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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |
☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from _____ to _____
Commission File Number: 000-03676
VSE CORPORATION
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware |  |  |  | 54-0649263
(State or Other Jurisdiction of |  |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization) |  |  |  | Identification No.)

6348 Walker Lane |  |  |  |
Alexandria, | Virginia |  |  |  | 22310
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  |  |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (703) 960-4600
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.05 per share |  | VSEC |  | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filer and large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transaction period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
Number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of October 22, 2020: 11,050,996

| TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|  | Page
PART I |  |
ITEM 1. | Financial Statements |
| Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 | 5
| Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended S eptember 30, 2020 and 2019 | 6
| Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 | 7
| Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 | 8
| Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 | 10
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 11
ITEM 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
ITEM 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks | 39
ITEM 4. | Controls and Procedures | 39
PART II |  |
ITEM 1. | Legal Proceedings | 39
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors | 39
ITEM 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 39
ITEM 6. | Exhibits | 40
Signatures |  | 41

-3-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Forward Looking Statements
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) contains statements that, to the extent they are not recitations of historical fact, constitute "forward looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All such statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and includes this statement for purposes of such safe harbor provisions.
“Forward-looking” statements, as such term is defined by the Securities Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) in its rules, regulations and releases, represent our expectations or beliefs, including, but not limited to, statements concerning our operations, economic performance, financial condition, the impact of widespread health developments, such as the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, the health and economic impact thereof and the governmental, commercial, consumer and other responses thereto, growth and acquisition strategies, investments and future operational plans. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “forecast,” “seek,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “could,” “estimate,” “might,” “continue,” “seeking” or the negative or other variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements, by their nature, involve substantial risks and uncertainties, certain of which are beyond our control, and actual results may differ materially depending on a variety of important factors, including, but not limited to, those identified elsewhere in this document, including in Item 1A, Risk Factors, Item 2, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, as well as with respect to the risks described in Item 1A, Risk Factors, to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on March 9, 2020 (“2019 Form 10-K). All forward-looking statements made herein are qualified by these cautionary statements and risk factors and there can be no assurance that the actual results, events or developments referenced herein will occur or be realized.
Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward looking-statements, which reflect management's analysis only as of the date hereof. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur or arise after the date hereof.
-4-

Table of Contents
PART I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands except share and per share amounts)

| September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | 734 |
Receivables, net | 59,135 |  |  | 70,630 |
Unbilled receivables, net | 26,953 |  |  | 46,279 |
Inventories, net | 230,816 |  |  | 218,627 |
Other current assets | 24,874 |  |  | 19,071 |
Total current assets | 342,329 |  |  | 355,341 |
Property and equipment, net | 36,264 |  |  | 43,465 |
Intangible assets, net | 107,754 |  |  | 132,175 |
Goodwill | 238,126 |  |  | 276,450 |
Operating lease - right-of-use assets | 21,399 |  |  | 20,943 |
Other assets | 24,759 |  |  | 17,490 |
Total assets | $ | 770,631 |  |  | $ | 845,864 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 19,441 |  |  | $ | 16,883 |
Accounts payable | 63,011 |  |  | 68,099 |
Current portion of earn-out obligation | 1,905 |  |  | 31,700 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 48,746 |  |  | 46,514 |
Dividends payable | 994 |  |  | 987 |
Total current liabilities | 134,097 |  |  | 164,183 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | 230,580 |  |  | 253,128 |
Deferred compensation | 18,905 |  |  | 18,146 |
Long-term operating lease obligations | 24,136 |  |  | 24,441 |
Earn-out obligation, less current portion | — |  |  | 5,000 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 12,456 |  |  | 17,865 |
Total liabilities | 420,174 |  |  | 482,763 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.05 per share, authorized 15,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 11,043,246 and 10,970,123, respectively | 552 |  |  | 549 |
Additional paid-in capital | 31,494 |  |  | 29,411 |
Retained earnings | 320,080 |  |  | 334,246 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,669) |  |  | (1,105) |
Total stockholders' equity | 350,457 |  |  | 363,101 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 770,631 |  |  | $ | 845,864 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-5-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)
(in thousands except share and per share amounts)

|  | For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | $ | 80,942 |  |  | $ | 79,467 |  |  | $ | 243,031 |  |  | $ | 230,167 |
Services |  | 84,563 |  |  | 118,859 |  |  | 268,607 |  |  | 327,189 |
Total revenues |  | 165,505 |  |  | 198,326 |  |  | 511,638 |  |  | 557,356 |
Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | 72,526 |  |  | 67,675 |  |  | 214,575 |  |  | 195,788 |
Services |  | 73,751 |  |  | 107,881 |  |  | 238,441 |  |  | 298,228 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 885 |  |  | 541 |  |  | 2,428 |  |  | 2,911 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 4,158 |  |  | 5,014 |  |  | 13,345 |  |  | 14,985 |
Total costs and operating expenses |  | 151,320 |  |  | 181,111 |  |  | 468,789 |  |  | 511,912 |
|  | 14,185 |  |  | 17,215 |  |  | 42,849 |  |  | 45,444 |
Loss on sale of a business entity and certain assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,214) |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of property |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | — |
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,734) |  |  | — |
Operating income |  | 14,185 |  |  | 17,215 |  |  | 2,009 |  |  | 45,444 |
Interest expense, net |  | 3,530 |  |  | 3,706 |  |  | 10,088 |  |  | 10,262 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 10,655 |  |  | 13,509 |  |  | (8,079) |  |  | 35,182 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 2,547 |  |  | 2,982 |  |  | 3,105 |  |  | 8,154 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 8,108 |  |  | $ | 10,527 |  |  | $ | (11,184) |  |  | $ | 27,028 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | $ | (1.01) |  |  | $ | 2.47 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |  | 11,043,246 |  |  | 10,970,123 |  |  | 11,028,283 |  |  | 10,953,581 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.95 |  |  | $ | (1.01) |  |  | $ | 2.45 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding |  | 11,100,356 |  |  | 11,060,081 |  |  | 11,028,283 |  |  | 11,035,951 |
Dividends declared per share |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-6-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in thousands)

|  | For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 8,108 |  |  | $ | 10,527 |  |  | $ | (11,184) |  |  | $ | 27,028 |
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax |  | 388 |  |  | (16) |  |  | (564) |  |  | (1,437) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 388 |  |  | (16) |  |  | (564) |  |  | (1,437) |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 8,496 |  |  | $ | 10,511 |  |  | $ | (11,748) |  |  | $ | 25,591 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-7-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(in thousands except per share data)

| Three months ended September 30, 2020
|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at June 30, 2020 | 11,043 |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | 31,494 |  |  | $ | 312,965 |  |  | $ | (2,057) |  |  | $ | 342,954 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,108 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,108 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 388 |  |  | 388 |
Dividends declared ($0.09 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (993) |  |  | — |  |  | (993) |
Balance at September 30, 2020 | 11,043 |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | 31,494 |  |  | $ | 320,080 |  |  | $ | (1,669) |  |  | $ | 350,457 |

| Three months ended September 30, 2019
|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 10,970 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 29,411 |  |  | $ | 317,652 |  |  | $ | (1,275) |  |  | $ | 346,337 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,527 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,527 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | (16) |
Dividends declared ($0.09 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (988) |  |  | — |  |  | (988) |
Balance at September 30, 2019 | 10,970 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 29,411 |  |  | $ | 327,191 |  |  | $ | (1,291) |  |  | $ | 355,860 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-8-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (continued)
(in thousands except per share data)

| Nine months ended September 30, 2020
|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 10,970 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 29,411 |  |  | $ | 334,246 |  |  | $ | (1,105) |  |  | $ | 363,101 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,184) |  |  | — |  |  | (11,184) |
Stock-based compensation | 73 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2,083 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,086 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (564) |  |  | (564) |
Dividends declared ($0.27 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,982) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,982) |
Balance at September 30, 2020 | 11,043 |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | 31,494 |  |  | $ | 320,080 |  |  | $ | (1,669) |  |  | $ | 350,457 |

| Nine months ended September 30, 2019
|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 10,886 |  |  | $ | 544 |  |  | $ | 26,632 |  |  | $ | 301,073 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 328,395 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-02, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,944 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,028 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,028 |
Stock-based compensation | 84 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,779 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,784 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,437) |  |  | (1,437) |
Dividends declared ($0.26 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,854) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,854) |
Balance at September 30, 2019 | 10,970 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 29,411 |  |  | $ | 327,191 |  |  | $ | (1,291) |  |  | $ | 355,860 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-9-

Table of Contents
VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)

|  | For the nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (11,184) |  |  | $ | 27,028 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 18,213 |  |  | 20,622 |
Deferred taxes |  | (2,089) |  |  | (1,230) |
Stock-based compensation |  | 1,723 |  |  | 2,592 |
Loss on sale of a business entity and certain assets |  | 8,214 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of property and equipment |  | (928) |  |  | — |
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment |  | 33,734 |  |  | — |
Earn-out obligation fair value adjustment |  | (3,094) |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of impact of acquisitions: |  |  |  |
Receivables |  | 4,068 |  |  | (2,380) |
Unbilled receivables |  | 15,099 |  |  | (12,896) |
Inventories |  | (27,566) |  |  | (29,540) |
Other current assets and noncurrent assets |  | (2,119) |  |  | (481) |
Accounts payable and deferred compensation |  | (3,290) |  |  | 11,793 |
Accrued expenses and other current and noncurrent liabilities |  | 4,454 |  |  | 1,931 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 35,235 |  |  | 17,439 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (2,956) |  |  | (7,689) |
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment |  | 2,847 |  |  | 4 |
Proceeds from the sale of a business entity and certain assets |  | 20,753 |  |  | — |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | — |  |  | (112,660) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | 20,644 |  |  | (120,345) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Borrowings on loan agreement |  | 340,679 |  |  | 382,501 |
Repayments on loan agreement |  | (360,794) |  |  | (274,969) |
Earn-out obligation payments |  | (31,701) |  |  | — |
Payment of debt financing costs |  | (636) |  |  | — |
Payments of taxes for equity transactions |  | (635) |  |  | (955) |
Dividends paid |  | (2,975) |  |  | (2,738) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (56,062) |  |  | 103,839 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (183) |  |  | 933 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 734 |  |  | 162 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | 1,095 |

Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |
Notes receivable from the sale of a business entity and certain assets |  | $ | 13,129 |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
-10-

VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2020
Table of Contents
(1) Basis of Presentation
Our accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to SEC Form 10-Q and Article 10 of SEC Regulation S-X. Therefore, such financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in our 2019 Form 10-K. In our opinion, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates affecting the financial statements include accruals for contract disallowance reserves, award fee revenues, costs to complete on fixed price contracts, recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets, and earn-out obligations.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease, known as COVID-19, as a global pandemic. The pandemic and the containment and mitigation efforts by governments to attempt to control its spread created uncertainties and disruptions in the economic and financial markets. The pandemic triggered a decline in demand for our Aviation segment products and services beginning with the second quarter of 2020 and continuing through the end of the third quarter of 2020. This decrease in demand adversely impacted our operating results for the first nine months of 2020. Although demand has improved during the third quarter compared to the second quarter of 2020, it remains below the prior year. The impact of COVID-19 on us is evolving and its future effects are highly uncertain and unpredictable. We are closely monitoring the effects and risks of COVID-19 to assess its impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In April 2020, we completed a cost reduction plan which included a reduction in workforce. We maintain a robust continuity plan to adequately respond to situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, including a framework for remote work arrangements, in order to effectively maintain operations, including financial reporting systems, internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior periods' financial information in order to conform to the current period's presentation, which include reclassification of products and services revenue and the renaming of our three operating segments as further described in Note (8) "Business Segments and Customer Information." These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2018-13, Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates certain disclosures related to transfers and the valuation process, modifies disclosures for investments that are valued based on net asset value, clarifies the measurement uncertainty disclosure, and requires additional disclosures for Level 3 fair value measurements. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. We adopted ASU 2018-13 in the first quarter of 2020. The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which clarifies the accounting for implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. We adopted ASU 2018-15 in the first quarter of 2020 and applied the standard prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
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In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which changes the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and certain other instruments, including trade receivables and contract assets. The new standard replaces the current incurred loss model for measurement of credit losses on financial assets with a forward-looking expected loss model based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We adopted the standard in the first quarter of 2020 using the modified-retrospective approach, which requires the standard to be applied on a prospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period in which the guidance is effective. Upon adoption, we did not record an adjustment to opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2020 because the adoption did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
(2) Acquisition
On January 10, 2019, our wholly owned subsidiary VSE Aviation, Inc. ("VSE Aviation") acquired 100% of the equity of 1st Choice Aerospace Inc. ("1st Choice Aerospace"), a provider of maintenance, repair and overhaul ("MRO") services and products for new generation and legacy commercial aircraft. 1st Choice Aerospace has operations in Florida and Kentucky. We retained key members of 1st Choice Aerospace's management team under three-year employment contracts with five-year non-compete covenants.
In connection with the acquisition, the total consideration included required earn-out payments of up to $40 million if 1st Choice Aerospace met certain financial targets during 2019 and 2020. In January 2020, we made a payment of approximately $31.7 million to satisfy the earn-out payment for the 2019 performance year. Included in earn-out obligation on our September 30, 2020 balance sheet is approximately $1.9 million classified as the current portion of earn-out obligation, which represents the fair value of such earn-out obligation for the 2020 performance year. Changes in the fair value of the earn-out obligations are recognized in earnings in the period of change through settlement.
(3) Divestiture
Prime Turbines Sale
On January 28, 2020, VSE’s subsidiary VSE Aviation, Inc. entered into two definitive agreements to sell (1) Prime Turbines LLC ("Prime Turbines") and (2) certain related inventory assets to PTB Holdings USA, LLC ("PTB"). The transaction was completed on February 26, 2020 with cash proceeds of $20.0 million, including final working capital adjustments, and a note receivable of $8.3 million received as consideration.
Prime Turbines is a provider of turboprop aircraft engine repair, maintenance and overhaul, including for Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A and PT6T series engines. Prime Turbines was included in our Aviation segment.
The divestiture of Prime Turbines does not have a major effect on our operations and financial results, and therefore does not qualify for reporting as a discontinued operation.
As a result of the sale of the business and inventory, we derecognized the assets and liabilities of Prime Turbines and recorded a $7.5 million loss in the first quarter of 2020 which is reflected within loss on sale of a business entity and certain assets in the consolidated statements of income. The note receivable from PTB of $5.1 million and $1.4 million is included in other assets, and other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020, respectively, which represents the present value of the consideration to be received with an imputed interest rate discount.
CT Aerospace Asset Sale
On June 26, 2020, VSE's subsidiary VSE Aviation, Inc. entered into an asset purchase agreement to sell CT Aerospace, LLC ("CT Aerospace") inventory and certain assets to Legacy Turbines, LLC ("Legacy Turbines") for $6.9 million, with a note receivable received as consideration. As a result of the sale, we recorded a $678 thousand loss in the second quarter of 2020 which is reflected within loss on sale of a business entity and certain assets in the consolidated statements of income. The note receivable from Legacy Turbines of $6.7 million, net of a variable discount of $275 thousand, is included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020.
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(4) Revenue
Disaggregated Revenue
Our revenues are derived from contract services performed for the United States Department of Defense ("DoD") agencies or federal civilian agencies and from the delivery of products to our customers. Our customers also include various other government agencies and commercial clients.
A summary of revenues for our operating segments by customer for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2020
|  | Aviation |  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Total
DoD |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 7,275 |  |  | $ | 49,556 |  |  | $ | 56,935 |
Other government |  | 39 |  |  | 43,973 |  |  | 15,584 |  |  | 59,596 |
Commercial |  | 36,075 |  |  | 12,471 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 48,974 |
|  | $ | 36,218 |  |  | $ | 63,719 |  |  | $ | 65,568 |  |  | $ | 165,505 |

|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2020
|  | Aviation |  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Total
DoD |  | $ | 941 |  |  | $ | 16,937 |  |  | $ | 168,078 |  |  | $ | 185,956 |
Other government |  | 283 |  |  | 141,390 |  |  | 27,579 |  |  | 169,252 |
Commercial |  | 125,295 |  |  | 29,818 |  |  | 1,317 |  |  | 156,430 |
|  | $ | 126,519 |  |  | $ | 188,145 |  |  | $ | 196,974 |  |  | $ | 511,638 |

A summary of revenues for our operating segments by customer for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2019
|  | Aviation |  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Total
DoD |  | $ | 1,613 |  |  | $ | 6,935 |  |  | $ | 76,505 |  |  | $ | 85,053 |
Other government |  | 734 |  |  | 42,419 |  |  | 7,266 |  |  | 50,419 |
Commercial |  | 56,839 |  |  | 6,015 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,854 |
|  | $ | 59,186 |  |  | $ | 55,369 |  |  | $ | 83,771 |  |  | $ | 198,326 |

|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2019
|  | Aviation |  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Total
DoD |  | $ | 2,768 |  |  | $ | 18,238 |  |  | $ | 201,828 |  |  | $ | 222,834 |
Other government |  | 1,385 |  |  | 127,555 |  |  | 29,993 |  |  | 158,933 |
Commercial |  | 159,400 |  |  | 15,085 |  |  | 1,104 |  |  | 175,589 |
|  | $ | 163,553 |  |  | $ | 160,878 |  |  | $ | 232,925 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |

We changed our disaggregated revenue by type presentation below in the first quarter of 2020 to better align with our operating segments. Revenues from our Aviation and Fleet segment are derived from repair and distribution services primarily through shorter term purchase orders from customers. Our Federal and Defense segment's revenue results from services provided on longer term contracts, including cost plus, fixed price and time and materials contract types. This change provides a clearer
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picture of the nature of each segment's contractual arrangements, how revenues derived from those contracts are affected by economic factors, and underlying performance trends impacting each segment. Additionally, the presentation is more in-line with how each segments' results are evaluated by our Chief Executive Officer in deciding how to allocate resources and evaluate performance.
The change in disaggregated revenue presentation did not result in any changes in our reported segments and had no effect on the reported results of operations.
A summary of revenues by type and operating segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2020
|  | Aviation |  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Total
Repair |  | $ | 17,280 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,280 |
Distribution |  | 18,938 |  |  | 63,719 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,657 |
Cost Plus Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,194 |  |  | 18,194 |
Fixed Price Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,937 |  |  | 32,937 |
T&M Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,437 |  |  | 14,437 |
Total |  | $ | 36,218 |  |  | $ | 63,719 |  |  | $ | 65,568 |  |  | $ | 165,505 |

|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2020
|  | Aviation |  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Total
Repair |  | $ | 66,936 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,936 |
Distribution |  | 59,583 |  |  | 188,145 |  |  | — |  |  | 247,728 |
Cost Plus Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,182 |  |  | 61,182 |
Fixed Price Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107,932 |  |  | 107,932 |
T&M Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,860 |  |  | 27,860 |
Total |  | $ | 126,519 |  |  | $ | 188,145 |  |  | $ | 196,974 |  |  | $ | 511,638 |

A summary of revenues by type and operating segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2019
|  | Aviation |  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Total
Repair |  | $ | 32,603 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,603 |
Distribution |  | 26,583 |  |  | 55,369 |  |  | — |  |  | 81,952 |
Cost Plus Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,691 |  |  | 41,691 |
Fixed Price Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,078 |  |  | 19,078 |
T&M Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,002 |  |  | 23,002 |
Total |  | $ | 59,186 |  |  | $ | 55,369 |  |  | $ | 83,771 |  |  | $ | 198,326 |

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|  | Nine months ended September 30, 2019
|  | Aviation |  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Total
Repair |  | $ | 87,597 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,597 |
Distribution |  | 75,956 |  |  | 160,878 |  |  | — |  |  | 236,834 |
Cost Plus Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103,027 |  |  | 103,027 |
Fixed Price Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58,098 |  |  | 58,098 |
T&M Contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71,800 |  |  | 71,800 |
Total |  | $ | 163,553 |  |  | $ | 160,878 |  |  | $ | 232,925 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |

Contract Balances
Billed receivables, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and contract liabilities are the results of revenue recognition, customer billing, and timing of payment receipts. Billed receivables, net, represent unconditional rights to consideration under the terms of the contract and include amounts billed and currently due from our customers. Unbilled receivables represent our right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that we have transferred to the customer prior to us having the right to payment for such goods or services. Contract liabilities are recorded when customers remit contractual cash payments in advance of us satisfying related performance obligations under contractual arrangements, including those with performance obligations to be satisfied over a period of time.
We present our unbilled receivables and contract liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis. If a contract liability exists, it is netted against the unbilled receivables balance for that contract. Unbilled receivables decreased from $46.3 million at December 31, 2019 to $27.0 million at September 30, 2020, primarily due to the billing of our customers in excess of revenue recognized as performance obligations were satisfied. Contract liabilities, which are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet, increased from $5.0 million at December 31, 2019 to $10.4 million at September 30, 2020, primarily due to advance payments received in excess of revenue recognized. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, we recognized revenue that was previously included in the beginning balance of contract liabilities of $2.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively.
Performance Obligations
Our performance obligations are satisfied either at a point in time or over time as work progresses. The majority of our revenue recognized at a point in time is for the sale of vehicle and aircraft parts in our Fleet and Aviation segments. Revenues from products and services transferred to customers at a point in time accounted for approximately 50% of our revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 43% of our revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. Revenues from products and services transferred to customers over time accounted for approximately 50% of our revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 57% of our revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily related to revenues in our Federal and Defense segment and repair services in our Aviation segment.
As of September 30, 2020, the aggregate amount of transaction prices allocated to unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations was $177 million. Performance obligations expected to be satisfied within one year and greater than one year are 90% and 10%, respectively. We have applied the practical expedient for certain parts sales and MRO services to exclude the amount of remaining performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected term of one year or less or (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice for services performed.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods was not material.
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(5) Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Bank credit facility - term loan | $ | 92,675 |  |  | $ | 120,800 |
Bank credit facility - revolver loans | 160,010 |  |  | 152,000 |
Principal amount of long-term debt | 252,685 |  |  | 272,800 |
Less debt issuance costs | (2,664) |  |  | (2,789) |
Total long-term debt | 250,021 |  |  | 270,011 |
Less current portion | (19,441) |  |  | (16,883) |
Long-term debt, less current portion | $ | 230,580 |  |  | $ | 253,128 |

