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate was 22.1% and 23.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and 24.9% and 25.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Income tax expense during interim periods is based on our estimated annual effective income tax rate plus any discrete items that are recorded in the period in which they occur. Our tax rate is affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year, but may not be consistent from year to year. The lower effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 primarily results from the fair value increase of approximately $1.7 million to our COLI assets and an increase in foreign-derived intangible income ("FDII") deduction estimated for 2019.
(11) Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires companies to record an allowance for expected credit losses over the contractual term of financial assets, including short-term trade receivables and contract assets, and expands disclosure requirements for credit quality of financial assets. We will adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2020. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates certain disclosures related to transfers and the valuations process, modifies disclosures for investments that are valued based on net asset value, clarifies the measurement uncertainty disclosure, and requires additional disclosures for Level 3 fair value measurements. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which clarifies the accounting for implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.
-21-

Table of Contents
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Executive Overview
Customers and Services
We are a diversified services and supply chain management company that assists our customers in maintaining, extending the service life, and improving the performance of their transportation equipment and other assets and systems. We provide logistics and distribution services for systems and equipment and professional and technical services to the United States Government (the "government"), including the United States Department of Defense ("DoD"), the United States Postal Service ("USPS"), federal civilian agencies, and to commercial and other customers. Our largest customers are the DoD and the USPS. Our operations include supply chain management solutions, parts supply and distribution, and maintenance, repair and overhaul (“MRO”) services for vehicle fleet, aviation and other customers; vehicle and equipment maintenance and refurbishment; logistics; engineering; energy services; IT and health care IT solutions; and consulting services.
Acquisition
In January 2019, we acquired 1st Choice Aerospace Inc. ("1st Choice Aerospace"), a provider of MRO services and products for new generation and legacy commercial aircraft. 1st Choice Aerospace has operations in Florida and Kentucky and operates as part of our Aviation Group.
CEO Succession
Our Board of Directors appointed John A. Cuomo as Chief Executive Officer and President and as a member of the Board of Directors effective April 15, 2019.
Organization and Segments
We have three reportable segments aligned with our operating groups: 1) Supply Chain Management; 2) Aviation; and 3) Federal Services.
Supply Chain Management Group - Our Supply Chain Management Group provides sourcing, acquisition, scheduling, transportation, shipping, logistics, data management and other services to assist our clients with supply chain management efforts. Operations of this group are conducted by our wholly owned subsidiary Wheeler Bros., Inc., which supports the USPS, commercial truck fleets, and DoD with fleet management and maintenance solutions, managed inventory services, and other vehicle parts solutions. The primary revenue source for this group is generated from the sale of vehicle parts and performance of mission critical supply chain services to support the USPS delivery fleet.
Aviation Group - Our Aviation Group provides parts supply and distribution, supply chain solutions, and MRO services for commercial aerospace and business and general aviation aircraft, engines and accessories. This group offers a range of complementary services and supplies to a diversified client base of commercial and regional airlines, corporate and private aircraft owners, aviation manufacturers, other aviation MRO providers, cargo transporters and agricultural clients.
Federal Services Group - Our Federal Services Group performs foreign military sales services, refurbishment services to extend and enhance the life of existing vehicles and equipment, fleet-wide ship and aircraft support, aircraft sustainment and maintenance, and other technical, management, engineering, logistics, maintenance, configuration management, prototyping, technology, and field support services. Customers include the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, U.S. Army and Army Reserve, U.S. Air Force, and various other DoD and federal government customers. Significant work efforts for this group include assistance to the U.S. Navy in executing its Foreign Military Sales (“FMS”) Program for surface ships sold, leased or granted to foreign countries, our Red River Army Depot Equipment Related Services Program (“RRAD ERS”) providing on-site logistics support for Red River Army Depot at Texarkana, Texas, our Fort Benning Logistics Support Services Program supporting base operations and logistics at Fort Benning, Georgia, our U.S. Army Reserve vehicle refurbishment program, various vehicle and equipment refurbishment and maintenance programs for U.S. Army commands, and various task orders under the U.S. Air Force Contract Field Teams (“CFT”) Program.
Our Federal Services Group also provides energy and environmental consulting services and IT solutions and services for various DoD and federal civilian agencies, including the United States Department of Energy; the Social Security Administration; the National Institutes of Health; customers in the military health system; and other government agencies and commercial clients.
-22-

