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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of significant accounting policies Business Ligand is a biopharmaceutical company with a business model that is based upon the concept of developing or acquiring royalty revenue generating assets and coupling them with a lean corporate cost structure. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include Ligand and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates Correction of Previously Reported Financials In connection with the preparation of the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company determined that the deferred tax assets and the tax benefit previously reported in our condensed and consolidated financial statements as of and for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015 reflected an error in the calculation of certain capital loss carry-forwards at September 30, 2015 related to the sale of the Avinza product line. The error resulted in an understatement of long-term deferred income tax assets of $2.1 million, which represents approximately 1% of the previously reported deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2015, and an understatement of tax benefit as well as net income of approximately $2.1 million for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015. The impact on basic and diluted EPS for the same periods of $0.11 per share and $0.10 per share, respectively, represents less than 1% of the previously reported EPS. While concluded the error was not material to any prior periods, individually or in the aggregate, based on our qualitative and quantitative analysis, management opted to correct the error by restating the respective amounts that were previously reported as of and for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015 in this 10-K filing. Please refer to Note 11. Summary of Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information for details. 2015 Restatement The Company is restating its previously issued consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 and the condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 to correct errors r elating to the Company's net operating loss (NOL) carryforward benefits in the United States which resulted in an overstatement of deferred tax assets (DTA). In connection with three acquisitions that were completed prior to February 2010, the Company recognized DTA for a portion of the NOLs, which included capitalized research and development expenses, obtained from the acquired businesses. From the time of the acquisitions until September 2015, there was a full valuation allowance against all of the Company’s NOLs, including those obtained from the entities acquired. In September 2015, the Company concluded that the valuation allowance against substantially all of its DTA was no longer required based on its then recent income and projections of sustained profitability. As a result, the Company released its DTA valuation allowance in full, including $27.5 million related to NOLs recognized as part of the businesses acquired prior to February of 2010. During the quarter ended September 30, 2016, the Company concluded that for accounting purposes the approximately $27.5 million of DTA that were obtained upon acquiring the businesses prior to February of 2010 did not meet the more likely-than-not criterion for recognition in 2015 and that the related valuation allowance should not have been reversed. As a result, the Company's income tax benefit and net income for the year ended December 31, 2015 were overstated by $27.5 million each. The Company also recorded adjustments to the consolidated financial statements as part of this restatement relating to the classification of our 2019 Convertible Senior Notes. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's last reported sale price exceeded the 130% threshold described in Note 5 - "Financing Arrangements" and accordingly the 2019 Convertible Senior Notes have been reclassified as a current liability as of December 31, 2015. As a result, the related unamortized discount of $39.6 million was classified as temporary equity component of currently redeemable convertible notes on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The account balances labeled As Reported in the following tables as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 represent the previously reported amounts as presented in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. For the effects of correcting the errors related to the DTA on the condensed and consolidated financial statements for the interim period ended September 30, 2015, please refer to Note 11 Summary of Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information. The effects of these prior period corrections on the statement of operations and comprehensive income are as follows (in thousands except for per share data):
| Year ended December 31, 2015
| As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Restated
Income tax benefit | $ | 219,596 |  |  | $ | (27,481 | ) |  | $ | 192,115 |
Net income | 257,305 |  |  | (27,481 | ) |  | 229,824 |
Comprehensive income | 257,273 |  |  | (27,481 | ) |  | 229,792 |
Basic earnings per share | 13.00 |  |  | (1.39 | ) |  | 11.61 |
Diluted earnings per share data | 12.12 |  |  | (1.29 | ) |  | 10.83 |
The effects of these prior period corrections on the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:
| As of December 31, 2015
| As Reported |  | Adoption of ASU 2015-03(1) |  | Adjustments |  | As Restated
Current debt issuance costs | $ | 860 |  |  | $ | (860 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Long-term debt issuance costs | $ | 2,527 |  |  | $ | (2,527 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred income taxes | $ | 216,564 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (27,481 | ) |  | $ | 189,083 |
Total assets | 533,929 |  |  | (3,387 | ) |  | (27,481 | ) |  | 503,061 |
2019 convertible senior notes, net - current | — |  |  | (3,387 | ) |  | 205,372 |  |  | 201,985 |
Total current liabilities | 20,836 |  |  | (3,387 | ) |  | 205,372 |  |  | 222,821 |
2019 convertible senior notes, net - long term(1) | 205,372 |  |  | — |  |  | (205,372 | ) |  | — |
Total liabilities | 229,538 |  |  | (3,387 | ) |  | — |  |  | 226,151 |
Equity component of currently redeemable convertible notes (Note 5) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,628 |  |  | 39,628 |
Additional paid-in capital | 701,478 |  |  | — |  |  | (39,628 | ) |  | 661,850 |
Accumulated deficit | (402,010 | ) |  | — |  |  | (27,481 | ) |  | (429,491 | )
Total stockholders' equity | 304,391 |  |  | — |  |  | (67,109 | ) |  | 237,282 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | 533,929 |  |  | (3,387 | ) |  | (27,481 | ) |  | 503,061 |
(1) Unamortized issuance cost was reclassified to debt discount in this 10-K/A form due to that it is filed after the Company's retrospective adoption of ASU 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest: Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs in Q1 2016.
