Investment Transactions	9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, Transaction between Entities under Common Control, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract]
Investment Transactions	Investment Transactions Arecor Transaction: Q3 2025 On September 24, 2025, we invested $7 million in strategic capital to purchase economic rights from Arecor Limited (“Arecor”), with an additional $1 million in deferred consideration payable in two equal parts at the six- and twelve-month anniversaries of the transaction closing date. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition. In connection with the transaction, Ligand received the economic rights in two partner programs: 1) a single-digit royalty on global net sales of AT220, an Arestat®-enhanced biosimilar product marketed by a global pharmaceutical company; and 2) potential annual technology access fees and milestones from AT292 (efdoralprin alfa/SAR447537/INBRX-101), a partnered program with Sanofi. We accounted for both partner programs rights (except for the past period royalty rights) as financial royalty assets (loan receivables) under ASC 310, Receivables. AT220 royalty rights for the pre-transaction period have been recorded as other current assets. The AT220 financial royalty asset is placed on the accrual method as this drug is commercially available. The AT292 financial royalty asset is currently put under the non-accrual method as this drug is still under development and management cannot reliably estimate future cash flows from this program. In addition to the economic rights, Ligand received warrants to purchase 1,002,739 ordinary shares of Arecor Therapeutics Plc, exercisable over a ten-year period. We accounted for the Arecor warrants (“Arecor Warrant”) as derivative assets under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, recognizing them at fair value as of the transaction date and marking them to fair value at each subsequent reporting period. Arecor Warrant is presented in noncurrent derivative assets line in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the Arecor Warrant is determined using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions as of September 24, 2025, and September 30, 2025, respectively: 1) volatility of 32% and 33%; and 2) risk-free rates of 4.7% and 4.8%. Out of the $7 million Arecor transaction price and the $1 million of deferred consideration recognized as of the transaction closing date, $0.5 million was allocated to the Arecor Warrant, $4.8 million and $1.9 million were allocated to AT220 and AT292 financial royalty assets, respectively, and $0.8 million was allocated to past period royalties of AT220 (recorded as other current assets). We are also obligated to pay up to $3 million in contingent consideration tied to commercial milestones in the AT292 partnered program. We accounted for this contingent consideration in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, and will recognize respective liability when the contingency is resolved, and the liability becomes payable. No contingent consideration was recognized as of the acquisition date or as of September 30, 2025. Orchestra Transaction: Q3 2025 On August 4, 2025, we invested $25 million in strategic capital to fund Orchestra BioMed (“Orchestra”)’s late-stage partnered cardiology programs. Our investment included a $20 million cash payment payable at the transaction closing date, with an additional $15 million contingent consideration to be recogzined when paid, at the nine-month anniversary of the transaction closing date. Ligand invested an additional $5 million in an equity private placement at the public offering price of $2.75 per share. In exchange, we will receive a low double-digit royalty on the first $100 million in commercial revenues from Orchestra’s atrioventricular interval modulation (“AVIM”) therapy and Virtue SAB programs in all indications. We will also earn a mid-single-digit royalty on annual revenues exceeding $100 million in commercial revenues from AVIM therapy in the uncontrolled hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk indication and Virtue SAB in coronary artery disease indications. The $5 million equity private placement is included in our a short-term investments and subsequently marked to market during each reporting period. The remaining $20 million was allocated $2.3 million to the Orchestra Warrant derivative asset and $17.8 million to the research and development funding arrangement and recognized in research and development expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. The Orchestra Warrant is presented in the noncurrent derivative assets line in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The derivative asset was recorded at fair value as of August 4, 2025, and is marked to fair value at each subsequent reporting period. The fair value of the Orchestra Warrant was determined using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions as of August 4, 2025, and September 30. 2025, respectively: 1) volatility of 73% and 72%; and 2) risk-free rates of 4.4% and 4.2%. We accounted for the acquired royalty rights as a research and development funding arrangement under ASC 730-20, Research and Development Arrangements, because (a) Orchestra is contractually required to use Ligand’s capital for the execution of the Phase 3 clinical study for AVIM Therapy, and (b) the repayment of Ligand funding solely depends on the research and development results having future economic benefits. As Ligand will not be controlling or actively involved in the ongoing research and development efforts, this amount was expensed in the period of funding. Castle Creek Transaction: Q1 2025 On February 24, 2025, we entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “Castle Creek Investment” transaction) with Castle Creek Biosciences, Inc., Castle Creek Biosciences, LLC (collectively, “Castle Creek”) and a syndicate of co-investors for which Ligand acted as representative (collectively, including Ligand, the “Purchasers”), to support Castle Creek’s autologous human fibroblast cell-based gene therapy genetically modified to express COL7, also known as FCX-007 (dabocemagene autoficel) (“D-Fi”) Phase 3 clinical study. D-Fi is Castle Creek’s lead candidate for patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (“DEB”). Pursuant to the Castle Creek