We have a loan agreement with a group of banks that expires in January 2023. We borrow amounts under the loan agreement to provide working capital support, fund letters of credit and finance acquisitions. The loan agreement includes term and revolving loan facilities. The revolving loan facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit. In June 2020, we amended the loan agreement to provide increased covenant flexibility in response to changes in financial operating performance resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Financing costs associated with the loan agreement amendment of approximately $636 thousand were capitalized and are being amortized over the remaining term of the loan. The fair value of outstanding debt as of September 30, 2020 under our bank loan facilities approximates its carrying value using Level 2 inputs based on market data on companies with a corporate rating similar to ours that have recently priced credit facilities.
Our required term and revolver loan payments after September 30, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

2020 |  | 4,688 |
2021 |  | 21,562 |
2022 |  | 22,500 |
2023* |  | 203,935 |
Total |  | $ | 252,685 |

*Includes the revolver loan required payment of $160.0 million.
The maximum amount of credit available under the loan agreement for revolving loans and letters of credit as of September 30, 2020 was $350 million. We pay an unused commitment fee and fees on letters of credit that are issued. We had no letters of credit outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and $54 thousand in letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2019.
Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or both facilities, up to an aggregate additional amount of $100 million.
We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. As of September 30, 2020, the LIBOR base margin was 3.00% and the base rate base margin was 1.75%. The base margins increase or decrease in increments as our Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio increases or decreases.
The loan agreement requires interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan until February 6, 2021. We have executed compliant interest rate hedges. The amount of our debt with interest rate swap agreements was $145 million and $125 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
After taking into account the impact of interest rate swap agreements, as of September 30, 2020, interest rates on portions of our outstanding debt ranged from 3.75% to 6.31%, and the effective interest rate on our aggregate outstanding debt was 4.82%.
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Interest expense incurred on bank loan borrowings and interest rate hedges was approximately $3.2 million and $3.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $9.5 million and $9.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The loan agreement contains collateral requirements to secure our loan agreement obligations, restrictive covenants, a limit on annual dividends, and other affirmative and negative covenants, conditions, and limitations. The restrictive covenants include a maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio and a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio. We were in compliance with required ratios and other terms and conditions as of September 30, 2020.
(6) Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Shares issued during the period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. Our calculation of diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effects for an assumed vesting of restricted stock awards. The antidilutive common stock equivalents excluded from the diluted per share calculation are not material.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 11,043,246 |  |  | 10,970,123 |  |  | 11,028,283 |  |  | 10,953,581 |
Effect of dilutive shares |  | 57,110 |  |  | 89,958 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,370 |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 11,100,356 |  |  | 11,060,081 |  |  | 11,028,283 |  |  | 11,035,951 |

(7) Commitments and Contingencies
Contingencies
We may have certain claims in the normal course of business, including legal proceedings, against us and against other parties. In our opinion, the resolution of these claims will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. However, because the results of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated.
Further, from time-to-time, government agencies investigate whether our operations are being conducted in accordance with applicable contractual and regulatory requirements. Government investigations of us, whether relating to government contracts or conducted for other reasons, could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities, including repayments, fines or penalties being imposed upon us, or could lead to suspension or debarment from future government contracting. Government investigations often take years to complete and many result in no adverse action against us. We believe, based upon current information, that the outcome of any such government disputes and investigations will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
(8) Business Segments and Customer Information
Business Segments
The following business segments names were changed effective January 1, 2020 as indicated below. The organization and financial reporting structure was not impacted by this change.
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Management of our business operations is conducted under three reportable operating segments:
Aviation – Distribution and Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul ("MRO") Services
Our Aviation segment (formerly Aviation Group) provides aftermarket repair and distribution services to commercial, cargo, business and general aviation, military and defense, and rotorcraft customers globally. Core services include parts distribution, engine accessory maintenance, MRO services, rotable exchange and supply chain services.
Fleet – Distribution and Fleet Services
Our Fleet segment (formerly Supply Chain Management Group) provides parts, inventory management, e-commerce fulfillment, logistics, supply chain support and other services to support the commercial aftermarket medium- and heavy-duty truck market, the United States Postal Service ("USPS"), and the United States Department of Defense ("DoD"). Core services include vehicle parts distribution, sourcing, IT solutions, customized fleet logistics, warehousing, kitting, just-in-time supply chain management, alternative product sourcing, and engineering and technical support.
Federal and Defense – Logistics and Sustainment Services
Our Federal and Defense segment (formerly Federal Services Group) provides aftermarket MRO and logistics services to improve operational readiness and extend the life cycle of military vehicles, ships and aircraft for the DoD, federal agencies and international defense customers. Core services include base operations support; procurement; supply chain management; vehicle, maritime and aircraft sustainment services; IT services and energy consulting.
The operating segments reported below are our segments for which separate financial information is available and for which segment results are evaluated regularly by our Chief Executive Officer in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. We evaluate segment performance based on consolidated revenues and operating income. Net sales of our business segments exclude intersegment sales as these activities are eliminated in consolidation. Our segment information is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aviation |  | $ | 36,218 |  |  | $ | 59,186 |  |  | $ | 126,519 |  |  | $ | 163,553 |
Fleet |  | 63,719 |  |  | 55,369 |  |  | 188,145 |  |  | 160,878 |
Federal and Defense |  | 65,568 |  |  | 83,771 |  |  | 196,974 |  |  | 232,925 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 165,505 |  |  | $ | 198,326 |  |  | $ | 511,638 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |
Operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aviation |  | $ | 1,586 |  |  | $ | 6,568 |  |  | $ | (34,680) |  |  | $ | 14,820 |
Fleet |  | 6,589 |  |  | 7,843 |  |  | 20,509 |  |  | 22,388 |
Federal and Defense |  | 6,746 |  |  | 4,524 |  |  | 18,441 |  |  | 12,968 |
Corporate/unallocated expenses |  | (736) |  |  | (1,720) |  |  | (2,261) |  |  | (4,732) |
Operating income |  | $ | 14,185 |  |  | $ | 17,215 |  |  | $ | 2,009 |  |  | $ | 45,444 |

Aviation segment operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was reduced by $8.2 million as a result of the loss on the sale of our Prime Turbines subsidiary and certain related inventory assets in the first quarter of 2020 plus the loss on CT Aerospace inventory sale in the second quarter of 2020 and by the goodwill and intangible asset impairment loss of $33.7 million in the second quarter of 2020. The decreases were offset by a gain of $1.1 million realized upon the completion of a sale-leaseback transaction for a property we owned in Miami, Florida during the first quarter of 2020.
In the first quarter of 2020, we closed on a sale-leaseback agreement involving land and an office building utilized by our Aviation segment to conduct operations in Miami, Florida. Under the agreement, the land and building, with a net book value of $1.3 million was sold for a sale price of $2.6 million and leased back under a 6-year term operating lease commencing upon the closing of the transaction. The lease provides us with an option to extend the lease upon the expiration of its term in April 2026
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for two additional five-year periods. In connection with the sale and leaseback transaction, we recognized the gain after incurring $200 thousand in selling expenses.
Customer Information
Our revenues are derived from contract services performed for DoD agencies or federal civilian agencies and from the delivery of products to our commercial clients. The USPS, U.S. Army and Army Reserve, and U.S. Navy are our largest customers. Our customers also include various other government agencies and commercial entities. Our revenue by customer is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
Customer |  | 2020 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | % |  | 2020 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | %
DoD |  | $ | 56,935 |  |  | 34 |  |  | $ | 85,053 |  |  | 43 |  |  | $ | 185,956 |  |  | 36 |  |  | $ | 222,834 |  |  | 40 |
Other government |  | 59,596 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 50,419 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 169,252 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 158,933 |  |  | 29 |
Commercial |  | 48,974 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 62,854 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 156,430 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 175,589 |  |  | 31 |
Total |  | $ | 165,505 |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | 198,326 |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | 511,638 |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |  |  | 100 |

(9) Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Changes in goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Fleet |  | Federal and Defense |  | Aviation |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 63,190 |  |  | $ | 30,883 |  |  | $ | 182,377 |  |  | $ | 276,450 |
Impairment charge |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,945) |  |  | (30,945) |
Decrease from divestiture |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,379) |  |  | (7,379) |
Balance as of September 30, 2020 |  | $ | 63,190 |  |  | $ | 30,883 |  |  | $ | 144,053 |  |  | $ | 238,126 |

We perform an annual review of goodwill for impairment during the fourth quarter and whenever events or other changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be fully recoverable.
Due to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed an interim impairment analysis during the second quarter of 2020, utilizing a quantitative approach. The result of the impairment analysis indicated that the fair value of our reporting units, with the exception of our VSE Aviation reporting unit, exceeded their carrying values and no impairment charge was required. The estimated fair value of our VSE Aviation reporting unit was determined to be below its carrying value, which resulted in a $30.9 million goodwill impairment charge in the second quarter of 2020.
In the first quarter of 2020, we completed the sale of our Prime Turbines subsidiary and certain related inventory assets and recognized a loss on the sale of the business and inventory. Prime Turbines was reported within our Aviation segment. As part of determining the loss on sale, goodwill of $7.4 million was allocated to the disposal group on a relative fair value basis and was written-off upon the completion of the sale.
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Intangible assets, net comprised the following (in thousands):

|  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Accumulated Impairment Loss |  | Net Intangible Assets
September 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract and customer-related |  | $ | 213,194 |  |  | $ | (107,328) |  |  | $ | (3,814) |  |  | $ | 102,052 |
Acquired technologies |  | 12,400 |  |  | (10,505) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,895 |
Trade names |  | 18,770 |  |  | (14,963) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,807 |
Total |  | $ | 244,364 |  |  | $ | (132,796) |  |  | $ | (3,814) |  |  | $ | 107,754 |
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract and customer-related |  | $ | 227,594 |  |  | $ | (102,169) |  |  | $ | (1,025) |  |  | $ | 124,400 |
Acquired technologies |  | 12,400 |  |  | (9,660) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,740 |
Trade names |  | 18,770 |  |  | (13,735) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,035 |
Total |  | $ | 258,764 |  |  | $ | (125,564) |  |  | $ | (1,025) |  |  | $ | 132,175 |