Upon the occurrence of certain circumstances, holders of the 2019 Convertible Senior Notes may require us to purchase all or a portion of their notes for cash, which may require the use of a substantial amount of cash. If such cash is not available, we may be required to sell other assets or enter into alternate financing arrangements at terms that may or may not be desirable. The existence of the 2019 Convertible Senior Notes and the obligations that we incurred by issuing them may restrict our ability to take advantage of certain future opportunities, such as engaging in future debt or equity financing activities. The corrections did not have any impact on the company's cash flow statements for any period. Correction of Immaterial Errors During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, a clerical error was identified in the calculation of the projections used in the June 30, 2015 and September 30, 2015 valuation of contingent liabilities related to CyDex CVR holders. The error in the June 30, 2015 projection resulted in an understatement of short-term contingent liabilities of $0.6 million as of June 30, 2015, and an overstatement of net income of $0.6 million, or $0.03 per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, respectively. No other error was identified in the other interim period(s) in 2015 or 2014 based on the Company's review in those periods. The impact of correcting the error resulted in an understatement of net income of $0.6 million, or $0.03 per share for the three months ended September 30, 2015. Based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the error, the Company concluded that it is immaterial to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and had no effect on the trend of financial results. As such, the Company has corrected the error in the condensed consolidated financial statements for the period ended September 30, 2015. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to the previously issued statement of operations for comparability purposes. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported net income, stockholders' equity and operating cash flows as previously reported. Income Per Share Basic income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares and common stock equivalents of all dilutive securities calculated using the treasury stock method and the if-converted method. The total number of potentially dilutive securities including stock options and warrants excluded from the computation of diluted income per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive, were 3.3 million, 5.1 million and 0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 respectively. In addition, the Company issued 793,594 shares of its common stock in January 2016 as part of the consideration for the acquisition of Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc. (Refer to Note 12 for details), which was not included in basic and diluted income per share for the year ended December 31, 2015. The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share amounts):
| Year Ended December 31,
| Restated |  |  |  |
EPS Attributable to Common Shareholders | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Net income from continuing operations | $ | 229,824 |  |  | $ | 12,024 |  |  | $ | 8,832 |
Discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,588 |
Net income | $ | 229,824 |  |  | $ | 12,024 |  |  | $ | 11,420 |
Shares used to compute basic income per share | 19,790 |  |  | 20,419 |  |  | 20,312 |
Dilutive potential common shares: |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock | 56 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 80 |
Stock options | 882 |  |  | 978 |  |  | 353 |
2019 Convertible Senior Notes | 499 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares used to compute diluted income per share | 21,228 |  |  | 21,433 |  |  | 20,745 |
Basic per share amounts: |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 11.61 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  | $ | 0.43 |
Discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.13 |
Net income | $ | 11.61 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Diluted per share amounts: |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 10.83 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.43 |
Discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.12 |
Net income | $ | 10.83 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |
Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents consist of all investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of acquisition. Short-term Investments Short-term investments primarily consist of investments in debt securities that have effective maturities greater than three months and less than twelve months from the date of acquisition. The Company classifies its short-term investments as "available-for-sale". Such investments are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in the statement of comprehensive income (loss). The Company determines the cost of investments based on the specific identification method. Restricted Investments Restricted investments consist of certificates of deposit held with a financial institution as collateral under a facility lease and third-party service provider arrangements. The following table summarizes the various investment categories at December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):
| Cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Estimated fair value
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank deposits | 43,043 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 43,039 |
Corporate bonds | 41,238 |  |  | — |  |  | (35 | ) |  | 41,203 |
Commercial paper | 1,747 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,747 |
Asset backed securities | 10,020 |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 10,015 |
Corporate equity securities | 1,843 |  |  | 4,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,787 |
| $ | 97,891 |  |  | $ | 4,944 |  |  | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 102,791 |
December 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investments (Corporate equity securities) | 2,179 |  |  | 4,954 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,133 |