Investment transaction, Ligand and the other Purchasers obtained, for an aggregate purchase price of $75 million ($50 million of which was paid by Ligand and $25 million of which was paid by the other Purchasers collectively) on a proportional basis: (a) a high single digit royalty on worldwide sales of D-Fi; and (b) the Warrant to purchase shares of Castle Creek’s Series D-1 Preferred Stock, exercisable until February 24, 2035 (“Castle Creek Warrant”). As part of the Agreement, Castle Creek granted the Purchasers a security interest in certain assets related to the programs included in the Agreement, subject to certain customary exceptions. In connection with the Castle Creek Investment transaction, on February 24, 2025, we acquired a portion of unsecured subordinated promissory notes (with an aggregate principal amount of $8.3 million payable upon FDA approval of D-Fi) from a Castle Creek related party for $1.8 million (“Milestone Buyout”). Management concluded that the individual prices of these two transactions (Castle Creek Investment and Milestone Buyout) reflect the fair value of the related assets acquired on a standalone basis. We accounted for the Milestone Buyout transaction as a financial royalty asset. We further identified two units of account in the Castle Creek Investment transaction: (1) the Castle Creek Warrant, accounted for as a derivative asset; (2) D-Fi royalty rights accounted for as a research and development funding arrangement under ASC 730-20, Research and Development Arrangements, because (a) Castle Creek is contractually required to use Ligand’s capital for the execution of the Phase 3 clinical study for D-Fi and (b) the repayment of Ligand funding solely depends on the research and development results having future economic benefits. Out of the $50.1 million Castle Creek Investment transaction price, including transaction costs, $5.8 million was allocated to the Castle Creek Warrant (based on their estimated fair value as of the effective date), with the remaining amount of $44.3 million being allocated to D-Fi royalty rights, and recognized in research and development expenses for the period (as Ligand will not be controlling or actively involved in the ongoing research and development efforts). The Castle Creek Warrant derivative is presented in the noncurrent derivative assets line in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Castle Creek Warrant was recorded at fair value as of February 24, 2025, and is marked to fair value at each subsequent reporting period. The fair value of the Castle Creek Warrant was determined using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions as of February 24, 2025, and September 30, 2025, respectively: 1) volatility of 110% and 110%; and 2) risk-free rates of 4.2% and 3.6%. Agenus Transaction: Q2 2024 On May 29, 2024, we closed the transactions pursuant to the $75 million purchase and sale agreement (the “Agenus Agreement”), dated May 6, 2024, among us and Agenus Inc., Agenus Royalty Fund, LLC, and Agenus Holdings 2024, LLC (collectively, “Agenus”). Under the terms of the Agenus Agreement, we received (i) 18.75% of the licensed royalties and 31.875% of the future licensed milestones paid to Agenus on six-partnered oncology programs, including BMS-986442 (Bristol Myers Squibb), AGEN2373 (Gilead Sciences), INCAGN2385 and INCAGN2390 (Incyte), MK-4830 (Merck), and UGN-301 (UroGen Pharma) (collectively referred as “Agenus Partnered Programs”), and (ii) a synthetic 2.625% royalty on future global net sales of Agenus’ novel immuno-oncology botensilimab in combination with balstilimab (“BOT/BAL”) program, collectively subject to certain events which may adjust the royalty and milestone percentages paid to us. In addition, we received the option to commit an additional $25 million in the same assets on a pro rata basis which expired on June 30, 2025 (“Upsize Option”). We have also agreed to allow Agenus to raise up to an additional $100 million bringing the total syndicated purchase price up to an aggregate of $200 million. As part of the Agenus Agreement, Agenus granted us security over certain assets related to the programs included in the Agenus Agreement, subject to certain customary exceptions. In connection with entry into the Agenus Agreement, Agenus issued us a five-year warrant (“Agenus Warrant”) to purchase 867,052 shares of its common stock, at an exercise price equal to $17.30. We initially accounted for all Agenus Partnered Programs as derivative assets. We reclassified them to financial royalty assets effective January 1, 2025 with the adoption of ASU 2025-07. The assets are currently put under the non-accrual method as management cannot reliably estimate future cash flows from these programs. We accounted for the Agenus Warrant and Upsize Option as derivative assets, presented in noncurrent derivative assets line in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The derivative assets were recorded at fair value as of May 29, 2024, and are marked to fair value at each subsequent reporting period. The fair value of the Agenus Warrant was determined using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions as of May 29, 2024, and September 30, 2025, respectively: 1) volatility of 84% and 114%; 2) risk-free rates of 4.7% and 3.6%. The fair value of the Upsize Option was determined using the binomial option pricing model under which we assessed and considered the possible upwards and downwards scenarios through the expiration date of the Upsize Option. The fair value of the Upsize Option was written down to zero as of December 31, 2024, and it further expired on June 30, 2025. For additional information on the Agenus Warrant and Upsize Option, see Note 6, Fair Value Measurements. For additional information on the Agenus Partnered Program financial royalty asset, see Note 5, Financial Royalty Assets, net. We accounted for the acquired BOT/BAL rights as a financial royalty asset, which is currently put under the non-accrual method as management cannot reliably estimate future cash flows from this program. The amount of BOT/BAL financial royalty asset was determined as the residual value from the $75 million aggregate investment amount, less fair value of all acquired derivative assets as of May 29, 2024. For additional information on the Agenus BOT/BAL rights, see Note 5, Financial Royalty Assets, net.