Table of Contents

Concentration of Revenues |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  |
|  | For the nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  |  |  | 2018 |  |
Source of Revenue |  | Revenues |  | % |  | Revenues |  | %
USPS |  | $ | 127,077 |  |  | 23 |  | $ | 130,151 |  |  | 25
FMS Program |  | 63,201 |  |  | 11 |  | 103,955 |  |  | 20
Other |  | 367,078 |  |  | 66 |  | 282,116 |  |  | 55
Total revenues |  | $ | 557,356 |  |  | 100 |  | $ | 516,222 |  |  | 100

Management Outlook
We finished the third quarter of 2019 with increases in revenues and operating income over both the third quarter of the prior year and the second quarter of the current year. Our 1st Choice Aerospace acquisition in January 2019 and new distribution programs implemented in 2018 are driving our Aviation Group to stronger results. Quarterly revenues for our Supply Chain Management Group improved over the prior year and prior quarter of the current year. Quarterly revenues for our Federal Services Group were flat compared to the prior year and improved over the prior quarter of the current year.
Aviation Group
Our Aviation Group results have benefited from strong performance of both our distribution and MRO businesses. Growth in our distribution services has been driven by our international operations in Singapore and Germany. Growth in our MRO services has been driven by our acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace. We believe that our international distribution businesses and our acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace have positioned us in commercial airline markets that are larger and have greater growth potential than our traditional business and general aviation markets. Products and services provided by these newer businesses comprise approximately 42% of revenues for this group in 2019. We will continue to service our traditional business and general aviation market lanes while focusing on growth in our newer commercial aerospace markets.
Our Singapore operation began generating revenue in the second quarter of 2018 as we extended new product lines to new end-user clients in the Asia-Pacific market. Our facility in Germany has transitioned from a repair shop to a regional distribution business and its revenues have increased. We have extended key distribution agreements to new geographic markets. We believe our distribution initiatives will provide sustainable revenue sources with viable growth potential that will enhance our future results. The addition of 1st Choice Aerospace broadens our product lines and client base, and we see opportunities to strategically align 1st Choice Aerospace’s offerings with our existing domestic and international markets, including our Singapore and European initiatives. Since acquisition, 1st Choice Aerospace's financial performance has exceeded our expectations. We are optimistic about the outlook for our Aviation Group.
Supply Chain Management Group
Our Supply Chain Management Group continues to increase parts sales and supply chain and inventory management support services to commercial customers. Our commercial client base includes companies in a wide array of businesses that have vehicle fleets required to meet mission critical delivery or service schedules. We are capturing new customers and increasing revenue using e-commerce solutions. Overall revenues for the third quarter showed improvement over both the third quarter of the prior year and the second quarter of 2019.
We are closely monitoring the USPS next-generation delivery vehicle (“NGDV”) procurement effort, which is progressing slower than the USPS had previously expected. We are also positioning ourselves to support newly procured vehicles eventually placed in service and aging vehicles that remain in service. While it will likely be several years before the NGDV is placed in service in significant numbers, the USPS has begun some shorter-term annual vehicle acquisitions through the procurement of commercial off-the-shelf ("COTS") mass-market vehicles and the retirement of some of its aging COTS vehicles. This transition has contributed to a decline in sales to the USPS of about 2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. As the new COTS vehicles begin to age, we expect the demand for replacement parts will increase. As a matter of USPS practice, we are a provider of replacement parts for all USPS vehicle fleet assets, including the COTS vehicles. While we cannot predict with certainty the impact of the USPS NGDV procurement and concurrent retirement of older fleet assets on our future revenues, we believe that our years of service, unique
-23-

