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Investments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Summary of Investment Income The following table summarizes investment income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:
For the Twelve Months Ended
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019December 31, 2018
 ($ in millions)
Fixed income securities — Available for sale$106.5 $128.2 $134.1 
Fixed income securities — Trading32.8 42.0 49.6 
Short-term investments — Available for sale0.8 2.3 1.4 
Short-term investments — Trading0.5 2.5 0.4 
Fixed term deposits (included in cash and cash equivalents)6.4 19.5 14.2 
Equity securities — Trading— — 2.1 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading1.4 2.3 2.8 
Privately-held investments — Trading20.9 3.4 — 
Other investments, at fair value(1)
(2.0)8.9 2.5 
Total167.3 209.1 207.1 
Investment expenses(12.7)(11.8)(8.9)
Net investment income$154.6 $197.3 $198.2 
Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses and Change in Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments
The following table summarizes the net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses recorded in the statement of operations and the change in unrealized gains and losses on investments recorded in other comprehensive income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:
For the Twelve Months Ended
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019December 31, 2018
($ in millions)
Available for sale:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains$68.8 $14.4 $6.4 
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)(1.8)(7.3)(11.4)
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized gains0.5 0.1 0.3 
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized (losses)(0.4)(0.2)(0.5)
Net change in expected credit gains 0.4 — — 
Trading:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains18.2 34.3 4.6 
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)(3.8)(2.6)(25.0)
Short-term investments — gross realized gains— — 0.1 
Short-term investments — gross realized (losses)— — (4.2)
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized gains0.2 — 1.5 
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized (losses)(0.3)(0.3)(0.3)
Equity securities — gross realized gains— — 94.5 
Equity securities — gross realized (losses)— — (20.1)
Privately-held investments — gross realized gains— 0.2 — 
Privately-held investments — gross realized (losses)— (0.2)— 
Privately-held investments — net change in gross unrealized (losses)(20.4)— — 
Catastrophe bonds — net unrealized gains— 0.9 2.2 
Net change in gross unrealized gains / (losses)— 47.2 (112.1)
Investments — equity method:
Gross realized and unrealized (loss) in MVI(0.4)(0.1)(0.2)
Gross realized and unrealized (loss) gain in Digital Risk(0.3)(0.2)0.4 
Gross realized and unrealized gain in Bene— — (0.9)
Gross realized gain on sale of Bene1.8 — — 
Gross realized gain on sale of Crop Re8.6 — — 
Total net realized and unrealized investment gains/(losses) recorded in the statement of operations$71.1 $86.2 $(64.7)
Change in available for sale net unrealized gain/(losses):
Fixed income securities108.5 164.9 (81.3)
Income tax (expense)/benefit(6.2)(13.6)4.8 
Total change in net unrealized gains/(losses), net of taxes recorded in other comprehensive income$102.3 $151.3 $(76.5)
Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains and Losses, and Estimated Fair Value of Available for Sale Investments in Fixed Income Maturities and Short-Term Investments The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair market value of available for sale investments in fixed income securities and short-term investments as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
 As at December 31, 2020
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$1,041.3 $60.5 $(0.6)$— $1,101.2 
U.S. agency32.8 1.5 — — 34.3 
Municipal61.6 5.5 — — 67.1 
Corporate1,714.5 112.0 (0.1)(0.2)1,826.2 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate62.7 0.7 — — 63.4 
Non-U.S. government268.8 4.3 — — 273.1 
Asset-backed2.3 — — — 2.3 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.7 0.7 — — 7.4 
Agency mortgage-backed936.0 37.2 (0.1)— 973.1 
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale
4,126.7 222.4 (0.8)(0.2)4,348.1 
Total short-term investments — Available for sale
88.0 — (0.2)— 87.8 
Total
$4,214.7 $222.4 $(1.0)$(0.2)$4,435.9 

Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 prospectively and as a result any credit losses on the Company's available-for-sale investments are recorded as an allowance, subject to reversal. See Note 2, “Basis of Preparation and Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 23, “Allowance for Credit Losses” for further details.