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was approximately $4.2 million and $13.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, and $5.0 million and $15.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
During the second quarter of 2020, we completed the sale of all of the inventory of the CT Aerospace subsidiary, which is reported within our Aviation segment. As a result of the sale, we concluded that the useful life of certain long-lived assets, which represented the intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of the subsidiary, was zero and that there was no ongoing expected future cash flows related to these long-lived assets and no residual value. As a result, such assets were determined to be fully impaired and an impairment charge of approximately $2.8 million, representing the carrying value of these intangible assets, was recorded during the second quarter of 2020. As the sale did not represent a disposition of a business, no goodwill was allocated to the disposal group.
(10) Fair Value Measurements
The accounting standard for fair value measurements defines fair value, and establishes a market-based framework or hierarchy for measuring fair value. The standard is applicable whenever assets and liabilities are measured at fair value.
The fair value hierarchy established in the standard prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels as follows:
Level 1–Observable inputs – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
Level 2–Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities – includes quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets and amounts derived from valuation models where all significant inputs are observable in active markets; and
Level 3–Unobservable inputs – includes amounts derived from valuation models where one or more significant inputs are unobservable and require us to develop relevant assumptions.
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VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2020
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The following table summarizes the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and the level they fall within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

Amounts Recorded at Fair Value |  | Financial Statement Classification |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Fair Value September 30, 2020 |  | Fair Value December 31, 2019
Non-COLI assets held in Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan |  | Other assets |  | Level 1 |  | $ | 1,056 |  |  | $ | 710 |
Interest rate swap agreements |  | Accrued expenses |  | Level 2 |  | $ | 2,224 |  |  | $ | 1,473 |
Earn-out obligation - short-term |  | Current portion of earn-out obligation |  | Level 3 |  | $ | 1,905 |  |  | $ | 31,700 |
Earn-out obligation - long-term |  | Earn-out obligation |  | Level 3 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,000 |

Non-COLI assets held in our deferred supplemental compensation plan consist of equity funds with fair value based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets in active markets and changes in fair value are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses.
We account for our interest rate swap agreements under the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and have determined that our swap agreements qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges. We evaluate our hedges to determine their effectiveness and as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the swaps were determined to be fully effective. Accordingly, the fair value of the swap agreements, which is a liability recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, was approximately $2.2 million and $1.5 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The offset, net of an income tax effect of approximately $555 thousand and $367 thousand, was included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying balance sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The amounts paid and received on the swap agreements are recorded in interest expense in the period during which the related floating-rate interest is incurred. We expect the hedges to remain fully effective during the remaining terms of the swap agreements. We determine the fair value of the swap agreements based on a valuation model using primarily observable market data inputs.
We utilized an income approach to determine the fair value of our 1st Choice Aerospace acquisition earn-out obligation. Significant unobservable inputs used to value the contingent consideration include projected revenue and cost of services and the discount rate. If a significant increase or decrease in the discount rate occurred in isolation, the result could be significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.
Changes in earn-out obligation measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Current portion |  | Long-term portion |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 31,700 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 36,700 |
Earn-out payments |  | (31,700) |  |  | — |  |  | (31,700) |
Fair value adjustment included in costs and operating expenses |  | (3,095) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,095) |
Reclassification from long-term to current |  | 5,000 |  |  | (5,000) |  |  | — |
Balance as of September 30, 2020 |  | $ | 1,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,905 |

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VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2020
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Measurements on a Non-recurring Basis
The following table presents changes in the Level 3 fair value of certain assets measured on a non-recurring basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | Goodwill
Assets subject to impairment charges |  |
Carrying value prior to impairment |  | $ | 174,998 |
Impairment charge |  | (30,945) |
Carrying value after impairment |  | 144,053 |
Carrying value of assets not subject to impairment charge |  | 94,073 |
Balance as of September 30, 2020 |  | $ | 238,126 |

Goodwill is tested annually or upon the occurrence of a triggering event indicating that an impairment loss may have been incurred. Goodwill is measured on a non-recurring basis using fair value measurements with unobservable inputs (Level 3). The goodwill fair value is determined using a weighting of fair values derived from the income and market approach. Fair value is measured as of the impairment date. Goodwill was impaired and written down to its estimated fair value during the second quarter of 2020. For further discussion of the impairment, refer to Note (9) "Goodwill and Intangible Assets."
(11) Income Taxes
Income tax expense during interim periods is based on our estimated annual effective income tax rate plus any discrete items that are recorded in the period in which they occur. Our tax rate is affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year, but may not be consistent from year to year.
Our effective tax rate was 23.9% and (38.4)% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, and 22.1% and 23.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The difference in the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period of prior year primarily results from the following: 1) approximately $16.4 million of our goodwill impairment loss that is non-deductible for income tax purposes, and 2) a full valuation allowance established to offset the capital loss benefit in connection with our sale of Prime Turbines due to a lack of anticipated capital gain income in the carryforward period.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act was signed into law. The CARES Act includes certain income tax provisions relevant to businesses. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the CARES Act did not have a material impact on our tax provisions.
(12) Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." The amendments provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. These amendments are effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. We are currently evaluating our contracts and the optional expedients provided by the new standard.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
General Overview
Our Business
VSE is a leading provider of aftermarket distribution and repair services for land, sea and air transportation assets for government and commercial markets. Our core services include maintenance, repair and overhaul ("MRO") services, parts distribution, supply chain management and logistics, engineering support, and consulting and training services for global commercial, federal, and military and defense customers. We also provide information technology and energy consulting services.
Acquisition and Divestitures
In January 2019, we acquired 1st Choice Aerospace Inc. ("1st Choice Aerospace"), with operations in Florida and Kentucky. 1st Choice Aerospace provides component MRO services and products for new generation and legacy commercial aircraft families. 1st Choice Aerospace is a subsidiary of VSE Aviation, Inc. under our Aviation segment.
In February 2020, we sold our subsidiary Prime Turbines, LLC ("Prime Turbines") and certain related inventory assets for $20.0 million in cash and an $8.3 million note receivable to be paid over a period from 2020 through 2024. VSE’s Aviation segment discontinued turboprop engine MRO services, and will concentrate on higher growth potential component/accessory repair and parts distribution while further expanding our presence within the global commercial and general aviation markets. Prime Turbines' revenues totaled approximately 4% of VSE’s revenue for 2019.
In June 2020, we sold all of the inventory of our subsidiary CT Aerospace, LLC ("CT Aerospace") for a $6.9 million note receivable to be paid to us over a period from 2020 through 2025. VSE’s Aviation segment discontinued sales and leasing of engines and supply of used serviceable engine parts. CT Aerospace's revenues totaled less than 2% of VSE’s revenue for 2019.
See Note (2) "Acquisition" and Note (3) "Divestitures" to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this filing for additional information regarding our acquisition and divestitures.
Organization and Segments
Our operations are conducted within three reportable segments: (1) Aviation; (2) Fleet; and (3) Federal and Defense. We provide more information about each of these reportable segments under Item 1 "Business-History and Organization” in our Form 10-K for the year 2019.
Concentration of Revenues

|  | (in thousands)
Source of Revenue |  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
Customer |  | 2020 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | % |  | 2020 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | %
DoD |  | $ | 56,935 |  |  | 34 |  |  | $ | 85,053 |  |  | 43 |  |  | $ | 185,956 |  |  | 36 |  |  | $ | 222,834 |  |  | 40 |
Other government |  | 59,596 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 50,419 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 169,252 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 158,933 |  |  | 29 |
Commercial |  | 48,974 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 62,854 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 156,430 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 175,589 |  |  | 31 |
Total |  | $ | 165,505 |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | 198,326 |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | 511,638 |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |  |  | 100 |

