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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
☒ Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021
OR
☐ Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from to
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 001-34653
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Montana |  | 81-0331430
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
401 North 31st Street |  |
Billings, | MT |  | 59116-0918
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (406) 255-5390
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, no par value | FIBK | NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files.) Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date:

September 30, 2021 – Class A common stock | 41,715,627 |
September 30, 2021 – Class B common stock | 20,515,516 |

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

| FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES |
| Index |
| September 30, 2021 |
|  | Page Nos.
| Part I - Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 41
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 56
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 56
| Part II - Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 56
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 56
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 59
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 59
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 59
Item 5. | Other Information | 59
Item 6. | Exhibits | 60
Signatures | 61

2

Table of Contents
FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except share data)
(Unaudited)

| September 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Assets |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 227.6 |  |  | $ | 261.4 |
Interest bearing deposits in banks | 2,005.8 |  |  | 2,015.3 |
Federal funds sold | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 2,233.5 |  |  | 2,276.8 |
Investment securities: |  |  |
Available-for-sale | 4,403.6 |  |  | 4,008.7 |
Held-to-maturity, net (estimated fair values of $1,632.5 and $55.0 at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively) | 1,618.1 |  |  | 51.6 |
Total investment securities | 6,021.7 |  |  | 4,060.3 |
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value | 42.5 |  |  | 74.0 |
Loans held for investment, net of deferred fees and costs | 9,622.5 |  |  | 9,807.5 |
Allowance for credit losses | 135.1 |  |  | 144.3 |
Net loans held for investment | 9,487.4 |  |  | 9,663.2 |
Goodwill | 621.6 |  |  | 621.6 |
Company-owned life insurance | 300.5 |  |  | 296.4 |
Premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation | 297.3 |  |  | 312.3 |
Core deposit intangibles, net of accumulated amortization | 43.7 |  |  | 51.2 |
Accrued interest receivable | 52.9 |  |  | 51.1 |
Mortgage servicing rights, net of accumulated amortization and impairment reserve | 27.0 |  |  | 24.0 |
Other real estate owned (“OREO”) | 2.3 |  |  | 2.5 |
Other assets | 241.8 |  |  | 215.3 |
Total assets | $ | 19,372.2 |  |  | $ | 17,648.7 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Non-interest bearing | $ | 5,617.9 |  |  | $ | 4,633.5 |
Interest bearing | 10,389.4 |  |  | 9,583.5 |
Total deposits | 16,007.3 |  |  | 14,217.0 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 1,007.5 |  |  | 1,091.4 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 146.0 |  |  | 144.4 |
Accrued interest payable | 6.6 |  |  | 5.8 |
Deferred tax liability, net | 17.4 |  |  | 27.2 |
Long-term debt | 112.4 |  |  | 112.4 |
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures | 3.2 |  |  | 3.7 |
Subordinated debentures held by subsidiary trusts | 87.0 |  |  | 87.0 |
Total liabilities | 17,387.4 |  |  | 15,688.9 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Nonvoting noncumulative preferred stock without par value; authorized 100,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2021 or December 31, 2020 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock | 943.6 |  |  | 941.1 |
Retained earnings | 1,026.9 |  |  | 962.1 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net | 14.3 |  |  | 56.6 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 1,984.8 |  |  | 1,959.8 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 19,372.2 |  |  | $ | 17,648.7 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In millions, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans | $ | 111.9 |  |  | $ | 112.3 |  |  | $ | 325.1 |  |  | $ | 336.4 |
Interest and dividends on investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 17.1 |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | 48.7 |  |  | 48.4 |
Exempt from federal taxes | 1.4 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 1.6 |
Interest on deposits in banks | 0.7 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 3.5 |
Total interest income | 131.1 |  |  | 128.9 |  |  | 379.7 |  |  | 389.9 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits | 1.9 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 15.2 |
Interest on securities sold under repurchase agreements | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.7 |
Interest on other debt | 1.5 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 3.0 |
Interest on subordinated debentures held by subsidiary trusts | 0.7 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.4 |
Total interest expense | 4.2 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 21.3 |
Net interest income | 126.9 |  |  | 123.0 |  |  | 366.4 |  |  | 368.6 |
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses | — |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | (5.1) |  |  | 53.7 |
Net interest income after provision for (reversal of) credit losses | 126.9 |  |  | 117.8 |  |  | 371.5 |  |  | 314.9 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment services revenues | 12.2 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 33.8 |  |  | 30.0 |
Mortgage banking revenues | 11.6 |  |  | 14.3 |  |  | 32.8 |  |  | 39.4 |
Wealth management revenues | 6.5 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 17.5 |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 4.4 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | 13.3 |
Other service charges, commissions, and fees | 1.4 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 10.0 |
Investment securities gains, net | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |
Other income | 3.3 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 12.5 |
Total non-interest income | 39.7 |  |  | 44.7 |  |  | 113.1 |  |  | 122.8 |
Non-interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and wages | 42.0 |  |  | 46.0 |  |  | 122.6 |  |  | 130.1 |
Employee benefits | 12.9 |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 43.7 |  |  | 36.4 |
Outsourced technology services | 8.2 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 24.7 |  |  | 24.5 |
Occupancy, net | 7.3 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 21.7 |  |  | 21.3 |
Furniture and equipment | 4.5 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 11.1 |
OREO expense, net of income | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.4) |
Professional fees | 2.7 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | 8.6 |
FDIC insurance premiums | 1.7 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 4.5 |
Core deposit intangibles amortization | 2.4 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 8.3 |
Other expenses | 17.6 |  |  | 15.1 |  |  | 49.6 |  |  | 45.7 |
Acquisition related expenses | 6.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | — |
Total non-interest expense | 105.9 |  |  | 99.5 |  |  | 303.3 |  |  | 290.1 |
Income before income tax expense | 60.7 |  |  | 63.0 |  |  | 181.3 |  |  | 147.6 |
Income tax expense | 13.6 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  | 33.3 |
Net income | $ | 47.1 |  |  | $ | 48.3 |  |  | $ | 141.0 |  |  | $ | 114.3 |
Earnings per common share (Basic) | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 2.29 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |
Earnings per common share (Diluted) | 0.76 |  |  | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 2.28 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (Basic) | 61,673,656 |  |  | 63,764,474 |  |  | 61,641,342 |  |  | 64,184,832 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (Diluted) | 61,747,972 |  |  | 63,861,457 |  |  | 61,732,822 |  |  | 64,295,525 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
4

Table of Contents
FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2021 | 2020 |  | 2021 | 2020
Net income | $ | 47.1 |  | $ | 48.3 |  |  | $ | 141.0 |  | $ | 114.3 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax: |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available-for sale: |  |  |  |  |
Change in net unrealized (losses) gains during period | (13.4) |  | (4.2) |  |  | (81.0) |  | 69.9 |
Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in income | (0.3) |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  | (0.1) |
Net change in unamortized gains on available-for-sale securities transferred into held-to-maturity | (2.5) |  | — |  |  | 22.3 |  | — |
Unrealized loss on derivatives | 3.2 |  | — |  |  | 2.3 |  | 0.2 |
Defined benefit post-retirement benefits plans: |  |  |  |  |
Change in net actuarial loss | — |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  | (0.5) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax | (13.0) |  | (4.4) |  |  | (56.6) |  | 69.5 |
Changes in deferred taxes related to other comprehensive income (loss) | 3.2 |  | 1.1 |  |  | 14.3 |  | (18.6) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | (9.8) |  | (3.3) |  |  | (42.3) |  | 50.9 |
Comprehensive income, net of tax | $ | 37.3 |  | $ | 45.0 |  |  | $ | 98.7 |  | $ | 165.2 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
5

Table of Contents

FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (In millions, except share and per share data) (Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended September 30,
| Common stock |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Total stockholders’ equity
Balance at June 30, 2021 | $ | 941.6 |  |  | $ | 1,005.2 |  |  | $ | 24.1 |  |  | $ | 1,970.9 |
Net income | — |  |  | 47.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 47.1 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9.8) |  |  | (9.8) |
Common stock transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
574 common shares purchased and retired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
1,782 non-vested common shares issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
12,620 non-vested common shares forfeited or canceled | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2,324 stock options exercised, net of 0 shares tendered in payment of option price and income tax withholding amounts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |
Common cash dividends declared ($0.41 per share) | — |  |  | (25.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (25.4) |
Balance at September 30, 2021 | $ | 943.6 |  |  | $ | 1,026.9 |  |  | $ | 14.3 |  |  | $ | 1,984.8 |
Balance at June 30, 2020 | $ | 1,021.2 |  |  | $ | 912.5 |  |  | $ | 65.2 |  |  | $ | 1,998.9 |
Net income | — |  |  | 48.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 48.3 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | (3.3) |
Common stock transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1,445,300 common shares purchased and retired | (46.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (46.3) |
924 non-vested common shares issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
4,735 non-vested common shares forfeited or canceled | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
5,143 stock options exercised, net of 0 shares tendered in payment of option price and income tax withholding amounts | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Common cash dividends declared ($0.34 per share) | — |  |  | (21.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (21.9) |
Balance at September 30, 2020 | $ | 976.8 |  |  | $ | 938.9 |  |  | $ | 61.9 |  |  | $ | 1,977.6 |

6

Table of Contents

FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (continued) (In millions, except share and per share data) (Unaudited)
| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| Common stock |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Total stockholders’ equity
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 941.1 |  |  | $ | 962.1 |  |  | $ | 56.6 |  |  | $ | 1,959.8 |
Net income | — |  |  | 141.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 141.0 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42.3) |  |  | (42.3) |
Common stock transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
128,038 common shares purchased and retired | (5.4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5.4) |
19,081 common shares issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
241,307 non-vested common shares issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
39,993 non-vested common shares forfeited or canceled | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
42,987 stock options exercised, net of 6,177 shares tendered in payment of option price and income tax withholding amounts | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 7.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.5 |
Common cash dividends declared ($1.23 per share) | — |  |  | (76.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (76.2) |
Balance at September 30, 2021 | $ | 943.6 |  |  | $ | 1,026.9 |  |  | $ | 14.3 |  |  | $ | 1,984.8 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 1,049.3 |  |  | $ | 953.6 |  |  | $ | 11.0 |  |  | $ | 2,013.9 |
Cumulative change related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 | — |  |  | (24.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (24.1) |
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2020 | 1,049.3 |  |  | 929.5 |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 1,989.8 |
Net income | — |  |  | 114.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 114.3 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50.9 |  |  | 50.9 |
Common stock transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2,539,041 common shares purchased and retired | (78.9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (78.9) |
19,491 common shares issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
329,024 non-vested common shares issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
30,323 non-vested common shares forfeited or canceled | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
89,411 stock options exercised, net of 26,124 shares tendered in payment of option price and income tax withholding amounts | 0.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 5.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.6 |
Common cash dividends declared ($1.62 per share) | — |  |  | (104.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (104.9) |
Balance at September 30, 2020 | $ | 976.8 |  |  | $ | 938.9 |  |  | $ | 61.9 |  |  | $ | 1,977.6 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In millions) (Unaudited)
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 141.0 |  |  | $ | 114.3 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses | (5.1) |  |  | 53.7 |  |  |  |  |
Net loss on disposal of premises and equipment | (1.9) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 33.4 |  |  | 33.0 |  |  |  |  |
Net premium amortization on investment securities | 29.0 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  |  |  |
Net gain on investment securities transactions | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  |  |  |
Realized and unrealized net gains on mortgage banking activities | (19.1) |  |  | (39.3) |  |  |  |  |
Net gain on sale of investments in unrelated entities | — |  |  | (1.0) |  |  |  |  |
Net gain on sale of OREO | (0.2) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  |  |  |
Write-downs of OREO and other assets pending disposal | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage servicing rights (recovery) impairment | (5.9) |  |  | 9.9 |  |  |  |  |
Deferred taxes | 4.6 |  |  | (7.1) |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in cash surrender value of company-owned life insurance | (4.1) |  |  | (5.6) |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | 7.5 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  |  |
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale | (596.6) |  |  | (1,148.7) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale | 645.1 |  |  | 1,177.2 |  |  |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in interest receivable | (1.8) |  |  | (10.0) |  |  |  |  |
Increase in other assets | (21.8) |  |  | (40.3) |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable | 0.8 |  |  | (4.0) |  |  |  |  |
Increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 0.7 |  |  | 15.5 |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 205.4 |  |  | 162.8 |  |  |  |  |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity | (1,069.5) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale | (1,891.4) |  |  | (1,548.8) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales, maturities, and pay-downs of investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity | 163.9 |  |  | 37.2 |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale | 747.8 |  |  | 1,114.9 |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance settlements | — |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  |  |
Extensions of credit to clients, net of repayments | 172.5 |  |  | (1,240.0) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries of loans charged-off | 7.2 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of OREO | 1.1 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of investments in unrelated entities | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures, net of sales | (5.5) |  |  | (17.7) |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (1,873.9) |  |  | $ | (1,636.1) |  |  |  |  |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued) (In millions) (Unaudited)
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits | $ | 1,790.3 |  |  | $ | 2,218.9 |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in securities sold under repurchase agreements | (83.9) |  |  | 122.7 |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of long-term debt | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  |  |  |
Advances on long-term debt | — |  |  | 98.6 |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 0.4 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  |  |
Purchase and retirement of common stock | (5.4) |  |  | (78.9) |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid to common stockholders | (76.2) |  |  | (104.9) |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,625.2 |  |  | 2,257.1 |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (43.3) |  |  | 783.8 |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 2,276.8 |  |  | 1,076.8 |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 2,233.5 |  |  | $ | 1,860.6 |  |  |  |  |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes | $ | 41.3 |  |  | $ | 36.0 |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest expense | 12.5 |  |  | 25.4 |  |  |  |  |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities | 0.8 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  |  |
Transfer of loans to other real estate owned | 0.7 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  |  |
Capitalization of internally originated mortgage servicing rights | 2.0 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
(1) Basis of Presentation
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of First Interstate BancSystem, Inc., First Interstate Bank (“FIB”), and its other subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) contain all adjustments (all of which are of a normal recurring nature) necessary to present fairly the financial position of the Company at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the results of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The balance sheet information at December 31, 2020 is derived from audited consolidated financial statements. Certain reclassifications, none of which were material, have been made to conform prior year financial statements to the September 30, 2021 presentation. These reclassifications did not change previously reported net income or stockholders’ equity.
These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, which includes a description of significant accounting policies. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021.
(2) Investment Securities
The amortized cost and the approximate fair values of investment securities are summarized as follows:

September 30, 2021 | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury notes | $ | 697.4 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (5.6) |  |  | $ | 691.8 |
State, county, and municipal securities | 444.9 |  | 2.1 |  | (7.1) |  |  | 439.9 |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | 332.3 |  | 0.2 |  | (6.6) |  |  | 325.9 |
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations | 2,021.4 |  | 25.9 |  | (16.0) |  |  | 2,031.3 |
Private mortgage-backed securities | 83.7 |  | 0.1 |  | (0.3) |  |  | 83.5 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 452.4 |  | 0.6 |  | — |  |  | 453.0 |
Corporate securities | 376.7 |  | 4.2 |  | (2.7) |  |  | 378.2 |
Total | $ | 4,408.8 |  | $ | 33.1 |  | $ | (38.3) |  |  | $ | 4,403.6 |

September 30, 2021 | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value |
Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |
State, county, and municipal securities | $ | 69.7 |  | $ | 2.3 |  | $ | (0.5) |  | $ | 71.5 |  |
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations (1) | 1,537.5 |  | 20.5 |  | (8.4) |  | 1,549.6 |  |
Corporate securities | 10.9 |  | 0.5 |  | — |  | 11.4 |  |
Total | $ | 1,618.1 |  | $ | 23.3 |  | $ | (8.9) |  | $ | 1,632.5 |  |
(1) Amortized costs presented above include $22.3 million of unamortized gains in U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations related to the 2021 second quarter transfer of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

December 31, 2020 | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |
State, county, and municipal securities | $ | 462.1 |  | $ | 4.8 |  | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | 465.9 |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | 332.9 |  | 1.0 |  | (2.0) |  |  | 331.9 |
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations | 2,830.8 |  | 69.3 |  | (2.5) |  |  | 2,897.6 |
Private mortgage-backed securities | 10.9 |  | 0.1 |  | (0.1) |  |  | 10.9 |
Corporate securities | 295.8 |  | 6.5 |  | (0.1) |  |  | 302.2 |
Other investments | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Total | $ | 3,932.7 |  | $ | 81.7 |  | $ | (5.7) |  |  | $ | 4,008.7 |

December 31, 2020 | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value |
Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |
State, county, and municipal securities | $ | 46.6 |  | $ | 3.2 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 49.8 |  |
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations | 1.0 |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | 1.1 |  |
Corporate securities | 3.9 |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | 4.0 |  |
Other investments | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  |
Total | $ | 51.6 |  | $ | 3.4 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 55.0 |  |

There were no material gross realized gains and no material gross losses on the disposition of available-for-sale investment securities during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.
As of September 30, 2021, the Company had general obligation securities with amortized costs of $56.9 million included in state, county, and municipal securities, of which $40.9 million, or 71.9%, were issued by political subdivisions or agencies within the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming.
The following tables show the gross unrealized losses and fair values of investment securities, aggregated by investment category, and the length of time individual investment securities have been in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. There were no held-to-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2020.

| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
September 30, 2021 | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury notes | $ | 691.8 |  | $ | (5.6) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 691.8 |  | $ | (5.6) |
State, county, and municipal securities | 287.7 |  | (7.1) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 287.7 |  | (7.1) |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | 301.2 |  | (6.6) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 301.2 |  | (6.6) |
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations | 964.9 |  | (16.0) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 964.9 |  | (16.0) |
Private mortgage-backed securities | 54.3 |  | (0.3) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 54.3 |  | (0.3) |
Corporate securities | 158.7 |  | (2.6) |  |  | 21.2 |  | (0.1) |  |  | 179.9 |  | (2.7) |
Total | $ | 2,458.6 |  | $ | (38.2) |  |  | $ | 21.2 |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 2,479.8 |  | $ | (38.3) |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
September 30, 2021 | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations | $ | 772.3 |  | $ | (8.4) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 772.3 |  | $ | (8.4) |
State, county, and municipal securities | 29.0 |  | (0.5) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 29.0 |  | (0.5) |
Total | $ | 801.3 |  | $ | (8.9) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 801.3 |  | $ | (8.9) |

| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
December 31, 2020 | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State, county, and municipal securities | $ | 148.1 |  | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 148.1 |  | $ | (1.0) |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | 235.6 |  | (2.0) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 235.6 |  | (2.0) |
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations | 434.0 |  | (2.4) |  |  | 12.3 |  | (0.1) |  |  | 446.3 |  | (2.5) |
Private mortgage-backed securities | — |  | — |  |  | 4.3 |  | (0.1) |  |  | 4.3 |  | (0.1) |
Corporate securities | 20.9 |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 20.9 |  | (0.1) |
Total | $ | 838.6 |  | $ | (5.5) |  |  | $ | 16.6 |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | 855.2 |  | $ | (5.7) |

The available-for-sale securities portfolio contains securities that are guaranteed by a sovereign entity or are generally considered to have non-credit related risks, such as interest rate risk or prepayment and liquidity factors. The Company considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies and whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred. The unrealized losses are due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions.
As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had 278 and 181 individual investment securities, respectively, that were in an unrealized loss position, related primarily to fluctuations in current interest rates. As of September 30, 2021, the Company had the intent and ability to hold these investment securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery. Furthermore, the Company does not intend to sell any of the available-for-sale securities in the above table and the Company does not anticipate it will have to sell any securities before a recovery in cost. There were no material allowances for credit loss as of September 30, 2021 or December 31, 2020 for available-for-sale or held-to-maturity securities.
Maturities of securities do not reflect rate repricing opportunities present in adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities. In the table below, the Company had variable rate mortgage-backed and corporate securities which had an amortized cost of $540.2 million and were classified as available-for-sale as of September 30, 2021. Maturities of mortgage-backed securities have been adjusted to reflect shorter maturities based upon estimated prepayments of principal. All other investment securities maturities are shown at contractual maturity dates.