On September 24, 2025, we invested $7 million in strategic capital to purchase economic rights from Arecor Limited (“Arecor”), with an additional $1 million in deferred consideration payable in two equal parts at the six- and twelve-month anniversaries of the transaction closing date. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition.

In connection with the transaction, Ligand received the economic rights in two partner programs: 1) a single-digit royalty on global net sales of AT220, an Arestat®-enhanced biosimilar product marketed by a global pharmaceutical company; and 2) potential annual technology access fees and milestones from AT292 (efdoralprin alfa/SAR447537/INBRX-101), a partnered program with Sanofi.

We accounted for both partner programs rights (except for the past period royalty rights) as financial royalty assets (loan receivables) under ASC 310, Receivables. AT220 royalty rights for the pre-transaction period have been recorded as other current assets. The AT220 financial royalty asset is placed on the accrual method as this drug is commercially available. The AT292 financial royalty asset is currently put under the non-accrual method as this drug is still under development and management cannot reliably estimate future cash flows from this program.

In addition to the economic rights, Ligand received warrants to purchase 1,002,739 ordinary shares of Arecor Therapeutics Plc, exercisable over a ten-year period. We accounted for the Arecor warrants (“Arecor Warrant”) as derivative assets under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, recognizing them at fair value as of the transaction date and marking them to fair value at each subsequent reporting period. Arecor Warrant is presented in noncurrent derivative assets line in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the Arecor Warrant is determined using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions as of September 24, 2025, and September 30, 2025, respectively: 1) volatility of 32% and 33%; and 2) risk-free rates of 4.7% and 4.8%.

Out of the $7 million Arecor transaction price and the $1 million of deferred consideration recognized as of the transaction closing date, $0.5 million was allocated to the Arecor Warrant, $4.8 million and $1.9 million were allocated to AT220 and AT292 financial royalty assets, respectively, and $0.8 million was allocated to past period royalties of AT220 (recorded as other current assets).