Table of Contents
knowledge of this client’s complex operational model and maintenance facility processes and procedures, and our superior performance strategically position us to continue to serve as a key vehicle fleet sustainment partner regardless of source or vintage. We expect to continue supporting USPS during its comprehensive NGDV transition, embracing emerging technologies spanning the next decade or longer.
Federal Services Group
We recently hired new leadership for our Federal Services Group as we prepare to navigate through a challenging year ahead for this group with a sharper focus on growth. The contract for our RRAD ERS program is scheduled to expire in November 2019 and our work on this program will cease. While this program has been one of our more significant revenue generators, our profit margins have been modest. In the coming year, we have other significant programs for which we will have to compete for the successor contracts.
Our Federal Services Group revenues declined in the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period of 2018 due primarily to a decrease in our FMS revenues. This decline has been partially offset by increases in revenues on other programs. This change in the mix of contract work has benefited our profit margins.
Bookings and Funded Backlog
Revenues for federal government contract work performed by our Federal Services Group depend on contract funding (“bookings”), and bookings generally occur when contract funding documentation is received. Funded contract backlog is an indicator of potential future revenue. While bookings and funded contract backlog generally result in revenue, we may occasionally have funded contract backlog that does not generate revenue due to contract expiration, reduction in work levels or de-obligation upon contract completion.
A summary of our bookings and revenues for our Federal Services Group for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and funded contract backlog as of September 30, 2019 and 2018 was as follows (in millions):

|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Bookings |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Revenues |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 252 |
Funded Contract Backlog |  | $ | 252 |  |  | $ | 345 |

We will occasionally perform contract work prior to formalizing contract funding ("risk funding"). Revenue related to work performed under risk funding is not recognized until it can be reliably estimated and its realization is probable. We recognize such revenue when the associated costs are incurred or the work is performed. We are at risk of loss for any risk funding not received. Included in our unbilled receivables are revenues recognized for which we have not received formalized funding of approximately $10.8 million and $4.7 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. We believe that we are entitled to reimbursement and expect to receive all of this funding.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
For a description of recently announced accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our consolidated financial statements, see Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements in Note 11 of the Notes to our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require us to make estimates and assumptions. See our 2018 Form 10-K for a full discussion of our critical accounting policies.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill is subject to a review for impairment at least annually. We perform an annual review of goodwill for impairment during the fourth quarter and whenever events or other changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be fully recoverable. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from the income approach and market
-24-

Table of Contents
approach. Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections are based on our estimates of revenue growth rates and operating margins, taking into consideration industry and market conditions. The discount rate used is based on a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with the characteristics of the business and the projected cash flows.
In the fourth quarter of 2018, we performed our annual goodwill impairment analysis for each of our reporting units with goodwill. The results of the impairment analysis indicated that our reporting units had fair values substantially in excess of their carrying values except for our VSE Aviation and Akimeka reporting units.
The fair value of our VSE Aviation reporting unit, within our Aviation Group, exceeded its carrying value by approximately 6%. VSE Aviation achieved its 2018 earnings projections primarily due to growth in our Singapore distribution operation. While revenues and operating income in years prior to 2018 did not meet our cash flow projections, primarily due to a decreased demand for new parts and slower than anticipated development of new business opportunities, we believe that those conditions were temporary and that the overall outlook for our VSE Aviation business remains consistent with our long-term projections. Under the income approach, we used a 13.5% discount rate (a 100 basis point increase from the discount rate used in the prior year annual analysis), a compounded annual revenue growth rate of approximately 8% over a seven-year period, and a long-term revenue growth rate of three percent in the terminal year. Our compounded annual growth rate over the seven-year period is primarily based on projected organic growth, which is corroborated by market studies related to our aviation business, and significant initiatives, including international opportunities for parts distribution. We believe the discount rate properly reflects the risks in our future cash flows assumptions including the risk that the new business opportunities take longer to develop or do not meet our expectations. Under the market approach, we estimated a fair value based on comparable companies' market multiples of revenues and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") and factored in a control premium and applied such multiples to both of VSE Aviation's historical and one-year projected revenues and EBITDA. Negative changes in the key assumptions used in the annual impairment analysis or an increase in the carrying value may result in a future impairment of this reporting unit's goodwill.
Based on the results of the annual impairment analysis performed, we have determined that VSE Aviation is at risk of a future goodwill impairment if there are future declines in our cash flow projections or if we are unsuccessful in implementing our revenue growth plans. Additionally, the fair value of VSE Aviation could be adversely affected by other market factors such as an increase in the discount rate used in the income approach or a decrease in the market multiples used in the market approach, or an increase in the carrying value of this reporting unit. We will perform our annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2019 and will perform a quantitative assessment of the fair value of our VSE Aviation reporting unit. As of September 30, 2019 our balance sheet included goodwill associated with VSE Aviation of approximately $104.5 million.
The fair value of our Akimeka reporting unit, within our Federal Services Group, exceeded its carrying value by approximately 30%. Akimeka has experienced a reduction in services performed in prior years due to a decline in services ordered by clients on contracts and a loss of work performed on expiring contracts for which the follow-on work was often awarded to small businesses as set-aside contracts. These factors have been considered in the projections used in our impairment analysis. Based on the results of our analysis, our assessment is that we remain at risk of a future goodwill impairment if there is further deterioration of projected cash flows or negative changes in market factors, such as an increase in the discount rate used in the income approach or a decrease in the market multiples used in the market approach, or an increases in carrying value of this reporting unit. We will perform our annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2019 and will perform a quantitative assessment of the fair value of our Akimeka reporting unit. The carrying value of Akimeka as of September 30, 2019 included goodwill of approximately $30.9 million.
As of September 30, 2019, we have no intangible assets with indefinite lives and we had an aggregate of approximately $259 million of goodwill associated with our acquisitions.
-25-