Certificates of deposit-restricted | 1,261 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,261 |
| $ | 3,440 |  |  | $ | 4,954 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,394 |
Concentrations of Business Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents and investments. The Company invests its excess cash principally in United States government debt securities, investment grade corporate debt securities and certificates of deposit. The Company has established guidelines relative to diversification and maturities that maintain safety and liquidity. These guidelines are periodically reviewed and modified to take advantage of trends in yields and interest rates. During 2015, the Company did not experience any significant losses on its cash equivalents, short-term investments or restricted investments. A relatively small number of partners accounts for a significant percentage of our revenue. Revenue from significant partners, which is defined as 10% or more of our total revenue, was as follows:
| December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Partner A | 27 | % |  | 37 | % |  | 33 | %
Partner B | 23 | % |  | 31 | % |  | 28 | %
Partner C | 18 | % |  | 10 | % |  | 14 | %
The Company obtains Captisol from a single supplier, Hovione. If this supplier were not able to supply the requested amounts of Captisol, the Company would be unable to continue to derive revenues from the sale of Captisol until it obtained an alternative source, which could take a considerable length of time. Inventory Inventory, which consists of finished goods, is stated at the lower of cost or market value. The Company determines cost using the first-in, first-out method. The Company analyzes its inventory levels periodically and writes down inventory to its net realizable value if it has become obsolete, has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value or is in excess of expected requirements. There were no write downs related to obsolete inventory recorded for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. As of December 31, 2015, the commitment under our supply agreement with Hovione for Captisol purchases was $12.3 million. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the best estimate of the amount of probable losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable. Accounts receivable that are outstanding longer than their contractual payment terms, ranging from 30 to 90 days, are considered past due. When determining the allowance for doubtful accounts, several factors are taken into consideration, including historical write-off experience and review of specific customer accounts for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after collection efforts have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. There was no allowance for doubtful accounts recorded as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):
| December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014
Indefinite lived intangible assets |  |  |
IPR&D | $ | 12,556 |  |  | $ | 12,556 |
Goodwill | 12,238 |  |  | 12,238 |
Definite lived intangible assets |  |  |
Complete technology | 15,267 |  |  | 15,267 |
Less: Accumulated amortization | (3,762 | ) |  | (2,999 | )
Trade name | 2,642 |  |  | 2,642 |
Less: Accumulated amortization | (652 | ) |  | (519 | )
Customer relationships | 29,600 |  |  | 29,600 |
Less: Accumulated amortization | (7,304 | ) |  | (5,824 | )
Total goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, net | $ | 60,585 |  |  | $ | 62,961 |
Amortization of finite lived intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset of 20 years. Amortization expense of $2.4 million was recognized in each of the three years ending December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. Estimated amortization expense for the years ending December 31, 2016 through 2021 is $2.4 million per year. For each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, there was no impairment of intangible assets with finite lives. The Company accounts for goodwill in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"), 350, Goodwill and Other Intangibles. The Company performs its impairment analysis for goodwill and certain non-amortizing intangibles on at least an annual basis. The Company uses the income approach and the market approach, each weighted at 50%, for goodwill impairment analysis. For the income approach, the Company considers the present value of future cash flows and the carrying value of its assets and liabilities, including goodwill. The market approach is based on an analysis of revenue multiples of guideline public companies. If the carrying value of the assets and liabilities, including goodwill, were to exceed the Company’s estimation of the fair value, the Company would record an impairment charge in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying value of goodwill over the implied fair value of the goodwill. The Company performs an evaluation of goodwill as of December 31 of each year, absent any indicators of earlier impairment, to ensure that impairment charges, if applicable, are reflected in the Company's financial results before December 31 of each year. When it is determined that impairment has occurred, a charge to operations is recorded. Goodwill and other intangible asset balances are included in the identifiable assets of the business segment to which they have been assigned. As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 there has been no impairment of goodwill for continuing operations. Intangible assets related to acquired IPR&D are considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. During the period the assets are considered to be indefinite-lived, they are not amortized but are tested for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests if the Company becomes aware of any events occurring or changes in circumstances that would indicate a reduction in the fair value of the IPR&D projects below their respective carrying amounts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets would be deemed finite-lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $0.5 million for the write-off of IPR&D for Captisol-enabled IV Clopidogrel. The impairment analysis was performed based on the income method using a Monte Carlo analysis. The asset was impaired upon notification from MedCo that they intended to terminate the license agreement and return the rights of the compound to the Company. Captisol-enabled IV Clopidogrel is an intravenous formulation of the anti-platelet medication designed for situations where the administration of oral platelet inhibitors is not feasible or desirable. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, there was no impairment of IPR&D assets. Commercial license rights Commercial license rights represent a portfolio of future milestone and royalty payment rights acquired from Selexis in April 2013 and April 2015. Individual commercial license rights acquired under the agreement are carried at allocated cost and approximate fair value. The carrying value of the license rights will be reduced on a pro-rata basis as revenue is realized over the term of the agreement. Declines in the fair value of license rights below their carrying value that are deemed to be other than temporary are reflected in earnings in the period such determination is made. As of December 31, 2015, management does not believe there have been any events or circumstances indicating that the carrying amount of its commercial license rights may not be recoverable. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment is stated at cost and consists of the following (in thousands):
| December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014
Lab and office equipment | $ | 2,248 |  |  | $ | 2,232 |
Leasehold improvements | 273 |  |  | 273 |
Computer equipment and software | 632 |  |  | 624 |
| 3,153 |  |  | 3,129 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (2,781 | ) |  | (2,643 | )
| $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 486 |
Depreciation of equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets which range from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives or their related lease term, whichever is shorter. Depreciation expense of $0.2 million, $0.3 million, and $0.3 million was recognized for the years ending December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively and is included in operating expenses. Contingent Liabilities CyDex contingent liabilities In connection with the Company’s acquisition of CyDex in January 2011, the Company recorded a contingent liability for amounts potentially due to holders of the CyDex CVRs and former license holders. The liability is periodically assessed based on events and circumstances related to the underlying milestones, royalties and material sales. Any change in fair value is recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The carrying amount of the liability may fluctuate significantly and actual amounts paid under the CVR agreements may be materially different than the carrying amount of the liability. The fair value of the liability at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $9.5 million and $11.5 million, respectively. The Company recorded a fair value adjustment to increase the liability for CyDex related contingent liabilities of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, $5.7 million increase in the liability for the year ended December 31, 2014 and a decrease in the liability of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Contingent liabilities decreased for cash payments to CVR holders and other contingency payments by $5.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, $3.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 and $1.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2013. Metabasis contingent liabilities In connection with the Company’s acquisition of Metabasis in January 2010, the Company issued Metabasis stockholders four tradable CVRs, one CVR from each of four respective series of CVR, for each Metabasis share. The CVRs will entitle Metabasis stockholders to cash payments as frequently as every six months as cash is received by the Company from proceeds from Metabasis’ partnership with Roche (which has been terminated) or the sale or partnering of any of the Metabasis drug development programs, among other triggering events. The acquisition-date fair value of the CVRs of $9.1 million was determined using quoted market prices of Metabasis common stock in active markets. The fair values of the CVRs are remeasured at each reporting date through the term of the related agreement. Changes in the fair values are reported in the statement of operations as income (decreases) or expense (increases). The carrying amount of the liability may fluctuate significantly based upon quoted market prices and actual amounts paid under the agreements may be materially different than the carrying amount of the liability. The fair value of the liability was $4.0 million and $3.7 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company recorded an increase in the liability for CVRs of $1.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 and an increase of $4.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2013. Contingent liabilities decreased for cash payments to CVR holders by $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. No cash payments were made to Metabasis CVR holders for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Revenue Recognition Royalties on sales of products commercialized by the Company’s partners are recognized in the quarter reported by the respective partner. Generally, the Company receives royalty reports from its licensees approximately one quarter in arrears due to the fact that its agreements require partners to report product sales between 30 and 60 days after the end of the quarter. The Company recognizes royalty revenues when it can reliably estimate such amounts and collectability is reasonably assured. Under this accounting policy, the royalty revenues reported are not based upon estimates and such royalty revenues are typically reported to the Company by its partners in the same period in which payment is received. Revenue from material sales of Captisol is recognized upon transfer of title, which normally passes upon shipment to the customer, provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. All product returns are subject to the Company's credit and exchange policy, approval by the Company and a 20% restocking fee. To date, product returns have not been material to net material sales in any related period. The Company records revenue net of