COVID-19 Discussion
Forward Looking Information
Disclosures that address business and operating considerations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are made under highly uncertain conditions and may involve forward looking information that is based on assumptions and expectations regarding future events. Please refer to the discussion under Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-Q with respect to our discussion of trends or uncertainties arising from or impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Demand for Products and Services, Operating Results, and Financial Condition
All of our businesses have remained operational since the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic through the third quarter of 2020, and we continue to operate with limited disruption. We have experienced varying levels of reduction in demand for our services and products, and have adjusted our cost structure to support the current and near-term forecasted demand environment. Our Aviation segment has seen a reduction in demand for our products and services during the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019 and we expect it will continue throughout the remainder of 2020 and into early 2021. This decrease in demand will adversely impact our operating results for 2020. We cannot estimate with certainty the severity of this impact, but we expect it to be consistent with the aviation industry trends.
While current conditions raise the potential for a decline in performance for our Fleet segment and our Federal and Defense segment, we anticipate limited disruption in demand for the products and services they offer, as compared to other industries, due to the nature of their customer bases. Our parts supply for truck fleets, including the United States Postal Service ("USPS") delivery vehicles and our DoD program services, provide support for the essential services conducted by our customers.
We have not experienced a material adverse change in our financial condition at this time; however, a prolonged disruption in the demand for our products and services could have an adverse impact on our operating results and cause a material adverse change in our financial condition. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.
Capital, Financial Resources, Credit Losses, and Liquidity
Our debt capital and liquidity position have not experienced a material adverse change resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic at this time, and we are meeting our obligations in a timely manner. We currently have sufficient cash flows and unused loan commitments to meet our obligations in the near term. Weakness in our Aviation segment customer markets has caused a delay in receivables collections and an increase in bad debt expense. This trend may continue in future periods. We do not anticipate receivables collections to negatively impact our Fleet or Federal and Defense segments.
We have a loan agreement with a bank group comprised of ten banks, including multiple large banks and multiple regional banks. Our revolving credit facility under this loan agreement provides $350 million in loan commitments, of which we have currently borrowed less than 50%. The potential for additional declines in our earnings may impact our financial covenant ratios in future periods. Accordingly, in the second quarter of 2020, we amended the loan agreement to provide increased financial covenant flexibility through 2021.
Material Impairments, Restructuring Charges
Due to the continued market volatility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed an interim impairment analysis of our goodwill during the second quarter of 2020. Our interim analysis indicated that our reporting units in our Fleet and Federal and Defense segments had fair values substantially in excess of their carrying values, and we believe the COVID-19 pandemic induced economic crisis is not likely to have a material adverse impact on customer demand for products and services provided by these two segments. Accordingly, we do not anticipate any impairments in these two business segments.
Our interim impairment analysis indicated that our VSE Aviation reporting unit, within our Aviation segment, had a fair value less than its carrying value and had incurred an impairment. We recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $30.9 million for our VSE Aviation reporting unit in the second quarter of 2020. Prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, our Aviation segment was performing strongly. Our VSE Aviation reporting unit is experiencing and will continue to experience lower customer demand for the remainder of 2020 as compared to the same periods of 2019, but we believe market opportunities will increase for us in the long term. Accordingly, at this time we do not anticipate any further material impairments in our Aviation segment. However, should the magnitude and duration of the downturn be greater than we anticipated in our analysis, there could be further impairment.
Balance Sheet Asset Valuation
Our goodwill and intangible assets could be impacted by changes in economic conditions affecting our revenue projections and the market valuation of public companies. See "Material Impairments, Restructuring Charges" above for further details. We do not believe that there are or will be significant changes in judgments in determining the fair value of other assets on our balance sheet or that our ability to timely account for them will be negatively impacted. While the COVID-19 pandemic may cause some
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delays in collecting some of our accounts receivable and potentially give rise to some bad debt write offs, we do not expect this to have a material impact on our accounts receivable. We have made opportunistic purchases of aviation parts, resulting in an increase in our inventory levels. While the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed demand for our products, we do not expect a material adverse impact to the carrying value of our inventory. If we experience further slowness in demand or if the lower level of demand lasts significantly longer than we anticipate, our inventory may be subject to valuation adjustments.
Administrative Continuity and Reporting Systems
We have modified our workforce policies, procedures and capabilities for most of our administrative personnel to work remotely, including our financial reporting personnel. This remote work arrangement is working as intended and has not had any adverse effect on our ability to maintain financial operations, including financial reporting systems, internal control over financial reporting, and disclosure controls and procedures.
Business Continuity Plans
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to drive global uncertainty, we remain focused on protecting the safety of our employees, continuing to serve our customers with the highest quality product and repair services, and on upholding the strength of the business.
Our business operations are deemed critical and essential by the Federal and State governments. All of our repair, distribution and base operations facilities remain open and operational, and we continue to deliver products and services to customers without interruption. We implemented virus prevention protocols consistent with guidelines issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and mandated remote working where practicable.
We do not anticipate any material expenditures or resource constraints in supporting our operations at this time.
Impact on Supply Chain
Major customers and suppliers of our Fleet, Federal and Defense, and Aviation segments remain open and continue to operate. Our Fleet segment customers provide essential services, and we, along with our suppliers, play a key role in keeping truck fleets operable. Our Federal and Defense segment customers continue their mission critical essential services. Our Aviation segment customers continue to operate, albeit at lower rates. While the overall economic downturn may cause some slowness in every industry, we do not anticipate any parts availability concerns, disruptions in our supply of materials or resources, or an adverse impact on our procurement capabilities or product costs.
Human Capital Resources
The health and safety of our employees, customers and communities are of primary concern. We have taken significant steps to protect our workforce including but not limited to, working remotely. For our locations with an active on-site workforce, we implemented virus prevention protocols consistent with guidelines issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and are following local ordinances and guidance. We have taken steps at our facilities to ensure additional employee safety, including implementing separate operational shifts, strict social distancing requirements, providing personal protective equipment and stringent requirements for cleaning and sanitizing at our work sites. We do not anticipate our operations being materially impacted by any constraints or other impacts on our human capital resources and productivity.
In the second quarter of 2020, we implemented a cost reduction plan which included a reduction in workforce and reduced approximately $13 million in expenses on an annualized basis.
Travel Restrictions
Travel restrictions and border closures may limit the manner in which our sales and support staff service our customers. We do not anticipate this will have a material impact on our ability to continue to operate.
Business Trends
The following discussion provides a brief description of some of the key business factors impacting our results of operations detailed by segment.
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Aviation Segment
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a reduction in global demand for air travel and decreased revenue passenger miles, which had an adverse impact on demand for our Aviation products and services beginning with the second quarter of 2020. Due to the uncertainty in the travel industry associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect decreased demand to continue for the remainder of 2020 and into early 2021. Revenue in our non-divested Aviation businesses for the third quarter of 2020 decreased approximately 26% from the third quarter of 2019. Despite the year over year decline, we believe that the second quarter of 2020 represented the bottom of the revenue decline, as revenue in our non-divested Aviation businesses for the third quarter of 2020 increased approximately 16% over the second quarter of 2020. It is difficult to predict how the pandemic will impact 2021 and future years.
In the first quarter of 2020, we divested our Prime Turbines subsidiary, a business offering turboprop engine MRO services. In the second quarter of 2020, we sold all of the inventory assets of our CT Aerospace subsidiary, a business offering turboprop engine and engine parts sales. We will no longer offer these services, focusing instead on higher-growth component/accessory repair and parts distribution.
We expect that the current disruption in market conditions will result in strategic opportunities for near and long term growth. We intend to pursue these opportunities, which may require future investment.
Fleet Segment
Our Fleet segment continues to focus on both its core USPS and DoD customer base and commercial customer diversification. We are expanding our presence in both new and existing markets, including e-commerce solutions, private brand product sales, traditional parts supply, supply chain services, and just-in-time inventory programs to new commercial customers. Commercial customer revenue more than doubled during the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, driven by a four-fold increase in e-commerce fulfillment revenues. We believe the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have a limited adverse impact on revenues for this segment of our business, as demand from our commercial truck fleet customers and our e-commerce platforms appears to be progressing steadily.
Federal and Defense Segment
We entered 2020 with a focus on growing this segment of our business and redefining VSE in the federal marketplace. We are investing in business development, growing our capability and product offerings, and broadening our range of new business targets to build our contract backlog and expand our markets and offerings. The anticipated revenue decline experienced by this segment in the third quarter and first nine months of 2020 is primarily attributable to the expiration of a large U.S. Army contract in January 2020. We expect that our refocused business development efforts in 2020 will produce revenue growth in subsequent years. We expect the COVID-19 pandemic to have a limited adverse impact on revenues for this segment, as the U.S. government is expected to maintain critical DoD preparedness programs.
Financial Statement Presentation
The following discussion provides a brief description of certain key items that appear in our consolidated financial statements:
Revenues
Revenues are derived from the delivery of products and from professional and technical services performed through various ordering agreements and contract agreements. Our Federal and Defense segment's revenue results from services provided on longer term contracts, including cost-type, fixed-price, and time and materials. Revenues from these contract types result from work performed on these contracts and from costs for materials and other work-related contract allowable costs. Revenues from our Aviation and Fleet segment are derived from repair and distribution services primarily through shorter term purchase orders from customers.
Costs and Operating Expenses
Costs and operating expenses consist primarily of cost of inventory and delivery of our products sold; direct costs, including labor, material, and supplies used in the performance of our contract work; indirect costs associated with our direct contract costs; sales, general, and administrative expenses associated with our operating segments and corporate management; and certain costs and charges arising from nonrecurring events outside the ordinary course of business. These costs will generally increase or
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decrease in conjunction with our level of products sold or contract work performed. Costs and operating expenses also include expense for amortization of intangible assets acquired through our acquisitions. Expense for amortization of acquisition related intangible assets is included in the segment results in which the acquisition is included. Segment results also include expense for an allocation of corporate management costs. We reduced controllable costs during 2020 in line with the anticipated decrease in demand resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Bookings and Funded Backlog
Revenues for federal government contract work performed by our Federal and Defense segment depend on contract funding ("bookings”), and bookings generally occur when contract funding documentation is received. Funded contract backlog is an indicator of potential future revenue. While bookings and funded contract backlog generally result in revenue, we may occasionally have funded contract backlog that expires or is de-obligated upon contract completion and does not generate revenue.
For the first nine months of 2020, Federal and Defense segment bookings increased 3% year-over-year to $195 million, while total funded backlog declined 30% year-over-year to $177 million. The decline in funded backlog was primarily attributable to the completion of certain DoD contracts in 2020. The current management team is focused on revitalizing this business, with an emphasis on growing backlog to promote future revenue growth.
A summary of our bookings and revenues for our Federal and Defense segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and funded contract backlog as of September 30, 2020 and 2019 is as follows (in millions):

|  | 2020 |  | 2019
Bookings |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 190 |
Revenues |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | 233 |
Funded Contract Backlog |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 252 |

Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Judgments
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"), which require us to make estimates and assumptions. Certain critical accounting policies affect the more significant accounts, particularly those that involve judgments, estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. The development and selection of these critical accounting policies have been determined by our management. We have reviewed our critical accounting policies and estimates with the audit committee of our board of directors. Due to the significant judgment involved in selecting certain of the assumptions used in these policies, it is possible that different parties could choose different assumptions and reach different conclusions. We consider our policies relating to the following matters to be critical accounting policies.
Revenue Recognition
We account for revenue in accordance with ASC 606. The unit of account in ASC 606 is a performance obligation. At the inception of each contract with a customer, we determine our performance obligations under the contract and the contract's transaction price. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is defined as the unit of account. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the respective goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and is, therefore, not distinct. For product sales, each product sold to a customer typically represents a distinct performance obligation. Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time based on transfer of control of products and services to our customers.
Contract modifications are routine in the performance of our contracts. Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications or requirements. In most instances, contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct, and therefore are accounted for as part of the existing contract.
Substantially all Fleet segment revenues from the sale of vehicle parts to customers are recognized at the point in time of the transfer of control to the customer. Sales returns and allowances for vehicle parts are not significant.
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Our Aviation segment revenues result from the sale of aircraft parts and performance of MRO services for private and commercial aircraft owners, other aviation MRO providers, and aviation original equipment manufacturers. Our Aviation segment recognizes revenues for the sale of aircraft parts at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer, which usually occurs when the parts are shipped. Our Aviation segment recognizes revenues for MRO services over time as the services are transferred to the customer. MRO services revenue recognized is measured based on the cost-to-cost input method, as costs incurred reflect the work completed, and therefore the services transferred to date. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.
Our Federal and Defense segment revenues result from professional and technical services, which we perform for customers on a contract basis. Revenue is recognized for performance obligations over time as we transfer the services to the customer. The three primary types of contracts used are cost-type, fixed-price and time and materials. Revenues result from work performed on these contracts by our employees and our subcontractors and from costs for materials and other work-related costs allowed under our contracts.
Revenues on cost-type contracts are recorded as contract allowable costs are incurred and fees are earned. Variable consideration, typically in the form of award fees, is included in the estimated transaction price, to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur, when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the fee. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment based on current facts and circumstances.
Revenues on fixed-price contracts are recorded as work is performed over the period. Revenue is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying our performance obligations. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with the transfer of control to the customer. For such contracts, we estimate total costs at the inception of the contract based on our assumptions of the cost elements required to complete the associated tasks of the contract and assess the effects of the risks on our estimates of total costs to complete the contract. Our cost estimates are based on assumptions that include the complexity of the work, our employee labor costs, the cost of materials, and the performance of our subcontractors. These cost estimates are subject to change as we perform under the contract and as a result, the timing of revenues and amount of profit on a contract may change as there are changes in estimated costs to complete the contract. Such adjustments are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period we identify the changes.
Revenues for time and materials contracts are recorded based on the amount for which we have the right to invoice our customers, because the amount directly reflects the value of our work performed for the customer. Revenues are recorded on the basis of contract allowable labor hours worked multiplied by the contract defined billing rates, plus the direct costs and indirect cost burdens associated with materials and subcontract work used in performance on the contract. Generally, profits on time and materials contracts result from the difference between the cost of services performed and the contract defined billing rates for these services.
Revenues related to work performed on government contracts at risk, which is work performed at the customer's request prior to the government formalizing funding, is not recognized until it can be reliably estimated and its realization is probable.
A substantial portion of contract and administrative costs are subject to audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency. Our indirect cost rates have been audited and approved for 2017 and prior years with no material adjustments to our results of operations or financial position. While we maintain reserves to cover the risk of potential future audit adjustments based primarily on the results of prior audits, we do not believe any future audits will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.
Business Combinations
We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. The purchase price of each business acquired is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on information regarding their respective fair values on the date of acquisition. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the separately identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is allocated to goodwill. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management's judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, and market multiples, among other items. We determine the fair values of intangible assets acquired generally in consultation with third-party valuation advisors. The valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires a number of judgments and is subject to revision as additional information about the fair values becomes available. We will recognize any adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the period not to exceed twelve months from the acquisition date (the "measurement period") in which the adjustments are determined. Acquisition costs are expensed as incurred. The results of operations of businesses acquired are included in the consolidated financial statements from their dates of acquisition.
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As part of the agreement to acquire certain subsidiaries, we may be obligated to pay contingent consideration should the acquired entity meet certain earnings objectives subsequent to the date of acquisition. As of the acquisition date, contingent consideration is recorded at fair value as determined through the use of a probability-based scenario analysis approach. Under this approach, a set of potential future subsidiary earnings is estimated based on various revenue growth rate assumptions for each scenario. A probability of likelihood is then assigned to each potential future earnings estimate and the resultant contingent consideration is calculated and discounted using a weighted average discount rate. The fair value is measured each reporting period subsequent to the acquisition date and any changes are recorded within cost and operating expenses within our consolidated statement of income. Changes in either the revenue growth rates, related earnings or the discount rate could result in a material change to the amount of the contingent consideration accrued.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill is subject to a review for impairment at least annually. We perform an annual review of goodwill for impairment during the fourth quarter and whenever events or other changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be fully recoverable. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from the income approach and market approach. Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections are based on our estimates of revenue growth rates and operating margins, taking into consideration industry and market conditions. The discount rate used is based on a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with the characteristics of the business and the projected cash flows.
In the first quarter of 2020, despite the excess fair value identified in our 2019 impairment assessment, market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant decline in our market capitalization as well as an overall stock market decline amid market volatility, triggering the need for an interim goodwill impairment test. We performed an interim impairment analysis as of March 31, 2020, utilizing a qualitative approach for our reporting units. Under this approach, we reviewed our previous forecasts and assumptions based on our current projections that are subject to various risks and uncertainties, which included the duration and extent of the impact to our business from the COVID-19 pandemic. We concluded it was more likely than not that the fair value exceeded the carrying value of our reporting units with the exception of our VSE Aviation reporting unit, which required a quantitative impairment test. Under the income approach, the fair value of our VSE Aviation reporting unit was determined based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-free rate. We used our updated forecasts which considered recent events to estimate future cash flows. Our forecasts assumed containment of the COVID-19 pandemic to be achieved by mid-2020 with a gradual increase in travel demand beginning mid-to-late 2020 and into 2021, with substantial recovery thereafter. Based on our assessment, it was determined that the fair value of the VSE Aviation reporting unit approximated its carrying value and no impairment charge was required.
Given the continued presence and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, we performed an interim impairment analysis in the second quarter of 2020 utilizing a quantitative assessment approach for all reporting units. Based on our quantitative impairment assessment as of June 1, 2020, we determined that the fair value of our reporting units, with the exception of our VSE Aviation reporting unit, exceeded their carrying value and no impairment charge was required. The estimated fair value of our VSE Aviation reporting unit was determined to be below its carrying value. The internal forecasts used to estimate future cash flows in the quantitative analysis for our VSE Aviation reporting unit projected lower forecasted revenues and operating results than those used in the first quarter interim analysis. The decline in revenue projections was due to lower demand for the reporting unit's products and services, which was impacted by reduced global air travel and decreased passenger miles caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The lower projections also considered updated assumptions regarding the uncertainty surrounding the timing and speed at which recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic could occur. The updated forecasts assumed suppressed demand to continue to remain in place throughout 2020 and into 2021, with a slower and more gradual recovery thereafter. These lower expected operating results and cash flows from the reductions in revenue, resulted in a substantial decline in the fair value of the VSE Aviation reporting unit. As a result, we recognized an impairment charge in the second quarter of 2020 of $30.9 million which is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeded the reporting unit's fair value.
We performed a quarterly assessment to identify potential indicators of impairment for each of our reporting units during the third quarter of 2020. In performing this assessment, we reviewed key assumptions and information, including updated macroeconomic indicators that impact the markets we serve, financial forecast information for each reporting unit, and recent performance of the Company's share price. Based on our assessment performed, we did not identify any impairment indicators for any reporting units during the third quarter of 2020 and determined that it was not more likely than not that the carrying value of any of the reporting units exceeded their respective fair values. We will continue to closely monitor the operational performance of these reporting units as they relate to goodwill impairment.
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Our VSE Aviation reporting unit had approximately $144 million of remaining goodwill as of September 30, 2020. The remaining goodwill balance of this reporting unit continues to be at risk for future impairment due to the uncertainty surrounding the macroeconomic factors impacting this reporting unit. A sustained downturn, significantly extended recovery, or a change in long-term operating growth for this reporting unit could increase the likelihood of an additional impairment.
We also review the recoverability of our long-lived assets with finite lives when an indicator of impairment exists. For the same reasons discussed above, during the second quarter of 2020 we assessed the recoverability of the long-lived assets with finite lives. Based on our analysis of estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of these long-lived assets with finite lives, we determined that their carrying values were recoverable.
During the third quarter of 2020, we performed a quarterly assessment to identify potential indicators of impairment of the long-lived assets with finite lives. Based on our assessment, we did not identify any impairment indicators during the third quarter of 2020 that may indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets may not be recoverable.
As of September 30, 2020, we had no intangible assets with indefinite lives and we had an aggregate of approximately $238 million of goodwill associated with our acquisitions.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. This method also requires the recognition of future tax benefits, such as net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards, to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
The carrying value of net deferred tax assets is based on assumptions regarding our ability to generate sufficient future taxable income to utilize these deferred tax assets.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
For a description of recently announced accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our consolidated financial statements, see "Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” in Note (12) of the Notes to our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1 of this report.
Results of Operations
The following discussion of our Results of Operations and Liquidity and Capital Resources includes a comparison of the third quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2019, and the first nine months of 2020 to the first nine months of 2019.

|  | Three months |  | Nine months |  | Change
|  | ended September 30, |  | ended September 30, |  | Three |  | Nine
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Months |  | Months
Revenues |  | $ | 165,505 |  |  | $ | 198,326 |  |  | $ | 511,638 |  |  | $ | 557,356 |  |  | $ | (32,821) |  |  | $ | (45,718) |
Costs and operating expenses |  | 151,320 |  |  | 181,111 |  |  | 468,789 |  |  | 511,912 |  |  | (29,791) |  |  | (43,123) |
Loss on sale of a business entity and certain assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,214) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,214) |
Gain on sale of property |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,108 |
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,734) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,734) |
Operating income |  | 14,185 |  |  | 17,215 |  |  | 2,009 |  |  | 45,444 |  |  | (3,030) |  |  | (43,435) |
Interest expense, net |  | 3,530 |  |  | 3,706 |  |  | 10,088 |  |  | 10,262 |  |  | (176) |  |  | (174) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 10,655 |  |  | 13,509 |  |  | (8,079) |  |  | 35,182 |  |  | (2,854) |  |  | (43,261) |
Provision for income taxes |  | 2,547 |  |  | 2,982 |  |  | 3,105 |  |  | 8,154 |  |  | (435) |  |  | (5,049) |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 8,108 |  |  | $ | 10,527 |  |  | $ | (11,184) |  |  | $ | 27,028 |  |  | $ | (2,419) |  |  | $ | (38,212) |

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Quarter Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to Quarter Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues
Our revenues decreased approximately $32.8 million or 16.5% for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year. The change in revenues resulted from a decrease in our Aviation segment of approximately $23.0 million, an increase in our Fleet segment of approximately $8.4 million, and a decrease in our Federal and Defense segment of approximately $18.2 million. See "Segment Operating Results" for a breakdown of our results of operations by segment.
Costs and Operating Expenses
Our costs and operating expenses decreased approximately $29.8 million or 16.4% for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year. Costs and operating expenses for our operating segments increase and decrease in conjunction with the level of business activity and revenues generated by each segment. Costs and operating expenses for 2020 included an expense reduction of approximately $1.7 million for an adjustment to our earn-out obligation. Costs and operating expenses for 2019 included an expense of approximately $0.5 million for acquisition related and executive transition costs.
Operating Income
Our operating income decreased approximately $3.0 million or 17.6% for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year. Operating income decreased approximately $5.0 million for our Aviation segment, decreased approximately $1.3 million for our Fleet segment, and increased approximately $2.2 million for our Federal and Defense segment. Operating income for 2020 increased approximately $1.7 million for an adjustment to our earn-out obligation. Operating income for 2019 decreased approximately $518 thousand for acquisition related and executive transition costs.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased approximately $176 thousand for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year due to a decrease in our average interest rates and amounts borrowed.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate was 23.9% for the third quarter of 2020 and 22.1% for the same period of 2019. Our tax rate is affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year but may not be consistent from year to year. Capital gains tax treatment, state income taxes, certain tax credits and other items caused differences between our statutory U.S. Federal income tax rate and our effective tax rate. Other permanent differences and federal and state tax credits such as foreign derived intangible income ("FDII") deduction, the work opportunity tax credit, and educational improvement tax credits provide benefit to our tax rates.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues
Our revenues decreased approximately $45.7 million or 8.2% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year. The change in revenues resulted from a decrease in our Aviation segment of approximately $37.0 million, an increase in our Fleet segment of approximately $27.3 million, and a decrease in our Federal and Defense segment of approximately $36.0 million. See "Segment Operating Results" for a breakdown of our results of operations by segment.
Costs and Operating Expenses
Our costs and operating expenses decreased approximately $43.1 million or 8.4% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year. Costs and operating expenses for our operating segments increase and decrease in conjunction with the level of business activity and revenues generated by each segment. Costs and operating expenses for 2020 included an expense reduction of approximately $3.1 million for an adjustment to our earn-out obligation. Costs and operating expenses for 2020 included an expense of approximately $700 thousand for severance pay related to a reduction in workforce associated with the COVID-19 pandemic induced reduction in demand. Costs and expenses for 2019 included expenses of approximately $2.3 million for acquisition related and executive transition costs.
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Loss on Sale of a Business Entity and Certain Assets
Loss on sale of a business entity and certain assets of $8.2 million is comprised of the difference between the carrying value on our books for our Prime Turbines business and certain associated assets and the sale price upon divestiture in the first quarter of 2020, plus the difference between the carrying value on our books of our CT Aerospace inventory and the sale price of the inventory upon sale in the second quarter of 2020.
Gain on Sale of Property
Gain on sale of property is comprised of $1.1 million associated with the sale of a Miami, Florida real estate holding during the first quarter of 2020.
Goodwill and Intangible Asset Impairment
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment of $33.7 million is comprised of a charge to write down the carrying value of our Aviation businesses in the second quarter of 2020 due to an anticipated decline in demand for these services caused by the global aviation industry downturn associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and a charge to write down the carrying value of CT Aerospace related intangible assets in the second quarter of 2020 that were determined to have no residual value or ongoing future cash flows due to the sale of all the subsidiary's inventory.
Operating Income
Our operating income decreased approximately $43.4 million or 95.6% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year. Operating income decreased approximately $49.5 million for our Aviation segment, decreased approximately $1.9 million for our Fleet segment, and increased approximately $5.5 million for our Federal and Defense segment. The decrease in the operating income for our Aviation segment was primarily due to a $33.7 million goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge and a $8.2 million loss on the divestiture of Prime Turbines and the sale of CT Aerospace inventory. These decreases were partially offset by a $1.1 million gain on the sale of certain real estate holdings. Operating income for the first nine months of 2020 increased approximately $3.1 million for an adjustment to our earn-out obligation and decreased approximately $700 thousand for severance pay related to a reduction in workforce associated with the COVID-19 pandemic induced reduction in demand. Operating income for the first nine months of 2019 decreased approximately $2.3 million for acquisition related and executive transition costs.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased approximately $174 thousand for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year, due to a decrease in our average interest rates and amounts borrowed.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate was (38.4)% for the first nine months of 2020 and 23.2% for the first nine months of 2019. The difference in the effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year primarily results from: (1) approximately $16.4 million of our goodwill impairment loss that is non-deductible for income tax purposes, and (2) a full valuation allowance established to offset the capital loss benefit in connection with our divestiture of Prime Turbines due to a lack of anticipated capital gain income in the carryforward period.
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Segment Operating Results
Aviation Segment Results
The results of operations for our Aviation segment are (in thousands):