Table of Contents
Results of Operations
Our results of operations are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months |  | Nine months |  | Change
|  | ended September 30, |  | ended September 30, |  | Three |  | Nine
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Revenues |  | $ | 198,326 |  |  | $ | 168,931 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |  |  | $ | 516,222 |  |  | $ | 29,395 |  |  | $ | 41,134 |
Costs and operating expenses |  | 181,111 |  |  | 154,934 |  |  | 511,912 |  |  | 476,777 |  |  | 26,177 |  |  | 35,135 |
Gain on sale of contract |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | (1,700 | ) |  | (1,700 | )
Operating income |  | 17,215 |  |  | 15,697 |  |  | 45,444 |  |  | 41,145 |  |  | 1,518 |  |  | 4,299 |
Interest expense, net |  | 3,706 |  |  | 2,340 |  |  | 10,262 |  |  | 6,697 |  |  | 1,366 |  |  | 3,565 |
Income before income taxes |  | 13,509 |  |  | 13,357 |  |  | 35,182 |  |  | 34,448 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 734 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 2,982 |  |  | 3,323 |  |  | 8,154 |  |  | 8,611 |  |  | (341 | ) |  | (457 | )
Net income |  | $ | 10,527 |  |  | $ | 10,034 |  |  | $ | 27,028 |  |  | $ | 25,837 |  |  | $ | 493 |  |  | $ | 1,191 |

Our revenues increased approximately $29.4 million or 17.4% for the third quarter of 2019 and approximately $41.1 million or 8.0% for the first nine months of 2019, compared to the same periods of 2018. The change in revenues resulted primarily from an increase in revenues from our Aviation Group of approximately $25.2 million for the third quarter and approximately $61.0 million for the nine months, which include revenues from our acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace. Our Federal Services Group revenues were substantially unchanged for the third quarter and decreased approximately $18.8 million for the nine months. Our Supply Chain Management Group revenues increased approximately $3.5 million for the third quarter and decreased approximately $1.1 million for the nine months.
Costs and operating expenses consist primarily of cost of inventory and delivery of our products sold; direct costs including labor, material, and supplies used in the performance of our contract work; indirect costs associated with our direct contract costs; sales, general, and administrative expenses associated with our operating groups and corporate management; and certain costs and charges arising from nonrecurring events outside the ordinary course of business. These costs will generally increase or decrease in conjunction with our level of products sold or contract work performed. Costs and operating expenses also include expense for amortization of intangible assets acquired through our acquisitions. Expense for amortization of acquisition related intangible assets is included in the segment results in which the acquisition is included. Segment results also include expense for an allocation of corporate management costs.
Our costs and operating expenses increased approximately $26.2 million or 16.9% for the third quarter of 2019 and approximately $35.1 million or 7.4% for the nine months, compared to the same periods of 2018. Costs and operating expenses for our Federal Services Group increased for the quarter and decreased for the nine months. Costs and operating expenses for our Supply Chain Management Group increased for the quarter and were substantially unchanged for the nine months. Costs and operating expenses for our Aviation Group increased for the quarter and the nine months.
Gain on sale of contract is comprised of $1.7 million associated with the sale of an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity government-wide acquisition contract in the third quarter of 2018.
Our operating income increased approximately $1.5 million or 9.7% for the third quarter of 2019 and approximately $4.3 million or 10.4% for the first nine months of 2019 as compared to the same periods of 2018. Operating income from our Aviation Group increased for the third quarter and the first nine months of 2019. Operating income from our Federal Services Group decreased for the third quarter and increased for the first nine months of 2019. Operating income from our Supply Chain Management Group was substantially unchanged for the third quarter and decreased for the first nine months of 2019. Operating income was reduced by approximately $518 thousand for the third quarter of 2019 and approximately $2.3 million for the first nine months of 2019 due to costs associated with our CEO and Federal Services Group President successions and our acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace.
Changes in revenues, costs and operating expenses, and operating income are further discussed in the summaries of our segment results that follow.
Interest expense increased approximately $3.6 million for the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period of 2018, due primarily to an increase in our average level of bank borrowing resulting from the acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace in January 2019.
-26-

Table of Contents
Our effective tax rate was 22.1% for the third quarter and 23.2% for the first nine months of 2019, and 24.9% and 25.0% for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively. Income tax expense during interim periods is based on our estimated annual effective income tax rate plus any discrete items that are recorded in the period in which they occur. Our tax rate is affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year, but may not be consistent from year to year.
Supply Chain Management Group Results
The results of operations for our Supply Chain Management Group are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months |  | Nine months |  | Change
|  | ended September 30, |  | ended September 30, |  | Three |  | Nine
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Revenues |  | $ | 55,369 |  |  | $ | 51,834 |  |  | $ | 160,878 |  |  | $ | 161,961 |  |  | $ | 3,535 |  |  | $ | (1,083 | )
Costs and operating expenses |  | 47,526 |  |  | 44,051 |  |  | 138,490 |  |  | 138,414 |  |  | 3,475 |  |  | 76 |
Operating income |  | $ | 7,843 |  |  | $ | 7,783 |  |  | $ | 22,388 |  |  | $ | 23,547 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | (1,159 | )
Profit percentage |  | 14.2 | % |  | 15.0 | % |  | 13.9 | % |  | 14.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Revenues for our Supply Chain Management Group increased approximately $3.5 million or 6.8% for the third quarter of 2019 and decreased approximately $1.1 million or 0.7% for the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same periods of 2018. Revenues from sales to the USPS decreased approximately $700 thousand for the quarter and approximately $3.1 million or 2.4% for the nine months. Revenues from sales to DoD customers increased approximately $1.5 million for the quarter and decreased approximately $2.9 million or 13.9% for the nine months. Revenues from sales to commercial customers increased approximately $2.7 million for the quarter and approximately $5.0 million or 49% for the nine months. Costs and operating expenses increased approximately $3.5 million or 7.9% for the third quarter of 2019 and were substantially unchanged for the nine months.
Costs and operating expenses include the amortization of intangible assets associated with the acquisition of our supply chain management businesses and allocated corporate costs. Expense for amortization of intangible assets was approximately $1.9 million for the third quarter and approximately $5.8 million for the first nine months of both 2019 and 2018. Allocated corporate costs were approximately $1.5 million for the third quarter and approximately $4.7 million for the first nine months of 2019, compared to approximately $1.4 million for the third quarter and approximately $4.7 million for the first nine months of 2018.
Operating income was substantially unchanged for the third quarter of 2019 and decreased approximately $1.2 million or 4.9% for the first nine months of 2019. The decrease in operating income was primarily attributable to a decrease in DoD sales and an increase in health insurance and other administrative related expenses which was partially offset by an increase in sales to commercial customers.
Aviation Group Results
The results of operations for our Aviation Group are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months |  | Nine months |  | Change
|  | ended September 30, |  | ended September 30, |  | Three |  | Nine
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Revenues |  | $ | 59,186 |  |  | $ | 34,000 |  |  | $ | 163,553 |  |  | $ | 102,554 |  |  | $ | 25,186 |  |  | $ | 60,999 |
Costs and operating expenses |  | 52,618 |  |  | 31,816 |  |  | 148,733 |  |  | 95,263 |  |  | 20,802 |  |  | 53,470 |
Operating income |  | $ | 6,568 |  |  | $ | 2,184 |  |  | $ | 14,820 |  |  | $ | 7,291 |  |  | $ | 4,384 |  |  | $ | 7,529 |
Profit percentage |  | 11.1 | % |  | 6.4 | % |  | 9.1 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Revenues for our Aviation Group increased approximately $25.2 million, or 74.1% for the third quarter and approximately $61.0 million or 59.5% for the first nine months of 2019, compared to the same periods of 2018. The revenue increase was primarily driven by the inclusion of revenues of 1st Choice Aerospace beginning in January 2019 and from increases in parts distribution revenues in our international markets. Our 1st Choice Aerospace revenues were approximately $17.9 million for the third quarter and approximately $45.1 million for the first nine months of 2019. Costs and operating expenses increased approximately $20.8 million or 65.4% for the quarter and approximately $53.5 million or 56.1% for the nine months, due primarily to the increased revenues.
-27-