| Available-for-Sale |  | Held-to-Maturity
September 30, 2021 | Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value
Within one year | $ | 625.0 |  | $ | 722.7 |  |  | $ | 662.2 |  | $ | 667.4 |
After one year but within five years | 1,514.8 |  | 1,621.1 |  |  | 365.7 |  | 369.7 |
After five years but within ten years | 1,295.3 |  | 1,161.6 |  |  | 263.6 |  | 266.8 |
After ten years | 973.7 |  | 898.2 |  |  | 326.6 |  | 328.6 |
Total | $ | 4,408.8 |  | $ | 4,403.6 |  |  | $ | 1,618.1 |  | $ | 1,632.5 |

As of September 30, 2021, the Company held investment securities callable within one year with amortized costs and estimated fair values of $212.3 million and $209.9 million, respectively. These investment securities are primarily included in the “after five years but within ten years” category in the table above. As of September 30, 2021, the Company held no callable structured notes.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company recorded amortized costs of $2,373.4 million and $2,323.0 million, respectively, for investment securities pledged to secure public deposits and securities sold under repurchase agreements and had approximate fair values as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 of $2,399.1 million and $2,383.6 million, respectively. All securities sold under repurchase agreements are with clients and mature on the next banking day. The Company retains possession of the underlying securities sold under repurchase agreements.
(3) Loans Held for Investment
The following table presents loans by segment as of the dates indicated:

| September 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Real estate loans: |  |  |
Commercial | $ | 3,883.2 |  |  | $ | 3,743.2 |
Construction loans: |  |  |
Land acquisition & development | 260.2 |  |  | 265.0 |
Residential | 268.4 |  |  | 250.9 |
Commercial | 610.2 |  |  | 523.5 |
Total construction loans | 1,138.8 |  |  | 1,039.4 |
Residential | 1,554.9 |  |  | 1,396.3 |
Agricultural | 229.9 |  |  | 220.6 |
Total real estate loans | 6,806.8 |  |  | 6,399.5 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |
Indirect | 756.8 |  |  | 805.1 |
Direct and advance lines | 132.9 |  |  | 150.6 |
Credit card | 64.1 |  |  | 70.2 |
Total consumer loans | 953.8 |  |  | 1,025.9 |
Commercial | 1,668.7 |  |  | 2,153.9 |
Agricultural | 212.4 |  |  | 247.6 |
Other, including overdrafts | 1.3 |  |  | 1.6 |
Loans held for investment | 9,643.0 |  |  | 9,828.5 |
Deferred loan fees and costs | (20.5) |  |  | (21.0) |
Loans held for investment, net of deferred fees and costs | 9,622.5 |  |  | 9,807.5 |
Allowance for credit losses | (135.1) |  |  | (144.3) |
Net loans held for investment | $ | 9,487.4 |  |  | $ | 9,663.2 |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
Allowance for Credit Losses
The following tables represent, by loan portfolio segment, the activity in the allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 | Beginning Balance |  | Provision for (reversal of) Credit Loss | Loans Charged-Off | Recoveries Collected | Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | $ | 22.9 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 24.0 |
Owner occupied | 16.6 |  |  | (0.6) |  | — |  | — |  | 16.0 |
Multi-family | 11.6 |  |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |  | 11.8 |
Total commercial real estate | 51.1 |  |  | 0.7 |  | — |  | — |  | 51.8 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land acquisition & development | 1.0 |  |  | (0.2) |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 0.9 |
Residential construction | 1.5 |  |  | 0.3 |  | — |  | — |  | 1.8 |
Commercial construction | 8.0 |  |  | (1.3) |  | — |  | — |  | 6.7 |
Total construction | 10.5 |  |  | (1.2) |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 9.4 |
Residential real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 13.4 |  |  | (0.2) |  | — |  | — |  | 13.2 |
Home equity and HELOC | 1.4 |  |  | (0.1) |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 1.4 |
Total residential real estate | 14.8 |  |  | (0.3) |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 14.6 |
Agricultural real estate | 3.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  | 3.1 |
Total real estate | 79.4 |  |  | (0.7) |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | 78.9 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |
Indirect | 15.8 |  |  | (0.1) |  | (0.8) |  | 0.5 |  | 15.4 |
Direct and advance lines | 4.6 |  |  | 0.5 |  | (0.8) |  | 0.4 |  | 4.7 |
Credit card | 1.6 |  |  | 0.4 |  | (0.4) |  | 0.2 |  | 1.8 |
Total consumer | 22.0 |  |  | 0.8 |  | (2.0) |  | 1.1 |  | 21.9 |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and floor plans | 29.0 |  |  | 0.3 |  | (0.1) |  | 0.2 |  | 29.4 |
Commercial purpose secured by 1-4 family | 4.4 |  |  | (0.2) |  | — |  | — |  | 4.2 |
Credit card | 0.3 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.3 |
Total commercial | 33.7 |  |  | 0.1 |  | (0.1) |  | 0.2 |  | 33.9 |
Agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |
Agricultural | 0.4 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.4 |
Total agricultural | 0.4 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.4 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 135.5 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  | $ | (2.1) |  | $ | 1.5 |  | $ | 135.1 |
(1) Amounts presented are exclusive of the allowance for credit losses related to unfunded commitments which are included in Note “Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk” included in this report.

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 | Beginning Balance |  | Provision for (reversal of) Credit Loss | Loans Charged-Off | Recoveries Collected | Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | $ | 25.5 |  |  | $ | (1.6) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | 24.0 |
Owner occupied | 18.3 |  |  | — |  | (2.3) |  | — |  | 16.0 |
Multi-family | 11.0 |  |  | 0.8 |  | — |  | — |  | 11.8 |
Total commercial real estate | 54.8 |  |  | (0.8) |  | (2.3) |  | 0.1 |  | 51.8 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land acquisition & development | 1.3 |  |  | (0.8) |  | (0.1) |  | 0.5 |  | 0.9 |
Residential construction | 1.6 |  |  | 0.3 |  | (0.1) |  | — |  | 1.8 |
Commercial construction | 7.3 |  |  | (0.6) |  | (0.1) |  | 0.1 |  | 6.7 |
Total construction | 10.2 |  |  | (1.1) |  | (0.3) |  | 0.6 |  | 9.4 |
Residential real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 11.4 |  |  | 1.8 |  | — |  | — |  | 13.2 |
Home equity and HELOC | 1.4 |  |  | (0.2) |  | (0.1) |  | 0.3 |  | 1.4 |
Total residential real estate | 12.8 |  |  | 1.6 |  | (0.1) |  | 0.3 |  | 14.6 |
Agricultural real estate | 2.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  | — |  | — |  | 3.1 |
Total real estate | 80.5 |  |  | 0.1 |  | (2.7) |  | 1.0 |  | 78.9 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |
Indirect | 16.7 |  |  | (0.3) |  | (2.9) |  | 1.9 |  | 15.4 |
Direct and advance lines | 4.6 |  |  | 1.2 |  | (2.0) |  | 0.9 |  | 4.7 |
Credit card | 2.6 |  |  | — |  | (1.4) |  | 0.6 |  | 1.8 |
Total consumer | 23.9 |  |  | 0.9 |  | (6.3) |  | 3.4 |  | 21.9 |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and floor plans | 34.2 |  |  | (4.9) |  | (2.2) |  | 2.3 |  | 29.4 |
Commercial purpose secured by 1-4 family | 4.7 |  |  | (0.8) |  | (0.1) |  | 0.4 |  | 4.2 |
Credit card | 0.3 |  |  | 0.2 |  | (0.3) |  | 0.1 |  | 0.3 |
Total commercial | 39.2 |  |  | (5.5) |  | (2.6) |  | 2.8 |  | 33.9 |
Agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |
Agricultural | 0.7 |  |  | (0.1) |  | (0.2) |  | — |  | 0.4 |
Total agricultural | 0.7 |  |  | (0.1) |  | (0.2) |  | — |  | 0.4 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 144.3 |  |  | $ | (4.6) |  | $ | (11.8) |  | $ | 7.2 |  | $ | 135.1 |
(1) Amounts presented are exclusive of the allowance for credit losses related to unfunded commitments which are included in Note “Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk” included in this report.

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 | Beginning Balance |  | Provision for Credit Loss Expense | Loans Charged-Off | Recoveries Collected | Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | $ | 23.6 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | 25.2 |
Owner occupied | 19.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  | (0.2) |  | 0.1 |  | 19.1 |
Multi-family | 8.5 |  |  | 2.3 |  | — |  | — |  | 10.8 |
Total commercial real estate | 51.2 |  |  | 3.9 |  | (0.2) |  | 0.2 |  | 55.1 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land acquisition & development | 1.5 |  |  | (0.5) |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | 1.2 |
Residential construction | 1.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  | — |  | — |  | 1.6 |
Commercial construction | 6.3 |  |  | 0.8 |  | — |  | — |  | 7.1 |
Total construction | 9.1 |  |  | 0.6 |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | 9.9 |
Residential real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 10.3 |  |  | (1.1) |  | — |  | — |  | 9.2 |
Home equity and HELOC | 1.5 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.5 |
Total residential real estate | 11.8 |  |  | (1.1) |  | — |  | — |  | 10.7 |
Agricultural real estate | 3.1 |  |  | (0.2) |  | — |  | — |  | 2.9 |
Total real estate | 75.2 |  |  | 3.2 |  | (0.2) |  | 0.4 |  | 78.6 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |
Indirect | 16.4 |  |  | 0.7 |  | (0.8) |  | 0.7 |  | 17.0 |
Direct and advance lines | 5.1 |  |  | 0.6 |  | (1.1) |  | 0.2 |  | 4.8 |
Credit card | 2.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  | (0.6) |  | 0.2 |  | 2.2 |
Total consumer | 23.5 |  |  | 1.9 |  | (2.5) |  | 1.1 |  | 24.0 |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and floor plans | 41.0 |  |  | (1.2) |  | (3.3) |  | 0.2 |  | 36.7 |
Commercial purpose secured by 1-4 family | 5.1 |  |  | (0.2) |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 5.0 |
Credit card | 0.4 |  |  | 0.3 |  | (0.4) |  | — |  | 0.3 |
Total commercial | 46.5 |  |  | (1.1) |  | (3.7) |  | 0.3 |  | 42.0 |
Agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |
Agricultural | 0.9 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.9 |
Total agricultural | 0.9 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.9 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 146.1 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  | $ | (6.4) |  | $ | 1.8 |  | $ | 145.5 |
(1) Amounts presented are exclusive of the allowance for credit losses related to unfunded commitments which are included in Note “Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk” included in this report.

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 | Beginning Balance | Impact of Adopting ASC 326 | Provision for Credit Loss Expense | Loans Charged-Off | Recoveries Collected | Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | $ | 8.8 |  | $ | 4.9 |  | $ | 11.4 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | 25.2 |
Owner occupied | 10.0 |  | 3.5 |  | 5.7 |  | (0.3) |  | 0.2 |  | 19.1 |
Multi-family | 0.7 |  | 6.9 |  | 3.2 |  | — |  | — |  | 10.8 |
Total commercial real estate | 19.5 |  | 15.3 |  | 20.3 |  | (0.3) |  | 0.3 |  | 55.1 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land acquisition & development | 1.9 |  | (0.1) |  | (0.3) |  | (0.5) |  | 0.2 |  | 1.2 |
Residential construction | 1.5 |  | (0.9) |  | 1.0 |  | — |  | — |  | 1.6 |
Commercial construction | 2.7 |  | 1.3 |  | 3.1 |  | — |  | — |  | 7.1 |
Total construction | 6.1 |  | 0.3 |  | 3.8 |  | (0.5) |  | 0.2 |  | 9.9 |
Residential real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 1.8 |  | 10.6 |  | (3.3) |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 9.2 |
Home equity and HELOC | 1.0 |  | 0.5 |  | (0.1) |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 1.5 |
Total residential real estate | 2.8 |  | 11.1 |  | (3.4) |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | 10.7 |
Agricultural real estate | 0.5 |  | 1.8 |  | 0.6 |  | — |  | — |  | 2.9 |
Total real estate | 28.9 |  | 28.5 |  | 21.3 |  | (0.8) |  | 0.7 |  | 78.6 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |
Indirect | 4.5 |  | 8.8 |  | 5.1 |  | (3.2) |  | 1.8 |  | 17.0 |
Direct and advance lines | 2.9 |  | 3.0 |  | 1.3 |  | (3.1) |  | 0.7 |  | 4.8 |
Credit card | 2.5 |  | 0.3 |  | 1.0 |  | (2.2) |  | 0.6 |  | 2.2 |
Total consumer | 9.9 |  | 12.1 |  | 7.4 |  | (8.5) |  | 3.1 |  | 24.0 |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and floor plans | 25.5 |  | (5.1) |  | 20.0 |  | (4.7) |  | 1.0 |  | 36.7 |
Commercial purpose secured by 1-4 family | 5.9 |  | (3.8) |  | 2.8 |  | (0.1) |  | 0.2 |  | 5.0 |
Credit card | 1.2 |  | (1.1) |  | 1.0 |  | (0.9) |  | 0.1 |  | 0.3 |
Total commercial | 32.6 |  | (10.0) |  | 23.8 |  | (5.7) |  | 1.3 |  | 42.0 |
Agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |
Agricultural | 1.6 |  | (0.6) |  | — |  | (0.1) |  | — |  | 0.9 |
Total agricultural | 1.6 |  | (0.6) |  | — |  | (0.1) |  | — |  | 0.9 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 73.0 |  | $ | 30.0 |  | $ | 52.5 |  | $ | (15.1) |  | $ | 5.1 |  | $ | 145.5 |
(1) Amounts presented are exclusive of the allowance for credit losses related to unfunded commitments which are included in Note “Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk” included in this report.

Collateral-Dependent Financial Loans
A collateral-dependent financial loan relies solely on the operation or sale of the collateral for repayment. In evaluating the overall risk associated with a loan, the Company considers (1) character, overall financial condition and resources, and payment record of the borrower; (2) the prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors; and (3) the nature and degree of protection provided by the cash flow and value of any underlying collateral. The loan may become collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and, as sources of repayment become inadequate over time, the Company develops an expectation that repayment will be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of the dates indicated:

| Collateral Type
As of September 30, 2021 | Business Assets | Real Property | Other | Total
Real estate | $ | 1.2 |  | $ | 7.3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8.5 |
Commercial | 3.1 |  | 0.9 |  | — |  | 4.0 |
Agricultural | — |  | 0.7 |  | — |  | 0.7 |
Total collateral-dependent | $ | 4.3 |  | $ | 8.9 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 13.2 |

| Collateral Type
As of December 31, 2020 | Business Assets | Real Property | Other | Total
Real estate | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 6.5 |  | $ | 1.1 |  | $ | 8.9 |
Commercial | 6.1 |  | 1.3 |  | 0.4 |  | 7.8 |
Agricultural | — |  | 0.8 |  | — |  | 0.8 |
Total collateral-dependent | $ | 7.4 |  | $ | 8.6 |  | $ | 1.5 |  | $ | 17.5 |

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Loans classified in the following table as greater than 90 days past due continue to accrue interest. The following tables present the contractual aging of the Company’s recorded amortized cost basis in loans by portfolio as of the dates indicated.

|  |  |  | Total Loans |  |  |  |
| 30 - 59 | 60 - 89 | > 90 | 30 or More |  |  |  |
| Days | Days | Days | Days | Current | Non-accrual | Total |
As of September 30, 2021 | Past Due | Past Due | Past Due | Past Due | Loans | Loans (1) | Loans |
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ | 6.1 |  | $ | 4.0 |  | $ | 0.3 |  | $ | 10.4 |  | $ | 3,864.0 |  | $ | 8.8 |  | $ | 3,883.2 |  |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land acquisition & development | 0.7 |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | 0.9 |  | 258.8 |  | 0.5 |  | 260.2 |  |
Residential | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 268.4 |  | — |  | 268.4 |  |
Commercial | 1.9 |  | — |  | — |  | 1.9 |  | 608.3 |  | — |  | 610.2 |  |
Total construction loans | 2.6 |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | 2.8 |  | 1,135.5 |  | 0.5 |  | 1,138.8 |  |
Residential | 0.2 |  | 2.7 |  | 1.4 |  | 4.3 |  | 1,546.3 |  | 4.3 |  | 1,554.9 |  |
Agricultural | — |  | 0.2 |  | 1.2 |  | 1.4 |  | 222.9 |  | 5.6 |  | 229.9 |  |
Total real estate loans | 8.9 |  | 6.9 |  | 3.1 |  | 18.9 |  | 6,768.7 |  | 19.2 |  | 6,806.8 |  |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indirect consumer | 4.0 |  | 1.1 |  | 0.2 |  | 5.3 |  | 750.0 |  | 1.5 |  | 756.8 |  |
Other consumer | 0.7 |  | 0.2 |  | 0.1 |  | 1.0 |  | 131.7 |  | 0.2 |  | 132.9 |  |
Credit card | 0.6 |  | 0.2 |  | 0.4 |  | 1.2 |  | 62.9 |  | — |  | 64.1 |  |
Total consumer loans | 5.3 |  | 1.5 |  | 0.7 |  | 7.5 |  | 944.6 |  | 1.7 |  | 953.8 |  |
Commercial | 3.7 |  | 0.6 |  | 0.9 |  | 5.2 |  | 1,656.4 |  | 7.1 |  | 1,668.7 |  |
Agricultural | 0.3 |  | — |  | 0.5 |  | 0.8 |  | 209.7 |  | 1.9 |  | 212.4 |  |
Other, including overdrafts | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.3 |  | — |  | 1.3 |  |
Loans held for investment | $ | 18.2 |  | $ | 9.0 |  | $ | 5.2 |  | $ | 32.4 |  | $ | 9,580.7 |  | $ | 29.9 |  | $ | 9,643.0 |  |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

|  |  |  | Total Loans |  |  |  |
| 30 - 59 | 60 - 89 | > 90 | 30 or More |  |  |  |
| Days | Days | Days | Days | Current | Non-accrual | Total |
As of December 31, 2020 | Past Due | Past Due | Past Due | Past Due | Loans | Loans (1) | Loans |
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ | 7.6 |  | $ | 1.2 |  | $ | 4.0 |  | $ | 12.8 |  | $ | 3,720.8 |  | $ | 9.6 |  | $ | 3,743.2 |  |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land acquisition & development | 2.5 |  | 1.1 |  | 0.1 |  | 3.7 |  | 260.6 |  | 0.7 |  | 265.0 |  |
Residential | 1.5 |  | 0.4 |  | — |  | 1.9 |  | 247.9 |  | 1.1 |  | 250.9 |  |
Commercial | 12.2 |  | — |  | — |  | 12.2 |  | 511.2 |  | 0.1 |  | 523.5 |  |
Total construction loans | 16.2 |  | 1.5 |  | 0.1 |  | 17.8 |  | 1,019.7 |  | 1.9 |  | 1,039.4 |  |
Residential | 4.7 |  | 1.6 |  | 0.5 |  | 6.8 |  | 1,384.9 |  | 4.6 |  | 1,396.3 |  |
Agricultural | 2.0 |  | — |  | — |  | 2.0 |  | 212.4 |  | 6.2 |  | 220.6 |  |
Total real estate loans | 30.5 |  | 4.3 |  | 4.6 |  | 39.4 |  | 6,337.8 |  | 22.3 |  | 6,399.5 |  |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indirect consumer | 6.4 |  | 2.0 |  | 0.5 |  | 8.9 |  | 794.3 |  | 1.9 |  | 805.1 |  |
Other consumer | 0.8 |  | 0.2 |  | 0.2 |  | 1.2 |  | 149.0 |  | 0.4 |  | 150.6 |  |
Credit card | 0.6 |  | 0.4 |  | 0.6 |  | 1.6 |  | 68.6 |  | — |  | 70.2 |  |
Total consumer loans | 7.8 |  | 2.6 |  | 1.3 |  | 11.7 |  | 1,011.9 |  | 2.3 |  | 1,025.9 |  |
Commercial | 6.2 |  | 1.8 |  | 1.2 |  | 9.2 |  | 2,132.9 |  | 11.8 |  | 2,153.9 |  |
Agricultural | 0.4 |  | 0.6 |  | 1.4 |  | 2.4 |  | 242.1 |  | 3.1 |  | 247.6 |  |
Other, including overdrafts | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.6 |  | — |  | 1.6 |  |
Loans held for investment | $ | 44.9 |  | $ | 9.3 |  | $ | 8.5 |  | $ | 62.7 |  | $ | 9,726.3 |  | $ | 39.5 |  | $ | 9,828.5 |  |