 As at December 31, 2019
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$1,383.2 $31.3 $(1.4)$1,413.1 
U.S. agency38.7 0.9 — 39.6 
Municipal47.8 2.9 — 50.7 
Corporate1,905.6 54.8 (0.6)1,959.8 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate86.1 0.5 (0.1)86.5 
Non-U.S. government324.7 4.5 (0.4)328.8 
Asset-backed0.2 — — 0.2 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.7 — (0.2)6.5 
Agency mortgage-backed1,052.2 21.9 (1.1)1,073.0 
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale
4,845.2 116.8 (3.8)4,958.2 
Total short-term investments — Available for sale
117.6 — — 117.6 
Total
$4,962.8 $116.8 $(3.8)$5,075.8 
Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains and Losses, and Estimated Fair Value of Trading Investments in Fixed Income Maturities The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of trading investments in fixed income securities, short-term investments, equity securities, catastrophe bonds and privately-held investments as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
 As at December 31, 2020
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Trading
U.S. government$117.9 $2.7 $(0.1)$120.5 
Municipal3.2 0.3 — 3.5 
Corporate94.4 9.1 — 103.5 
High yield loans10.0 — (0.2)9.8 
Non-U.S. government41.5 0.1 — 41.6 
Asset-backed541.7 3.1 (5.7)539.1 
Agency mortgage-backed36.1 1.5 — 37.6 
Total fixed income securities — Trading844.8 16.8 (6.0)855.6 
Short-term investments — Trading35.4 — — 35.4 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading18.8 — — 18.8 
Privately-held investments — Trading
Commercial mortgage loans$178.6 $0.1 $(15.1)$163.6 
Middle market loans117.4 0.2 (5.5)112.1 
Asset-backed securities18.7 — (0.1)18.6 
Equity securities5.0 — — 5.0 
Total privately-held investments — Trading319.7 0.3 (20.7)299.3 
Total Investments — Trading$1,218.7 $17.1 $(26.7)$1,209.1 
 As at December 31, 2019
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Trading
U.S. government$183.3 $1.8 $(0.1)$185.0 
Municipal3.1 0.1 — 3.2 
Corporate231.7 11.6 (0.1)243.2 
Non-U.S. government143.9 7.4 (0.1)151.2 
Asset-backed491.7 2.4 (1.7)492.4 
Agency mortgage-backed 52.9 0.9 — 53.8 
Total fixed income securities — Trading1,106.6 24.2 (2.0)1,128.8 
Short-term investments — Trading79.2 — — 79.2 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading29.4 — (0.8)28.6 
Privately-held investments — Trading
Commercial mortgage loans156.3 0.3 — 156.6 
Middle market loans111.7 0.2 (0.2)111.7 
Asset-backed securities8.7 — — 8.7 
Equity securities2.5 0.2 — 2.7 
Total privately-held investments — Trading279.2 0.7 (0.2)279.7 
Total Investments — Trading$1,494.4 $24.9 $(3.0)$1,516.3 
Schedule of Commercial Mortgage and Middle Market Loans The following table presents the type of commercial mortgage loans and geographic region as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
As at December 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019
Net Carrying ValuePercentage of TotalNet Carrying ValuePercentage of Total
($ millions)(%)($ millions)(%)
Property type
Apartment80.7 49.3 48.3 30.8 
Hotels20.4 12.5 47.7 30.4 
Office building33.9 20.7 21.9 14.0 
Other commercial28.6 17.5 17.0 10.9 
Retail— — 15.2 9.7 
Industrial— — 6.5 4.2 
Total commercial mortgage loans$163.6 100 %156.6 100 %
Geographic Region
U.S.122.7 75.0 85.5 54.6 
International40.9 25.0 71.1 45.4 
Total commercial mortgage loans$163.6 100 %156.6 100 %
The following table presents the type of middle market loans and geographic region as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
As at December 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019
Net Carrying ValuePercentage of TotalNet Carrying ValuePercentage of Total
($ millions)(%)($ millions)(%)
Industry type
Materials28.0 24.9 29.5 26.4 
Financials27.1 24.2 22.2 19.8 
Industrials17.3 15.5 18.9 17.0 
Consumer discretionary13.7 12.2 14.2 12.7 
Health care7.5 6.7 8.2 7.4 
Energy7.3 6.5 7.4 6.6 
Consumer staples6.4 5.7 6.4 5.7 
Information technology4.8 4.3 4.9 4.4 
Total middle market mortgage loans$112.1 100 %$111.7 100 %
Geographic Region
U.S.91.8 81.9 91.8 82.2 
International20.3 18.1 19.9 17.8 
Total middle market loans$112.1 100 %$111.7 100 %
Credit Quality Indicators of Commercial Mortgage and Middle Market Loans A loan-to-value ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The following table represents the loan-to-value ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
As at December 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019
(in millions)
Less than 50%$14.9 $— 
50% to 60%39.3 80.5 
61% to 70%99.5 35.5 
71% to 80%9.9 40.6 
Commercial mortgage loans$163.6 $156.6 
The following table represents the loan-to-enterprise-value ratio of the middle market loan portfolio as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
As at December 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019
(in millions)
