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Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2025
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Business We are a biopharmaceutical company enabling scientific advancement through supporting the clinical development of high-value medicines. We do this by providing financing, licensing our technologies or both. Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Ligand and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. We have included all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which we considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial results. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes should be read together with the audited consolidated financial statements included in our 2024 Annual Report. Interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. Segment Information The Company has one operating and one reportable segment: development and licensing of biopharmaceutical assets. The Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is Todd Davis, our Chief Executive Officer. The CODM uses net income (loss) as a single segment profit or loss measure to evaluate our single segment performance, and in deciding whether to reinvest into the existing assets, or to new potential opportunities. Our CODM relies on internal management reporting processes that provide information on segment operating income (loss) for making financial decisions and allocating resources. The CODM does not evaluate, manage or measure performance of segments using asset information. The information on significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM, and other segment items included within the reported segment profit or loss measure, is presented in a table below:
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Total revenues and other income | $ | 47,627 |  |  | $ | 41,531 |  |  | $ | 92,960 |  |  | $ | 72,509 |
Share-based compensation | (9,997) |  |  | (11,060) |  |  | (17,833) |  |  | (18,394) |
Other segment items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangibles | (8,258) |  |  | (8,257) |  |  | (16,515) |  |  | (16,443) |
Depreciation of property and equipment | (264) |  |  | (596) |  |  | (777) |  |  | (1,175) |
Interest income | 1,621 |  |  | 2,757 |  |  | 3,392 |  |  | 4,777 |
Interest expense | (1,153) |  |  | (1,268) |  |  | (2,020) |  |  | (1,411) |
Other * | (24,729) |  |  | (75,018) |  |  | (96,811) |  |  | (5,635) |
Net income (loss) | $ | 4,847 |  |  | $ | (51,911) |  |  | $ | (37,604) |  |  | $ | 34,228 |
* Other items for the three months ended June 30, 2025 include the amount of other general, administrative, research and development expenses of $16.5 million (net of share-based compensation and depreciation expenses), and additional income and expense items that are presented in the unaudited condensed statements of operations such as fair value adjustments to partner program derivatives, cost of Captisol and other non-operating income and expenses. Other items for the six months ended June 30, 2025 include the amount of other general, administrative, research and development expenses of $77.0 million (including a $44.3 million one-time research and development expense in connection with the Castle Creek Transaction, and net of share-based compensation and depreciation expenses ), and additional income and expense items that are presented in the unaudited condensed statements of operations such as fair value adjustments to partner program derivatives, cost of Captisol and other non-operating income and expenses. Other items for the three months ended June 30, 2024 include the amount of other general, administrative, research and development expenses of $11.3 million (net of share-based compensation and depreciation expenses), and additional operating income and expense items that are presented in the unaudited condensed statements of operations such as financial royalty assets impairment of $26.5 million, cost of Captisol and other non-operating income and expenses (including $31.6 million fair value adjustment to Primrose Bio securities investments and impairment to equity method investment in Primrose Bio). Other items for the six months ended June 30, 2024 include the amount of other general, administrative, research and development expenses of $20.3 million (net of share-based compensation and depreciation expenses), and additional income and expense items that are presented in the unaudited condensed statements of operations such as financial royalty assets impairment of $26.5 million, cost of Captisol and other non-operating income and expenses (including $31.6 million fair value adjustment to Primrose Bio securities investments and impairment to equity method investment in Primrose Bio). Reclassification Certain reclassification has been made to the previously issued audited consolidated financial statement to conform with the current period presentation. Specifically, within the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, a portion of other current assets has been reclassified to short-term portion of financial royalty assets, net. Significant Accounting Policies We have described our significant accounting policies in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report. Use of Estimates The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates. Revenue and Other Income Our revenue is generated primarily from royalties on sales of products commercialized by our partners, Captisol material sales, income from financial royalty assets, and contract revenue for license fees, technical, regulatory and sales-based milestone payments. Other operating income