(1) As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, none of our non-accrual loans were earning interest income. Additionally, no material interest income was recognized on non-accrual loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and no material accrued interest was reversed at September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Modifications of performing loans are made in the ordinary course of business and are completed on a case-by-case basis as negotiated with the borrower in connection with the ongoing loan collection processes. Loan modifications typically include adjustments to certain terms including interest rate changes, interest only periods of less than twelve months, short-term payment deferrals, and extension of amortization periods to provide payment relief. A loan modification is considered a troubled debt restructuring if the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and the Company, for economic or legal reasons, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not under other circumstances. Certain troubled loans are on non-accrual status at the time of debt restructuring. These restructured loans may be returned to accrual status if the borrower has sustained repayment performance as required under the restructuring agreement for a period of at least six months and management is reasonably assured of the borrower’s future performance. If the troubled debt restructuring meets these performance criteria, and the interest rate granted at the modification date is equal to or greater than the rate that the Company might grant for a new loan at the time of the restructuring at comparable risk, then the loan will be reclassified to performing status and the accrual of interest will resume. Loans that return to performing status will continue to be individually evaluated for credit deterioration in the ordinary course of business.
The 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) provided financial institutions with options on the treatment of troubled debt restructurings, and the Company elected to apply these options at the individual loan level. Under the CARES Act, the Company can elect: (1) to suspend the requirements under GAAP for loan modifications related to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (“COVID–19”) pandemic that would otherwise be categorized as a troubled debt restructuring; and/or (2) to suspend any determination of a loan modified as being a troubled debt restructuring as a result of the effects of the COVID–19 pandemic, including impairment for accounting purposes. If the Company elects a suspension noted above, the suspension (a) will be effective for the term of the loan modification, but solely with respect to any modification, including a forbearance arrangement, an interest rate modification, a repayment plan, and any other similar arrangement that defers or delays the payment of principal or interest, occurring for a loan that was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019; and (b) will not apply to any adverse impact on the credit of a borrower that is not related to the COVID–19 pandemic. These suspensions end the earlier of January 1, 2022 or the date that is 60 days after the termination of the national emergency.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
The Company renegotiated loans in troubled debt restructurings in the amount of $6.9 million as of September 30, 2021, of which $4.8 million were included in non-accrual loans and $2.1 million were on accrual status. As of September 30, 2021, the Company allocated $0.1 million of allowance for credit losses to those loans and the Company had no material commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose existing loans have been renegotiated or are classified as non-accrual.
The Company renegotiated loans in troubled debt restructurings in the amount of $14.5 million as of December 31, 2020, of which $11.3 million were included in non-accrual loans and $3.2 million were on accrual status. As of December 31, 2020, the Company allocated $2.9 million of allowance for credit losses to those loans and the Company had no material commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose existing loans have been renegotiated or are classified as non-accrual.
The Company had no material new troubled debt restructurings during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.

For troubled debt restructurings that were on non-accrual status or otherwise deemed collateral-dependent before a modification, the Company may have already recorded an allowance for credit losses. In periods subsequent to modification, the Company continues to evaluate all troubled debt restructurings for possible credit deterioration and, where deterioration is observed, recognizes credit loss through the allowance. Additionally, the Company continues to work these loans through the credit cycle through charge-off, pay-off, or foreclosure. Financial effects of modifications of troubled debt restructurings may include principal loan forgiveness or other charge-offs directly related to the restructuring. The Company had no charge-offs directly related to modifying troubled debt restructurings during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 or 2020.
The Company had no material troubled debt restructurings during the previous 12 months for which there was a payment default during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021. The Company considers a payment default to occur on troubled debt restructurings when the loan is 90 days or more past due or is placed on non-accrual status after the modification.

The terms of certain other loans were modified during the quarter ended September 30, 2021 where the loan did not meet the definition of a troubled debt restructuring and the borrowers had not been experiencing financial difficulties. The modification of these loans involved either a modification of the terms of a loan to borrowers who were not experiencing financial difficulties or a delay in a payment that was considered to be insignificant. These loans have a total recorded investment of $148.5 million as of September 30, 2021.
In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the Company evaluates the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under the Company’s internal underwriting policy.
Credit Quality Indicators
As part of the on-going and continuous monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks internally assigned risk classifications of loans based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt including, among other factors, current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends. The Company analyzes loans individually to classify the credit risk of the loans. This analysis generally includes loans with an outstanding balance greater than $1.0 million, which are generally considered non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. This analysis is performed no less than on an annual basis, depending upon the size of exposure and the contractual obligations governing the borrower’s financial reporting frequency. Homogeneous loans, including small business loans, are typically managed by payment performance. The Company internally risk rates its loans in accordance with a Uniform Classification System developed jointly by the various bank regulatory agencies. The Uniform Classification System defines three broad categories of criticized assets, which the Company uses as credit quality indicators in addition to the 6 Pass ratings in its 10-point rating scale:
Special Mention — includes loans that exhibit a potential weakness in financial condition, loan structure, or documentation that warrants management’s close attention. If not promptly corrected, the potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
Substandard — includes loans that are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower which have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Although the primary source of repayment for a substandard loan may not currently be sufficient, collateral or other sources of repayment are sufficient to satisfy the debt. Continuance of a substandard loan is not warranted unless positive steps are taken to improve the worthiness of the credit.
Doubtful — includes loans that exhibit pronounced weaknesses on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values to a point where collection or liquidation for full repayment is highly questionable and improbable. Doubtful loans are required to be placed on non-accrual status and are assigned specific loss exposure.
Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above-described process are considered to be pass-rated loans.
The Company evaluates the credit quality and loan performance for the allowance for credit loan losses of the following segments based on the aforementioned risk scale for the periods indicated:

| September 30, 2021 |  |  |
| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
Risk by Collateral | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Total
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 408.9 |  | $ | 467.7 |  | $ | 258.9 |  | $ | 160.7 |  | $ | 94.9 |  | $ | 426.9 |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | 1,829.6 |
Special mention | 0.2 |  | 1.5 |  | 2.2 |  | — |  | — |  | 13.9 |  | — |  |  | 17.8 |
Substandard | 3.9 |  | 15.5 |  | 2.4 |  | 0.8 |  | 1.1 |  | 13.1 |  | — |  |  | 36.8 |
Total | $ | 413.0 |  | $ | 484.7 |  | $ | 263.5 |  | $ | 161.5 |  | $ | 96.0 |  | $ | 453.9 |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | 1,884.2 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 317.5 |  | $ | 325.0 |  | $ | 247.5 |  | $ | 166.0 |  | $ | 106.2 |  | $ | 368.1 |  | $ | 12.7 |  |  | $ | 1,543.0 |
Special mention | 1.1 |  | 5.3 |  | 1.9 |  | 5.1 |  | 3.1 |  | 18.6 |  | — |  |  | 35.1 |
Substandard | 3.5 |  | 5.0 |  | 5.8 |  | 8.4 |  | 2.8 |  | 23.0 |  | 0.1 |  |  | 48.6 |
Total | $ | 322.1 |  | $ | 335.3 |  | $ | 255.2 |  | $ | 179.5 |  | $ | 112.1 |  | $ | 409.7 |  | $ | 12.8 |  |  | $ | 1,626.7 |
Commercial multi-family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 62.7 |  | $ | 116.3 |  | $ | 46.3 |  | $ | 20.6 |  | $ | 36.9 |  | $ | 87.6 |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 372.3 |
Total | $ | 62.7 |  | $ | 116.3 |  | $ | 46.3 |  | $ | 20.6 |  | $ | 36.9 |  | $ | 87.6 |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 372.3 |
Land, acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 80.2 |  | $ | 73.7 |  | $ | 42.6 |  | $ | 15.7 |  | $ | 21.0 |  | $ | 21.9 |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 257.1 |
Special mention | 1.0 |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |
Substandard | 0.6 |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | 0.7 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1.8 |
Total | $ | 81.8 |  | $ | 74.1 |  | $ | 42.6 |  | $ | 16.4 |  | $ | 21.2 |  | $ | 22.0 |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 260.2 |
Residential construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 98.2 |  | $ | 23.8 |  | $ | 26.5 |  | $ | 1.0 |  | $ | 1.6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 116.3 |  |  | $ | 267.4 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.4 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Substandard | 0.2 |  | 0.4 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |
Total | $ | 98.4 |  | $ | 24.2 |  | $ | 26.5 |  | $ | 1.0 |  | $ | 2.0 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 116.3 |  |  | $ | 268.4 |
Commercial construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 207.7 |  | $ | 221.2 |  | $ | 147.4 |  | $ | 27.7 |  | $ | 0.6 |  | $ | 5.6 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 610.2 |
Total | $ | 207.7 |  | $ | 221.2 |  | $ | 147.4 |  | $ | 27.7 |  | $ | 0.6 |  | $ | 5.6 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 610.2 |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

| September 30, 2021 |  |  |
| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
Risk by Collateral | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Total
Agricultural real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 52.8 |  | $ | 39.9 |  | $ | 37.3 |  | $ | 24.2 |  | $ | 13.4 |  | $ | 31.2 |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 202.6 |
Special mention | 0.1 |  | 1.5 |  | 1.2 |  | 0.6 |  | 0.1 |  | 3.6 |  | 1.0 |  |  | 8.1 |
Substandard | 1.0 |  | 1.7 |  | 6.7 |  | 2.7 |  | 1.3 |  | 3.4 |  | — |  |  | 16.8 |
Doubtful | 2.4 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2.4 |
Total | $ | 56.3 |  | $ | 43.1 |  | $ | 45.2 |  | $ | 27.5 |  | $ | 14.8 |  | $ | 38.2 |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 229.9 |
Commercial and floor plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 509.2 |  | $ | 182.7 |  | $ | 107.8 |  | $ | 90.6 |  | $ | 50.9 |  | $ | 101.2 |  | $ | 246.3 |  |  | $ | 1,288.7 |
Special mention | 0.8 |  | 12.7 |  | 0.9 |  | 2.1 |  | 3.6 |  | 3.1 |  | 3.9 |  |  | 27.1 |
Substandard | 2.2 |  | 2.8 |  | 1.6 |  | 2.0 |  | 0.7 |  | 4.9 |  | 1.1 |  |  | 15.3 |
Total | $ | 512.2 |  | $ | 198.2 |  | $ | 110.3 |  | $ | 94.7 |  | $ | 55.2 |  | $ | 109.2 |  | $ | 251.3 |  |  | $ | 1,331.1 |
Commercial purpose secured by 1-4 family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 66.2 |  | $ | 67.3 |  | $ | 30.6 |  | $ | 24.6 |  | $ | 16.4 |  | $ | 36.4 |  | $ | 13.7 |  |  | $ | 255.2 |
Special mention | — |  | 0.2 |  | 0.2 |  | 0.5 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.8 |  | 0.4 |  |  | 2.2 |
Substandard | 1.2 |  | 1.4 |  | 0.7 |  | 1.0 |  | 0.2 |  | 1.6 |  | 0.1 |  |  | 6.2 |
Total | $ | 67.4 |  | $ | 68.9 |  | $ | 31.5 |  | $ | 26.1 |  | $ | 16.7 |  | $ | 38.8 |  | $ | 14.2 |  |  | $ | 263.6 |
Agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 30.3 |  | $ | 27.1 |  | $ | 10.5 |  | $ | 7.8 |  | $ | 3.5 |  | $ | 2.0 |  | $ | 108.0 |  |  | $ | 189.2 |
Special mention | 0.9 |  | 0.6 |  | 0.5 |  | 0.3 |  | — |  | 0.3 |  | 3.1 |  |  | 5.7 |
Substandard | 9.6 |  | 0.8 |  | 1.4 |  | 2.6 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.2 |  | 1.3 |  |  | 16.0 |
Total | $ | 40.8 |  | $ | 28.5 |  | $ | 12.4 |  | $ | 10.7 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 2.5 |  | $ | 112.4 |  |  | $ | 210.9 |

| December 31, 2020 |  |  |
| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
Risk by Collateral | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Total
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 495.9 |  | $ | 304.9 |  | $ | 216.0 |  | $ | 105.3 |  | $ | 139.7 |  | $ | 336.5 |  | $ | 13.8 |  |  | $ | 1,612.1 |
Special mention | 0.3 |  | 2.3 |  | 0.9 |  | 0.1 |  | 6.4 |  | 13.7 |  | — |  |  | 23.7 |
Substandard | 15.7 |  | 2.7 |  | 1.0 |  | 4.1 |  | 1.1 |  | 13.9 |  | — |  |  | 38.5 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Total | $ | 511.9 |  | $ | 309.9 |  | $ | 218.1 |  | $ | 109.5 |  | $ | 147.2 |  | $ | 364.1 |  | $ | 13.8 |  |  | $ | 1,674.5 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 416.3 |  | $ | 312.5 |  | $ | 211.2 |  | $ | 122.4 |  | $ | 153.7 |  | $ | 357.9 |  | $ | 8.9 |  |  | $ | 1,582.9 |
Special mention | 7.1 |  | 9.6 |  | 4.8 |  | 3.1 |  | 18.6 |  | 20.0 |  | — |  |  | 63.2 |
Substandard | 8.9 |  | 6.5 |  | 11.5 |  | 5.0 |  | 15.1 |  | 11.1 |  | 0.3 |  |  | 58.4 |
Doubtful | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |
Total | $ | 432.5 |  | $ | 328.6 |  | $ | 227.5 |  | $ | 130.7 |  | $ | 187.4 |  | $ | 389.1 |  | $ | 9.2 |  |  | $ | 1,705.0 |
Commercial multi-family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 132.5 |  | $ | 58.9 |  | $ | 23.5 |  | $ | 41.6 |  | $ | 25.8 |  | $ | 80.5 |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 363.6 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 132.5 |  | $ | 58.9 |  | $ | 23.5 |  | $ | 41.6 |  | $ | 25.8 |  | $ | 80.6 |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 363.7 |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

| December 31, 2020 |  |  |
| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
Risk by Collateral | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Total
Land, acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 104.6 |  | $ | 58.8 |  | $ | 26.4 |  | $ | 30.7 |  | $ | 7.6 |  | $ | 26.3 |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 260.2 |
Special mention | 0.2 |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | 0.9 |  | — |  | 1.2 |  | 0.5 |  |  | 2.9 |
Substandard | 0.3 |  | — |  | 1.2 |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1.8 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 105.1 |  | $ | 58.9 |  | $ | 27.6 |  | $ | 31.7 |  | $ | 7.6 |  | $ | 27.7 |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | 265.0 |
Residential construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 80.4 |  | $ | 64.7 |  | $ | 16.7 |  | $ | 5.6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | 82.1 |  |  | $ | 249.6 |
Substandard | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.3 |
Total | $ | 80.6 |  | $ | 64.7 |  | $ | 16.7 |  | $ | 5.6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | 83.2 |  |  | $ | 250.9 |
Commercial construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 236.1 |  | $ | 195.4 |  | $ | 61.2 |  | $ | 11.9 |  | $ | 6.0 |  | $ | (0.3) |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | 521.9 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | 1.5 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 236.1 |  | $ | 195.4 |  | $ | 62.7 |  | $ | 11.9 |  | $ | 6.0 |  | $ | (0.2) |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | 523.5 |
Agricultural real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 50.0 |  | $ | 45.3 |  | $ | 28.2 |  | $ | 17.2 |  | $ | 12.7 |  | $ | 27.2 |  | $ | 5.3 |  |  | $ | 185.9 |
Special mention | 2.8 |  | 6.7 |  | 1.0 |  | 1.5 |  | 0.9 |  | 1.0 |  | 0.5 |  |  | 14.4 |
Substandard | 1.4 |  | 5.9 |  | 3.4 |  | 0.9 |  | 3.4 |  | 4.4 |  | 0.6 |  |  | 20.0 |
Doubtful | — |  | 0.3 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Total | $ | 54.2 |  | $ | 58.2 |  | $ | 32.6 |  | $ | 19.6 |  | $ | 17.0 |  | $ | 32.6 |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | 220.6 |
Commercial and floor plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 1,029.4 |  | $ | 153.0 |  | $ | 136.0 |  | $ | 69.8 |  | $ | 43.0 |  | $ | 92.3 |  | $ | 233.1 |  |  | $ | 1,756.6 |
Special mention | 5.6 |  | 1.0 |  | 1.9 |  | 7.0 |  | 3.9 |  | 0.5 |  | 2.4 |  |  | 22.3 |
Substandard | 8.8 |  | 1.8 |  | 4.3 |  | 0.4 |  | 4.1 |  | 1.1 |  | 11.5 |  |  | 32.0 |
Doubtful | 0.3 |  | 0.4 |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 2.6 |  | 0.2 |  |  | 3.6 |
Total | $ | 1,044.1 |  | $ | 156.2 |  | $ | 142.2 |  | $ | 77.2 |  | $ | 51.1 |  | $ | 96.5 |  | $ | 247.2 |  |  | $ | 1,814.5 |
Commercial purpose secured by 1-4 family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 82.3 |  | $ | 53.7 |  | $ | 33.7 |  | $ | 20.7 |  | $ | 15.5 |  | $ | 34.9 |  | $ | 17.5 |  |  | $ | 258.3 |
Special mention | 0.5 |  | 0.5 |  | 0.3 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.5 |  | 0.8 |  | 0.8 |  |  | 3.5 |
Substandard | 2.4 |  | 1.0 |  | 4.8 |  | 0.3 |  | 1.4 |  | 1.0 |  | 0.1 |  |  | 11.0 |
Total | $ | 85.2 |  | $ | 55.2 |  | $ | 38.8 |  | $ | 21.1 |  | $ | 17.4 |  | $ | 36.7 |  | $ | 18.4 |  |  | $ | 272.8 |
Agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 47.4 |  | $ | 18.1 |  | $ | 10.7 |  | $ | 4.2 |  | $ | 3.0 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 130.9 |  |  | $ | 215.6 |
Special mention | 1.5 |  | 0.7 |  | 0.4 |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 0.3 |  | 13.4 |  |  | 16.4 |
Substandard | 3.7 |  | 1.5 |  | 4.2 |  | 0.6 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.4 |  | 3.6 |  |  | 14.1 |
Total | $ | 52.6 |  | $ | 20.3 |  | $ | 15.3 |  | $ | 4.8 |  | $ | 3.2 |  | $ | 2.0 |  | $ | 147.9 |  |  | $ | 246.1 |