Less than 50%$59.8 $90.6 
50% to 60%11.0 21.1 
61% to 70%6.4 — 
81% to 100%17.2 — 
Greater than 100%17.7 — 
Middle market loans$112.1 $111.7 
Debt Service and Fixed Charge Coverage Ratios The following table represents the debt-service coverage ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, excluding those that are non-performing and construction loans which are still under development, as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
As at December 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019
(in millions)
Greater than 1.20x$82.2 $94.6 
1.00 - 1.20x14.9 — 
Less than 1.00x— 13.7 
Commercial mortgage loans (1)
97.1 108.3 
The following represents the fixed charge coverage ratio of the middle market loan portfolio as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019
As at December 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019
(in millions)
Greater than 1.20x$73.6 $68.4 
1.00 - 1.20x— 25.5 
Less than 1.00x38.5 17.8 
Middle market loans$112.1 $111.7 
Other Investments
The table below shows the Company’s investments in MVI, Multi-Line Reinsurer, Bene, Digital Re and Crop Re for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
MVIMulti-Line ReinsurerBeneDigital ReCrop ReTotal
 ($ in millions)
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2020$0.4 $— $4.3 $0.7 $62.5 $67.9 
Investment in the period— 0.5 — — — 0.5 
Unrealized (loss) for the twelve months to December 31, 2020(0.4)— — (0.3)— (0.7)
Gain on disposal— — 1.8 — 8.6 10.4 
Proceeds from disposal— — (6.1)— (71.1)(77.2)
Closing value of investment as at December 31, 2020$— $0.5 $— $0.4 $— 0.9 
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2019$0.5 $— $3.2 $0.9 $62.5 $67.1 
Investment in the period— — 1.1 — — 1.1 
Unrealized (loss) for the twelve months to December 31, 2019(0.1)— — (0.2)— (0.3)
Closing value of investment as at December 31, 2019$0.4 $— $4.3 $0.7 $62.5 $67.9 
Summary of Fixed Maturities The scheduled maturity distribution of the Company’s available for sale fixed income securities as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 As at December 31, 2020
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair Market
Value
Average
S&P Ratings by
Maturity
 ($ in millions)
Due one year or less$498.6 $501.3 AA
Due after one year through five years1,833.6 1,925.9 AA-
Due after five years through ten years741.9 806.5 AA-
Due after ten years107.6 131.6 AA-
Total — Government and corporate3,181.7 3,365.3 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.7 7.4 AA+
Agency mortgage-backed936.0 973.1 AA+
Asset-backed2.3 2.3 AAA
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale$4,126.7 $4,348.1 
 At December 31, 2019
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair Market
Value
Average
S&P Ratings by
Maturity
 ($ in millions)
Due one year or less$572.7 $574.6 AA
Due after one year through five years2,230.3 2,269.3 AA-
Due after five years through ten years864.1 896.3 AA-
Due after ten years119.0 138.3 AA-
Total — Government and corporate 3,786.1 3,878.5 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.7 6.5 AA+
Agency mortgage-backed1,052.2 1,073.0 AA+
Asset-backed0.2 0.2 AAA
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale$4,845.2 $4,958.2 
Aggregate Fair Value and Gross Unrealized Loss by Type of Security The following tables summarize, by type of security, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position for the Company’s available for sale portfolio as at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
 December 31, 2020
 0-12 monthsOver 12 monthsTotal
 Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Number of
Securities
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$58.7 $(0.6)$— $— $58.7 $(0.6)10
Corporate39.6 (0.1)— — 39.6 (0.1)16
Non-U.S. government7.5 — — — 7.5 — 4
Agency mortgage-backed33.3 (0.1)2.1 — 35.4 (0.1)19
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale139.1 (0.8)2.1 — 141.2 (0.8)49
Total short-term investments — Available for sale8.7 — — (0.2)8.7 (0.2)15
Total$147.8 $(0.8)$2.1 $(0.2)$149.9 $(1.0)64
 
 December 31, 2019
 0-12 monthsOver 12 monthsTotal
 Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Number of
Securities
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$142.0 $(1.0)$138.2 $(0.4)$280.2 $(1.4)49
U.S. agency3.0 — 6.0 — 9.0 — 2
Municipal3.7 — — — 3.7 — 2
Corporate167.7 (0.6)37.1 — 204.8 (0.6)91
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate31.8 (0.1)— — 31.8 (0.1)9
Non-U.S. government48.6 (0.4)0.6 — 49.2 (0.4)20
Asset-backed— — 0.2 — 0.2 — 1
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities6.5 (0.2)— — 6.5 (0.2)1
Agency mortgage-backed149.7 (0.3)68.4 (0.8)218.1 (1.1)80
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale553.0 (2.6)250.5 (1.2)803.5 (3.8)255
Total short-term investments — Available for sale29.5 — — — 29.5 — 5
Total$582.5 $(2.6)$250.5 $(1.2)$833.0 $(3.8)260