is primarily related to milestone income received for financial royalty assets that have been fully amortized or where there is no underlying asset recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. We apply the following five-step model in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in order to determine the revenue: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. Revenue from Intangible Royalty Assets We receive royalty revenue from intangible royalty assets on sales by our partners of products covered by patents that we or our partners own under contractual agreements. We do not have future performance obligations under these license arrangements. We generally satisfy our obligation to grant intellectual property rights on the effective date of the contract. However, we apply the royalty recognition constraint required under the guidance for sales-based royalties which requires a royalty to be recorded no sooner than when the underlying sale occurs. Therefore, royalties on sales of products commercialized by our partners are recognized in the quarter the product is sold. Our partners generally report sales information to us on a one quarter lag. Thus, we estimate the expected royalty proceeds based on an analysis of historical experience and interim data provided by our partners including their publicly announced sales. Differences between actual and estimated royalty revenues, which have not been material, are adjusted in the period in which they become known, typically the following quarter. Income from Financial Royalty Assets We recognize income from financial royalty assets when there is a reasonable expectation about the timing and amount of cash flows expected to be collected. Income is calculated by multiplying the carrying value of the financial royalty asset by the periodic effective interest rate. We account for financial royalty assets related to developmental pipeline or recently commercialized products on a non-accrual basis. Developmental pipeline products are non-commercialized, non-approved products that require FDA or other regulatory approval, and thus have uncertain cash flows. Newly commercialized products typically do not have an established reliable sales pattern, and thus have uncertain cash flows. Captisol Sales Revenue from Captisol sales is recognized when control of Captisol material is transferred or intellectual property license rights are granted to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive from our customers in exchange for those products or rights. A performance obligation is considered distinct from other obligations in a contract when it provides a benefit to the customer either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and is separately identified in the contract. For Captisol material or intellectual property license rights, we consider our performance obligation satisfied once we have transferred control of the product or granted the intellectual property rights, meaning the customer has the ability to use and obtain the benefit of the Captisol material or intellectual property license right. We recognize revenue for satisfied performance obligations only when we determine there are no uncertainties regarding payment terms or transfer of control. Sales tax and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. We have elected to recognize the cost of freight and shipping when control over Captisol material has transferred to the customer as an expense in cost of Captisol. We expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred if the expected amortization period of the asset that we would have recognized is one year or less or the amount is immaterial. We did not incur any incremental costs of obtaining a contract during the periods reported. Contract Revenue and Other Income Our contracts with customers often include variable consideration in the form of contingent milestone payments. We include contingent milestone payments in the estimated transaction price when it is probable a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. These estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated results and our best judgment at the time. If the contingent milestone payment is based on sales, we apply the royalty recognition constraint and record revenue when the underlying sale has taken place. Significant judgments must be made in determining the transaction price for our sales of intellectual property. Because of the risk that products in development with our partners will not reach development milestones or receive regulatory approval, we generally recognize any contingent payments that would be due to us upon the development milestone or regulatory approval. Some customer contracts are sublicenses which require that we make payments to an upstream licensor related to license fees, milestones and royalties which we receive from customers. In such cases, we evaluate the determination of gross revenue as a principal versus net revenue as an agent reporting based on each individual agreement. Other income is primarily related to milestone income received for financial royalty assets that have been fully amortized or where there is no underlying asset recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred Revenue Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may also defer a portion of the consideration received because we have to satisfy a future obligation. The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheet. Except for royalty revenue and certain service revenue, we generally receive payment at the point we satisfy our obligation or soon after. Any fees billed in advance of being earned are recorded as deferred revenue. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the amount recognized as revenue that was previously deferred was $0.3 million (all of which was related to Pelthos’ deferred revenue presented in liabilities related to assets held for sale as of June 30, 2025) and $0.5 million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the amount recognized as revenue that was previously deferred was $0.6 million (all of which was related to Pelthos’ deferred revenue presented in liabilities related to assets held for sale as of June 30, 2025) and $1.0 million, respectively. Disaggregation of Revenue The following table represents disaggregation of royalties, Captisol and contract revenue and other income (in thousands):