product returns, if any, and sales tax collected and remitted to government authorities during the period. The Company analyzes its revenue arrangements and other agreements to determine whether there are multiple elements that should be separated and accounted for individually or as a single unit of accounting. For multiple element contracts, arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to all deliverables on the basis of relative selling price, using a hierarchy to determine selling price. Management first considers VSOE, then TPE and if neither VSOE nor TPE exist, the Company uses its best estimate of selling price. Many of the Company's revenue arrangements for Captisol involve a license agreement with the supply of manufactured Captisol product. Licenses may be granted to pharmaceutical companies for the use of Captisol product in the development of pharmaceutical compounds. The supply of the Captisol product may be for all phases of clinical trials and through commercial availability of the host drug or may be limited to certain phases of the clinical trial process. Management believes that the Company's licenses have stand-alone value at the outset of an arrangement because the customer obtains the right to use Captisol in its formulations without any additional input by the Company. Other nonrefundable, up-front license fees are recognized as revenue upon delivery of the license, if the license is determined to have standalone value that is not dependent on any future performance by the Company under the applicable collaboration agreement. Nonrefundable contingent event-based payments are recognized as revenue when the contingent event is met, which is usually the earlier of when payments are received or collections are assured, provided that it does not require future performance by the Company. The Company occasionally has sub-license obligations related to arrangements for which it receives license fees, milestones and royalties. Management evaluates the determination of gross versus net reporting based on each individual agreement. Sales-based contingent payments from partners are accounted for similarly to royalties, with revenue recognized upon achievement of the sales targets assuming all other revenue recognition criteria for milestones are met. Revenue from development and regulatory milestones is recognized when earned, as evidenced by written acknowledgement from the collaborator, provided that (1) the milestone event is substantive, its achievability was not reasonably assured at the inception of the agreement, and the Company has no further performance obligations relating to that event, and (2) collectability is reasonably assured. If these criteria are not met, the milestone payment is recognized over the remaining period of the Company’s performance obligations under the arrangement. Revenue from research funding under our collaboration agreements is earned and recognized on a percentage-of completion basis as research hours are incurred in accordance with the provisions of each agreement. In May 2014, the Company entered into a licensing agreement and research collaboration with Omthera. The research collaboration will target the development of novel products that utilize the proprietary Ligand developed LTP TECHNOLOGY to improve lipid-lowering activity of certain omega-3 fatty acids. The Company is eligible to receive compensation and reimbursement from Omthera for internal research effort and external costs incurred, as well as development and regulatory event-based payments. The completion of a proof of concept under the development program would trigger a $1.0 million payment which is determined to be a milestone under the milestone method of accounting as (1) it is an event that can only be achieved in part on the Company's past performance, (2) there was substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement was entered into that the event would be achieved and (3) it results in additional payment being due to the Company. None of the other event-based payments represents a milestone under the milestone method of accounting. No event based payment or milestone was achieved during the periods presented. The Company received $0.5 million from Omthera in 2014 under the agreement and recognized $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 as collaborative revenue based on the percentage of completion of the research program. No milestone payment or contingent payment was received in 2015. Cost of Material Sales The Company determines cost using the first-in, first-out method. Cost of material sales include all costs of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the Captisol inventories to their present location and condition, costs to store, and distribute. Preclinical Study and Clinical Trial Accruals Substantial portions of the Company’s preclinical studies and all of the Company’s clinical trials have been performed by third-party laboratories, CROs. The Company accounts for a significant portion of its clinical study costs according to the terms of its contracts with CROs. The terms of its CRO contracts may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which services are provided to us under such contracts. The Company's objective is to reflect the appropriate preclinical and clinical trial expenses in its financial statements in the same period as the services occur. As part of the process of preparing its financial statements, the Company relies on cost information provided by its CROs. The Company is also required to estimate certain of its expenses resulting from its obligations under its CRO contracts. Accordingly, the Company's preclinical study and clinical trial accrual is dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of CROs and other third-party vendors. The Company periodically evaluates its estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate as more information becomes available concerning changing circumstances, and conditions or events that may affect such estimates. No material adjustments to preclinical study and clinical trial accrued expenses have been recognized to date. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. The Company provides a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that these items will expire before we are able to realize their benefit. The Company calculates the valuation allowance in accordance with the authoritative guidance relating to income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes, which requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence that is available regarding the reliability of these deferred tax assets, when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Developing the provision for income taxes requires significant judgment and expertise in federal and state income tax laws, regulations and strategies, including the determination of deferred tax assets and liabilities and, if necessary, any valuation allowances that may be required for deferred tax assets. The Company's judgments and tax strategies are subject to audit by various taxing authorities. While management believes the Company has provided adequately for its income tax liabilities in its consolidated financial statements, adverse determinations by these taxing authorities could have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial condition and results of operations. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expense consists of labor, material, equipment, and allocated facilities costs of the Company’s scientific staff who are working pursuant to the Company’s collaborative agreements and other research and development projects. Also included in research and development expenses are third-party costs incurred for the Company’s research programs including in-licensing costs, CRO costs and costs incurred by other research and development service vendors. We expense these costs as they are incurred. When we make payments for research and development services prior to the services being rendered, we record those amounts as prepaid assets on our consolidated balance sheet and we expense them as the services are provided Stock-Based Compensation The Company grants options and awards to employees, non-employee consultants, and non-employee directors. Only new shares of common stock are issued upon the exercise of stock options. Non-employee directors are accounted for as employees. Options and restricted stock granted to certain directors vest in equal monthly installments over one year from the date of grant. Options granted to employees vest 1/8 on the six month anniversary of the date of grant, and 1/48 each month thereafter for forty-two months. All option awards generally expire ten years from the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense for awards to employees and non-employee directors is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period until the last tranche vests. The fair-value for options that were awarded to employees and directors was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following weighted average assumptions:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |
Risk-free interest rate | 1.7%-2.0% |  | 1.9% |  | 1.13%-1.82% |
Expected volatility | 50%-58% |  | 62%-69% |  | 69% |
Expected term | 6.5 years |  | 6 years |  | 6 years |
Forfeiture rate | 8.52% |  | 8.6%-9.7% |  | 8.4%-9.8% |
The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the time of the grant. The expected term of the employee and non-employee director options is the estimated weighted-average period until exercise or cancellation of vested options (forfeited unvested options are not considered) based on historical experience. Volatility is a measure of the expected amount of variability in the stock price over the expected life of an option expressed as a standard deviation. In making this assumption, the Company used the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price over a period equal to the expected term. The forfeiture rate is based on historical data at the time of the grant. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recorded as components of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands):
| December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Stock-based compensation expense as a component of: |  |  |  |  |
Research and development expenses | $ | 4,080 |  |  | $ | 3,595 |  |  | $ | 1,705 |
General and administrative expenses | 8,378 |  |  | 7,675 |  |  | 3,961 |
| $ | 12,458 |  |  | $ | 11,270 |  |  | $ | 5,666 |
Segment Reporting Under Accounting Standards Codification No. 280, “Segment Reporting” (ASC 280), operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the entity’s chief operating decision maker, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company has evaluated its operating segment in accordance with ASC 280, and has determined that the previously identified two reportable segments should be consolidated to one reporting segment at December 31, 2015. In earlier periods, the Company had identified two reporting segments: developing, licensing and manufacturing materials using Captisol reformulation technology by CyDex and development and licensing biopharmaceutical assets by Ligand. Due to the full integration of the these two segments and the organizational changes during the year ended December 31, 2015, especially in the fourth quarter of 2015 as management evaluated, planned for, and executed the acquisition of a new business from Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc. (Refer to Note 12 for details), our chief operating decision maker now evaluates the performance of and manages the Company as one comprehensive business, which is development and licensing biopharmaceutical assets and coupling them with a lean corporate cost structure. As a result, management has concluded that the Company operates under one segment and there is one reporting segment at December 31, 2015, and all the respective disclosure under two reporting segments for 2014 and 2013 have been removed from this 10-K. Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) represents net income (loss) adjusted for the change during the periods presented in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities less reclassification adjustments for realized gains or losses included in net income (loss). The unrealized gains or losses are reported on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Variable Interest Entities ("VIE") The Company identifies an entity as a VIE if either: (1) the entity does not have sufficient equity investment at risk to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or (2) the entity's equity investors lack the essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest. The Company performs ongoing qualitative assessments of its VIEs to determine whether the Company has a controlling financial interest in any VIE and therefore is the primary beneficiary. If the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE, it consolidates the VIE under applicable accounting guidance. If the Company is no longer the primary of a VIE or the entity is no longer considered as a VIE as facts and circumstances changed, it deconsolidates the entity under the applicable accounting guidance. Beginning May 2015, the Company deconsolidated Viking, a previously reported VIE, and elected to record its investment in Viking under the equity method of accounting as Viking is no longer considered a VIE, and the Company does not have voting control or other elements of control that would require consolidation. The investment is subsequently adjusted for the Company’s share of Viking's operating results, and if applicable, cash contributions and distributions, which is reported on a separate line in our condensed consolidated statement of operations called “Equity in net losses of Viking”. On the condensed consolidated balance sheet, the Company reports its investment in Viking on a separate line in the non-current assets section called “Investment in Viking”. See Note 2, Investment in Viking, for additional details. Convertible Debt In August 2014, the Company completed a $245.0 million offering of convertible senior notes, which mature in 2019 and bear interest at 0.75%. The Company accounts for notes by separating the liability and equity components of the instrument in a manner that reflects the Company's nonconvertible debt borrowing rate. As a result, the Company assigned a value to the debt component of the notes equal to the estimated fair value of similar debt instruments without the conversion feature, which resulted in the Company recording the debt instrument at a discount. The Company is amortizing the debt discount over the life of the notes as additional non-cash interest expense utilizing the effective interest method. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those annual periods. The revenue standard’s core principle is built on the contract between a vendor and a customer for the provision of goods and services. It attempts to depict the exchange of rights and obligations between the parties in the pattern of revenue recognition based on the consideration to which the vendor is entitled. To accomplish this objective, the standard requires five basic steps: (1) identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Management is currently evaluating the effect the adoption of this standard will have on the Company's financial statements. In February 2015, FASB issued ASU 2015-02 Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. ASU 2015-02 changes the analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. It is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. Management is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2015-02 on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest: Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. This update was issued to simplify the presentation for debt issuance costs. Upon adoption, such costs shall be presented on our consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability and not as a deferred charge presented in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. This amendment will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning on January 1, 2016, and is required to be retrospectively adopted. Management adopted the change in the presentation on our consolidated balance sheets in Q1 2016 retrospectively, and also changed the presentation on our consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2015 accordingly in this Form 10-K/A, which was filed subsequent to the adoption (see Note 5 for details). In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17 Income Taxes (Topic 740), Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes that amends the presentation of deferred income taxes on our Consolidated Balance Sheet such that they are presented entirely as noncurrent assets and liabilities. As permitted by the standard, we adopted the new presentation prospectively, beginning January 1, 2015. Consistent with our prospective adoption, presentation of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2014, was not restated. If they had been restated, Other current liabilities would have be reduced by $0.3 million and Long-term deferred tax liabilities would have been would have increased by $0.3 million. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU2016-01 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities that amends the accounting and disclosures of financial instruments, including a provision that requires equity investments (except for investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current earnings. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning on January 1, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact that this new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the organization, consolidation and basis of presentation of financial statements disclosure, and significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. May be provided in more than one note to the financial statements, as long as users are provided with an understanding of (1) the significant judgments and assumptions made by an enterprise in determining whether it must consolidate a VIE and/or disclose information about its involvement with a VIE, (2) the nature of restrictions on a consolidated VIE's assets reported by an enterprise in its statement of financial position, including the carrying amounts of such assets, (3) the nature of, and changes in, the risks associated with an enterprise's involvement with the VIE, and (4) how an enterprise's involvement with the VIE affects the enterprise's financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Describes procedure if disclosures are provided in more than one note to the financial statements. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64851502&loc=d3e6003-108592 + Details
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