We are also obligated to pay up to $3 million in contingent consideration tied to commercial milestones in the AT292 partnered program. We accounted for this contingent consideration in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, and will recognize respective liability when the contingency is resolved, and the liability becomes payable. No contingent consideration was recognized as of the acquisition date or as of September 30, 2025.

On August 4, 2025, we invested $25 million in strategic capital to fund Orchestra BioMed (“Orchestra”)’s late-stage partnered cardiology programs. Our investment included a $20 million cash payment payable at the transaction closing date, with an additional $15 million contingent consideration to be recogzined when paid, at the nine-month anniversary of the transaction closing date. Ligand invested an additional $5 million in an equity private placement at the public offering price of $2.75 per share. In exchange, we will receive a low double-digit royalty on the first $100 million in commercial revenues from Orchestra’s atrioventricular interval modulation (“AVIM”) therapy and Virtue SAB programs in all indications. We will also earn a mid-single-digit royalty on annual revenues exceeding $100 million in commercial revenues from AVIM therapy in the uncontrolled hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk indication and Virtue SAB in coronary artery disease indications.

The $5 million equity private placement is included in our a short-term investments and subsequently marked to market during each reporting period. The remaining $20 million was allocated $2.3 million to the Orchestra Warrant derivative asset

The Orchestra Warrant is presented in the noncurrent derivative assets line in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The derivative asset was recorded at fair value as of August 4, 2025, and is marked to fair value at each subsequent reporting period. The fair value of the Orchestra Warrant was determined using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions as of August 4, 2025, and September 30. 2025, respectively: 1) volatility of 73% and 72%; and 2) risk-free rates of 4.4% and 4.2%.

We accounted for the acquired royalty rights as a research and development funding arrangement under ASC 730-20, Research and Development Arrangements, because (a) Orchestra is contractually required to use Ligand’s capital for the execution of the Phase 3 clinical study for AVIM Therapy, and (b) the repayment of Ligand funding solely depends on the research and development results having future economic benefits. As Ligand will not be controlling or actively involved in the ongoing research and development efforts, this amount was expensed in the period of funding.

On February 24, 2025, we entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “Castle Creek Investment” transaction) with Castle Creek Biosciences, Inc., Castle Creek Biosciences, LLC (collectively, “Castle Creek”) and a syndicate of co-investors for which Ligand acted as representative (collectively, including Ligand, the “Purchasers”), to support Castle Creek’s autologous human fibroblast cell-based gene therapy genetically modified to express COL7, also known as FCX-007 (dabocemagene autoficel) (“D-Fi”) Phase 3 clinical study. D-Fi is Castle Creek’s lead candidate for patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (“DEB”).

Pursuant to the Castle Creek Investment transaction, Ligand and the other Purchasers obtained, for an aggregate purchase price of $75 million ($50 million of which was paid by Ligand and $25 million of which was paid by the other Purchasers collectively) on a proportional basis: (a) a high single digit royalty on worldwide sales of D-Fi; and (b) the Warrant to purchase shares of Castle Creek’s Series D-1 Preferred Stock, exercisable until February 24, 2035 (“Castle Creek Warrant”). As part of the Agreement, Castle Creek granted the Purchasers a security interest in certain assets related to the programs included in the Agreement, subject to certain customary exceptions.

In connection with the Castle Creek Investment transaction, on February 24, 2025, we acquired a portion of unsecured subordinated promissory notes (with an aggregate principal amount of $8.3 million payable upon FDA approval of D-Fi) from a Castle Creek related party for $1.8 million (“Milestone Buyout”). Management concluded that the individual prices of these two transactions (Castle Creek Investment and Milestone Buyout) reflect the fair value of the related assets acquired on a standalone basis.