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Royalties |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kyprolis | $ | 8,803 |  |  | $ | 8,998 |  |  | $ | 13,526 |  |  | $ | 15,630 |
Evomela | 1,465 |  |  | 2,733 |  |  | 3,446 |  |  | 4,130 |
Teriparatide injection | 2,298 |  |  | 2,103 |  |  | 3,489 |  |  | 4,144 |
Rylaze | 2,864 |  |  | 3,232 |  |  | 5,983 |  |  | 6,184 |
Filspari | 6,578 |  |  | 2,424 |  |  | 11,879 |  |  | 4,196 |
Vaxneuvance | 2,643 |  |  | 1,109 |  |  | 3,928 |  |  | 2,496 |
Other | 5,433 |  |  | 2,004 |  |  | 9,420 |  |  | 4,180 |
Revenue from intangible royalty assets | 30,084 |  |  | 22,603 |  |  | 51,671 |  |  | 40,960 |
Qarziba | 5,885 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,327 |  |  | — |
Other | 428 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 1,297 |
Income from financial royalty assets | 6,313 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 12,215 |  |  | 1,297 |
Total royalties | 36,397 |  |  | 23,162 |  |  | 63,886 |  |  | 42,257 |
Captisol | 8,287 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 21,747 |  |  | 16,712 |
Contract revenue and other income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Milestone and other | 1,926 |  |  | 10,869 |  |  | 6,310 |  |  | 11,596 |
Other income | 1,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,017 |  |  | 1,944 |
Contract revenue and other income | 2,943 |  |  | 10,869 |  |  | 7,327 |  |  | 13,540 |
Total | $ | 47,627 |  |  | $ | 41,531 |  |  | $ | 92,960 |  |  | $ | 72,509 |
Short-term Investments Our short-term investments consist of the following at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
June 30, 2025 | Amortized cost |  |  | Gross unrealized gains |  |  | Gross unrealized losses |  |  | Estimated fair value
U.S. Treasuries | $ | 64,585 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  |  | $ | 64,570 |
Commercial paper | 54,436 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (29) |  |  |  | 54,410 |
Corporate notes/bonds | 17,138 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |  | 17,140 |
Corporate equity securities | 7,828 |  |  |  | 2,077 |  |  |  | (1,915) |  |  |  | 7,990 |
Certificates of Deposit | 6,741 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1) |  |  |  | 6,741 |
| $ | 150,728 |  |  |  | $ | 2,095 |  |  |  | $ | (1,972) |  |  |  | 150,851 |
Viking common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26,500 |
Total short-term investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 177,351 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasuries | $ | 78,442 |  |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  |  | $ | 78,448 |
Commercial paper | 23,483 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (6) |  |  |  | 23,482 |
Certificates of Deposit | 22,812 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (4) |  |  |  | 22,820 |
Corporate notes/bonds | 15,496 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | (8) |  |  |  | 15,509 |
Corporate equity securities | 9,954 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,595) |  |  |  | 3,359 |
| $ | 150,187 |  |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  |  | $ | (6,626) |  |  |  | 143,618 |
Viking common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,240 |
Total short-term investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 183,858 |
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we did not sell any shares of Viking common stock. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we sold 0.7 million shares of Viking common stock and recognized a realized gain of $60.0 million in total. We did not sell any shares of Viking common stock during the three months ended June 30, 2024. Gain (loss) from short-term investments in our condensed consolidated statements of operations includes both realized and unrealized gain (loss) from our short-term investments in public equity and warrant securities. Allowances are recorded for available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses. This limits the amount of credit losses that can be recognized for available-for-sale debt securities to the amount by which carrying value exceeds fair value and requires the reversal of previously recognized credit losses if fair value increases. The provisions of the credit losses standard did not have a material impact on our available-for-sale debt securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. The following table summarizes our available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity (in thousands):
| June 30, 2025
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Within one year | $ | 136,824 |  |  | $ | 136,780 |
After one year through five years | 6,076 |  |  | 6,081 |
Total | $ | 142,900 |  |  | $ | 142,861 |