Table of Contents
Costs and operating expenses include the amortization of intangible assets associated with the acquisition of our aviation businesses and allocated corporate costs. Expense for amortization of intangible assets was approximately $2.7 million for the third quarter and approximately $8.0 million for the first nine months of 2019, compared to approximately $1.7 million for the third quarter and approximately $5.0 million for the first nine months of 2018. The increase was due to amortization associated with the acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace. Allocated corporate costs were approximately $1.6 million for the third quarter and approximately $4.8 million for the first nine months of 2019, compared to approximately $1.0 million for the third quarter and approximately $3.1 million for the first nine months of 2018.
Operating income increased approximately $4.4 million or 200.7% for the third quarter and approximately $7.5 million or 103.3% for the nine months. The increases in operating income were attributable primarily to the increases in revenues from our 1st Choice Aerospace acquisition and from parts distribution sales in both our domestic and international markets.
Federal Services Group Results
The results of operations for our Federal Services Group are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months |  | Nine months |  | Change
|  | ended September 30, |  | ended September 30, |  | Three |  | Nine
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Revenues |  | $ | 83,771 |  |  | $ | 83,097 |  |  | $ | 232,925 |  |  | $ | 251,707 |  |  | $ | 674 |  |  | $ | (18,782 | )
Costs and operating expenses |  | 79,247 |  |  | 78,611 |  |  | 219,957 |  |  | 241,137 |  |  | 636 |  |  | (21,180 | )
Gain on sale of contract |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | (1,700 | ) |  | (1,700 | )
Operating income |  | $ | 4,524 |  |  | $ | 6,186 |  |  | $ | 12,968 |  |  | $ | 12,270 |  |  | $ | (1,662 | ) |  | $ | 698 |
Profit percentage |  | 5.4 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 5.6 | % |  | 4.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Revenues for our Federal Services Group increased by $674 thousand or 0.8% for the third quarter of 2019 and decreased approximately $18.8 million or 7.5% for the first nine months of 2019 as compared to the same periods of 2018. The decrease in the nine months revenue is primarily due a reduction in work ordered by the customer on our FMS Program of $40.8 million. This decrease was offset by increased revenues of approximately $11.2 million on our U. S. Army equipment refurbishment program and $7.4 million on our Department of Justice International Asset Recovery Support Services contract due to increased work ordered by these customers and increased revenues of approximately $3.2 million on our CFT program related primarily to a task order that began in March 2018.
Costs and operating expenses increased approximately $636 thousand for the third quarter or 0.8% and decreased approximately $21.2 million or 8.8% for the nine months. The decrease in costs and operating expenses for the nine months is primarily attributable to the decreased level of work in 2019.
Gain on sale of contract for 2018 is comprised of $1.7 million associated with the sale of an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity government-wide acquisition contract in the third quarter of 2018.
Operating income decreased approximately $1.7 million or 26.9% for the third quarter and increased approximately $698 thousand or 5.7% for the nine months. The decrease in operating income for the quarter was primarily attributable to the gain on sale of contract in 2018. Revenue declines for the nine months occurred in our lower margin work, resulting in minimal loss of operating income, and we have increased operating income for this group through margin improvements on our other work.
Financial Condition
There has been no material adverse change in our financial condition in the first nine months of 2019. Changes to asset and liability accounts were due primarily to our earnings, our level of business activity, the timing of inventory purchases, contract delivery schedules, subcontractor and vendor payments required to perform our contract work, the timing of associated billings to and collections from our customers, and to our acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace.
-28-

