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Stock-Based Compensation Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation Plans | Stock-Based Compensation Plans The VSE Corporation 2006 Restricted Stock Plan, as amended (the "2006 Plan"), provides VSE's employees and directors the opportunity to receive various types of stock-based compensation and cash awards. The total number of shares authorized for issuance under this plan was 1,875,000 and, as of December 31, 2023, 591,337 shares remained available for issuance. As of December 31, 2023, we have outstanding stock-settled bonus awards, time-vested stock awards, and performance share awards under this plan. Stock-settled bonus awards are a fixed dollar-denominated award. On the first anniversary of the grant date, the total fixed dollar value of the award is converted into shares based on our closing stock price on the date of conversion. Vesting occurs over a three-year service period in three equal tranches. Beginning with the 2023 stock-settled bonus awards, the first vesting occurs one year after the award is converted into shares. For awards granted prior to 2023, the first vesting occurs one year after the grant date. On each vesting date, 100% of the vested award is paid in stock. Expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each tranche, which results in an accelerated pattern for an award. Time-vested stock awards generally vest over a three-year service period in equal installments on each anniversary of the grant date. Our directors receive a grant of stock annually as part of their compensation and the stock vests immediately upon grant. We grant performance share awards to certain employees under the 2006 Plan. Performance share awards are rights to receive shares of our stock on the satisfaction of service requirements and performance conditions. These awards vest ratably in equal installments over a three-year period on the anniversary of each grant date, subject to meeting the minimum service requirements and the achievement of certain annual or cumulative financial metrics of our performance, with the number of shares ultimately issued, if any, ranging up to 200% of the specified target shares beginning in 2023. If performance is below the minimum threshold level of performance, no shares will be issued. For all performance share awards granted, the annual and cumulative financial metrics are based on our achievement of a return on equity. During fiscal 2021, we established the Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") to allow eligible employees to purchase shares of our VSE common stock at a discount of up to 15% of the fair market value on specified dates. For ESPP offerings in the year ended December 31, 2023, the purchase price was 12% off the lesser of the fair market value on the date of the offering and the fair market value on the date of purchase, thereby resulting in stock compensation expense of $0.1 million. As of December 31, 2023, 500,000 shares of VSE common stock are authorized for issuance under the ESPP. Expense and Related Tax Benefits Recognized Stock-based compensation expense and related tax benefits recognized under the 2006 Plan for the years ended December 31, was as follows (in thousands):
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Stock-settled bonus awards | $ | 1,166 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |  |  | $ | 820 |
Time-vested stock awards | 2,639 |  |  | 2,089 |  |  | 2,273 |
Performance share awards | 3,807 |  |  | 1,067 |  |  | 784 |
Total | $ | 7,612 |  |  | $ | 4,342 |  |  | $ | 3,877 |
Tax benefit recognized from stock-based compensation | $ | 1,899 |  |  | $ | 1,083 |  |  | $ | 967 |
Stock-Settled Bonus Awards In March 2023, the employees eligible for the 2022 awards, 2021 awards, and the 2020 awards received a total of 27,252 shares of common stock. The grant-date fair value of these awards was $42.23 per share. The total compensation cost related to non-vested stock-settled bonus awards not yet recognized was approximately $1.6 million with a weighted average amortization period of 2 years as of December 31, 2023. The total fair value of stock-settled bonus awards that vested in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1.2 million, $0.9 million, and $0.9 million, respectively. Time-Vested Stock Awards Time-vested stock award activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was:
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2022 |  | 63,925 |  | $ | 43.01 |
Granted |  | 60,295 |  |  | $ | 45.78 |
Vested |  | (25,684) |  |  | $ | 43.13 |
Forfeited |  | (693) |  | $ | 43.30 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2023 |  | 97,843 |  | $ | 44.68 |
The grant date fair value of time-vested stock awards is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date. The weighted average grant date fair value of the time-vested stock awards granted for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $45.78, $43.01, and $41.90, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 there was $3.0 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to time-vested stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years. The total fair value of time-vested stock awards that vested in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1.2 million, $1.7 million, and $1.7 million, respectively. Performance Share Awards Performance Share award activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was:
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2022 |  | 72,161 |  | $ | 42.88 |
Granted |  | 121,844 |  |  | $ | 42.23 |
Vested |  | (25,723) |  |  | $ | 42.83 |
Forfeited |  | — |  | $ | — |
Unvested as of December 31, 2023 |  | 168,282 |  | $ | 42.41 |
The actual number of shares to be issued upon vesting range between 0-200% of the target number of shares granted. The weighted average grant date fair value of the performance share awards granted for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $42.83. As of December 31, 2023 there was $2.6 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to performance share awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years. The total fair value of performance share awards that vested in the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1.1 million.

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