Our investment policy is capital preservation and we only invest in U.S.-dollar denominated investments. We held a total of 61 investments which were in an unrealized loss position with a total of $0.06 million unrealized losses as of June 30, 2025. We believe that we will collect the principal and interest due on our debt securities that have an amortized cost in excess of fair value. The unrealized losses are largely due to changes in interest rates and not to unfavorable changes in the credit quality associated with these securities that impacted our assessment on collectability of principal and interest. We do not intend to sell these securities and it is not more-likely-than-not that we will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of the amortized cost basis as of June 30, 2025. Accordingly, there was no credit loss recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. In July 2024, we sold certain securities before the recovery of the amortized cost basis to fund the Apeiron Acquisition. Accordingly, we wrote down the amortized cost of $0.05 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses Our accounts receivable arise primarily from sales on credit to customers. We establish an allowance for credit losses to present the net amount of accounts receivable expected to be collected. The allowance is determined by using the loss-rate method, which requires an estimation of loss rates based upon historical loss experience adjusted for factors that are relevant to determining the expected collectability of accounts receivable. Some of these factors include macroeconomic conditions that correlate with historical loss experience, delinquency trends, aging behavior of receivables and credit and liquidity quality indicators for industry groups, customer classes or individual customers. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions and concluded an increase of $0.1 million and an increase of $0.2 million in the aggregate of general and specific allowance for credit losses, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions and concluded an increase of $0.4 million and a decrease of $0.1 million in the aggregate of general and specific allowance for credit losses, respectively. Inventory Inventory, which consists of finished goods (Captisol), is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine cost using the specific identification method. We analyze our inventory levels periodically and write down inventory to net realizable value if it has become obsolete, has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value or is in excess of expected requirements. There was no obsolete inventory charge recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. There was $0.2 million obsolete inventory charge recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. In addition to finished goods, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, inventory included prepayments of $2.6 million and $3.1 million, respectively, to our supplier for Captisol. Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):
| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Indefinite-lived intangible assets |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 101,541 |  |  | $ | 105,250 |
Definite lived intangible assets |  |  |
Complete technology | 39,249 |  |  | 39,249 |
Less: accumulated amortization | (20,984) |  |  | (19,710) |
Trade name | 2,642 |  |  | 2,642 |
Less: accumulated amortization | (1,910) |  |  | (1,843) |
Customer relationships | 29,600 |  |  | 29,600 |
Less: accumulated amortization | (21,398) |  |  | (20,652) |
Contractual relationships | 360,000 |  |  | 360,000 |
Less: accumulated amortization | (137,066) |  |  | (122,638) |
Total definite lived intangible assets | 250,133 |  |  | 266,648 |
Total goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, net | $ | 351,674 |  |  | $ | 371,898 |
Financial Royalty Assets, net Financial royalty assets represent a portfolio of future milestone and royalty payment rights acquired that are passive in nature (i.e., we do not own the intellectual property or have the right to commercialize the underlying products). Although a financial royalty asset does not have the contractual terms typical of a loan (such as contractual principal and interest), we account for financial royalty assets under ASC 310, Receivables. Our financial royalty assets are classified similar to loans receivable and are measured at amortized cost using the prospective effective interest method described in ASC 835-30, Imputation of Interest. The effective interest rate is calculated by forecasting the expected cash flows to be received over the life of the asset relative to the initial invested amount. The effective interest rate is recalculated in each reporting period as the difference between expected cash flows and actual cash flows are realized and as there are changes to expected future cash flows. The gross carrying value of a financial royalty asset is made up of the opening balance, or net purchase price for a new financial royalty asset, which is increased by accrued interest income (except for assets under the non-accrual method) and decreased by cash receipts in the period to arrive at the ending balance. We evaluate financial royalty assets for recoverability on an individual basis by comparing the effective interest rate at each reporting date to that of the prior period. If the effective interest rate is lower for the current period than the prior period, and if the gross cash flows have declined (expected and collected), we record provision expense for the change in expected cash flows. The provision is measured as the difference between the financial royalty asset’s amortized cost basis and the net present value of the expected future cash flows, calculated using the prior period’s effective