The Company evaluates the credit quality, loan performance, and the allowance for credit loan losses of its residential and consumer loan portfolios, based primarily on the aging status of the loan and borrower payment activity. Accordingly, loans on nonaccrual status, loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest, and loans modified under troubled debt restructurings are considered to be nonperforming for purposes of credit quality evaluation. The following tables present the recorded investment of our other loan portfolios based on the credit risk profile of loans that are performing and loans that are nonperforming as of the periods indicated:
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

| September 30, 2021 |  |  |
| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
Risk by Collateral | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Total
Residential 1-4 family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 324.5 |  | $ | 490.7 |  | $ | 79.4 |  | $ | 35.0 |  | $ | 30.5 |  | $ | 199.2 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,159.3 |
Nonperforming | — |  | 0.9 |  | 0.4 |  | — |  | 0.4 |  | 1.9 |  | — |  |  | 3.6 |
Total | $ | 324.5 |  | $ | 491.6 |  | $ | 79.8 |  | $ | 35.0 |  | $ | 30.9 |  | $ | 201.1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,162.9 |
Consumer home equity and HELOC: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 11.8 |  | $ | 8.1 |  | $ | 4.7 |  | $ | 5.2 |  | $ | 4.0 |  | $ | 13.2 |  | $ | 343.1 |  |  | $ | 390.1 |
Nonperforming | 0.3 |  | — |  | 0.3 |  | — |  | 0.6 |  | 0.7 |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |
Total | $ | 12.1 |  | $ | 8.1 |  | $ | 5.0 |  | $ | 5.2 |  | $ | 4.6 |  | $ | 13.9 |  | $ | 343.1 |  |  | $ | 392.0 |
Consumer indirect: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 223.5 |  | $ | 236.0 |  | $ | 124.6 |  | $ | 74.6 |  | $ | 44.1 |  | $ | 52.2 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 755.0 |
Nonperforming | 0.1 |  | 0.4 |  | 0.3 |  | 0.3 |  | 0.2 |  | 0.5 |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Total | $ | 223.6 |  | $ | 236.4 |  | $ | 124.9 |  | $ | 74.9 |  | $ | 44.3 |  | $ | 52.7 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 756.8 |
Consumer direct and advance line: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 34.9 |  | $ | 31.5 |  | $ | 17.9 |  | $ | 16.2 |  | $ | 6.8 |  | $ | 8.8 |  | $ | 16.5 |  |  | $ | 132.6 |
Nonperforming | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Total | $ | 34.9 |  | $ | 31.5 |  | $ | 18.0 |  | $ | 16.3 |  | $ | 6.9 |  | $ | 8.8 |  | $ | 16.5 |  |  | $ | 132.9 |

| December 31, 2020 |  |  |
| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
Risk by Collateral | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Total
Residential 1-4 family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 491.1 |  | $ | 113.9 |  | $ | 57.2 |  | $ | 47.8 |  | $ | 65.7 |  | $ | 234.6 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,010.3 |
Nonperforming | 0.1 |  | 0.7 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.2 |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |
Total | $ | 491.2 |  | $ | 114.6 |  | $ | 57.2 |  | $ | 47.8 |  | $ | 65.7 |  | $ | 235.8 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,012.3 |
Consumer home equity and HELOC: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 12.0 |  | $ | 7.1 |  | $ | 7.1 |  | $ | 9.7 |  | $ | 4.7 |  | $ | 14.4 |  | $ | 328.1 |  |  | $ | 383.1 |
Nonperforming | 0.1 |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 0.4 |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.9 |
Total | $ | 12.1 |  | $ | 7.3 |  | $ | 7.1 |  | $ | 9.7 |  | $ | 4.8 |  | $ | 14.8 |  | $ | 328.2 |  |  | $ | 384.0 |
Consumer indirect: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 334.5 |  | $ | 187.9 |  | $ | 117.9 |  | $ | 73.8 |  | $ | 47.6 |  | $ | 42.6 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 804.3 |
Nonperforming | 0.1 |  | 0.2 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.2 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |
Total | $ | 334.6 |  | $ | 188.1 |  | $ | 118.0 |  | $ | 74.0 |  | $ | 47.7 |  | $ | 42.7 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 805.1 |
Consumer direct and advance line: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 47.1 |  | $ | 29.4 |  | $ | 28.1 |  | $ | 11.9 |  | $ | 5.3 |  | $ | 8.6 |  | $ | 19.9 |  |  | $ | 150.3 |
Nonperforming | 0.1 |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total | $ | 47.2 |  | $ | 29.4 |  | $ | 28.2 |  | $ | 11.9 |  | $ | 5.3 |  | $ | 8.6 |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | $ | 150.6 |

The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit loan losses. For certain credit card loan classes, the Company also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment in credit card loans based on payment activity for the periods indicated:
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

As of September 30, 2021 | Consumer | Commercial | Agricultural | Total
Credit Card: |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 63.7 |  | $ | 73.9 |  | $ | 1.5 |  | $ | 139.1 |
Nonperforming | 0.4 |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | 0.5 |
Total | $ | 64.1 |  | $ | 74.0 |  | $ | 1.5 |  | $ | 139.6 |

As of December 31, 2020 | Consumer | Commercial | Agricultural | Total
Credit Card: |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 69.6 |  | $ | 66.3 |  | $ | 1.5 |  | $ | 137.4 |
Nonperforming | 0.6 |  | 0.3 |  | — |  | 0.9 |
Total credit card | $ | 70.2 |  | $ | 66.6 |  | $ | 1.5 |  | $ | 138.3 |

There were no material purchases of portfolio loans and no material sales of loans held for investment during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 or 2020.

(4) Other Real Estate Owned
Other real estate owned is a category of real estate owned by the Company as a result of a default by the borrower. Information with respect to the Company’s other real estate owned is reflected in the following table:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning balance | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 6.5 |  |  | $ | 2.5 |  |  | $ | 8.5 |
Additions | 0.4 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 3.2 |
Valuation adjustments | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |
Dispositions | (0.1) |  |  | (2.7) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (5.9) |
Ending balance | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |

There were $0.5 million and no foreclosed residential real estate properties included in other real estate owned as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The Company had recorded investments in consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process of foreclosure of $0.6 million and $0.2 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
(5) Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through the management of its business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and through the use of derivative financial instruments. The Company enters into derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate swap contracts to manage or hedge exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates and interest rate exposures. The Company does not enter into interest rate swap agreements for trading or speculative purposes.
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into interest rate lock commitments to finance residential mortgage loans that are not designated as accounting hedges. These commitments, which contain fixed expiration dates, offer the borrower an interest rate guarantee, provided the loan meets underwriting guidelines and closes within the timeframe established by the Company. Interest rate risk arises on these commitments and subsequently closed loans if interest rates change between the time of the interest rate lock and the delivery of the loan to the investor. Loan commitments related to residential mortgage loans intended to be sold are considered derivatives and are marked to market through earnings. In addition to the effects of the change in market interest rate, the fair value measurement of the derivative also contemplates the expected cash flows to be received from the counterparty from the future sale of the loan.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
The Company sells residential mortgage loans on either a best efforts or mandatory delivery basis. The Company mitigates the effect of the interest rate risk inherent in providing interest rate lock commitments by entering into forward loan sales contracts. The forward loan sales contracts are marked to market through earnings and are not designated as accounting hedges during the interest rate lock commitment period and through the duration of the forward loan sales contracts. Exclusive of the fair value component associated with the projected cash flows from the loan delivery to the investor, the changes in fair value related to movements in market rates of the interest rate lock commitments and the forward loan sales contracts generally move in opposite directions, and the net impact of changes in these valuations on net income during the loan commitment period is generally inconsequential. When the loan is funded to the borrower, the interest rate lock commitment derivative expires, and the Company records a loan held for sale. The forward loan sales contract acts as a hedge against the variability in cash to be received from the loan sale. The changes in measurement of the estimated fair values of the interest rate lock commitments and forward loan sales contracts are included in mortgage banking revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
The Company also enters into certain interest rate swap contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments. These derivative contracts relate to transactions in which the Company enters into an interest rate swap with a client while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with a third-party financial institution. Because the Company acts as an intermediary for the client, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts for the most part offset each other and do not significantly impact the Company’s results of operations.
Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. During 2020 and 2021, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with the existing variable-rate borrowings (trust preferred securities).
For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate liabilities. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that an additional $0.1 million will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense.
Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of fixed-rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rate. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve the payment of fixed-rate amounts to a counterparty in exchange for the Company receiving variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.
On June 17, 2021, the Company invested $500.0 million in five-year U.S. Treasuries at 87 basis points, while simultaneously entering into a two-year forward starting, three-year pay-fixed interest rate swap on $500.0 million notional. Beginning on June 30, 2023, the Company will begin receiving effective federal funds, and will pay 1.19% interest on such funds. The interest rate swap was designated as a fair value hedge. The Company assesses the hedge effectiveness both at the onset of the hedge and at regular intervals throughout the life of the derivative. The Company has determined at the onset of the hedge that the derivative instrument will be a highly effective hedge throughout the term of the contract, any portion of derivative instrument subsequently determined to be ineffective will be recognized in earnings.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
On August 2, 2021, the Company invested $200.0 million in seven-year U.S. Treasuries at 99 basis points, while simultaneously entering into a three-year forward starting, four-year pay-fixed interest rate swap on $200.0 million notional amount. Beginning on August 31, 2024, the Company will begin receiving effective federal funds, and will pay 1.22% interest on such funds. The interest rate swap was designated as a fair value hedge. The Company assesses the hedge effectiveness both at the onset of the hedge and at regular intervals throughout the life of the derivative. The Company has determined at the onset of the hedge that the derivative instrument will be a highly effective hedge throughout the term of the contract, any portion of derivative instrument subsequently determined to be ineffective will be recognized in earnings.
For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in interest income.
The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustment for fair value hedges for the periods indicated:

| September 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
| Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment |  | Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment
Available-for-sale securities | $ | 697.7 |  | $ | (2.3) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |

Non-designated Hedges
Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain customers. The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting derivatives that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.
The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments and classification on the balance sheet for the periods indicated:

| September 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
| Notional Amount | Balance Sheet Location | Estimated Fair Value |  | Notional Amount | Balance Sheet Location | Estimated Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 200.0 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives not designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | 854.8 |  |  | 27.5 |  |  | 799.7 |  |  | 52.0 |
Interest rate lock commitments | 149.8 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 101.9 |  |  | 3.3 |
Forward loan sales contracts | 164.2 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative assets in the balance sheet | $ | 1,368.8 |  | Other Assets | $ | 34.1 |  |  | $ | 901.6 |  | Other Assets | $ | 55.3 |
Derivatives designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 587.6 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 87.6 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
Derivatives not designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | 854.8 |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | 799.7 |  |  | 16.6 |
Forward loan sales contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126.8 |  |  | 1.1 |
Derivative liabilities in the balance sheet | $ | 1,442.4 |  | Accrued Expenses | $ | 21.1 |  |  | $ | 1,014.1 |  | Accrued Expenses | $ | 17.9 |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
There were no material effects of derivative instruments in fair value or cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 or 2020.

There were no material effects from the Company’s fair value or cash flow hedged derivative financial instruments on the income statement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 or 2020.

The table below presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments on the income statement for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2021 | 2020 |  |  | 2021 | 2020
| Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative
Interest rate lock commitments | Mortgage banking revenues | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | (0.6) |  |  | Mortgage banking revenues | $ | 1.7 |  | $ | 4.4 |

The Company recorded fee revenues of $0.4 million and $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively and $1.6 million and $6.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively. The Company includes swap fee revenues in other service charges, commissions, and fees.
The tables below present the gross presentation, the effects of offsetting, and a net presentation of the Company’s derivatives as of the periods indicated:

| September 30, 2021
| Gross Assets Recognized |  | Gross Assets Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Assets in the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11.0 |  |  | $ | 19.1 |
Mortgage related derivatives | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.0 |
Total derivatives | 34.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 34.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 23.1 |
Total assets | $ | 34.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11.0 |  |  | $ | 23.1 |
| Gross Liabilities Recognized |  | Gross Liabilities Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Liabilities in the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 21.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.1 |
Total derivatives | 21.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21.1 |
Repurchase agreements | 1,007.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,007.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,007.5 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,028.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,028.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,007.5 |  |  | $ | 21.1 |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

| December 31, 2020
| Gross Assets Recognized |  | Gross Assets Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Assets in the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 52.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 52.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 34.8 |
Mortgage related derivatives | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |
Total derivatives | 55.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 55.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | 38.1 |
Total assets | $ | 55.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 38.1 |
| Gross Liabilities Recognized |  | Gross Liabilities Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Liabilities in the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 16.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16.8 |
Mortgage related derivatives | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |
Total derivatives | 17.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17.9 |
Repurchase agreements | 1,091.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,091.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,091.4 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,109.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,109.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,091.4 |  |  | $ | 17.9 |

Credit-risk-related Contingent Feature
The Company has agreements with each of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.
The Company has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if the Company fails to maintain its status as a well / adequately capitalized institution, then in certain instances the Company could be required to post additional capital and in certain instances the counterparty would have the right to terminate the derivative positions and the Company would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.
As of September 30, 2021, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance risk, which was $10.7 million related to these agreements. As of September 30, 2021, the Company has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and has posted excess collateral of $0.3 million. If the Company had breached any of these provisions at September 30, 2021, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their termination value of $10.7 million.
(6) Capital Stock
The Company had 41,715,627 shares of Class A common stock and 20,515,516 shares of Class B common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2021. The Company had 40,335,113 shares of Class A common stock and 21,760,686 shares of Class B common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2020.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company issued 19,081 shares of its Class A common stock to directors for their annual service on the Company's board of directors. The aggregate value of the shares issued to directors was $0.9 million and is included in employee benefits in the consolidated statement of income and in stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
On June 11, 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted a stock repurchase program where the Company may repurchase up to 2.5 million of its outstanding shares of Class A common stock. On September 12, 2020, the Company’s board of directors increased the number of shares of Class A common stock authorized to be repurchased by the Company under the stock repurchase program by an additional 3.0 million shares for a total of 5.5 million shares. There were no shares repurchased under the program during the three months ended September 30, 2021. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company repurchased and retired 72,700 shares of our Class A common stock at a total cost of $2.9 million, including costs and commissions, at an average cost of $39.69 per share. The shares of common stock repurchased during the period represented 1.3% of the total 5.5 million shares authorized to be repurchased. As of September 30, 2021, there were 1.9 million shares remaining authorized under the repurchase program.
All other stock repurchases during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, were redemptions of vested restricted shares tendered in lieu of cash for payment of income tax withholding amounts by participants in the Company’s equity compensation plans.
(7) Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period presented, excluding unvested restricted stock. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares determined for the basic earnings per share computation plus the dilutive effects of stock-based compensation using the treasury stock method.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2021 | 2020 |  | 2021 | 2020
Net income | $ | 47.1 |  | $ | 48.3 |  |  | $ | 141.0 |  | $ | 114.3 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding for basic earnings per share computation | 61,673,656 |  | 63,764,474 |  |  | 61,641,342 |  | 64,184,832 |
Dilutive effects of stock-based compensation | 74,316 |  | 96,983 |  |  | 91,480 |  | 110,693 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding for diluted earnings per common share computation | 61,747,972 |  | 63,861,457 |  |  | 61,732,822 |  | 64,295,525 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.76 |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 2.29 |  | $ | 1.78 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.76 |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 2.28 |  | $ | 1.78 |
Anti-dilutive unvested time restricted stock | 89,142 |  | 68,397 |  |  | 88,677 |  | 73,633 |

The Company had 355,981 and 293,236 shares of unvested restricted stock as of September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, that were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because performance conditions for vesting had not been met.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
(8) Regulatory Capital
As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company exceeded all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject. Actual capital amounts and ratios for the Company and its subsidiary Bank, as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are presented in the following tables:

| Actual |  | Minimum Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes Plus Capital Conservation Buffer |  | Minimum to Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Requirements(1)
September 30, 2021 | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio
Total risk-based capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 1,642.0 |  | 14.00 | % |  | $ | 938.0 |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 1,231.1 |  | 10.50 | % |  | $ | 1,172.5 |  | 10.00 | %
FIB | 1,464.8 |  | 12.53 |  |  | 935.1 |  | 8.00 |  |  | 1,227.3 |  | 10.50 |  |  | 1,168.9 |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 risk-based capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,442.6 |  | 12.30 |  |  | 703.5 |  | 6.00 |  |  | 996.6 |  | 8.50 |  |  | 938.0 |  | 8.00 |
FIB | 1,365.4 |  | 11.68 |  |  | 701.3 |  | 6.00 |  |  | 993.5 |  | 8.50 |  |  | 935.1 |  | 8.00 |
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,358.5 |  | 11.59 |  |  | 527.6 |  | 4.50 |  |  | 820.7 |  | 7.00 |  |  | 762.1 |  | 6.50 |
FIB | 1,365.4 |  | 11.68 |  |  | 526.0 |  | 4.50 |  |  | 818.2 |  | 7.00 |  |  | 759.8 |  | 6.50 |
Leverage capital ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,442.6 |  | 7.81 |  |  | 738.5 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 738.5 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 923.1 |  | 5.00 |
FIB | 1,365.4 |  | 7.41 |  |  | 737.2 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 737.2 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 921.5 |  | 5.00 |

| Actual |  | Minimum Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes Plus Capital Conservation Buffer |  | Minimum to Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Requirements(1)
December 31, 2020 | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio
Total risk-based capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 1,575.7 |  | 14.19 | % |  | $ | 888.3 |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 1,165.8 |  | 10.50 | % |  | $ | 1,110.3 |  | 10.00 | %
FIB | 1,426.8 |  | 12.89 |  |  | 885.6 |  | 8.00 |  |  | 1,162.3 |  | 10.50 |  |  | 1,107.0 |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 risk-based capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,369.0 |  | 12.33 |  |  | 666.2 |  | 6.00 |  |  | 943.8 |  | 8.50 |  |  | 888.3 |  | 8.00 |
FIB | 1,320.1 |  | 11.93 |  |  | 664.2 |  | 6.00 |  |  | 940.9 |  | 8.50 |  |  | 885.6 |  | 8.00 |
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,284.9 |  | 11.57 |  |  | 499.6 |  | 4.50 |  |  | 777.2 |  | 7.00 |  |  | 721.7 |  | 6.50 |
FIB | 1,320.1 |  | 11.93 |  |  | 498.1 |  | 4.50 |  |  | 774.9 |  | 7.00 |  |  | 719.5 |  | 6.50 |
Leverage capital ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,369.0 |  | 8.16 |  |  | 671.0 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 671.0 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 838.7 |  | 5.00 |
FIB | 1,320.1 |  | 7.88 |  |  | 669.7 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 669.7 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 837.2 |  | 5.00 |

(1) The ratios for the requirements to be deemed “well-capitalized” are only applicable to FIB. However, the Company manages its capital position as if the requirements apply to the consolidated company and has presented the ratios as if they also applied on a consolidated basis.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
In connection with the adoption of the Current Expected Credit Loss accounting standard (“CECL”), or ASC 326, on January 1, 2020, the Company recognized an after-tax cumulative effect reduction to retained earnings totaling $24.1 million. In March 2020, the Office of the Comptroller of Currency, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the FDIC issued an interim final rule that allows banking organizations to mitigate the effects of ASC 326 on their regulatory capital computations. This interim rule is in addition to the three-year transition period already in place under the capital transition rule previously issued in February 2019. Banking organizations can elect to mitigate the estimated cumulative regulatory capital effects for an additional two years. This rule allows an institution to defer transitioning the impact of ASC 326 into its regulatory capital calculation, including ratios, over an extended period. Additionally, the interim rule extends the transition period whereby an institution can defer the impact from ASC 326 on the current period, determined based on the difference between the new ASC 326 allowance for credit losses and the allowance for loan losses under the incurred loss method from previous GAAP, for up to two years. The total impact related to ASC 326 would then be transitioned into regulatory capital and the associated ratios over a three-year transition period, beginning after the initial two-year deferral period, for a total transition period of five years. The Company has elected to opt into the transition election and is adopting transition relief over the permissible five-year period.
(9) Commitments and Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company is involved in various claims and litigation. The Company establishes accruals for legal matters when potential losses associated with the actions become probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. There is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the amounts that the Company has accrued. Accruals for legal matters are based on management’s best judgment after consultation with counsel and others. In the opinion of management, following consultation with legal counsel, the ultimate liability or disposition of all such claims and litigation is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity of the Company.
As of September 30, 2021, the Company had commitments under construction contracts of $3.3 million.
Residential mortgage loans sold to investors in the secondary market are sold with varying recourse provisions. Essentially all the loan sales agreements require the repurchase of a mortgage loan by the seller in situations such as breach of representation, warranty, or covenant; untimely document delivery; false or misleading statements; failure to obtain certain certificates or insurance; or unmarketability. Certain loan sales agreements contain repurchase requirements based on payment-related defects that are defined in terms of the number of days or months since the purchase, the sequence number of the payment, and/or the number of days of payment delinquency. Based on the specific terms stated in the agreements, the Company had $0.4 million of sold residential mortgage loans with recourse provisions still in effect as of September 30, 2021.
On September 16, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire all of the outstanding stock of Great Western Bancorp, Inc. (“Great Western”), the parent company of Great Western Bank (“GWB”), a Sioux Falls, South Dakota based community bank with 174 banking offices across Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, in an all-stock transaction where each outstanding share of Great Western will convert into the right to receive 0.8425 shares of the Company's Class A common stock in an all-stock transaction valued at approximately $2.0 billion in aggregate based on the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on September 15, 2021. The transaction has been approved by the boards of directors of both companies and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2022 and to convert data processing systems in the second quarter of 2022, subject to customary conditions, including regulatory and shareholder approvals.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
(10) Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk
In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its clients. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a client as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the commitment contract. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a client to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as the credit risk involved in extending loan facilities to clients. The Company’s policy for obtaining collateral, and determining the nature of such collateral, is essentially the same as in the Company’s policies for making commitments to extend credit. The estimated fair value of the obligation undertaken by the Company in issuing standby letters of credit is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents our financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, as well as the activity in the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses related to those financial instruments:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning balance |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  | $ | — |
Initial impact of adopting ASC 326 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.3 |
Provision for (reversal of) credit loss expense |  | (0.2) |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | 1.2 |
Ending balance of allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |

|  | September 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Unused credit card lines |  | $ | 682.5 |  |  | $ | 682.8 |
Commitments to extend credit |  | 2,558.6 |  |  | 2,280.0 |
Standby letter of credit |  | 59.8 |  |  | 59.0 |