|  | Three months |  | Nine months |  | Change
|  | ended September 30, |  | ended September 30, |  | Three |  | Nine
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Months |  | Months
Revenues |  | $ | 36,218 |  |  | $ | 59,186 |  |  | $ | 126,519 |  |  | $ | 163,553 |  |  | $ | (22,968) |  |  | $ | (37,034) |
Costs and operating expenses |  | 34,632 |  |  | 52,618 |  |  | 120,359 |  |  | 148,733 |  |  | (17,986) |  |  | (28,374) |
Loss on sale of a business entity and certain assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,214) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,214) |
Gain on sale of property |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,108 |
Goodwill and intangible impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,734) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,734) |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 1,586 |  |  | $ | 6,568 |  |  | $ | (34,680) |  |  | $ | 14,820 |  |  | $ | (4,982) |  |  | $ | (49,500) |
Profit (loss) percentage |  | 4.4 | % |  | 11.1 | % |  | (27.4) | % |  | 9.1 | % |  |  |  |

Revenues for our Aviation segment decreased approximately $23.0 million or 38.8% for the third quarter and approximately $37.0 million or 22.6% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same periods of the prior year. The revenue declines are primarily attributable to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the broader aviation markets that has lowered demand from our Aviation customers and the divestiture of Prime Turbines in February 2020 and the sale of all of CT Aerospace inventory in June 2020. We did not have revenue for these two divested businesses for the third quarter of 2020 compared to combined revenues for these businesses of approximately $10.3 million for the third quarter of 2019. Revenues for the divested businesses were approximately $8.9 million for the first nine months of 2020 compared to approximately $28.8 million for the same period of 2019. Revenues for our Aviation segment non-divested businesses decreased approximately $12.7 million or 26.0% for the third quarter and approximately $17.1 million or 12.7% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same periods of the prior year.
Costs and operating expenses decreased approximately $18.0 million or 34.2% for the third quarter and approximately $28.4 million or 19.1% for the first nine months of 2020 due to the decreased demand for our products and services, to cost reduction actions implemented in response to the reduction in demand, and to the elimination of costs and expenses associated with our divested businesses.
Loss on sale of a business entity and certain assets of $8.2 million for the first nine months of 2020 is comprised of the difference between the carrying value on our books for our Prime Turbines business and certain associated assets and the sale price upon divestiture in the first quarter of 2020, plus the difference between the carrying value on our books of CT Aerospace inventory and the sale price of the inventory upon sale in the second quarter of 2020.
Gain on sale of property for the first nine months of 2020 is comprised of approximately $1.1 million associated with the sale of a Miami, Florida real estate holding.
The goodwill and intangible asset impairment of $33.7 million for the first nine months of 2020 is comprised of a charge to write down the goodwill carrying value of our Aviation businesses due to an anticipated decline in demand for these services caused by the global aviation industry downturn associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and a charge to write down the carrying value of CT Aerospace related intangible assets that were determined to have no residual value or ongoing future cash flows due to the sale of all the subsidiary's inventory.
Operating income decreased approximately $5.0 million or 75.9% for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year. Components of the decrease included the elimination of profits from our divested businesses of approximately $1.0 million and a decline in profits for our continuing businesses due to a decrease in demand for products and services associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Operating income decreased approximately $49.5 million or 334.0% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period for the prior year. The primary components of the decrease were a $33.7 million goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge, a $8.2 million loss on the divestiture of Prime Turbines and sale of CT Aerospace inventory, and a decline in profits for our continuing businesses due to a decrease in demand for our products and services associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Partially offsetting the decrease was a $1.1 million gain on the sale of certain real estate holdings.
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Costs and operating expenses for this segment included expenses for amortization of intangible assets associated with acquisitions, allocated corporate costs, and a reduction in expense for valuation adjustments to accrued earn-out obligations associated with acquisitions. Expense for amortization of intangible assets was approximately $2.1 million for the third quarter and approximately $6.7 million for the first nine months of 2020 compared to approximately $2.7 million for the third quarter and approximately $8.0 million for the first nine months of 2019. Allocated corporate costs were approximately $1.1 million for the third quarter and approximately $4.1 million for the first nine months 2020, compared to approximately $1.6 million for the third quarter and approximately $4.8 million for the first nine months of 2019. Reductions in expense for earn-out valuation adjustments were $1.7 million for the third quarter and $3.1 million for the first nine months of 2020. There were no earn-out valuation adjustments in the corresponding periods of 2019.
Fleet Segment Results
The results of operations for our Fleet segment are (in thousands):

|  | Three months |  | Nine months |  | Change |
|  | ended September 30, |  | ended September 30, |  | Three |  | Nine |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Months |  | Months |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 63,719 |  |  | $ | 55,369 |  |  | $ | 188,145 |  |  | $ | 160,878 |  |  | $ | 8,350 |  |  | $ | 27,267 |  |  |
Costs and operating expenses |  | 57,130 |  |  | 47,526 |  |  | 167,636 |  |  | 138,490 |  |  | 9,604 |  |  | 29,146 |  |  |
Operating income |  | $ | 6,589 |  |  | $ | 7,843 |  |  | $ | 20,509 |  |  | $ | 22,388 |  |  | $ | (1,254) |  |  | $ | (1,879) |  |  |
Profit percentage |  | 10.3 | % |  | 14.2 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | 13.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Revenues for our Fleet segment increased approximately $8.4 million or 15.1% for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019. Revenues from commercial customers increased approximately $6.5 million or 107.3%, driven by growth in our e-commerce fulfillment business. Revenues from sales to DoD customers increased approximately $340 thousand or 4.9%, and revenues from sales to other government customers increased approximately $1.6 million or 3.7%. Sales to other government customers included revenue of approximately $7.1 million for completion of a non-recurring $26.6 million order for COVID-19 related supplies.
Costs and operating expenses increased approximately $9.6 million or 20.2%, primarily due to increased revenues. Operating income decreased by approximately $1.3 million or 16.0% for the third quarter of 2020, primarily due to a change in the mix of products sold, including increased commercial customer revenues. Costs and operating expenses for this segment include expense for amortization of intangible assets associated with acquisitions and allocated corporate costs. Expense for amortization of intangible assets was approximately $1.8 million for the third quarter of 2020 and approximately $2.0 million for the third quarter of 2019. Expense for allocated corporate costs was approximately $1.9 million for the third quarter of 2020 and approximately $1.5 million for the third quarter of 2019. The lower profit percentage for the third quarter of 2020 was primarily due to lower profit margins on revenues from the non-recurring order for COVID-19 related supplies and an increase in allocated corporate costs.
Revenues for our Fleet segment increased approximately $27.3 million or 16.9% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. Revenues from commercial customers increased approximately $14.7 million or 97.7%, driven by growth in our e-commerce fulfillment business. Revenues from sales to DoD customers decreased approximately $1.3 million or 7.1%, and revenues from sales to other government customers increased approximately $13.8 million or 10.8%. Sales to other government customers included revenue of approximately $26.6 million for fulfillment of a non-recurring order for COVID-19 related supplies.
Costs and operating expenses increased approximately $29.1 million or 21.0% primarily due to the $26.6 million of revenues for the completion of a non-recurring order for COVID-19 related supplies. Operating income decreased by approximately $1.9 million or 8.4% for the first nine months of 2020 primarily due to a change in the mix products sold, including increased commercial customer revenues. Expense for amortization of intangible assets was approximately $5.7 million for the first nine months of 2020 and approximately $5.9 million for the first nine months of 2019. Expense for allocated corporate costs was approximately $6.0 million for the first nine months of 2020 and approximately $4.7 million for the first nine months of 2019. The lower profit percentage for the first nine months of 2020 was primarily due to lower profit margins on revenues from the non-recurring order for COVID-19 related supplies and an increase in allocated corporate costs.
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Federal and Defense Segment Results
The results of operations for our Federal and Defense segment are (in thousands):

|  | Three months |  | Nine months |  | Change
|  | ended September 30, |  | ended September 30, |  | Three |  | Nine
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Months |  | Months
Revenues |  | $ | 65,568 |  |  | $ | 83,771 |  |  | $ | 196,974 |  |  | $ | 232,925 |  |  | $ | (18,203) |  |  | $ | (35,951) |
Costs and operating expenses |  | 58,822 |  |  | 79,247 |  |  | 178,533 |  |  | 219,957 |  |  | (20,425) |  |  | (41,424) |
Operating income |  | $ | 6,746 |  |  | $ | 4,524 |  |  | $ | 18,441 |  |  | $ | 12,968 |  |  | $ | 2,222 |  |  | $ | 5,473 |
Profit percentage |  | 10.3 | % |  | 5.4 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  | 5.6 | % |  |  |  |

