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Stock-Based Compensation Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation Plans | Stock-Based Compensation Plans The VSE Corporation 2006 Restricted Stock Plan, as amended (the "2006 Plan"), provides VSE's employees and directors the opportunity to receive various types of stock-based compensation and cash awards. In May 2020, the stockholders approved amendments to the 2006 Plan extending its term until May 6, 2027 and authorizing an additional 500,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under the 2006 Plan. As of December 31, 2022, we are authorized to issue up to 1,500,000 shares of our common stock and 598,637 shares remained available for issuance. As of December 31, 2022, we have outstanding stock-settled bonus awards, vesting stock awards, and performance share awards under this plan. Stock-settled bonus awards are a fixed dollar-denominated award that vests over a three-year service period in three equal tranches. As each tranche vests, the fixed dollar value of the vested portion of the award is converted into shares based on the closing market price of our stock at the date of conversion. On each vesting date, 100% of the vested award is paid in stock that is subject to a two-year stock sales restriction. Expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each tranche, which results in an accelerated pattern for an award. Employee vesting stock awards generally vest over a three-year service period in equal installments on each anniversary of the grant date. Our directors receive a grant of vesting stock annually as part of their compensation and the stock vests immediately upon grant. We grant performance share awards to certain employees under the 2006 Plan. Performance share awards are rights to receive shares of our stock on the satisfaction of service requirements and performance conditions. These awards vest ratably in equal installments over a three-year period on the anniversary of each grant date, subject to meeting the minimum service requirements and the achievement of certain annual or cumulative financial metrics of our performance, with the number of shares ultimately issued, if any, ranging up to 100% of the specified target shares. If performance is below the minimum threshold level of performance, no shares will be issued. For all performance share awards granted, the annual and cumulative financial metrics are based on our achievement of a return on equity. During fiscal 2021, we established the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) to allow eligible employees to purchase shares of our VSE common stock at a discount of up to 15% of the fair market value on specified dates. For ESPP offerings in the year ended December 31, 2022, the purchase price was 12% off the lesser of the fair market value on the date of the offering and the fair market value on the date of purchase, thereby resulting in stock compensation expense of $123 thousand. As of December 31, 2022, 500,000 shares of VSE common stock are authorized for issuance under the ESPP. Expense and Related Tax Benefits Recognized Stock-based compensation expense and related tax benefits recognized under the 2006 Plan for the years ended December 31, was as follows (in thousands):
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Stock-settled bonus awards | $ | 1,186 |  |  | $ | 820 |  |  | $ | 1,265 |
Vesting stock awards | 2,089 |  |  | 2,273 |  |  | 1,593 |
Performance share awards | 1,067 |  |  | 784 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,342 |  |  | $ | 3,877 |  |  | $ | 2,858 |
Tax benefit recognized from stock-based compensation | $ | 1,083 |  |  | $ | 967 |  |  | $ | 713 |
Stock-Settled Bonus Awards In March 2022, the employees eligible for the 2021 awards, 2020 awards and 2019 awards received a total of 21,871 shares of common stock. The grant-date fair value of these awards was $43.30 per share. The total compensation cost related to non-vested stock-settled bonus awards not yet recognized was approximately $0.9 million with a weighted average amortization period of 1.4 years as of December 31, 2022. The total fair value of stock-settled bonus awards that vested in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $0.9 million, $0.9 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Vesting Stock Awards Vesting stock award activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 was:
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021 |  | 61,351 |  | $ | 38.80 |
Granted |  | 46,463 |  |  | $ | 43.01 |
Vested |  | (38,509) |  |  | $ | 36.37 |
Forfeited |  | (5,380) |  | $ | 42.53 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2022 |  | 63,925 |  | $ | 43.01 |
The grant date fair value of vesting stock awards is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date. The weighted average grant date fair value of the vesting stock awards granted for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $43.01, $41.90 and $33.68, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 there was $2.0 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to vesting stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. The total fair value of vesting stock awards that vested in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $1.7 million, $1.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively. Performance Share Awards Performance Share award activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 was:
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021 |  | 42,173 |  | $ | 42.01 |
Granted |  | 51,441 |  |  | $ | 43.30 |
Vested |  | (10,542) |  |  | $ | 42.01 |
Forfeited |  | (10,911) |  | $ | 42.36 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2022 |  | 72,161 |  | $ | 42.88 |
The actual number of shares to be issued upon vesting range between 0-100% of the target number of shares granted. The weighted average grant date fair value of the vesting stock awards granted for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $42.01. As of December 31, 2022 there was $1.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to vesting stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years. The total fair value of vesting stock awards that vested in the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.5 million.

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