We accounted for the Milestone Buyout transaction as a financial royalty asset. We further identified two units of account in the Castle Creek Investment transaction: (1) the Castle Creek Warrant, accounted for as a derivative asset; (2) D-Fi royalty rights accounted for as a research and development funding arrangement under ASC 730-20, Research and Development Arrangements, because (a) Castle Creek is contractually required to use Ligand’s capital for the execution of the Phase 3 clinical study for D-Fi and (b) the repayment of Ligand funding solely depends on the research and development results having future economic benefits. Out of the $50.1 million Castle Creek Investment transaction price, including transaction costs, $5.8 million was allocated to the Castle Creek Warrant (based on their estimated fair value as of the effective date), with the remaining amount of $44.3 million being allocated to D-Fi royalty rights, and recognized in research and development expenses for the period (as Ligand will not be controlling or actively involved in the ongoing research and development efforts).

The Castle Creek Warrant derivative is presented in the noncurrent derivative assets line in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Castle Creek Warrant was recorded at fair value as of February 24, 2025, and is marked to fair value at each subsequent reporting period. The fair value of the Castle Creek Warrant was determined using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions as of February 24, 2025, and September 30, 2025, respectively: 1) volatility of 110% and 110%; and 2) risk-free rates of 4.2% and 3.6%.

On May 29, 2024, we closed the transactions pursuant to the $75 million purchase and sale agreement (the “Agenus Agreement”), dated May 6, 2024, among us and Agenus Inc., Agenus Royalty Fund, LLC, and Agenus Holdings 2024, LLC (collectively, “Agenus”). Under the terms of the Agenus Agreement, we received (i) 18.75% of the licensed royalties and 31.875% of the future licensed milestones paid to Agenus on six-partnered oncology programs, including BMS-986442 (Bristol Myers Squibb), AGEN2373 (Gilead Sciences), INCAGN2385 and INCAGN2390 (Incyte), MK-4830 (Merck), and UGN-301 (UroGen Pharma) (collectively referred as “Agenus Partnered Programs”), and (ii) a synthetic 2.625% royalty on future global net sales of Agenus’ novel immuno-oncology botensilimab in combination with balstilimab (“BOT/BAL”) program,

collectively subject to certain events which may adjust the royalty and milestone percentages paid to us. In addition, we received the option to commit an additional $25 million in the same assets on a pro rata basis which expired on June 30, 2025 (“Upsize Option”). We have also agreed to allow Agenus to raise up to an additional $100 million bringing the total syndicated purchase price up to an aggregate of $200 million. As part of the Agenus Agreement, Agenus granted us security over certain assets related to the programs included in the Agenus Agreement, subject to certain customary exceptions.

We initially accounted for all Agenus Partnered Programs as derivative assets. We reclassified them to financial royalty assets effective January 1, 2025 with the adoption of ASU 2025-07. The assets are currently put under the non-accrual method as management cannot reliably estimate future cash flows from these programs.

We accounted for the Agenus Warrant and Upsize Option as derivative assets, presented in noncurrent derivative assets line in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The derivative assets were recorded at fair value as of May 29, 2024, and are marked to fair value at each subsequent reporting period.

The fair value of the Agenus Warrant was determined using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions as of May 29, 2024, and September 30, 2025, respectively: 1) volatility of 84% and 114%; 2) risk-free rates of 4.7% and 3.6%. The fair value of the Upsize Option was determined using the binomial option pricing model under which we assessed and considered the possible upwards and downwards scenarios through the expiration date of the Upsize Option. The fair value of the Upsize Option was written down to zero as of December 31, 2024, and it further expired on June 30, 2025.

For additional information on the Agenus Warrant and Upsize Option, see Note 6, Fair Value Measurements. For additional information on the Agenus Partnered Program financial royalty asset, see Note 5, Financial Royalty Assets, net.

We accounted for the acquired BOT/BAL rights as a financial royalty asset, which is currently put under the non-accrual method as management cannot reliably estimate future cash flows from this program. The amount of BOT/BAL financial royalty asset was determined as the residual value from the $75 million aggregate investment amount, less fair value of all acquired derivative assets as of May 29, 2024. For additional information on the Agenus BOT/BAL rights, see Note 5, Financial Royalty Assets, net.