Revenues for our Federal and Defense segment decreased $18.2 million or 21.7% and costs and operating expenses decreased $20.4 million or 25.8% for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019 primarily due to the expiration of a large U.S. Army contract in January 2020 and decreased revenues from some of our other U.S. Army programs. Other changes affecting our revenues and costs and operating expenses included decreased revenues from a U.S. Navy program and increased revenues from other government work.
Operating income increased approximately $2.2 million or 49.1% for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019. Revenue declines occurred in our lower margin work, resulting in minimal loss of operating income, and we have increased operating income through margin improvements primarily due to work performed under fixed price contracts.
Revenues for our Federal and Defense segment decreased $36.0 million or 15.4% and costs and operating expenses decreased $41.4 million or 18.8% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year primarily due to the expiration of a large U.S. Army contract in January 2020 and decreased revenues from some of our other U.S. Army programs. Other changes affecting our revenues and costs and operating expenses included an increase in revenues from a U.S. Navy program and changes in revenues from other work.
Operating income increased approximately $5.5 million or 42.2% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. Revenue declines occurred in our lower margin work, resulting in minimal loss of operating income, and we have increased operating income through margin improvements primarily due to work performed under fixed price contracts.
Financial Condition
There has been no material adverse change in our financial condition in the first nine months of 2020. Our bank debt decreased approximately $20.1 million and our earn-out obligation decreased approximately $34.8 million. We had $190 million of unused bank loan commitments as of September 30, 2020. In June 2020, we amended our loan agreement with our banks to provide increased financial covenant flexibility due to market volatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes to other asset and liability accounts were primarily due to our earnings; our level of business activity; the timing of inventory purchases, contract delivery schedules, and subcontractor and vendor payments required to perform our contract work; the timing of government contract funding awarded; collections from our customers; the sale of a real estate holding in Miami, Florida; and the divestiture of our Prime Turbines business and sale of CT Aerospace inventory.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flows
Cash and cash equivalents decreased approximately $183 thousand during the first nine months of 2020.
Cash provided by operating activities increased approximately $17.8 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. The change was comprised of a decrease of approximately $38.2 million in cash provided by net income, an increase of approximately $33.8 million in other non-cash operating activities and an increase of approximately $22.2 million due to changes in the levels of operating assets and liabilities.
Inventories and accounts receivable represent a significant amount of our assets, and accounts payable represent a significant amount of our operating liabilities. Cash used related to increases in inventory was approximately $27.6 million, cash provided by decreases in receivables and unbilled receivables was approximately $19.2 million, and cash used by decreases in accounts
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payable and deferred compensation was approximately $3.3 million for the first nine months of 2020. A significant portion of accounts receivable and accounts payable result from the use of subcontractors to perform work on our contracts and from the purchase of materials and inventory to fulfill contract obligations and distribution agreements. Accordingly, our levels of accounts receivable and accounts payable may fluctuate depending on the timing of material and inventory purchases, services ordered, product sales, government funding delays, the timing of billings received from subcontractors and materials vendors, and the timing of payments received for services. Such timing differences have the potential to cause significant increases and decreases in our inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable in short time periods, and accordingly, can cause increases or decreases in our cash provided by operations. We have recently experienced and expect to continue to experience delays in some of our Aviation segment receivables as a result of the COVID-19 economic down-turn.
Cash provided by investing activities was approximately $20.6 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to cash used in investing activities of approximately $120.3 million in the same period of the prior year. In 2019 approximately $113 million was used for the acquisition of 1st Choice Aerospace and in 2020 approximately $23.6 million was provided by proceeds from the divestiture of our Prime Turbines business and CT Aerospace inventory and the sale of a Miami, Florida real estate holding. Other cash used in investing activities consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment.
Cash used in financing activities was approximately $56.1 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to cash provided by financing activities of approximately $103.8 million in the same period of 2019. Financing activities consisted primarily of borrowing and repayment of debt, payment of dividends and payment of earn-out obligation.
We paid cash dividends totaling approximately $3.0 million or $0.27 per share in the first nine months of 2020. Pursuant to our bank loan agreement, our payment of cash dividends is subject to annual restrictions. We have paid cash dividends each year since 1973.
Liquidity
Our internal sources of liquidity are primarily from operating activities, specifically from changes in our level of revenues and associated inventory, accounts receivable and accounts payable, and from profitability. Significant increases or decreases in revenues and inventory, accounts receivable and accounts payable can affect our liquidity. Our inventory and accounts payable levels can be affected by the timing of large opportunistic inventory purchases and by distributor agreement requirements. Our accounts receivable and accounts payable levels can be affected by changes in the level of contract work we perform, by the timing of large materials purchases and subcontractor efforts used in our contracts, and by delays in the award of contractual coverage and funding and payments. Government funding delays can cause delays in our ability to invoice for revenues earned, presenting a potential negative impact on our days sales outstanding.
We also purchase property and equipment; invest in expansion, improvement, and maintenance of our operational and administrative facilities; and invest in the acquisition of other companies.
We have considered the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our liquidity and capital resources, and we currently do not expect a material adverse impact on our ability to meet future liquidity needs. See “COVID-19 Discussion-Capital, Financial Resources, Credit Losses, and Liquidity” and "Item 1A. Risk Factors" for additional details regarding the impact of COVID-19 on our liquidity and capital resources. As discussed in greater detail below, under the terms of our existing loan agreement, we are required to maintain certain financial covenants. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the demand for our Aviation segment products and services and further disruption is possible. Accordingly, we amended our existing loan agreement with our banks in the second quarter of 2020 to provide increased financial covenant flexibility.
Our external financing consists of a loan agreement with a bank group that was amended in June 2020 and expires in January 2023. The loan agreement includes a term loan facility and a revolving loan facility. The revolving loan facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit.
The term loan requires quarterly installment payments. Our required term loan payments after September 30, 2020 are approximately $4.7 million in 2020, $21.6 million in 2021, $22.5 million in 2022, and $43.9 million in 2023. The amount of term loan borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2020 was $92.7 million.
The maximum amount of credit available to us under our loan agreement for revolving loans and letters of credit as of September 30, 2020 was $350 million. We pay an unused commitment fee and fees on letters of credit that are issued. We had approximately $160.0 million in revolving loan amounts outstanding and no of letters of credit outstanding as of September 30, 2020.
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Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or a combination of both facilities, subject to customary lender commitment approvals. The aggregate limit of incremental increases is $100 million.
We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. The applicable LIBOR rate has a floor of 0.75%. As of September 30, 2020, the LIBOR base margin was 3.00% and the base rate base margin was 1.75%. The base margins increase or decrease in steps as our Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio increases or decreases.
The loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan until February 6, 2021. We executed compliant interest rate hedges. As of September 30, 2020, interest rates on portions of our outstanding debt ranged from 3.75% to 6.31%, and the effective interest rate on our aggregate outstanding debt was 4.82%.
The loan agreement contains collateral requirements to secure our loan agreement obligations, restrictive covenants, a limit on annual dividends, and other affirmative and negative covenants, conditions and limitations. The restrictive covenants require that we maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 and a maximum Total Funded Debt to EBITDA Ratio that varies over future periods as indicated in the table below. We were in compliance with required ratios and other terms and conditions as of September 30, 2020. We continue to monitor the impacts of COVID-19 on our results of operations and liquidity relative to compliance with financial covenants; at this time, we expect that we will remain in compliance with such covenants over the next twelve months.

Testing Period | Maximum Total Funded Debt to EBITDA Ratio
First Amendment Effective Date (November 26, 2019) through and including March 31, 2020 | 3.50 to 1.00
From April 1, 2020 through and including September 30, 2020 | 4.00 to 1.00
From October 1, 2020 through and including March 31, 2021 | 4.25 to 1.00
From April 1, 2021 through and including June 30, 2021 | 4.00 to 1.00
From July 1, 2021 through and including September 30, 2021 | 3.75 to 1.00
From October 1, 2021 through and including December 31, 2021 | 3.50 to 1.00
From January 1, 2022 and thereafter | 3.25 to 1.00

We currently do not use public debt security financing.
Inflation and Pricing
Most of our contracts provide for estimates of future labor costs to be escalated for any option periods, while the non-labor costs in our contracts are normally considered reimbursable at cost. Our property and equipment consist principally of land, buildings and improvements, shop and warehouse equipment, computer systems equipment, and furniture and fixtures. We do not expect the overall impact of inflation on replacement costs of our property and equipment to be material to our future results of operations or financial condition.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rates
Our bank loan agreement provides available borrowing to us at variable interest rates. Accordingly, future interest rate changes could potentially put us at risk for a material adverse impact on future earnings and cash flows. To mitigate the risks associated with future interest rate movements we have employed interest rate hedges to fix the rate on a portion of our outstanding borrowings for various periods.
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In February 2018, we entered into a LIBOR based interest rate swap on our term loan for a term of three years with a notional amount of $10 million for the first year and $50 million for the second and third years. We pay an effective interest rate of 2.54% plus our base margin on the debt matched to this swap.
In February 2019, we entered into a LIBOR based interest rate swap on our revolving loan for a term of three years with a notional amount of $75 million. This swap amount decreases in increments on an annual basis to $45 million for the second year and to $25 million for the third year. We pay an effective interest rate of 2.805% plus our base margin on the debt matched to this swap.
In March 2020, we entered into a LIBOR based interest rate swap on our revolving loan for a term of two years with a notional amount of $50 million. We pay an effective interest rate of 0.73% plus our base margin on the debt matched to this swap.
LIBOR is used as a reference rate for borrowings under our loan agreement and related interest rate swap agreements. LIBOR is expected to be phased out by the end of 2021, which is before the maturity of our loan agreement. At this time, there is no definitive information regarding the future transition of LIBOR to a replacement rate; however, we continue to monitor the developments with respect to the potential discontinuance of LIBOR after 2021 and intend to work with our bank group to minimize the impact of such discontinuance on our financial condition and results of operations. The consequences of the discontinuance of LIBOR cannot be entirely predicted but could result in an increase in our variable rate debt.
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VSE CORPORATIONS AND SUBSIDIARIES
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks
See "Disclosures About Market Risk" in Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
COVID-19 Risks and Uncertainties
See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in Part II within this Form 10-Q for additional discussion of current and potential risks of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial performance.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, based on management's evaluation, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")), our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
In connection with our 1st Choice Aerospace acquisition, certain areas of internal control over financial reporting changed. These areas are primarily related to integrating our corporate functions such as entity level controls and certain financial reporting controls. Certain control structure items remain in operation at 1st Choice Aerospace, primarily related to information technology, inventory management, human resources, processing and billing of revenues, and collection of those revenues. The control structure at 1st Choice Aerospace has been modified to appropriately oversee and incorporate these activities into the overall control structure. We will continue to evaluate the need for additional internal controls over financial reporting.
There were no additional changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our third quarter of fiscal 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
None.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the previously disclosed risk factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 (the "Form 10-K”), other than as set out in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 and the quarter ended June 30, 2020. The risk factors disclosed in our Form 10-K should be considered together with information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 and should not be considered the only risks to which we are exposed. In addition to the risk factors discussed in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 ("COVID-19") may also exacerbate other risks discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Form 10-K, any of which could have a material effect on us.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
We did not purchase any of our equity securities during the period covered by this report.
VSE's loan agreement prohibits VSE from paying cash dividends, except that if there is no event of default, no act, event or condition that would constitute an event of default with the giving of notice or the passage of time, or both, and no covenant
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breach would occur giving effect to the payment of the dividend, VSE may pay cash dividends that do not exceed $6 million in the aggregate in any fiscal year.
Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits |  |
Exhibit 31.1 |  | Section 302 CEO Certification
Exhibit 31.2 |  | Section 302 CFO and PAO Certification
Exhibit 32.1 |  | Section 906 CEO Certification
Exhibit 32.2 |  | Section 906 CFO and PAO Certification
Exhibit 101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
Exhibit 101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
Exhibit 101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, VSE has omitted all other items contained in "Part II. Other Information" because such other items are not applicable or are not required if the answer is negative or because the information required to be reported therein has been previously reported.
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VSE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | VSE CORPORATION
Date: | October 29, 2020 | By: | /s/ John A. Cuomo
|  |  | John A. Cuomo
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer and President
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: | October 29, 2020 | By: | /s/ Thomas R. Loftus
|  |  | Thomas R. Loftus
|  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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