Table of Contents
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flows
Cash and cash equivalents increased approximately $933 thousand during the first nine months of 2019.
Cash provided by operating activities increased approximately $14.0 million in the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The change was primarily attributable to an increase of approximately $8.5 million due to changes in the levels of operating assets and liabilities, an increase of approximately $4.3 million in non-cash operating activities, and an increase of approximately $1.2 million in cash provided by net income.
Our levels of inventory, accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, and accounts payable may fluctuate depending on the timing of services ordered and products sold, government funding delays, the timing of billings received from subcontractors and materials vendors, and the timing of payments received for services. Such timing differences have the potential to cause significant increases and decreases in our inventory, accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, and accounts payable balances in short time periods, and accordingly, can cause significant increases or decreases in our cash provided by operations.
Cash used in investing activities increased approximately $119.6 million in the first nine months of 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018. In 2019, we used approximately $113 million for the acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace and approximately $5 million for the purchase of an operating facility for one of our 1st Choice Aerospace locations. Other cash used in investing activities in 2019 and 2018 consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment and the sale of a contract in 2018.
Cash provided by financing activities increased approximately $106.2 million in the first nine months of 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018. Cash provided by financing activities consisted primarily of bank borrowing activities. Cash used in financing activities included payment of dividends and stock transaction taxes.
We paid cash dividends totaling approximately $2.7 million or $0.25 per share in the first nine months of 2019. Our payment of cash dividends is subject to restrictions in our loan agreement, including a restriction on the annual aggregate amount of dividends we may pay. We have paid cash dividends each year since 1973 and have increased our dividend each year since 2004.
Liquidity
Our internal sources of liquidity are primarily from operating activities, specifically from changes in our level of revenues and associated inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable, and from profitability. Significant increases or decreases in revenues and inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable can impact our liquidity. Our inventory and accounts payable levels can be affected by the timing of large strategic inventory purchases. Our accounts receivable and accounts payable levels can be affected by changes in the level of contract work we perform, by the timing of large materials purchases and subcontractor efforts used in our contracts, and by delays in the award of contractual coverage and funding and payments. Government funding delays can cause delays in our ability to invoice for revenues earned, presenting a potential negative impact on our days sales outstanding.
We also purchase property and equipment; invest in expansion, improvement, and maintenance of our operational and administrative facilities; and invest in the acquisition of other companies.
Our external financing consists of a loan agreement with a bank group that provides for a term loan, revolving loans, and letters of credit. The loan agreement, which was amended in January 2018 and expires in January 2023, has a term loan facility and a revolving loan facility. The revolving loan facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit. Our outstanding debt of approximately $268.5 million as of September 30, 2019 was net of unamortized deferred financing costs of approximately $1.7 million.
The term loan has quarterly installment payments. Our required term loan payments after September 30, 2019 are approximately $2.5 million in 2019, $11.9 million in 2020, $14.4 million in 2021, $15.0 million in 2022, and $29.5 million in 2023. The amount of term loan borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2019 was $73.3 million.
The maximum amount of credit available to us under our loan agreement for revolving loans and letters of credit as of September 30, 2019 was $300 million. We may borrow and repay the revolving loan borrowings as our cash flows require or permit. We pay an unused commitment fee and fees on letters of credit that are issued. We had $197 million in revolving loan amounts and $72 thousand in letters of credit outstanding as of September 30, 2019. The timing of certain payments made and collections received associated with our inventory, subcontractor, and materials requirements and other operating expenses can cause fluctuations in our
-29-

Table of Contents
outstanding revolving loan amounts. Delays in government funding of our work performed can also cause additional borrowing requirements.
Under our loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or a combination of both facilities, up to an aggregate additional amount of $100 million.
We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. As of September 30, 2019, the LIBOR base margin was 2.50% and the base rate base margin was 1.25%. The base margins increase or decrease in steps as our Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio increases or decreases, respectively.
Our loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan for the first three years after the date of the amendment. We have executed compliant interest rate hedges. As of September 30, 2019, interest rates on portions of our outstanding debt ranged from 4.53% to 6.25% and the effective interest rate on our aggregate outstanding debt was 4.91%.
Our loan agreement contains collateral requirements to secure our loan obligations, restrictive covenants, a limit on annual dividends, and other affirmative and negative covenants, conditions and limitations. Restrictive covenants include a maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio and a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio. We were in compliance with the financial covenants and other terms and conditions at September 30, 2019.

