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Stock-Based Compensation Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation Plans | Stock-Based Compensation Plans In 2006, our stockholders approved the VSE Corporation 2006 Restricted Stock Plan for VSE's directors, officers and other employees (the "2006 Plan"). In May 2014, the stockholders approved amendments to the 2006 Plan extending its term until May 6, 2021 and authorizing an additional 500,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under the 2006 Plan. Under the 2006 Plan, we are authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock and, as of December 31, 2019, 310,086 shares remained available for issuance under the 2006 Plan. The Compensation Committee is responsible for the administration of the 2006 Plan and determines each recipient of an award under the 2006 Plan, the number of restricted shares of common stock subject to such award and the period of continued employment required for the vesting of such award. These terms are included in award agreements between VSE and the recipients of the award. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, non-employee directors were awarded 18,900, 11,200 and 16,100 shares of restricted stock, respectively, under the 2006 Plan. The weighted average grant-date fair value of these restricted stock grants was $31.58 per share, $49.38 per share, and $39.85 per share for the shares awarded in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The shares issued vested immediately and, without the Compensation Committee's approval, cannot be sold, transferred, pledged or assigned before the second anniversary of the grant date. Compensation expense related to these grants was approximately $597 thousand, $553 thousand and $642 thousand during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In January of every year since 2007, we have notified certain employees that they are eligible to receive awards of VSE stock under our 2006 Plan, based on our financial performance for the respective fiscal years. These restricted stock awards vest ratably over three years and are expensed on an accelerated basis over the vesting period of approximately three years. Upon issuance of shares on each vesting date, the liability is reduced and additional paid-in capital is increased. The date of award determination is expected to be in March 2020 for the 2019 awards. The date of award determination for the 2018 awards and the 2017 awards was March 2, 2019 and March 1, 2018, respectively. On each vesting date, 100% of the vested award is paid in our shares. The number of shares issued is based on the fair market value of our common stock on the vesting date. On March 2, 2019, the employees eligible for the 2018 awards, 2017 awards and 2016 awards received a total of 44,839 shares of common stock. The grant-date fair value of these awards was $34.84 per share. In April 2019, upon the resignation of our CEO, President and Chief Operating Officer, we awarded to him 20,348 shares of restricted VSE common stock under the 2006 Plan. The grant-date fair value of this award was $30.66 per share. We paid approximately $267 thousand to cover the personal tax liability related to this award. The shares issued vested immediately and cannot be sold, transferred, pledged or assigned before the second anniversary of the grant date. Compensation expense related to this award was approximately $736 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019. The total stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in thousands):
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Employees | $ | 2,667 |  |  | $ | 2,332 |  |  | $ | 2,416 |
Non-employee Directors | 597 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 642 |
Total | $ | 3,264 |  |  | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | 3,058 |
Employees are permitted to use a certain number of shares of restricted stock to cover their personal tax liability for restricted stock awards. We paid approximately $688 thousand, $641 thousand and $500 thousand, to cover this liability in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These payments are classified as financing cash flows on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The total compensation cost related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was approximately $873 thousand with a weighted average amortization period of 1.8 years and $1.5 million with a weighted average amortization period of 1.8 years as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Stock-based compensation consisting of restricted stock awards was included in costs and operating expenses and provision for income taxes on the accompanying statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Stock-based compensation included in costs and operating expenses | $ | 3,264 |  |  | $ | 3,027 |  |  | $ | 3,068 |
Income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation | (663 | ) |  | (755 | ) |  | (1,180 | )
Stock-based compensation expense, net of income tax benefit | $ | 2,601 |  |  | $ | 2,272 |  |  | $ | 1,888 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for share-based payment arrangement. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 + Details
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