interest rate. In addition to the above allowance, we recognize an allowance for current expected credit losses under ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses on our financial royalty assets. The credit rating, which is primarily based on publicly available data and updated quarterly, is the primary credit quality indicator used to determine the credit loss provision. The carrying value of financial royalty assets is presented net of the cumulative allowance for changes in expected future cash flows and expected credit losses. The initial amount and subsequent revisions in allowances for changes in expected future cash flows and expected credit losses are recorded as part of general and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. When we are reasonably certain that a part of a financial royalty asset’s net carrying value (or all of it) is not recoverable, we recognize a permanent impairment which is recorded in financial royalty assets impairment on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. To the extent there was an allowance previously recorded for this asset, the amount of such impairment is written off against the allowance at the time that such a determination is made. Any future recoveries from such impairment are recognized when cash is collected in a respective period earnings. The current portion of financial royalty assets represents an estimation for current quarter royalty receipts which are collected during the subsequent quarter, net of the allowance for expected credit losses. For additional information, see Note 5, Financial Royalty Assets, net. Research and Development Funding Expense We enter into transactions where we agree to fund a portion of the research and development (“R&D”) performed by our partners for products undergoing late-stage clinical trials in exchange for future royalties or milestones if the products are successfully developed and commercialized. In accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development, we account for the funded amounts as R&D expense when we have the ability to obtain the results of the R&D, the transfer of financial risk is genuine and substantive and, at the time of entering into the transaction, it is not yet probable that the product will receive regulatory approval. If these conditions are not met, we may record the funded amounts as a financial royalty asset. We may fund R&D upfront or over time as the underlying products undergo clinical trials. Royalties earned on successfully commercialized products generated from R&D arrangements are recognized as revenue from intangible royalty assets in the same period in which the sale of the commercialized product occurs. Fixed or milestone payments receivable based on the achievement of contractual criteria for products arising out of our R&D arrangements are recognized as contract revenue and other income in the period that the milestone threshold is met. Derivative Assets Derivative assets include instruments used for risk-management purposes, and other instruments. Derivative assets which are not used for risk management purposes, include: (a) acquired rights in future milestone and royalty payments from Agenus Partnered Programs (as defined in Note 3, Castle Creek and Agenus Transactions), (b) rights to receive from Primrose Bio 50% of milestone payments on two contracts previously entered into by Primordial Genetics (“Primrose mRNA”), (c) Castle Creek Milestone (as defined in Note 3, Castle Creek and Agenus Transactions), (d) Agenus Warrant (as defined in Note 3, Castle Creek and Agenus Transactions), and (e) Castle Creek Warrant (as defined in Note 3, Castle Creek and Agenus Transactions). All derivatives are measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Derivative assets consist of the following (in thousands):
| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Agenus Partner Programs | $ | 5,841 |  |  | $ | 6,326 |
Primrose mRNA | 2,836 |  |  | 3,451 |
Castle Creek Milestone | 2,100 |  |  | — |
Agenus Warrant | 1,706 |  |  | 806 |
Castle Creek Warrant | 5,475 |  |  | — |
Total noncurrent derivative assets | $ | 17,958 |  |  | $ | 10,583 |
A change in the fair value of Agenus Partner Programs, Primrose mRNA and Castle Creek Milestone derivatives that amounted to $(0.8) million, $(0.7) million and $0.3 million, respectively, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, was included in fair value adjustments to partner program derivatives in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. A change in the fair value of Agenus Partner Programs, Primrose mRNA and Castle Creek Milestone derivatives that amounted to $(0.5) million, $(0.6) million and $0.3 million, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, was included in fair value adjustments to partner program derivatives in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. A change in the fair value of other derivatives that amounted to $1.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, was included in other non-operating expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. In May 2024, we entered into a collar arrangement to hedge against the fluctuation risk in Viking’s share price (the “Viking Share Collar”), which was fully exercised in October 2024. A change in the fair value of Viking Share Collar that amounted to $15.