(11) Other Comprehensive Income/Loss
The gross amounts of each component of other comprehensive income and the related tax effects are as follows:

| Pre-tax |  | Tax Expense (Benefit) |  | Net of Tax
Three Months Ended September 30, | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Investment securities available-for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net unrealized loss during period | $ | (13.4) |  |  | $ | (4.2) |  |  | $ | (3.3) |  |  | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | (10.1) |  |  | $ | (3.1) |
Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in net income | (0.3) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |
Net change in unamortized gains on available-for-sale securities transferred into held-to-maturity | (2.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.9) |  |  | — |
Unrealized loss on derivatives | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |
Defined benefits post-retirement benefit plan: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net actuarial gains | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (13.0) |  |  | $ | (4.4) |  |  | $ | (3.2) |  |  | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | (9.8) |  |  | $ | (3.3) |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

| Pre-tax |  | Tax Expense (Benefit) |  | Net of Tax
Nine Months Ended September 30, | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Investment securities available-for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net unrealized (loss) gains during period | $ | (81.0) |  |  | $ | 69.9 |  |  | $ | (20.5) |  |  | $ | 18.7 |  |  | $ | (60.5) |  |  | $ | 51.2 |
Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in net income | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |
Net change in unamortized gains on available-for-sale securities transferred into held-to-maturity | 22.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | — |
Unrealized loss on derivatives | 2.3 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 0.2 |
Defined benefits post-retirement benefit plan: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net actuarial gains | — |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (56.6) |  |  | $ | 69.5 |  |  | $ | (14.3) |  |  | $ | 18.6 |  |  | $ | (42.3) |  |  | $ | 50.9 |

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of related tax effects, are as follows:

| September 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Net unrealized (loss) gain on investment securities available-for-sale | $ | (4.0) |  |  | $ | 56.8 |
Net unrealized gain on investment securities transferred to held-to-maturity | 16.6 |  |  | — |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives | 1.7 |  |  | (0.2) |
Net accumulated other comprehensive gains | $ | 14.3 |  |  | $ | 56.6 |

(12) Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:
•Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
•Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of assets or liabilities
The methodologies used by the Company in determining the fair values of each class of financial instruments are based primarily on the use of independent, market-based data to reflect a value that would be reasonably expected in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, and therefore are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.
The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels as of the end of the reporting period. Transfers in and out of Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 are recognized on the actual transfer date. There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.
Further details on the methods used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments above are discussed below:
Investment Debt Securities Available-for-Sale. The Company obtains fair value measurements for investment securities from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the investment’s terms and conditions, among other things. Vendors chosen by the Company are widely recognized vendors whose evaluations support the pricing functions of financial institutions, investment and mutual funds, and portfolio managers. If needed, a broker may be utilized to determine the reported fair value of investment securities.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
Loans Held for Sale. Fair value measurements for loans held for sale are obtained from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include binding contracts or quotes or bids from third party investors as well as loan level pricing adjustments.
Interest Rate Swap Contracts. Fair values for derivative interest rate swap contracts are based upon the estimated amounts to settle the contracts considering current interest rates and are calculated using discounted cash flows that are observable or that can be corroborated by observable market data. The inputs used to determine fair value include the three-month LIBOR forward curve to estimate variable rate cash inflows and the federal funds effective swap rate to estimate the discount rate. The estimated variable rate cash inflows are compared to the fixed rate outflows and such difference is discounted to a present value to estimate the fair value of the interest rate swaps. The change in the value of derivative assets attributable to basis risk, or the risk that offsetting investments in a hedging strategy will not experience price changes in entirely opposite directions from each other, was not significant in the reported periods. The Company also obtains and compares the reasonableness of the pricing from an independent third party.
For purposes of potential valuation adjustments to our derivative positions, we evaluate the credit risk of our counterparties as well as ours. Accordingly, we have considered factors such as the likelihood of our default and the default of our counterparties, our net exposures and remaining contractual life, among other things, in determining if any fair value adjustments related to credit risk are required. The change in value of derivative assets and derivative liabilities attributable to credit risk was not significant during the reported periods.
Interest Rate Lock Commitments. Fair value measurements for interest rate lock commitments are obtained from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include prices available from secondary market investors taking into consideration various characteristics of the loan, including the loan amount, interest rate, value of the servicing, and loan to value ratio, among other things. Observable data is then adjusted to reflect changes in interest rates, the Company’s estimated pull-through rate, and estimated direct costs necessary to complete the commitment into a closed loan net of origination and processing fees collected from the borrower.
Forward Loan Sales Contracts. The fair value measurements for forward loan sales contracts are obtained from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that includes sales of similar loans.
Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Liabilities. The fair values of deferred compensation plan assets and liabilities are based primarily on the use of independent, market-based data to reflect a value that would be reasonably expected in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. These investments are in the same funds and purchased in the same amounts as the participants’ selected investments, which represent the underlying liabilities to plan participants. Deferred compensation plan liabilities are recorded at amounts due to participants, based on the fair value of participants’ selected investments.
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
As of September 30, 2021 | Balance | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Investment debt securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury notes | $ | 691.8 |  | $ | — | $ | 691.8 |  | $ | —
State, county, and municipal securities | 439.9 |  |  | — | 439.9 |  |  | —
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | 325.9 |  |  | — | 325.9 |  |  | —
U.S. agencies mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations | 2,031.3 |  |  | — | 2,031.3 |  |  | —
Private mortgage-backed securities | 83.5 |  |  | — | 83.5 |  |  | —
Collateralized loan obligations | 453.0 |  |  | — | 453.0 |  |  | —
Corporate securities | 378.2 |  |  | — | 378.2 |  |  | —
Loans held for sale | 42.5 |  |  | — | 42.5 |  |  | —
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | 30.1 |  |  | — | 30.1 |  |  | —
Interest rate lock commitments | 3.1 |  |  | — | 3.1 |  |  | —
Forward loan sale contracts | 0.9 |  |  | — | 0.9 |  |  | —
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | 21.1 |  |  | — | 21.1 |  |  | —
Deferred compensation plan assets | 21.6 |  |  | — | 21.6 |  |  | —
Deferred compensation plan liabilities | 21.6 |  |  | — | 21.6 |  |  | —

|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
As of December 31, 2020 | Balance | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Investment debt securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
State, county and municipal securities | $ | 465.9 |  | $ | — | 465.9 |  | $ | —
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | 331.9 |  |  | — | 331.9 |  |  | —
U.S. agencies mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations | 2,897.6 |  |  | — | 2,897.6 |  |  | —
Private mortgage-backed securities | 10.9 |  |  | — | 10.9 |  |  | —
Corporate securities | 302.2 |  |  | — | 302.2 |  |  | —
Other investments | 0.2 |  |  | — | 0.2 |  |  | —
Loans held for sale | 74.0 |  |  | — | 74.0 |  |  | —
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | 52.0 |  |  | — | 52.0 |  |  | —
Interest rate lock commitments | 3.3 |  |  | — | 3.3 |  |  | —
Derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | 16.8 |  |  | — | 16.8 |  |  | —
Forward loan sales contracts | 1.1 |  |  | — | 1.1 |  |  | —
Deferred compensation plan assets | 19.1 |  |  | — | 19.1 |  |  | —
Deferred compensation plan liabilities | 19.1 |  |  | — | 19.1 |  |  | —

Additionally, from time to time, certain assets are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets due to credit deterioration. The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
As of September 30, 2021 | Balance | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Collateral dependent loans | $ | 12.5 |  | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 12.5 |
Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale | 3.2 |  |  | — |  | — | 3.2 |
|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
As of December 31, 2020 | Balance | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Collateral dependent loans | $ | 14.7 |  | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 14.7 |
Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale | 5.3 |  |  | — |  | — | 5.3 |

Collateral-dependent Loans. Collateral-dependent loans are reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is expected solely from collateral. The collateral-dependent loans are reported at fair value through specific valuation allowance allocations. In addition, when it is determined that the fair value of a collateral-dependent loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, the carrying value of the loan is adjusted to fair value through a charge to the allowance for credit losses. Collateral values are estimated using independent appraisals and management estimates of current market conditions. As of September 30, 2021, certain collateral-dependent loans with a carrying value of $13.2 million were reduced by specific valuation allowance allocations of $0.7 million resulting in a reported fair value of $12.5 million. As of December 31, 2020, certain collateral-dependent loans with a carrying value of $17.5 million were reduced by specific valuation allowance allocations of $2.8 million resulting in a reported fair value of $14.7 million.
OREO. The fair values of OREO are estimated using independent appraisals and management estimates of current market conditions. Upon initial recognition, write-downs based on the foreclosed asset’s fair value at foreclosure are reported through charges to the allowance for credit losses. Periodically, the fair value of foreclosed assets is remeasured with any subsequent write-downs charged to OREO expense in the period in which they are identified. The Company had no material write downs on OREO properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Long-lived Assets to be Disposed of by Sale. Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell. The fair values of long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale are based upon observable market data and management estimates of current market conditions. As of September 30, 2021, the Company had long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale with carrying and fair values aggregating $3.2 million. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale with carrying values aggregating $5.5 million, reduced by write-downs of $0.2 million, resulting in a fair value of $5.3 million.
The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair values:

| Fair Value As of |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Inputs | Range (Weighted Average)
Collateral dependent loans | $ | 12.5 |  | $ | 14.7 |  | Appraisal | Appraisal adjustment | 0% | - | 18% | (9%)
Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale | 3.2 |  | 5.3 |  | Appraisal | Appraisal adjustment | 0% | - | 0% | 0%

The Company is required to disclose the fair value of financial instruments for which it is practical to estimate fair value. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis are discussed above. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of other financial instruments are discussed below. For financial instruments bearing a variable interest rate where no credit risk exists, it is presumed that recorded book values are reasonable estimates of fair value.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
Financial Assets. Carrying values of cash, cash equivalents, and accrued interest receivable approximate fair values due to the liquid and/or short-term nature of these instruments. Fair values for investment securities held-to-maturity are obtained from an independent pricing service, which considers observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the investment’s terms and conditions, among other things. Fair values of fixed rate loans and variable rate loans that reprice on an infrequent basis are estimated by discounting future cash flows using current interest rates at which similar loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers of similar credit quality using an exit price notion. Carrying values of variable rate loans that reprice frequently, and with no change in credit risk, approximate the fair values of these instruments.
Financial Liabilities. The fair values of demand deposits, savings accounts, securities sold under repurchase agreements, and accrued interest payable are the amounts payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair values of fixed-maturity certificates of deposit are estimated using external market rates that are currently offered for deposits that have similar remaining maturities. The fair values of derivative liabilities are obtained from an independent pricing service, which considers observable data that may include the three-month LIBOR forward curve, the federal funds effective swap rate and cash flows, among other things. The carrying values of the interest-bearing demand notes to the United States Treasury are deemed an approximation of fair values due to the frequent repayment and repricing at market rates. The fixed and floating rate subordinated debentures, floating rate subordinated term loan, notes payable to the FHLB, fixed rate subordinated term debt, and capital lease obligation are estimated by discounting future cash flows using current rates for advances that have similar characteristics.
Commitments to Extend Credit and Standby Letters of Credit. The fair value of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, is not significant.
The estimated fair values of financial instruments that are reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, and are segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy that are utilized to measure fair value, are as follows:

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
As of September 30, 2021 | Carrying Amount | Estimated Fair Value | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,233.5 |  | $ | 2,233.5 |  | $ | 2,233.5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Investment debt securities available-for-sale | 4,403.6 |  | 4,403.6 |  | — |  | 4,403.6 |  | — |
Investment debt securities held-to-maturity | 1,618.1 |  | 1,632.5 |  | — |  | 1,632.5 |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable | 52.9 |  | 52.9 |  | — |  | 52.9 |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights, net | 27.0 |  | 27.4 |  | — |  | 27.4 |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 42.5 |  | 42.5 |  | — |  | 42.5 |  | — |
Net loans held for investment | 9,487.4 |  | 9,587.1 |  | — |  | 9,574.6 |  | 12.5 |
Derivative assets | 34.1 |  | 34.1 |  | — |  | 34.1 |  | — |
Deferred compensation plan assets | 21.6 |  | 21.6 |  | — |  | 21.6 |  | — |
Total financial assets | $ | 17,920.7 |  | $ | 18,035.2 |  | $ | 2,233.5 |  | $ | 15,789.2 |  | $ | 12.5 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits, excluding time deposits | $ | 15,019.3 |  | $ | 15,019.3 |  | $ | 15,019.3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Time deposits | 988.0 |  | 987.3 |  | — |  | 987.3 |  | — |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 1,007.5 |  | 1,007.5 |  | — |  | 1,007.5 |  | — |
Accrued interest payable | 6.6 |  | 6.6 |  | — |  | 6.6 |  | — |
Long-term debt | 112.4 |  | 121.5 |  | — |  | 121.5 |  | — |
Subordinated debentures held by subsidiary trusts | 87.0 |  | 83.9 |  | — |  | 83.9 |  | — |
Derivative liabilities | 21.1 |  | 21.1 |  | — |  | 21.1 |  | — |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities | 21.6 |  | 21.6 |  | — |  | 21.6 |  | — |
Total financial liabilities | $ | 17,263.5 |  | $ | 17,268.8 |  | $ | 15,019.3 |  | $ | 2,249.5 |  | $ | — |

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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
As of December 31, 2020 | Carrying Amount | Estimated Fair Value | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,276.8 |  | $ | 2,276.8 |  | $ | 2,276.8 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Investment debt securities available-for-sale | 4,008.7 |  | 4,008.7 |  | — |  | 4,008.7 |  | — |
Investment debt securities held-to-maturity | 51.6 |  | 55.0 |  | — |  | 55.0 |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable | 51.1 |  | 51.1 |  | — |  | 51.1 |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights, net | 24.0 |  | 24.0 |  | — |  | 24.0 |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 74.0 |  | 74.0 |  | — |  | 74.0 |  | — |
Net loans held for investment | 9,663.2 |  | 9,785.6 |  | — |  | 9,770.9 |  | 14.7 |
Derivative assets | 55.3 |  | 55.3 |  | — |  | 55.3 |  | — |
Deferred compensation plan assets | 19.1 |  | 19.1 |  | — |  | 19.1 |  | — |
Total financial assets | $ | 16,223.8 |  | $ | 16,349.6 |  | $ | 2,276.8 |  | $ | 14,058.1 |  | $ | 14.7 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits, excluding time deposits | $ | 13,158.3 |  | $ | 13,158.3 |  | $ | 13,158.3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Time deposits | 1,058.7 |  | 1,061.1 |  | — |  | 1,061.1 |  | — |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 1,091.4 |  | 1,091.4 |  | — |  | 1,091.4 |  | — |
Accrued interest payable | 5.8 |  | 5.8 |  | — |  | 5.8 |  | — |
Long-term debt | 112.4 |  | 116.5 |  | — |  | 116.5 |  | — |
Subordinated debentures held by subsidiary trusts | 87.0 |  | 81.3 |  | — |  | 81.3 |  | — |
Derivative liabilities | 17.9 |  | 17.9 |  | — |  | 17.9 |  | — |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities | 19.1 |  | 19.1 |  | — |  | 19.1 |  | — |
Total financial liabilities | $ | 15,550.6 |  | $ | 15,551.4 |  | $ | 13,158.3 |  | $ | 2,393.1 |  | $ | — |

(13) Recent Authoritative Accounting Guidance
ASU 2018-14, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.” In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General: Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans (ASU 2018-14). The amendments in this ASU remove disclosures that no longer are considered cost beneficial, clarify the specific requirements of disclosures, and add disclosure requirements that have been identified as meeting the requirements. Although narrow in scope, the amendments are considered an important part of the Board’s efforts to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements by applying the concepts discussed in the Concepts Statement. The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities with fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. The amendments in this ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2021 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, results of operations, or liquidity.
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FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Accounting.” In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, which provides temporary exceptions that are optional for applying GAAP to loan and lease agreements, derivative contracts, and other transactions affected by the anticipated transition away from LIBOR toward new interest rate benchmarks. For transactions that are modified because of reference rate reform and that meet certain scope guidance (i) modifications of loan agreements should be accounted for by prospectively adjusting the effective interest rate, with such modification considered to be "minor" so that any existing unamortized origination fees/costs will carry forward and continue to be amortized and (ii) modifications of lease agreements should be accounted for as a continuation of the existing agreement with no reassessments of the lease classification and the discount rate or remeasurements of lease payments that otherwise would be required for modifications will not be accounted for as separate contracts. ASU 2020-04 is effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. An entity may elect to apply ASU 2020-04 for contract modifications as of January 1, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. Once elected for a Topic or an Industry Subtopic within the Codification, the amendments in this ASU must be applied prospectively for all eligible contract modifications for that Topic or Industry Subtopic. The Company adopted certain elections related to cash flow hedges which did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of other expedients in the standard and does not anticipate it will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
ASU 2020-08, “Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs.” In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-08, Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables-Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, that clarifies when an entity should reevaluate whether a callable debt security is within the scope of paragraph 310-20-35-33 for each reporting period. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The amendments in this ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2021 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, results of operations, or liquidity.
ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)” In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform Topic 848, that clarifies certain exceptions that are optional in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting and apply those exceptions to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. An entity may elect to apply the amendments in this ASU on a full retrospective basis as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or on a prospective basis to new modifications from any date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to the date of the issuance of a final ASU. If an entity elects to apply any of the amendments in this ASU for an eligible hedging relationship, any adjustments as a result of those elections must be reflected as of the date the entity applies the election. The amendments in this ASU do not apply to contract modifications made, new hedging relationships entered into, or existing hedging relationships evaluated for effectiveness in periods after December 31, 2022, except for hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022, that apply certain exceptions that are optional in which the accounting effects of the hedging activity are recorded through the end of the hedging relationship (including periods after December 31, 2022). The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the standard and does not anticipate it will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
(14) Subsequent Events
Subsequent events have been evaluated for potential recognition and disclosure through the date the Company’s financial statements were filed with the SEC. On October 25, 2021, the Company declared a quarterly dividend to common shareholders of $0.41 per share, to be paid on November 18, 2021 to shareholders of record as of November 8, 2021.
No other undisclosed events requiring recognition or disclosure were identified.
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Item 2.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
When we refer to “we,” “our,” “us,” “First Interstate,” or the “Company” in this report, we mean First Interstate BancSystem, Inc. and our consolidated subsidiaries, including our wholly-owned subsidiary, First Interstate Bank, unless the context indicates that we refer only to the parent company, First Interstate BancSystem, Inc. When we refer to the “Bank” or “FIB” in this report, we mean only First Interstate Bank.
The following discussion of our consolidated financial data reflects our historical results of operations and financial condition and should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes thereto presented elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, including the audited financial statements and related notes contained therein, as previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Factors that Could Affect Future Results
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Rule 175 promulgated thereunder, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and Rule 3b-6 promulgated thereunder, that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Any statements about our plans, objectives, expectations, strategies, beliefs, or future performance or events constitute forward-looking statements. Such statements are identified by words or phrases such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “trends,” “objectives,” “views,” “continues” or similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might,” “may,” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions, estimates and other important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from any results, performance or events expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. A detailed discussion of risks that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations in the forward-looking statements is included below in this report under the caption “Risk Factors” and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, under the captions “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors”. These factors and the other risk factors described in our periodic and current reports filed with the SEC from time to time, however, are not necessarily all of the important factors that could cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by any of our forward-looking statements. Other unknown or unpredictable factors also could harm our results.
All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements set forth above. Interested parties are urged to read in their entirety the referenced risk factors prior to making any investment decision with respect to the Company. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and we do not undertake or assume any obligation to update publicly any of these statements to reflect actual results, new information or future events, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking statements, except to the extent required by applicable law. If we update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.
Executive Overview
We are a financial and bank holding company focused on community banking. Since our incorporation in Montana in 1971, we have grown both organically and through strategic acquisitions. Today, we operate 147 banking offices, including detached drive-up facilities, in communities across six states—Idaho, Montana, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming. Through our bank subsidiary, First Interstate Bank, we deliver a comprehensive range of banking products and services—including online and mobile banking—to individuals, businesses, municipalities, and others throughout our market areas. We are proud to provide lending opportunities to clients that participate in a wide variety of industries, including:

| •Agriculture |  | •Governmental services |  | •Professional services |  | •Tourism
| •Construction |  | •Healthcare |  | •Real Estate Development |  | •Wholesale trade
| •Education |  | •Hospitality |  | •Retail |  |
| •Energy |  | •Housing |  | •Technology |  |

Our principal business activity is lending to, accepting deposits from, and conducting financial transactions with and for individuals, businesses, municipalities, and other entities located in the communities we serve. We derive our income principally from interest charged on loans and, to a lesser extent, from interest and dividends earned on fixed income investments.
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We also derive income from non-interest sources such as: (i) fees received in connection with various lending and deposit services; (ii) wealth management services, such as trust, employee benefit, investment, and insurance services; (iii) mortgage loan originations, sales and servicing; (iv) merchant and electronic banking services; and (v) from time-to-time, gains on sales of assets and securities.
Our principal expenses include: (i) interest expense on deposits accounts and other borrowings; (ii) salaries and employee benefits; (iii) data processing and communication costs primarily associated with maintaining loan and deposit functions; (iv) furniture, equipment, and occupancy expenses for maintaining our facilities; (v) professional fees, including FDIC insurance assessments; (vi) income tax expense; (vii) provisions for credit losses; (viii) core deposit intangible amortization; and (ix) other real estate owned expenses. We also incur acquisition costs from time to time related to our strategic acquisitions.
Recent Trends and Developments
During the past few years, we have increased our community banking footprint across the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions, in large part due to our acquisition activity. We continue to evaluate bank acquisitions and other strategic opportunities on an on-going basis.
On September 15, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire all of the outstanding stock of Great Western, the parent company of GWB, a Sioux Falls, South Dakota based community bank with 174 banking offices across Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, in an all-stock transaction where each outstanding share of Great Western will convert into the right to receive 0.8425 shares of the Company's Class A common stock in an all-stock transaction valued at approximately $2.0 billion in aggregate based on the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on September 15, 2021. The transaction has been approved by the boards of directors of both companies and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2022 and convert data processing systems in the second quarter of 2022, subject to customary conditions, including regulatory and shareholder approvals.
Management continues to monitor the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s financial results. Over the past year, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected our operations to a limited degree, although it has had varying degrees of disruptions and restrictions on our borrowers and to our borrowers’ operations, staffing, and demand for certain products and services. COVID-19 has severely disrupted supply chains and adversely affected production, demand, sales, and employee productivity across a range of industries, including those of our borrowers. With the wide-spread distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines, and the United States moving beyond the most acute phases of the pandemic into recovery, our branches and drive-ups are functioning at normal operating hours and are adequately staffed. While 33% of our back-office staff continue to work from home, the majority of the back-office employees are back in the office. Although the impact of the COVID-19 vaccines initially resulted in success in reducing the spread of COVID-19 within the United States, the Delta variant has increased the spread of COVID-19 in multiple regions across the United States at varying times to peak pandemic levels. This has resulted in a return of mask mandates and other emergency measures in certain regions of the United States. To date, such measures have not been re-enacted in regions where the Company operates. The Company is monitoring this resurgence and its potential impact on the Company’s operations and remains poised to change course should conditions require. As such, the scope, duration, and severity of the pandemic is not yet fully known. As a result, even with a burgeoning recovery, there continues to be some uncertainty as to the long-term effect on the economy and the Company.
Primary Factors Used in Evaluating Our Business
As a banking institution, we manage and evaluate various aspects of both our financial condition and our results of operations. We monitor our financial condition and performance and evaluate the levels and trends of the line items included in our balance sheet and statements of income, as well as various financial ratios that are commonly used in our industry. We analyze these ratios and financial trends against both our own historical performance and the financial condition and performance of comparable banking institutions in our region and nationally.
As discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, our financial performance is impacted by a number of external factors outside our control, as well as our ability to execute on the key components of our strategy for continued success and future growth. See Part II – Other Information “Item 1A – Risk Factors” for an update of the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
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Critical Accounting Estimates and Significant Accounting Policies
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the United States and follow general practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant accounting policies we follow are summarized in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as referenced in Note 1 to the unaudited financials in this quarterly report. There have been no material changes in our critical accounting estimates and policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, during the quarterly period covered by this quarterly report.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to measure the company’s financial position and operating results primarily in terms of historic dollars. Changes in the relative value of money due to inflation or recession are generally not considered. The primary effect of inflation on our operations is reflected in increased operating expenses. Management considers changes in interest rates to impact our financial condition and results of operations to a far greater degree than changes in prices due to inflation. Although interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not necessarily change at the same rate or in the same magnitude as the inflation rate. We manage our interest rate risk in several ways. Refer to “Note – Derivatives and Hedging Activities” in the accompanying “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements” for further discussion on how we manage interest rate risk. There can be no assurance that we will not be materially adversely affected by future changes in interest rates, as interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control.
Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis is intended to provide detail about the results of our operations and financial condition.
Net Interest Income
Our operating results depend primarily on our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest the Company earns on its interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the expense the Company pays on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Net interest income depends on both the volume of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the interest rates the Company earns or pays on them.
Changes in interest rate spread, which is the difference between interest earned on assets and interest paid on liabilities, has the most significant impact on net interest income. Other factors like volume of loans, investment securities, and other interest earning assets compared to the volume of interest-bearing deposits and indebtedness also cause changes in our net interest income between periods. Non-interest-bearing sources of funds, such as demand deposits and stockholders’ equity, help to support earning assets.
For the periods indicated, the following table presents condensed average balance sheet information, together with interest income and yields earned on average interest earning assets and interest expense and rates paid on average interest-bearing liabilities.
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Average Balance Sheets, Yields and Rates | Three Months Ended
(Dollars in millions) | September 30, 2021 |  | September 30, 2020
| Average Balance | Interest | Average Rate |  | Average Balance | Interest | Average Rate
Interest earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1) (2) | $ | 9,805.2 |  | $ | 112.2 |  | 4.54 | % |  | $ | 10,219.2 |  | $ | 112.6 |  | 4.38 | %
Investment securities (2) | 5,875.0 |  | 18.8 |  | 1.27 |  |  | 3,435.1 |  | 16.3 |  | 1.89 |
Interest bearing deposits in banks | 1,712.2 |  | 0.7 |  | 0.16 |  |  | 1,295.1 |  | 0.5 |  | 0.15 |
Federal funds sold | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |
Total interest earning assets | $ | 17,392.5 |  | $ | 131.7 |  | 3.00 | % |  | $ | 14,949.5 |  | $ | 129.4 |  | 3.44 | %
Non-earning assets | 1,688.7 |  |  |  |  | 1,739.9 |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 19,081.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,689.4 |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | $ | 4,474.0 |  | $ | 0.4 |  | 0.04 | % |  | $ | 3,708.8 |  | $ | 0.4 |  | 0.04 | %
Savings deposits | 4,842.9 |  | 0.4 |  | 0.03 |  |  | 4,081.4 |  | 0.3 |  | 0.03 |
Time deposits | 996.9 |  | 1.1 |  | 0.44 |  |  | 1,167.3 |  | 2.7 |  | 0.92 |
Repurchase agreements | 993.5 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.04 |  |  | 781.2 |  | 0.1 |  | 0.05 |
Long-term debt | 112.4 |  | 1.5 |  | 5.29 |  |  | 112.3 |  | 1.7 |  | 6.02 |
Subordinated debentures held by subsidiary trusts | 87.0 |  | 0.7 |  | 3.19 |  |  | 86.9 |  | 0.7 |  | 3.20 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | $ | 11,506.7 |  | $ | 4.2 |  | 0.14 | % |  | $ | 9,937.9 |  | $ | 5.9 |  | 0.24 | %
Non-interest-bearing deposits | 5,416.5 |  |  |  |  | 4,517.3 |  |  |
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities | 172.7 |  |  |  |  | 226.0 |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity | 1,985.3 |  |  |  |  | 2,008.2 |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 19,081.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,689.4 |  |  |
Net FTE interest income |  | $ | 127.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 123.5 |  |
Less FTE adjustments (2) |  | (0.6) |  |  |  |  | (0.5) |  |
Net interest income from consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 126.9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 123.0 |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  | 2.86 | % |  |  |  | 3.20 | %
Net FTE interest margin (3) |  |  | 2.91 |  |  |  |  | 3.29 |
Cost of funds, including non-interest-bearing demand deposits (4) |  |  | 0.10 |  |  |  |  | 0.16 |
(1) Average loan balances include mortgage loans held for sale and non-accrual loans. Interest income on loans includes amortization of deferred loan fees net of deferred loan costs of $13.6 million at September 30, 2021 and $8.6 million at September 30, 2020.
(2) Interest income and average rates for tax exempt loans and securities are presented on a fully taxable equivalent, or FTE, basis utilizing the 21% federal income tax rate.
(3) Net FTE interest margin during the period equals (i) the difference between annualized interest income on interest earning assets and the annualized interest expense on interest bearing liabilities, divided b y (ii) average interest earning assets for the period.
(4) Calculated by dividing total annualized interest on interest bearing liabilities by the sum of total interest-bearing liabilities plus non-interest-bearing deposits.

Net interest income increased $3.9 million, or 3.2%, to $126.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $123.0 million for the same period in 2020. The increase is the result of increased yields on loans as a result of interest and fees related to PPP loans, higher volumes of interest-bearing deposits in banks, and lower rates on interest-bearing liabilities. The increased yields on loans were partially offset by declining yields on investment securities. The Company earned a total of $14.2 million of interest income, including loan fees, on PPP loans during the three months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $10.6 million of interest income, including loan fees, on PPP loans for the same period in 2020.
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Average Balance Sheets, Yields and Rates | Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in millions) | September 30, 2021 |  | September 30, 2020
| Average Balance | Interest | Average Rate |  | Average Balance | Interest | Average Rate
Interest earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1) (2) | $ | 9,882.3 |  | $ | 325.9 |  | 4.41 | % |  | $ | 9,723.2 |  | $ | 337.4 |  | 4.64 | %
Investment securities (2) | 5,147.0 |  | 53.8 |  | 1.40 |  |  | 3,172.3 |  | 50.5 |  | 2.13 |
Interest bearing deposits in banks | 1,824.9 |  | 1.7 |  | 0.12 |  |  | 1,023.7 |  | 3.5 |  | 0.46 |
Federal funds sold | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |
Total interest earning assets | $ | 16,854.3 |  | $ | 381.4 |  | 3.03 | % |  | $ | 13,919.4 |  | $ | 391.4 |  | 3.76 | %
Non-earning assets | 1,687.0 |  |  |  |  | 1,732.1 |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 18,541.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,651.5 |  |  |
Interest bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | $ | 4,349.1 |  | $ | 1.4 |  | 0.04 | % |  | $ | 3,512.5 |  | $ | 1.7 |  | 0.06 | %
Savings deposits | 4,710.1 |  | 1.1 |  | 0.03 |  |  | 3,855.1 |  | 2.0 |  | 0.07 |
Time deposits | 1,020.3 |  | 3.9 |  | 0.51 |  |  | 1,271.2 |  | 11.5 |  | 1.21 |
Repurchase agreements | 1,020.8 |  | 0.3 |  | 0.04 |  |  | 706.0 |  | 0.7 |  | 0.13 |
Long-term debt | 112.4 |  | 4.5 |  | 5.35 |  |  | 63.9 |  | 3.0 |  | 6.27 |
Subordinated debentures held by subsidiary trusts | 87.0 |  | 2.1 |  | 3.23 |  |  | 86.9 |  | 2.4 |  | 3.69 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | $ | 11,299.7 |  | $ | 13.3 |  | 0.16 | % |  | $ | 9,495.6 |  | $ | 21.3 |  | 0.30 | %
Non-interest-bearing deposits | 5,096.5 |  |  |  |  | 3,956.8 |  |  |
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities | 179.6 |  |  |  |  | 208.3 |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity | 1,965.5 |  |  |  |  | 1,990.8 |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 18,541.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,651.5 |  |  |
Net FTE interest income |  | $ | 368.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 370.1 |  |
Less FTE adjustments (2) |  | (1.7) |  |  |  |  | (1.5) |  |
Net interest income from consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 366.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 368.6 |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  | 2.87 | % |  |  |  | 3.46 | %
Net FTE interest margin (3) |  |  | 2.92 |  |  |  |  | 3.55 |
Cost of funds, including non-interest-bearing demand deposits (4) |  |  | 0.11 |  |  |  |  | 0.21 |
(1) Average loan balances include mortgage loans held for sale and non-accrual loans. Interest income on loans includes amortization of deferred loan fees net of deferred loan costs of $30.7 million at September 30, 2021 and $18.0 million at September 30, 2020.
(2) Interest income and average rates for tax exempt loans and securities are presented on a fully taxable equivalent, or FTE, basis utilizing the 21% federal income tax rate.
(3) Net FTE interest margin during the period equals (i) the difference between annualized interest income on interest earning assets and the annualized interest expense on interest bearing liabilities, divided by (ii) average interest earning assets for the period.
(4) Calculated by dividing total annualized interest on interest-bearing liabilities by the sum of total interest-bearing liabilities plus non-interest-bearing deposits.

Net interest income decreased $2.2 million, or 0.6%, to $366.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $368.6 million for the same period in 2020. The decrease resulted from the sustained decline in rates across the yield curve, resulting in declining yields on loans and investment securities. Partially offsetting these rate pressures was higher levels of interest earning assets and lower rates on interest-bearing liabilities.
The Company earned a total of $34.3 million of interest income, including loan fees, on PPP loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $19.2 million of interest income, including loan fees, on PPP loans for the same period in 2020. The Company had $13.1 million of unearned fees accrued as of September 30, 2021 related to PPP loans.
Net interest income included interest accretion related to the fair valuation of acquired loans of $2.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, of which $1.4 million was the result of early loan payoffs, and $7.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, of which $4.0 million was the result of early loan payoffs. This compares to interest accretion of $3.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2020, of which $1.4 million was the result of early loan payoffs, and $10.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, of which $3.6 million was the result of early loan payoffs.
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Our net FTE interest margin ratio decreased 38 basis points to 2.91% for the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to 3.29% for the same period in 2020. Similarly, our net FTE interest margin ratio decreased 63 basis points to 2.92% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to 3.55% for the same period in 2020. The decreases in net FTE interest margin ratio during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, and during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, were primarily the result of a shift in mix of earning assets toward investment securities invested at lower yields, higher interest-earning cash balances and lower yields on loans, which were partially offset by lower deposits costs.
Exclusive of the impact of interest accretion on acquired loans, our net FTE interest margin ratio was 2.86% during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to 3.20% for the same period in 2020, or a 34 basis point decrease, and 2.86% during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to 3.46% in the same period in 2020, or a 60 basis point decrease. This decrease was primarily due to a shift in the mix of earning assets toward investment securities that are invested at lower yields, and higher interest-earning cash balances and lower yields on loans excluding PPP balances, which were partially offset by lower deposits costs. The table below sets forth a summary of the changes in interest income and interest expense resulting from estimated changes in average asset and liability balances (volume) and estimated changes in average interest rates (referred to as “rate”) for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021 and 2020. Changes which are not due solely to volume or rate have been allocated to these categories based on the respective percent changes in average volume and average rate as they compare to each other.

Analysis of Interest Changes Due to Volume and Rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 compared with Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Volume |  | Rate |  | Net |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Net
Interest earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1) | $ | (4.6) |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | (17.0) |  |  | $ | (11.5) |
Investment securities (1) | 11.6 |  |  | (9.1) |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 31.4 |  |  | (28.1) |  |  | 3.3 |
Interest bearing deposits in banks | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | (4.5) |  |  | (1.8) |
Total change | 7.2 |  |  | (4.9) |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 39.6 |  |  | (49.6) |  |  | (10.0) |
Interest bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 0.1 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.3) |
Savings deposits | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (0.9) |
Time deposits | (0.4) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | (5.3) |  |  | (7.6) |
Repurchase agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.4) |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | 1.5 |
Subordinated debentures held by subsidiary trusts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.3) |
Total change | (0.2) |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | (9.1) |  |  | (8.0) |
Increase (decrease) in FTE net interest income (1) | $ | 7.4 |  |  | $ | (3.4) |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 38.5 |  |  | $ | (40.5) |  |  | $ | (2.0) |

(1)Interest income and average rates for tax exempt loans and securities are presented on a FTE basis.
Provision for (Reversal of) Credit Losses
The Company had no provision for credit losses during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to a provision for credit losses of $5.2 million during same period in 2020, with the decrease attributable to both the improvement in our underlying asset quality metrics, and the improved economic outlook assumptions driving our CECL model. The provision considered the impact of net charge-offs of $0.6 million, or an annualized 0.02% of average loans outstanding, for the third quarter of 2021, compared to $4.6 million, or an annualized 0.18% of average loans outstanding during same period in 2020.
For information regarding our non-performing loans, see “Financial Condition – Non-Performing Assets” included herein. For more information on our allowance for credit losses, see “Financial Condition – Allowance for Credit Losses” included herein.
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Non-interest Income
Non-interest income also contributes to our operating results with our principal sources of non-interest income primarily including fee-based revenues such as payment services, mortgage banking and wealth management revenues, service charges on deposit accounts and other service charges, commissions and fees. The following table presents the composition of our non-interest income as of the dates indicated:

Non-interest income | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | $ Change | % Change |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | $ Change | % Change
(Dollars in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Payment services revenues | $ | 12.2 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  | 16.2 | % |  | $ | 33.8 |  |  | $ | 30.0 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  | 12.7 | %
Mortgage banking revenues | 11.6 |  |  | 14.3 |  |  | (2.7) |  | (18.9) |  |  | 32.8 |  |  | 39.4 |  |  | (6.6) |  | (16.8) |
Wealth management revenues | 6.5 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 0.6 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 17.5 |  |  | 1.6 |  | 9.1 |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 4.4 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  | 2.3 |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | (1.2) |  | (9.0) |
Other service charges, commissions and fees | 1.4 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | (3.6) |  | (72.0) |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | (4.9) |  | (49.0) |
Investment securities gains (losses), net | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  | 200.0 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  | 100.0 |
Other income | 3.3 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | (1.3) |  | (28.3) |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | (2.5) |  | (20.0) |
Total non-interest income | $ | 39.7 |  |  | $ | 44.7 |  |  | $ | (5.0) |  | (11.2) | % |  | $ | 113.1 |  |  | $ | 122.8 |  |  | $ | (9.7) |  | (7.9) | %

Total non-interest income decreased $5.0 million, or 11.2%, to $39.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $44.7 million for the same period in 2020 and decreased $9.7 million, or 7.9%, to $113.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $122.8 million for the same period in 2020. Significant components of these fluctuations are discussed below.
Payment services revenues consist of interchange fees that merchants pay for processing electronic payment transactions and ATM service fees. Payment services revenues increased $1.7 million, or 16.2%, to $12.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $10.5 million earned during the same period in 2020. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, payment services revenue increased $3.8 million, or 12.7%, to $33.8 million, as compared to $30.0 million during the same period in 2020. The increases in payment services revenues is mainly attributable to higher business credit card volume during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Mortgage banking revenues include gains on residential real estate loans sold, mortgage servicing revenues and direct costs related to loans sold (including amortization, mortgage servicing rights impairment and recoveries and other expenses), and origination and processing fees on residential real estate loans held for sale. Mortgage banking revenues decreased $2.7 million, or 18.9%, to $11.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $14.3 million during the same period in 2020, primarily driven by a decline in total origination volume. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, mortgage banking revenues decreased $6.6 million, or 16.8%, to $32.8 million as compared to $39.4 million during the same period in 2020. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily driven by a decline in origination volume and refinance activity compared to the 2020 periods. The impact of volume declines on mortgage banking revenue was compounded by an intentional decrease in the percentage of originations sold on the secondary market through the first half of 2021, which was offset by a $5.9 million recovery in our mortgage servicing rights valuation in the first quarter of 2021 as compared with $9.8 million in valuation write-downs for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The overall loan production for originated home purchases was approximately 65.8% and 56.2% of production for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, compared to 48.6% and 40.1% for the same periods in 2020.
Wealth management revenues are principally comprised of fees earned for management of trust assets and investment services. Wealth management revenues increased $0.6 million, or 10.2%, to $6.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $5.9 million during the same period in 2020. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, wealth management revenues increased $1.6 million, or 9.1%, to $19.1 million as compared to $17.5 million during the same period in 2020, primarily due to an increase in trust services. The Company had $5.7 billion of assets under management at September 30, 2021 compared to $5.2 billion at December 31, 2020.
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Service charge fees are primarily driven by service and overdraft charges on deposit accounts. Service charges increased $0.1 million, or 2.3%, to $4.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $4.3 million during the same period in 2020. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, service charges on deposit accounts decreased $1.2 million, or 9.0%, to $12.1 million as compared to $13.3 million during the same period in 2020, primarily due to higher levels of client account balances and changes in client behavior resulting in lower service and overdraft charges.
Other service charges, commissions, and fees primarily include fees earned on certain derivative interest rate contracts, insurance commissions, and safe deposit boxes. Other service charges, commissions, and fees decreased $3.6 million, or 72.0%, to $1.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $5.0 million during the same period in 2020. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, other service charges, commissions and fees decreased $4.9 million, or 49.0%, to $5.1 million as compared to $10.0 million during the same period in 2020. The decreases were primarily due to fewer fees earned on derivative interest rate swap contracts offered to clients during 2021.
Other income primarily includes company-owned life insurance revenues, check printing income, agency stock dividends and gains on sales of miscellaneous assets. Other income decreased $1.3 million, or 28.3%, to $3.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $4.6 million during the same period in 2020 and decreased $2.5 million, or 20.0%, to $10.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $12.5 million during the same period in 2020. The decreases in other income between periods was principally due to life insurance benefits earned in 2020.
Non-interest Expense
Non-interest expense increased $6.4 million, or 6.4%, to $105.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $99.5 million during the same period in 2020. The increase was mainly a result of acquisition related expenses, employee benefits, and the litigation accrual, partially offset by a decrease in salaries and wages. Expenses related to acquisitions primarily include legal fees, consulting fees, and investment banking fees.
Non-interest expense increased $13.2 million, or 4.6%, to $303.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $290.1 million during the same period in 2020. The increase was mainly a result of acquisition related expenses, the litigation accrual, and employee benefits, partially offset by a decrease in salaries and wages.
The following table presents the composition of our non-interest expense as of the dates indicated:

Non-interest expense | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | $ Change | % Change |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | $ Change | % Change
(Dollars in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Salaries and wages | $ | 42.0 |  |  | $ | 46.0 |  |  | $ | (4.0) |  | (8.7) | % |  | $ | 122.6 |  |  | $ | 130.1 |  |  | $ | (7.5) |  | (5.8) | %
Employee benefits | 12.9 |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 1.1 |  | 9.3 |  |  | 43.7 |  |  | 36.4 |  |  | 7.3 |  | 20.1 |
Outsourced technology services | 8.2 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | (0.2) |  | (2.4) |  |  | 24.7 |  |  | 24.5 |  |  | 0.2 |  | 0.8 |
Occupancy, net | 7.3 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  | 1.4 |  |  | 21.7 |  |  | 21.3 |  |  | 0.4 |  | 1.9 |
Furniture and equipment | 4.5 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 0.4 |  | 9.8 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 1.9 |  | 17.1 |
OREO expense, net of income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | 0.3 |  | (75.0)
Professional fees | 2.7 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | (0.2) |  | (6.9) |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 0.7 |  | 8.1 |
FDIC insurance premiums | 1.7 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.4 |  | 30.8 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 0.3 |  | 6.7 |
Core deposit intangibles amortization | 2.4 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | (0.3) |  | (11.1) |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | (0.9) |  | (10.8) |
Other expenses | 17.6 |  |  | 15.1 |  |  | 2.5 |  | 16.6 |  |  | 49.6 |  |  | 45.7 |  |  | 3.9 |  | 8.5 |
Acquisition related expenses | 6.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.6 |  | 100.0 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.6 |  | 100.0 |
Total non-interest expense | $ | 105.9 |  |  | $ | 99.5 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  | 6.4 | % |  | $ | 303.3 |  |  | $ | 290.1 |  |  | $ | 13.2 |  | 4.6 | %

Salaries and wages expense decreased $4.0 million, or 8.7%, to $42.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $46.0 million during the same period in 2020. Salaries and wages decreased $7.5 million, or 5.8%, to $122.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $130.1 million during the same period in 2020. The decreases are the result of lower mortgage loan originator commissions and lower levels of incentive accruals during 2021 as compared to 2020.
Employee benefits expense increased $1.1 million, or 9.3%, to $12.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $11.8 million during the same period in 2020, as a result of higher health insurance costs.
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Employee benefits expense increased $7.3 million, or 20.1%, to $43.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $36.4 million during the same period in 2020. These increases are primarily due to higher health insurance costs and higher long-term incentive accruals as compared to 2020.
Furniture and equipment expense increased $0.4 million, or 9.8%, to $4.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $4.1 million during the same period in 2020 and increased $1.9 million, or 17.1%, to $13.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $11.1 million during the same period in 2020. The increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 is primarily due to an increase in depreciation expense.
Other expenses primarily include advertising and public relations costs; office supply, postage, freight, telephone, and travel expenses; donations expense; debit and credit card expenses; board of director fees; legal expenses; and other losses. Other expenses increased $2.5 million, or 16.6%, to $17.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $15.1 million during the same period in 2020, partially due to a $1.2 million litigation accrual, loan and debit card expenses. Other expenses increased $3.9 million, or 8.5%, to $49.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to $45.7 million during the same period in 2020, partially due to a $1.2 million litigation accrual, higher donation expenses, and elevated new market tax credit amortization during 2021.
Income Tax Expense
Our effective tax rate was 22.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to 23.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 22.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 22.6% for the same period in 2020.
Financial Condition
Total Assets
Total assets increased $1,723.5 million, or 9.8%, to $19,372.2 million as of September 30, 2021, from $17,648.7 million as of December 31, 2020, primarily as a result of higher levels of deposits deployed primarily into the investment securities portfolio. Significant fluctuations in balance sheet accounts are discussed below. More information regarding the results as of December 31, 2020 can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Loans Held for Investment, Net of Deferred Fees and Costs
Loans held for investment decreased $185.5 million, or 1.9%, to $9,643.0 million as of September 30, 2021, as compared to $9,828.5 million as of December 31, 2020 primarily as a result of declines in PPP loans and the consumer loan portfolio. Net of deferred fees and costs, loans held for investment decreased $185.0 million, or 1.9%, to $9,622.5 million as of September 30, 2021, as compared to $9,807.5 million as of December 31, 2020.
Total real estate loans increased $407.3 million, or 6.4%, to $6,806.8 million as of September 30, 2021, as compared to $6,399.5 million as of December 31, 2020. Within the portfolio, commercial real estate loans increased $140.0 million, or 3.7%, to $3,883.2 million as of September 30, 2021, as compared to $3,743.2 million as of December 31, 2020. Construction loans increased $99.4 million, or 9.6%, to $1,138.8 million as of September 30, 2021, as compared to $1,039.4 million as of December 31, 2020. Residential loans increased $158.6 million, or 11.4%, to $1,554.9 million as of September 30, 2021, as compared to $1,396.3 million as of December 31, 2020, and agricultural loans increased $9.3 million, or 4.2%, to $229.9 million as of September 30, 2021, compared to $220.6 million as of December 31, 2020.
As a result of heightened levels of payoffs and pay-downs during 2021, along with supply chain issues impacting our indirect portfolio, total consumer loans decreased $72.1 million, or 7.0%, to $953.8 million as of September 30, 2021, from $1,025.9 million as of December 31, 2020. Within the consumer loan portfolio, indirect loans decreased $48.3 million, or 6.0% to $756.8 million as of September 30, 2021, as compared to $805.1 million as of December 31, 2020, direct loans decreased $17.7 million, or 11.8% to $132.9 million as of September 30, 2021, as compared to $150.6 million as of December 31, 2020 and credit card loans decreased $6.1 million, or 8.7%, to $64.1 million as of September 30, 2021 compared to $70.2 million as of December 31, 2020.
Primarily as a result of PPP loan activity, commercial loans decreased $485.2 million, or 22.5%, to $1,668.7 million as of September 30, 2021, from $2,153.9 million as of December 31, 2020. Commercial loans included $293.5 million of PPP loans as of September 30, 2021 compared to $739.8 million as of December 31, 2020. During 2021, $926.7 million of PPP loans were forgiven by the Small Business Administration and the Company originated an additional $480.4 million of PPP loans. Net of the impact of PPP loans, commercial loans decreased $38.9 million or 1.8% from December 31, 2020.
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Agricultural operating loans decreased $35.2 million, or 14.2%, to $212.4 million as of September 30, 2021, from $247.6 million as of December 31, 2020, primarily due to payoffs and pay-downs within the portfolio.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale consist of residential mortgage loans pending sale to investors in the secondary market. Loans held for sale decreased $31.5 million, or 42.6%, to $42.5 million as of September 30, 2021, compared to $74.0 million as of December 31, 2020, primarily as a result of a decrease in originations of mortgage loans held for sale related to refinance activity.
Non-performing Assets
Non-performing loans. Non-performing loans include non-accrual loans and loans contractually past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest.
Non-accrual loans. We generally place loans on non-accrual status when they become 90 days past due unless they are well secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, any interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed from income. Non-accrual loans decreased approximately $9.6 million, or 24.3%, to $29.9 million, as of September 30, 2021, from $39.5 million as of December 31, 2020, across all loan portfolios driven primarily by decreases in the commercial, agricultural, residential construction, and commercial real estate portfolios. Accruing loans past due 90 days or more decreased $3.3 million, or 38.8%, primarily due to decreases in the commercial real estate and agricultural portfolios, partially offset by increases in the residential real estate and agricultural real estate loan portfolios. Other real estate owned decreased $0.2 million, or 8.0%, from December 31, 2020.
The following table sets forth the allocation of our non-performing loans among our various loan categories as of the dates indicated.

Non-Performing Loans by Loan Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) | September 30, 2021 |  | Percent of Total |  | December 31, 2020 |  | Percent of Total
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ | 9.1 |  |  | 25.9 | % |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | 28.3 | %
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land acquisition and development | 0.7 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.7 |
Residential | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 2.3 |
Commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total construction | 0.7 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 4.2 |
Residential | 5.7 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 10.6 |
Agricultural | 6.8 |  |  | 19.5 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 12.9 |
Total real estate | 22.3 |  |  | 63.6 |  |  | 26.9 |  |  | 56.0 |
Consumer | 2.4 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 7.5 |
Commercial | 8.0 |  |  | 22.8 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 27.1 |
Agricultural | 2.4 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 9.4 |
Total non-performing loans | $ | 35.1 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 48.0 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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Non-performing assets. Non-performing assets include non-performing loans and OREO. The following table sets forth information regarding non-performing assets as of the dates indicated.

Non-Performing Assets and Troubled Debt Restructurings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) | September 30, 2021 |  | June 30, 2021 |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | September 30, 2020
Non-performing loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-accrual loans | $ | 29.9 |  |  | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | 37.0 |  |  | $ | 39.5 |  |  | $ | 44.8 |
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | 5.2 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 9.6 |
Total non-performing loans | 35.1 |  |  | 35.6 |  |  | 41.4 |  |  | 48.0 |  |  | 54.4 |
OREO | 2.3 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 5.7 |
Total non-performing assets | $ | 37.4 |  |  | $ | 37.6 |  |  | $ | 43.6 |  |  | $ | 50.5 |  |  | $ | 60.1 |
Troubled debt restructurings not included above (1) | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |
Non-accrual loans to loans held for investment | 0.31 | % |  | 0.31 | % |  | 0.38 | % |  | 0.40 | % |  | 0.44 | %
Non-performing loans to loans held for investment | 0.36 |  |  | 0.36 |  |  | 0.42 |  |  | 0.49 |  |  | 0.54 |
Non-performing assets to loans held for investment and OREO | 0.39 |  |  | 0.38 |  |  | 0.44 |  |  | 0.51 |  |  | 0.59 |
Non-performing assets to total assets | 0.19 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 0.24 |  |  | 0.29 |  |  | 0.35 |

(1) Accruing loans modified in trouble debt restructurings are not considered non-performing loans as the loans are performing as agreed under their modified terms and management expects performance to continue.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company performs a quarterly assessment of the adequacy of its allowance for credit losses in accordance with GAAP. The methodology used to assess the adequacy is consistently applied to the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses based on our evaluation of quantitative and qualitative risk factors in our loan portfolio at each balance sheet date. In determining the allowance for credit losses, we estimate losses on specific loans, or groups of loans, where the expected loss can be identified and reasonably determined. The balance of the allowance for credit losses is based on internally assigned risk classifications of loans, historical loan loss rates, changes in the nature or tenure of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, industry concentrations, delinquency trends, current environmental and economic factors, and the estimated impact of current and forecasted economic conditions on certain historical loan loss rates.
The allowance for credit losses is increased by provisions charged against earnings and net recoveries of charged-off loans and is reduced by negative provisions credited to earnings and net loan charge-offs. The allowance for credit losses consists of three elements:
(1)Specific valuation allowances associated with collateral-dependent loans which are determined based on assessment of the fair value of the collateral underlying the loans as determined through independent appraisals, the present value of future cash flows, observable market prices, and any relevant qualitative or environmental factors impacting loans.
(2)Historical valuation allowances based on loan loss experience for similar loans with similar characteristics and trends. The Company applies probability of default and loss given default methodologies for all portfolio segments. The Company uses a transition matrix for probability of default components of the methodology and a historical average for the loss given default components of the methodology. The probability of default and loss given default is applied to the current principal balance as of the reporting date. The transition matrix determines the probability of default by tracking the historical movement of loans between loan risk tiers over a defined period of time. Loan transitions are measured by either internal ratings or delinquency status. Those loans tracked by ratings are generally commercial purpose including agricultural, commercial, and commercial real estate. Those loans tracked by delinquency are generally consumer in nature, with the exception of multi-family and credit cards. The loss given default used as the basis for the estimate of credit losses is comprised of the Company’s historical loss experiences from 2008 to the current period, based on a migration analysis of our historical loss experience, which is designed to account for credit deterioration. The model compares the most recent period losses to prior period defaults to calculate the loss given default, which is averaged over the historical observations.
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(3)General valuation allowances determined based on changes in the nature of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, industry concentrations, delinquency trends, general economic conditions or forecasts, and other qualitative risk factors, both internal and external to us, including the incorporation of a one-year forecast period for economic conditions.
Based on the assessment of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, the Company records provisions for credit losses to maintain the allowance for credit losses at appropriate levels.
Loans acquired in business combinations are initially recorded at fair value as adjusted for credit risk and an allowance for credit losses at the date of acquisition. For loans with no significant evidence of credit deterioration since origination, the difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance of the loan at the acquisition date is amortized into interest income using the effective interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. An allowance for credit loss is recorded for the expected credit losses over the life of the loan on loans acquired without evidence of credit deterioration. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense using the same methodology as other loans held for investment.
For loans acquired in business combinations with evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination, the Company determines the fair value of the loans by estimating the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows initially expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at an appropriate market rate of interest. An allowance for credit losses is recognized by estimating the expected credit losses of the purchased asset and recording an adjustment to the acquisition date fair value to establish the initial amortized cost basis of the asset. Differences between the established amortized cost basis, and the unpaid principal balance of the asset, is considered to be a non-credit discount/premium and is accreted/amortized into interest income using the level yield interest method. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense using the same methodology as other loans held for investment.
Loans, or portions thereof, are charged-off against the allowance for credit losses when management believes the collectability of the principal is unlikely, or, with respect to consumer installment loans, according to an established delinquency schedule. Generally, loans are charged-off when (1) there has been no material principal reduction within the previous 90 days and there is no pending sale of collateral or other assets, (2) there is no significant or pending event which will result in principal reduction within the upcoming 90 days, (3) it is clear that we will not be able to collect all or a portion of the loan, (4) payments on the loan are sporadic, will result in an excessive amortization, or are not consistent with the collateral held, or (5) foreclosure or repossession actions are pending. Loan charge-offs do not directly correspond with the receipt of independent appraisals or the use of observable market data if the collateral value is determined to be sufficient to repay the principal balance of the loan.
If a collateral-dependent loan is adequately collateralized, a specific valuation allowance is not recorded. As such, significant changes in collateral-dependent and non-performing loans do not necessarily correspond proportionally with changes in the specific valuation component of the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, the Company expects the timing of charge-offs will vary between quarters and will not necessarily correspond proportionally to changes in the allowance for credit losses or changes in non-performing or collateral dependent loans due to timing differences among the initial identification of a collateral-dependent loan, recording of a specific valuation allowance for collateral-dependent loans, and any resulting charge-off of uncollectible principal.
Our allowance for credit losses on loans was $135.1 million, or 1.40% of loans held for investment as of September 30, 2021, including PPP loans, as compared to $144.3 million, or 1.47% of loans held for investment, as of December 31, 2020. The decrease in the percentage from December 31, 2020 is primarily a result of changes in the Company’s internal economic forecast and improvement in credit quality. The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses in the loan portfolio expected over the life of the loan, including the incorporation of a one-year forecast period for economic conditions.
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The following table sets forth information regarding our allowance for credit losses as of and for the periods indicated.

Allowance for Credit Losses | Three Months Ended
(Dollars in millions) | Sep 30, 2021 |  | Jun 30, 2021 |  | Mar 31, 2021 |  | Dec 31, 2020 |  | Sep 30, 2020
Allowance for credit losses on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 135.5 |  |  | $ | 136.6 |  |  | $ | 144.3 |  |  | $ | 145.5 |  |  | $ | 146.1 |
Provision (reversal of) credit losses | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 4.0 |
Charge offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |
Construction | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer | 2.0 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 2.5 |
Commercial | 0.1 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 3.7 |
Agricultural | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total charge-offs | 2.1 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 6.4 |
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Construction | 0.1 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |
Residential | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 1.1 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.1 |
Commercial | 0.2 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total recoveries | 1.5 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.8 |
Net charge-offs | 0.6 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.6 |
Ending balance | $ | 135.1 |  |  | $ | 135.5 |  |  | $ | 136.6 |  |  | $ | 144.3 |  |  | $ | 145.5 |
Allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Provision (reversal of) credit losses | (0.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1.2 |
Ending balance | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 138.3 |  |  | $ | 138.9 |  |  | $ | 140.0 |  |  | $ | 148.0 |  |  | $ | 149.0 |
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5.1) |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 5.2 |
Loans held for investment | 9,622.5 |  |  | 9,834.7 |  |  | 9,863.2 |  |  | 9,807.5 |  |  | 10,152.2 |
Average loans | 9,805.2 |  |  | 9,969.2 |  |  | 9,873.1 |  |  | 10,127.9 |  |  | 10,219.2 |
Net loans charged-off to average loans, annualized | 0.02 | % |  | 0.04 | % |  | 0.12 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  | 0.18 | %
Allowance to non-accrual loans | 451.84 |  |  | 445.72 |  |  | 369.19 |  |  | 365.32 |  |  | 324.78 |
Allowance to loans held for investment | 1.40 |  |  | 1.38 |  |  | 1.38 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 1.43 |

While the 1.40% and 1.47% allowance for credit losses on loans at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, includes PPP loan balances, the allowance for credit losses does not include a reserve on the 100% Small Business Administration guaranteed PPP loans. The allowance for credit losses on loans as a percentage of period-end loans held for investment would have been 5 and 12 basis points higher had the PPP loan balances been excluded at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Investment Securities
We manage our investment portfolio to obtain the highest yield possible, while meeting our risk tolerance and liquidity guidelines and satisfying the pledging requirements for deposits of state and political subdivisions and securities sold under repurchase agreements. Our portfolio principally comprises U.S. treasuries, U.S. government agency residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, U.S. government agency, corporate securities, and tax-exempt securities. Federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits in the Bank are additional investments that are classified as cash equivalents rather than as investment securities. Investment securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair value, while investment securities classified as held-to-maturity are recorded at amortized cost. Unrealized gains or losses, net of the deferred tax effect, on available-for-sale securities are reported as increases or decreases in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, a component of stockholders’ equity.
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Investment securities increased $1,961.4 million, or 48.3%, to $6,021.7 million, or 31.1% of total assets, as of September 30, 2021, from $4,060.3 million, or 23.0% of total assets, as of December 31, 2020. The increase is primarily due to the investment of funds generated through deposit growth.
During the second quarter of 2021, the Company invested $500.0 million in five-year U.S. Treasuries at 87 basis points, while simultaneously entering into a two-year forward starting, three-year pay-fixed interest rate swap on $500.0 million notional amount. Beginning on June 30, 2023, the Company will begin receiving effective federal funds, and will pay 1.19% interest on such funds.
During the third quarter of 2021, the Company also invested $200.0 million in seven-year U.S. Treasuries at 99 basis points, while simultaneously entering into a three-year forward starting, four-year pay-fixed interest rate swap on $200.0 million notional amount. Beginning on August 31, 2024, the Company will begin receiving effective federal funds, and will pay 1.22% interest on such funds. See Notes- “Investment Securities” and “Derivatives and Hedging Activities” included in this report for additional details.
As of September 30, 2021, the estimated duration of our investment portfolio was 3.9 years, as compared to 3.3 years as of December 31, 2020.
As of September 30, 2021, we had $21.2 million available-for-sale investment securities that had been in a continuous loss position for more than twelve months. No credit impairment was recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2021 or 2020.
Deposits
Our deposits consist of non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing demand, savings, individual retirement, and time deposit accounts. Total deposits increased $1,790.3 million, or 12.6%, to $16,007.3 million as of September 30, 2021, from $14,217.0 million as of December 31, 2020. The increase is attributable to proceeds from government stimulus and the general economic health of our communities, resulting in higher cash balances maintained by clients.
The following table summarizes our deposits as of the dates indicated:

Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) | September 30, 2021 |  | Percent of Total |  | December 31, 2020 |  | Percent of Total
Non-interest-bearing demand | $ | 5,617.9 |  |  | 35.1 | % |  | $ | 4,633.5 |  |  | 32.6 | %
Interest bearing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand | 4,496.5 |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | 4,118.9 |  |  | 29.0 |
Savings | 4,904.9 |  |  | 30.6 |  |  | 4,405.9 |  |  | 31.0 |
Time, $250 and over | 186.3 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 192.9 |  |  | 1.3 |
Time, other (1) | 801.7 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 865.8 |  |  | 6.1 |
Total interest bearing | 10,389.4 |  |  | 64.9 |  |  | 9,583.5 |  |  | 67.4 |
Total deposits | $ | 16,007.3 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 14,217.0 |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1)Included in “Time, other” are Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service, or CDARS, deposits of $106.1 million and $97.3 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements
In addition to deposits, repurchase agreements with commercial depositors, which include municipalities, provide an additional source of funds. Under repurchase agreements, deposit balances are invested in short-term U.S. government agency securities overnight and are then repurchased the following day. All outstanding repurchase agreements are due in one day and balances fluctuate in the normal course of business. Repurchase agreement balances decreased $83.9 million, or 7.7%, to $1,007.5 million as of September 30, 2021, from $1,091.4 million as of December 31, 2020, as a result of normal fluctuations in account balances.
Deferred Tax Asset / Liability
Our deferred tax liability, net, decreased $9.8 million, or 36.0%, to $17.4 million as of September 30, 2021, from $27.2 million as of December 31, 2020, primarily due to tax adjustments related to the decrease in our mark-to-market gains on investment securities partially offset by a decrease in tax adjustments related to our allowance for credit losses and a decrease in our incentive compensation accrual.
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Capital Resources and Liquidity Management
Stockholders’ equity is influenced primarily by earnings, dividends, sales and redemptions of common stock, and changes in the unrealized holding gains or losses, net of taxes, on available-for-sale investment securities. Stockholders’ equity increased $25.0 million, or 1.3%, to $1,984.8 million as of September 30, 2021, from $1,959.8 million as of December 31, 2020, due to the retention of earnings and proceeds from stock option exercises, which are partially offset by stock repurchases related to the stock repurchase program, stock repurchases of vested restricted shares tendered in lieu of cash for payment of income tax withholding amounts by participants, other comprehensive loss, and cash dividends paid.
On October 25, 2021, the Company’s board of directors declared a dividend of $0.41 per common share, payable on November 18, 2021, to common stockholders of record as of November 8, 2021. The dividend equates to a 3.9% annual yield based on the $42.37 average closing pricing of the Company’s common stock during the third quarter of 2021.
On June 11, 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted a stock repurchase program where the Company may repurchase up to 2.5 million of its outstanding shares of Class A common stock. On September 12, 2020, the Company’s board of directors increased the number of shares of Class A common stock authorized to be repurchased by the Company under the stock repurchase program by an additional 3.0 million shares for a total of 5.5 million shares.
During the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company did not repurchase shares of our Class A common stock under the stock repurchase program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company repurchased and retired a total of 72,700 shares of our Class A common stock at a total cost of $2.9 million, including costs and commissions, at an average cost of $39.69 per share. As of September 30, 2021, there were 1.9 million shares remaining authorized under the repurchase program.
As a bank holding company, the Company must comply with the capital requirements established by the Federal Reserve, and our subsidiary Bank must comply with the capital requirements established by the FDIC. The current risk-based guidelines applicable to us and our Bank are based on the Basel III framework, as implemented by the federal bank regulators. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had capital levels that, in all cases, exceeded the guidelines to be deemed “well-capitalized.” For additional information regarding our capital levels, see “Note – Regulatory Capital” in the accompanying “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements” included in this report.

Liquidity. Liquidity measures our ability to meet current and future cash flow needs on a timely basis and at a reasonable cost. We manage our liquidity position to meet the daily cash flow needs of clients, while maintaining an appropriate balance between assets and liabilities to meet the return-on-investment objectives of our shareholders. Our liquidity position is supported by management of liquid assets and liabilities and access to alternative sources of funds. Liquid assets include cash, interest bearing deposits in banks, federal funds sold, available-for-sale investment securities, and maturing or prepaying balances in our held-to-maturity investment and loan portfolios. Liquid liabilities include core deposits, federal funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements, and borrowings. Other sources of liquidity include the sale of loans, the ability to acquire additional national market funds through non-core deposits, the issuance of additional collateralized borrowings such as FHLB advances, the issuance of debt securities, additional borrowings through the Federal Reserve’s discount window, and the issuance of preferred or common securities.
Our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements are primarily to fund on-going operations, including payment of interest on deposits and debt, extensions of credit to borrowers, capital expenditures, and shareholder dividends. These liquidity requirements are met primarily through cash flow from operations, redeployment of prepaying and maturing balances in our loan and investment portfolios, debt financing, and increases in client deposits. For additional information regarding our operating, investing, and financing cash flows, see the unaudited “Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows,” included in Part I, Item 1.
As a holding company, we are a corporation separate and apart from our subsidiary Bank and, therefore, we provide for our own liquidity. Our primary sources of funding include management fees and dividends declared and paid by the Bank and access to capital markets. There are statutory, regulatory, and debt covenant limitations that affect the ability of our Bank to pay dividends to us. Management believes that such limitations will not impact our ability to meet our ongoing short-term cash obligations.
The Company continuously monitors our liquidity position and adjustments are made to the balance between sources and uses of funds as deemed appropriate. We are not aware of any events that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, capital resources, or operations. In addition, we are not aware of any regulatory recommendations regarding liquidity, which if implemented, would have a material adverse effect on us.
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See “Note – Recent Authoritative Accounting Guidance” in the accompanying “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements” included in this report for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on our financial statements.
Item 3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES
ABOUT MARKET RISK
As of September 30, 2021, there have been no material changes in the quantitative and qualitative information about market risk provided pursuant to Item 305 of Regulation S-K as presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Item 4.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective disclosure controls and procedures, as defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. As of September 30, 2021, an evaluation was performed, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2021 were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods required by the SEC’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting for the quarter ended September 30, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, such control.
Limitations on Controls and Procedures
The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the soundness of our systems, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and the risk that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate over time. Because of these limitations, any system of disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting may not be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management.
PART II.
OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The Company is involved in various claims, legal actions, and complaints which arise in the ordinary course of business. In the Company’s opinion, all such matters are adequately covered by insurance, are without merit or are of such kind, or involve such amounts, that unfavorable disposition would not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The information presented below updates, and should be read in conjunction with, the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as updated in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021. Except as presented below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as updated in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021.
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The merger agreement may be terminated in accordance with its terms and the merger may not be completed, which could negatively affect the Company.
If the merger is not completed for any reason, there may be various adverse consequences and the Company may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from its customers and employees. For example, the Company’s business may have been affected adversely by the failure to pursue other beneficial opportunities due to the focus of management on the merger, without realizing any of the anticipated benefits of completing the merger. Additionally, if the merger agreement is terminated, the market price of the Company’s Class A common stock could decline to the extent that the current market prices reflect a market assumption that the merger will be completed. If the merger agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, the Company may be required to pay a termination fee of $105 million to GWB.
Additionally, the Company has incurred and will incur substantial expenses in connection with the negotiation and completion of the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, as well as the costs and expenses of filing, printing and mailing the joint proxy statement/prospectus, and all filing and other fees paid to the SEC in connection with the merger. If the merger is not completed, the Company would have to pay these expenses without realizing the expected benefits of the merger.
Litigation related to the merger could prevent or delay the completion of the merger or otherwise negatively affect the Company’s business and operations.
The Company may incur costs in connection with the defense or settlement of any shareholder or stockholder lawsuits filed in connection with the merger. Such litigation could have an adverse effect on the financial condition and results of operations of the Company and could prevent or delay the completion of the merger.
Regulatory approvals may not be received, may take longer than expected, or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated or that could have an adverse effect on the surviving corporation following the merger.
Before the merger and the bank merger may be completed, various approvals, consents and non-objections must be obtained from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Montana Division of Banking and Financial Institutions, the Division of Banking of the South Dakota Department of Labor and Regulation and other authorities in the United States. In determining whether to grant these approvals, the regulators consider a variety of factors. These approvals could be delayed or not obtained at all, including due to any or all of the following: an adverse development in either party’s regulatory standing, or any other factors considered by regulators in granting such approvals; governmental, political or community group inquiries, investigations or opposition; or changes in legislation or the political environment, including as a result of changes in regulatory agency leadership.
Even if those approvals are granted, they may impose terms and conditions, limitations, obligations or costs, or place restrictions on the conduct of the surviving corporation’s business or require changes to the terms of the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement. There can be no assurance that regulators will not impose any such conditions, limitations, obligations or restrictions and that such conditions, limitations, obligations or restrictions will not have the effect of delaying the completion of any of the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, imposing additional material costs on or materially limiting the revenues of the surviving corporation following the merger or otherwise reduce the anticipated benefits of the merger if the merger were consummated successfully within the expected timeframe. In addition, there can be no assurance that any such conditions, limitations, obligations or restrictions will not result in the delay or abandonment of the merger. Additionally, the completion of the merger is conditioned on the absence of certain orders, injunctions or decrees by any court or governmental entity of competent jurisdiction that would prohibit or make illegal the completion of any of the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement.
Despite the Company and GWB’s commitments to use their reasonable best efforts to resolve any objection that may be asserted by any governmental entity with respect to the merger agreement, under the terms of the merger agreement, neither the Company nor GWB is required to take any action or agree to any condition or restriction in connection with obtaining these approvals that would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the business, properties, assets, liabilities, results of operations or financial condition of the surviving corporation and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, after giving effect to the merger (measured on a scale relative to the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole).
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Combining the Company and GWB may be more difficult, costly or time consuming than expected and the Company may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the merger.
The success of the merger will depend, in part, on the ability to realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings from combining the businesses of the Company and GWB. To do so, the Company and GWB must successfully integrate and combine their businesses in a manner that permits those cost savings to be realized. If the Company and GWB are not able to successfully achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of the merger may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected. In addition, the actual cost savings and anticipated benefits of the merger could be less than anticipated, and integration may result in additional unforeseen expenses.
The Company and GWB have operated and, until the completion of the merger, will continue to operate, independently. The success of the merger will depend, in part, on the surviving corporation’s ability to successfully combine and integrate the businesses of both companies in a manner that does not materially disrupt existing customer relations or result in decreased revenue or reputational harm. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of either company’s ongoing businesses, difficulties in integrating operations and systems, including communications systems, administrative and information technology infrastructure and financial reporting and internal control systems, or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect either company’s ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger. Any disruption to either company’s business could cause its customers to move their business to a competing financial institution. Integration efforts between the two companies may also divert management attention and resources. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on the Company during this transition period and for an undetermined period after completion of the merger on the surviving corporation.
The surviving corporation may be unable to successfully retain the Company or GWB personnel successfully while the merger is pending or after the merger is completed.
The success of the merger will depend in part on the surviving corporation’s ability to retain the talents and dedication of key employees currently employed by the Company and GWB. It is possible that these employees may decide not to remain with the Company or GWB, as applicable, while the merger is pending or with the surviving corporation after the merger is consummated. If the Company and GWB are unable to retain key employees, including members of management, who are critical to the successful integration and future operations of the companies, the Company and GWB could face disruptions in their operations, loss of existing customers, loss of institutional knowledge and other key information, expertise or know-how, and unanticipated additional recruitment costs. In addition, if key employees terminate their employment, the surviving corporation’s business activities may be adversely affected and management’s attention may be diverted from successfully integrating the Company and GWB to hiring suitable replacements, all of which may cause the surviving corporation’s business to suffer. In addition, the Company and GWB may not be able to locate or retain suitable replacements for any key employees who leave either company.
The Company and GWB are expected to incur significant costs related to the merger and integration.
The Company and GWB have incurred and expect to incur certain non-recurring costs associated with the merger. These costs include legal, financial advisory, accounting, consulting and other advisory fees, severance/employee benefit-related costs, public company filing fees and other regulatory fees, printing costs, and other related costs. Some of these costs are payable by either the Company or GWB regardless of whether the merger is completed.
The surviving corporation is expected to incur substantial costs in connection with the integration of the Company and GWB. There are a large number of processes, policies, procedures, operations, technologies, and systems that may need to be integrated, including purchasing, accounting and finance, payroll, compliance, treasury management, branch operations, vendor management, risk management, lines of business, pricing, and benefits. While the Company and GWB have assumed that a certain level of costs will be incurred, there are many factors beyond their control that could affect the total amount or the timing of the integration costs. Moreover, many of the costs that will be incurred are, by their nature, difficult to estimate accurately. These integration costs may result in the surviving corporation taking charges against earnings following the completion of the merger, the amount, and timing of which are uncertain at present.
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The Company will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the merger is pending.
Uncertainty about the effect of the merger on employees and customers may have an adverse effect on the Company. These uncertainties may impair the Company’s ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel until the merger is completed, and could cause customers and others that deal with the Company to pursue changes to their existing business relationships with the Company. In addition, subject to certain exceptions, the Company has agreed to operate its business in the ordinary course consistent with past practice in all material respects prior to closing, and the Company has agreed not to take certain actions, which could cause the Company to forgo other beneficial opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the merger.
COVID-19 pandemic may delay and adversely affect the completion of the merger.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created economic and financial disruptions that have adversely affected, and are likely to continue to adversely affect, the business, financial condition, liquidity, capital, and results of operations of the Company and GWB. Even as efforts to contain the pandemic, including vaccinations, have made progress and some restrictions have relaxed, new variants of the virus are causing additional outbreaks. The impact of the Delta variant, or other variants that may emerge, cannot be predicted at this time, and could depend on numerous factors, including the availability of vaccines in different parts of the world, vaccination rates among the population, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Delta variant and other variants, and the response by governmental bodies to reinstate restrictive measures or adopt additional requirements or restrictive measures. If the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic cause a continued or extended decline in the economic environment and the financial results of the Company or GWB, or the business operations of the Company or GWB are further disrupted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts to complete the merger and integrate the businesses of the Company and GWB may also be delayed and adversely affected. Additional time may be required to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals, and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Montana Division of Banking and Financial Institutions, the Division of Banking of the South Dakota Department of Labor and Regulation, and other regulatory authorities may impose additional requirements on the Company or GWB that must be satisfied prior to completion of the merger and could delay and adversely affect the completion of the merger, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
(a) There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the three months ended September 30, 2021.
(b) Not applicable.
(c) The following table provides information with respect to purchases made of our Class A common stock by or on behalf of us or any “affiliated purchasers” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act), during the three months ended September 30, 2021.

|  |  |  |  |  | Total Number of |  | Maximum Number
|  |  |  |  |  | Shares Purchased as Part |  | of Shares That May
|  | Total Number of |  | Average Price |  | of Publicly Announced |  | Yet Be Purchased Under
Period |  | Shares Purchased (1) |  | Paid Per Share |  | Plans or Programs |  | the Plans or Programs
July 2021 |  | 168 |  |  | $ | 41.88 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,889,158 |
August 2021 |  | 406 |  |  | 44.23 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,889,158 |
September 2021 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,889,158 |
Total |  | 574 |  |  | $ | 43.54 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,889,158 |

(1) Stock repurchases were redemptions of vested restricted shares tendered in lieu of cash for payment of income tax withholding amounts by participants of the Company’s 2015 Equity Compensation Plan.
Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger between the Company and Great Western Bancorp, Inc. dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34653, filed on September 20, 2021)
4.1 |  | Stockholders’ Agreement by and between the individuals and entities listed therein and the Company, dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34653, filed on September 20, 2021)
10.1 |  | Employment Agreement between the Company, First Interstate Bank and Kevin P. Riley dated August 19, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34653, filed on August 20, 2021)
10.2 |  | Employment Agreement between the Company, First Interstate Bank and Marcy D. Mutch dated August 19, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34653, filed on August 20, 2021)
10.3 |  | Employment Agreement between the Company, First Interstate Bank and Jodi Delahunt Hubbell dated August 19, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34653, filed on August 20, 2021)
10.4 |  | Employment Agreement between the Company, First Interstate Bank and Russell A. Lee dated August 19, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34653, filed on August 20, 2021)
10.5* |  | Employment Agreement between the Company, First Interstate Bank, and Kade Peterson dated August 19, 2021
10.6* |  | Employment Agreement between the Company, First Interstate Bank, and Kirk Jensen dated August 19, 2021
10.7* |  | Employment Agreement between the Company, First Interstate Bank, and Phil Gaglia dated August 19, 2021
10.8 |  | Support Agreement by and among each of the shareholders of the Company signatory thereto, dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34653, filed on September 20, 2021)
10.9 |  | Letter Agreement between the Company and the other parties thereto, dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34653, filed on September 20, 2021)
10.10* |  | Amendment 2021-1 to the First Interstate BancSystem, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan.
31.1* |  | Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2* |  | Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32** |  | 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certifications.
101* |  | Interactive Data File - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document (included in Exhibit 101)
* | Filed herewith.
** | Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM, INC.
Date: | November 4, 2021 |  |  | By: | /S/ KEVIN P. RILEY
|  |  |  |  | Kevin P. Riley President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: | November 4, 2021 |  |  | By: | /S/ MARCY D. MUTCH
|  |  |  |  | Marcy D. Mutch Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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