|  | Maximum Ratio |  | Actual Ratio
Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio |  | 3.50 to 1 |  | 3.13 to 1

|  | Minimum Ratio |  | Actual Ratio
Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio |  | 1.20 to 1 |  | 3.03 to 1

We currently do not use public debt security financing.
Inflation and Pricing
Most of our contracts under which services are performed for the government provide for estimates of future labor costs to be escalated for any option periods, while the non-labor costs in our contracts are normally considered reimbursable at cost. Our property and equipment consists principally of land, buildings and improvements, shop and warehouse equipment, computer systems equipment, and furniture and fixtures. We do not expect the overall impact of inflation on replacement costs of our property and equipment to be material to our future results of operations or financial condition.
Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rates
Our bank loan agreement provides available borrowing to us at variable interest rates. Accordingly, future interest rate changes could potentially put us at risk for a material adverse impact on future earnings and cash flows. To mitigate the risks associated with future interest rate movements we have employed interest rate hedges to fix the rate on a portion of our outstanding borrowings for various periods.
In February 2018, we entered into a LIBOR based interest rate swap on our term loan for a term of three years with a notional amount of $10 million for the first year and $50 million for the second and third years. We pay an effective interest rate of 2.54% plus our base margin on the debt matched to this swap. In February 2019, we entered into a LIBOR based interest rate swap on our revolving loan for a term of three years with a notional amount of $75 million. This swap amount decreases in increments on an annual basis to $45 million for the second year and to $25 million for the third year. We pay an effective interest rate of 2.805% plus our base margin on the debt matched to it.
-30-

Table of Contents
VSE CORPORATIONS AND SUBSIDIARIES
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks
See "Disclosures About Market Risk" in Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, based on management's evaluation, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")), our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
In connection with our 1st Choice Aerospace acquisition, certain areas of internal control over financial reporting changed. These areas are primarily related to integrating our corporate functions such as entity level controls and certain financial reporting controls. Certain control structure items remain in operation at 1st Choice Aerospace, primarily related to information technology, inventory management, human resources, processing and billing of revenues, and collection of those revenues. The control structure at 1st Choice Aerospace has been modified to appropriately oversee and incorporate these activities into the overall control structure. We will continue to evaluate the need for additional internal controls over financial reporting.
There were no additional changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our third quarter of fiscal 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Currently, we are involved in legal proceedings, including as disclosed in Item 1. "Legal Proceedings" of Part II of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, as filed with the SEC on May 3, 2019. For a discussion of contingencies related to legal proceedings, see Note 6 of the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
We did not purchase any of our equity securities during the period covered by this report.
VSE's loan agreement prohibits VSE from paying cash dividends, except that if there is no event of default, no act, event or condition that would constitute an event of default with the giving of notice or the passage of time, or both, and no covenant breach would occur giving effect to the payment of the dividend, VSE may pay cash dividends that do not exceed $6 million in the aggregate in any fiscal year.
-31-

Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits |  |
Exhibit 31.1 |  | Section 302 CEO Certification
Exhibit 31.2 |  | Section 302 CFO and PAO Certification
Exhibit 32.1 |  | Section 906 CEO Certification
Exhibit 32.2 |  | Section 906 CFO and PAO Certification
Exhibit 101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
Exhibit 101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
Exhibit 101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, VSE has omitted all other items contained in "Part II. Other Information" because such other items are not applicable or are not required if the answer is negative or because the information required to be reported therein has been previously reported.
-32-

Table of Contents
VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | VSE CORPORATION
Date: | October 31, 2019 | By: | /s/ John A. Cuomo
|  |  | John A. Cuomo
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer and President
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: | October 31, 2019 | By: | /s/ Thomas R. Loftus
|  |  | Thomas R. Loftus
|  |  | Executive Vice President and
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

-33-