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was included in gain (loss) from short-term investments in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. A change in the fair value of Agenus Partner Programs and Primrose mRNA derivative that amounted to $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, for the three months ended June 30, 2024, was included in other non-operating expense, net in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. A change in the fair value of Agenus Partner Programs and Primrose mRNA derivative that amounted to $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2024, was included in other non-operating expense, net in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. A change in the fair value of other derivatives that amounted to $1.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, was included in other non-operating expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Equity Method Investment Investments that we do not consolidate but in which we have significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee are classified as equity method investments and are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. In applying the equity method of accounting, investments are initially recorded at cost and are subsequently adjusted based on our proportionate share of net income or loss of the investee, net of any distributions received from the investee and any impairment. In connection with the sale of the Pelican business and investment in Primrose Bio transaction in September 2023, we account for our common stock investment in Primrose Bio under the equity method as we have the ability to exercise significant influence over Primrose Bio’s operating and financial results. Ligand owns 31.4% of the equity of Primrose Bio as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our proportionate share of net loss of Primrose Bio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $2.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively, and was recorded in other non-operating expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2024, equity method investment in Primrose Bio had been written down to zero, and we are not required to fund further losses from Primrose Bio. We have no outstanding advances, guarantees, or commitment to fund Primrose Bio’s losses; therefore, our proportionate share of net loss of Primrose Bio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was not recorded. Our equity method investments are reviewed for indicators of impairment at each reporting period and are written down to fair value if there is evidence of a loss in value that is other-than-temporary. In June 2024, Primrose Bio entered into an equity investment from an equity firm. As a result, we recognized an impairment loss on our equity method investment in the amount of $5.8 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.There was no impairment to our equity method investment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. Any income or loss from our equity method investments (including the impairment) is presented in other non-operating expense, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Other Investments Other investments represent our investments in equity securities of third parties that do not result in us having a control or significant influence over such investments. Our equity securities investments that do not have a readily determinable or estimable fair value are measured using the measurement alternative, which is cost less impairment, if any, and adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer. The amount of such impairment or adjustment recognized during the period is presented in other non-operating expense, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Other investments consist of the following (in thousands):
| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Equity securities in Primrose Bio | $ | 6,712 |  |  | $ | 6,712 |
InvIOs investment | 4,196 |  |  | 4,196 |
Total other investments | $ | 10,908 |  |  | $ | 10,908 |
In connection with the sale of the Pelican business and investment in Primrose Bio transaction in September 2023, since the preferred stock and restricted share investment in Primrose Bio has a substantive liquidation preference, it is not substantially similar to the common stock investment and is therefore recorded as an equity security under ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities. We determined that the Series A preferred stock and reserve stock investments in Primrose Bio did not have a readily determinable fair value and therefore elected the measurement alternative in ASC 321 to subsequently record the investment at cost, less any impairments, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. When fair value becomes determinable, from observable price changes in orderly transactions, our investment will be marked to fair value. In June 2024, Primrose Bio entered into an equity investment from an equity firm. As a result, our investments in Series A preferred stock and reserve stock were reduced by $25.8 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. There were no observable price changes or impairments identified for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Royalties owed to third parties | $ | 5,633 |  |  | $ | 6,500 |
Professional fees | 4,507 |  |  | 4,858 |
UK value-added tax | 1,045 |  |  | 5,159 |
Compensation | 2,514 |  |  | 5,522 |
Subcontractor | 1,756 |  |  | 1,756 |
Customer deposit | 621 |  |  | 621 |
Other | 1,388 |  |  | 3,490 |
Total accrued liabilities | $ | 17,464 |  |  | $ | 27,906 |
