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Income Tax
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax
Income Tax

As of September 30, 2015, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that a substantial portion of its deferred tax assets would be realized through future taxable income. The Company's income tax provision of $191.9 million and $191.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively, included income tax expense and a discrete income tax benefit related to the release of a majority of the Company’s valuation allowance and various adjustments to its deferred tax assets, including studies validating the Company’s tax attributes and adjustments resulting from the tax return filings during the quarter.

The Company's income tax expense from continuing operations for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was $0.2 million, or $0.01 per diluted share. The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $28.0 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The Company's income tax expense from discontinued operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $0.4 million.

The Company estimates its annual effective income tax rate for continuing operations to be approximately 42% for 2016, compared to the 509.5% effective income tax rate for 2015. The estimated effective tax rate for 2016 is different from the federal statutory rate primarily as a result of significant permanent book-to-tax differences and state taxes. The permanent differences include non-taxable contingent consideration income (expense) recorded related to the change in market value of contingent liabilities. Any significant contingent consideration expense or income will result in a significantly higher or lower effective tax rate because contingent consideration expense is largely not deductible for tax purposes and contingent consideration income is not taxable. Other permanent differences between financial statement income and taxable income relate to items such as stock compensation, meals and entertainment charges, and compensation of officers. The primary difference in the estimated effective tax rate in 2016 compared to 2015 relates to the release of the Company’s valuation allowance in 2015.
    
The Company maintains a valuation allowance in the amount of $8.9 million against certain U.S. state NOLs, federal NOLs arising from Pre-ASC 718 excess stock compensation benefits and federal research and development tax credits. Each reporting period, the Company evaluates the need for a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets by jurisdiction and adjusts our estimates as more information becomes available. The Company will reassess the ability to realize the deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. If it is more likely than not that it will not realize the recognized deferred tax assets, then all or a portion of the valuation allowance may need to be re-established, which would result in a charge to tax expense. Conversely if new events indicate that it is more likely than not that we will realize additional deferred tax assets, then all or a portion of the remaining valuation allowance may be released, which would result in a tax benefit.

As of September 30, 2016, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $33.5 million related to uncertain tax positions that, if recognized, would result in adjustments to the related deferred tax assets and reduce our annual effective tax rate, subject to the remaining valuation allowance.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. and in various state jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The Company is no longer subject to income tax examination by tax authorities for years prior to 2011; however, its net operating loss and research credit carry-forwards arising prior to that year are subject to adjustment. It is the Company's policy to recognize interest expense and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense.  As of September 30, 2016, there was no material accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions.