Commitments and Contingent Liabilities


(a)	Restricted assets

The Company’s subsidiaries are obliged by the terms of its contractual obligations to U.S. policyholders and by obligations to certain regulatory authorities to facilitate issue of letters of credit or maintain certain balances in trust funds for the benefit of policyholders.

The following table details the forms and value of Company’s restricted assets as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:



	As at December 31, 2017			At December 31, 2016
	($ in millions, except percentages)
Regulatory trusts and deposits:
Affiliated transactions	$	1,455.0		$	1,482.8
Third party	2,425.3			2,380.8
Letters of credit / guarantees⁽¹⁾	658.5			672.1
Investment commitment — real estate fund	100.0			—
Total restricted assets	$	4,638.8		$	4,535.7

Total as percent of investable assets ⁽²⁾	53.4		%	49.3		%

_______________


⁽¹⁾	As at December 31, 2017, the Company had pledged funds of $658.5 million and £0.0 million (December 31, 2016 — $672.0 million and £7.2 million) as collateral for the secured letters of credit.


⁽²⁾	Investable assets comprise total investments, cash and cash equivalents, accrued interest, receivables for securities sold and payables for securities purchased.

The Company's current arrangements with our bankers for the issue of letters of credit require us to provide collateral in the form of cash and investments for the full amount of all secured and undrawn letters of credit that are outstanding. We monitor the proportion of our otherwise liquid assets that are committed to trust funds or to the collateralization of letters of credit. As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, these funds amounted to approximately 53.4% of the $8.7 billion and approximately 49.3% of the $9.2 billion of investable assets held by the Company, respectively. We do not consider that this unduly restricts our liquidity at this time. For more information on our credit facilities and long-term debt arrangements, please refer to Note 22, “Credit Facility and Long-term Debt” of these consolidated financial statements.

Investment commitment -real estate fund. On December 20, 2017, the Company committed $100.0 million as a limited partner to a real estate fund. As of February 22, 2018, the Company had not received a capital call. The investment objective of the fund is to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns through the acquisition of income producing, high quality assets in gateway cities located in the U.S. and Canada in the office, retail, industrial and multifamily sectors of the real estate market. Investments in this fund may be redeemed on a quarterly basis with 90 days’ notice subject to available cash in the fund once the lock-up period ends two years after the capital call. If sufficient cash is not available then all requested redemptions will be made on a pro rata basis. If a redemption request has not been met in full, as of such calendar quarter, the remaining portion of the request will be redeemed in subsequent quarters. There are no assurances as to when the Company may be able to withdraw, in whole or in part, its redemption request from the fund. A lock-up period is the initial amount of time an investor is contractually required to remain invested before having the ability to redeem.

Funds at Lloyd’s. AUL operates at Lloyd’s as the corporate member for Syndicate 4711. Lloyd’s determines Syndicate 4711’s required regulatory capital principally through the syndicate’s annual business plan. Such capital, called Funds at Lloyd’s, consists of investable assets as at December 31, 2017 in the amount of $458.7 million (2016 — $447.3 million).

The amounts provided as Funds at Lloyd’s will be drawn upon and become a liability of the Company in the event of Syndicate 4711 declaring a loss at a level that cannot be funded from other resources, or if Syndicate 4711 requires funds to cover a short term liquidity gap. The amount which the Company provides as Funds at Lloyd’s is not available for distribution to the Company for the payment of dividends. Aspen Managing Agency Limited, the managing agent to Syndicate 4711, is also required by Lloyd’s to maintain a minimum level of capital which as at December 31, 2017 was £0.4 million (December 31, 2016 — £0.4 million). This is not available for distribution by the Company for the payment of dividends.

U.S. Reinsurance Trust Fund. For its U.S. reinsurance activities, Aspen U.K. has established and must retain a multi-beneficiary U.S. trust fund for the benefit of its U.S. cedants so that they may take financial statement credit without the need to post cedant-specific security. The minimum trust fund amount is $20.0 million plus an amount equal to 100% of Aspen U.K.’s U.S. reinsurance liabilities, which were $1,268.4 million as at December 31, 2017 and $1,101.5 million as at December 31, 2016. As at December 31, 2017, the balance (including applicable letter of credit facilities) held in the trust was $1,350.9 million (2016 — $1,351.2 million).

Aspen Bermuda has also established and must retain a multi-beneficiary U.S. trust fund for the benefit of its U.S. cedants so that they may take financial statement credit without the need to post cedant-specific security. The minimum trust fund amount is $20.0 million plus an amount equal to 100% of Aspen Bermuda’s liabilities to its U.S. cedants which was $895.5 million and $953.2 million as at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As at December 31, 2017, the balance held in the U.S. trust fund and other Aspen Bermuda trusts was $1,333.6 million (2016 — $1,267.4 million).

U.S. Surplus Lines Trust Fund. Aspen U.K. and Syndicate 4711 have also established a U.S. surplus lines trust fund with a U.S. bank to secure liabilities under U.S. surplus lines policies. The balance held in trust as at December 31, 2017 was $195.0 million (2016 — $185.7 million).

U.S. Regulatory Deposits. As at December 31, 2017, Aspen Specialty had a total of $6.0 million (2016 — $6.0 million) on deposit with six U.S. states in order to satisfy state regulations for writing business in those states. AAIC had a further $6.1 million (2016 — $6.0 million) on deposit with twelve U.S. states.

Canadian Trust Fund. Aspen U.K. has established a Canadian trust fund with a Canadian bank to secure a Canadian insurance license. As at December 31, 2017, the balance held in trust was CAD$169.9 million (2016 — CAD$249.2 million).

Australian Trust Fund. Aspen U.K. has established an Australian trust fund with an Australian bank to secure policyholder liabilities and as a condition for maintaining an Australian insurance license. As at December 31, 2017, the balance held in trust was AUD$198.7 million (2016 — AUD$137.8 million).

Swiss Trust Fund. Aspen U.K. has established a Swiss trust fund with a Swiss bank to secure policyholder liabilities and as a condition for maintaining a Swiss insurance license. As at December 31, 2017, the balance held in trust was CHF9.8 million (2016 — CHF18.3 million).

Singapore Fund. Aspen U.K. has established a segregated Singaporean bank account to secure policyholder liabilities and as a condition for maintaining a Singaporean insurance license and meet local solvency requirements. As at December 31, 2017, the balance in the account was SGD$120.6 million (2016 — SGD$106.4 million).

(b)Operating leases

Amounts outstanding under operating leases net of subleases as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were:



As at December 31, 2017	2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		Later Years		Total
	($ in millions)
Operating Lease Obligations	$	16.2	$	16.1	$	15.3	$	11.0	$	8.7	$	78.7	$	146.0



As at December 31, 2016	2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Later Years		Total
	($ in millions)
Operating Lease Obligations	$	16.1	$	15.3	$	14.0	$	9.9	$	8.7	$	86.4	$	150.4

Total rental and premises expenses for 2017 was $26.3 million (2016 — $24.1 million). For all leases, rent incentives, including reduced-rent and rent-free periods, are spread on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The Company believes that our office space is sufficient for us to conduct our operations for the foreseeable future in these locations.

The total depreciation for fixed assets was $34.6 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 (2016 — $22.6 million). Accumulated depreciation as at December 31, 2017 was $146.2 million (2016 — $111.6 million).


(c)	Variable interest entities

As at December 31, 2017, the Company had investments in two (December 31, 2016 — three) variable interest entities, Peregrine Reinsurance Ltd and Silverton Re Ltd.

Peregrine Reinsurance Ltd. For further information regarding the Company's investment in Peregrine Reinsurance Ltd, please refer to Note 7, “Variable Interest Entities” of these consolidated financial statements.

Silverton Re Ltd. For further information regarding the Company’s investment in Silverton Re Ltd., please refer to Note 7, “Variable Interest Entities” of these consolidated financial statements.


(d)	Contingent liabilities

In common with the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, the Company is also subject to litigation and arbitration in the ordinary course of business. The Company’s Operating Subsidiaries are regularly engaged in the investigation, conduct and defense of disputes, or potential disputes, resulting from questions of insurance or reinsurance coverage or claims activities. Pursuant to insurance and reinsurance arrangements, many of these disputes are resolved by arbitration or other forms of alternative dispute resolution. Such legal proceedings are considered in connection with estimating the Company’s Insurance Reserves — Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, as provided on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

In some jurisdictions, noticeably the U.S., a failure to deal with such disputes or potential disputes in an appropriate manner could result in an award of “bad faith” punitive damages against the Company’s Operating Subsidiaries. In accordance with ASC 450-20-50-4b, for (a) reasonably possible losses for which no accrual is made because any of the conditions for accrual in ASC 450-20-25-2 are not met and (b) reasonably possible losses in excess of the amounts accrued pursuant to ASC 450-20-30-1, the Company will provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of possible loss or state that such an estimate cannot be made.

As at December 31, 2017, it was the opinion of the Company’s management based on available information that the probability of the ultimate resolution of pending or threatened litigation or arbitrations having a material effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or liquidity would be remote.