Contingent Liabilities In connection with the acquisition of CyDex® in January 2011, we recorded a contingent liability for amounts potentially due to holders of the CyDex CVRs and former license holders. The liability is periodically assessed based on events and circumstances related to the underlying milestones, royalties and material sales. In connection with the acquisition of Metabasis in January 2010, we issued Metabasis stockholders four tradable CVRs for each Metabasis share. The fair values of the CVRs are remeasured at each reporting date through the term of the related agreement. Any change in fair value is recorded in other non-operating expense, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. For additional information, see Note 6, Fair Value Measurements. Other Long-Term Liabilities Other long-term liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Unrecognized tax benefits | $ | 14,316 |  |  | $ | 14,160 |
Novan (Pelthos) contract liability | — |  |  | 15,938 |
Other long-term liabilities | 53 |  |  | 65 |
Total other long-term liabilities | $ | 14,369 |  |  | $ | 30,163 |
Share-Based Compensation Share-based compensation expense for awards to employees and non-employee directors is a non-cash expense and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense recorded as components of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands):
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
SBC - Research and development expenses | $ | 955 |  |  | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 1,859 |  |  | $ | 1,606 |
SBC - General and administrative expenses | 9,042 |  |  | 10,132 |  |  | 15,974 |  |  | 16,788 |
Total SBC expenses | $ | 9,997 |  |  | $ | 11,060 |  |  | $ | 17,833 |  |  | $ | 18,394 |
The fair value for options that were awarded to employees and directors was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Risk-free interest rate | 4.1% |  | 4.3% |  | 4.0% |  | 4.3%
Dividend yield | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Expected volatility | 43.1% |  | 45.5% |  | 45.6% |  | 44.7%
Expected term (years) | 4.7 |  | 4.7 |  | 4.2 |  | 4.7
A limited amount of performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) contain a market condition based on our relative total shareholder return ranked on a percentile basis against the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index over a three-year performance period, with a range of 0% to 200% of the target amount granted to be issued under the award. Share-based compensation cost for these PSUs is measured using the Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model and is not adjusted for the achievement, or lack thereof, of the performance conditions. Net Income (Loss) Per Share Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed based on the sum of the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed based on the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common shares consist of shares issuable under stock options and restricted stock. Potentially dilutive common shares from stock options and restricted stock are determined using the average share price for each period under the treasury stock method. In addition, the following amounts are assumed to be used to repurchase shares: proceeds from exercise of stock options and the average amount of unrecognized compensation expense for the awards. For additional information, see Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity. The following table presents the calculation of weighted average shares used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands):
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Weighted average shares outstanding: | 19,327 |  |  | 18,028 |  |  | 19,259 |  |  | 17,880 |
Dilutive potential common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |
Stock options | 420 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 278 |
Shares used to compute diluted income (loss) per share | 19,926 |  |  | 18,028 |  |  | 19,259 |  |  | 18,282 |
Potentially dilutive shares excluded from calculation due to anti-dilutive effect | 1,360 |  |  | 2,347 |  |  | 1,062 |  |  | 2,177 |
For the six months ended June 30, 2025, due to the net loss for the period, the 0.7 million weighted average incremental options and restricted stock awards were anti-dilutive. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, due to the net loss for the period, the 0.4 million weighted average incremental options and restricted stock awards were anti-dilutive. Foreign Currency Translation The Euro is the functional currency of Apeiron and the corresponding financial statements have been translated into U.S. Dollars in accordance with ASC 830-30, Translation of Financial Statements. Assets and liabilities are translated at end-of-period rates while revenues and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the period in which the activity took place. Equity is translated at historical rates and the resulting cumulative translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The update requires a public business entity to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. Adoption of the ASU allows for either the prospective or retrospective application of the amendment and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this ASU prospectively for the period ending December 31, 2025, and it will impact only our disclosures, with no impacts to our financial condition or results of operations. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. This update requires entities to disaggregate operating expenses into specific categories, such as salaries and wages, depreciation, and amortization, to provide enhanced transparency into the nature and function of expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2024-03 may be applied retrospectively or prospectively. We are currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. We do not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

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