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Investments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Summary of Investment Income The following table summarizes investment income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:
For the Twelve Months Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
 ($ in millions)
Fixed income securities — Available for sale$87.2 $106.5 $128.2 
Fixed income securities — Trading30.2 32.8 42.0 
Short-term investments — Available for sale0.1 0.8 2.3 
Short-term investments — Trading— 0.5 2.5 
Fixed term deposits (included in cash and cash equivalents)0.7 6.4 19.5 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading0.9 1.4 2.3 
Privately-held investments — Trading18.2 20.9 3.4 
Other investments, at fair value (1)
21.9 (2.0)8.9 
Total159.2 167.3 209.1 
Investment expenses(11.7)(12.7)(11.8)
Net investment income$147.5 $154.6 $197.3 
_____________(1)    Other investments represents the Company’s investments in real estate funds. The movement in the year represents the change in fair value of the investment and has been included as part of our investment income.
Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses and Change in Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments
The following table summarizes the net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses recorded in the statement of operations and the change in unrealized gains and losses on investments recorded in other comprehensive income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:
For the Twelve Months Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
($ in millions)
Available for sale:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains$22.7 $68.8 $14.4 
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)(3.6)(1.8)(7.3)
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized gains2.0 0.5 0.1 
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized (losses)(0.8)(0.4)(0.2)
Net change in expected credit gains (2.5)0.4 — 
Trading:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains12.2 18.2 34.3 
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)(2.0)(3.8)(2.6)
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized gains0.1 0.2 — 
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized (losses)(0.3)(0.3)(0.3)
Privately-held investments — gross realized gains0.6 — 0.2 
Privately-held investments — gross realized (losses)(13.8)— (0.2)
Privately-held investments — net unrealized gains/(losses)18.1 (20.4)— 
Catastrophe bonds — net unrealized (losses)/gains(0.8)— 0.9 
Net unrealized (losses)/gains(23.4)— 47.2 
Investments — equity method:
Gross realized and unrealized gain (loss) in MVI0.1 (0.4)(0.1)
Gross unrealized gain in Multi-Line Reinsurer0.2 — — 
Gross realized and unrealized (loss) gain in Digital Risk— (0.3)(0.2)
Gross realized gain on sale of Bene— 1.8 — 
Gross realized gain on sale of Crop Re— 8.6 — 
Total net realized and unrealized investment gains recorded in the statement of operations$8.8 $71.1 $86.2 
Change in available for sale net unrealized (losses)/gains:
Fixed income securities(157.6)108.5 164.9 
Income tax expense(0.3)(0.5)(13.6)
Total change in net unrealized (losses)/gains, net of taxes recorded in other comprehensive income$(157.9)$108.0 $151.3 
Cost or Amortized Cost, Unrealized and Realized Gains and Losses and Estimated Fair Value of Available for Sale Investments The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair market value of available for sale investments in fixed income securities and short-term investments as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
 As at December 31, 2021
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$1,066.2 $24.0 $(5.9)$— $1,084.3 
U.S. agency20.7 0.8 — — 21.5 
Municipal81.2 2.0 (0.5)(0.1)82.6 
Corporate2,176.1 47.5 (13.0)(2.3)2,208.3 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate138.5 0.2 (1.9)— 136.8 
Non-U.S. government250.8 1.4 (1.2)(0.3)250.7 
Asset-backed0.5 — — — 0.5 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.6 0.3 — — 6.9 
Agency mortgage-backed1,082.9 19.1 (12.0)— 1,090.0 
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale
4,823.5 95.3 (34.5)(2.7)4,881.6 
Total short-term investments — Available for sale
10.1 — — — 10.1 
Total
$4,833.6 $95.3 $(34.5)$(2.7)$4,891.7 



 As at December 31, 2020
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$1,041.3 $60.5 $(0.6)$— $1,101.2 
U.S. agency32.8 1.5 — — 34.3 
Municipal61.6 5.5 — — 67.1 
Corporate1,714.5 112.0 (0.1)(0.2)1,826.2 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate62.7 0.7 — — 63.4 
Non-U.S. government268.8 4.3 — — 273.1 
Asset-backed2.3 — — — 2.3 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.7 0.7 — — 7.4 
Agency mortgage-backed936.0 37.2 (0.1)— 973.1 
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale
4,126.7 222.4 (0.8)(0.2)4,348.1 
Total short-term investments — Available for sale
88.0 — (0.2)— 87.8 
Total
$4,214.7 $222.4 $(1.0)$(0.2)$4,435.9 
Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains and Losses, and Estimated Fair Value of Trading Investments in Fixed Income Maturities The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of trading investments in fixed income securities, short-term investments, equity securities, catastrophe bonds and privately-held investments as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
 As at December 31, 2021
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Trading
U.S. government$115.9 $0.6 $(0.2)$116.3 
Municipal3.9 0.1 — 4.0 
Corporate95.7 1.9 (0.8)96.8 
High yield loans77.2 0.1 (0.4)76.9 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate13.3 — (0.2)13.1 
Non-U.S. government34.9 — (0.4)34.5 
Asset-backed784.3 3.3 (1.9)785.7 
Agency mortgage-backed30.3 0.2 (0.3)30.2 
Total fixed income securities — Trading1,155.5 6.2 (4.2)1,157.5 
Short-term investments — Trading2.0 — — 2.0 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading5.3 — (1.9)3.4 
Privately-held investments — Trading
Commercial mortgage loans$212.0 $0.4 $(0.9)$211.5 
Middle market loans66.9 — (1.5)65.4 
Asset-backed securities26.8 — (0.2)26.6 
Equity securities3.5 0.1 — 3.6 
Total privately-held investments — Trading309.2 0.5 (2.6)307.1 
Total Investments — Trading$1,472.0 $6.7 $(8.7)$1,470.0 
 As at December 31, 2020
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Trading
U.S. government$117.9 $2.7 $(0.1)$120.5 
Municipal3.2 0.3 — 3.5 
Corporate94.4 9.1 — 103.5 
High yield loans10.0 — (0.2)9.8 
Non-U.S. government41.5 0.1 — 41.6 
Asset-backed541.7 3.1 (5.7)539.1 
Agency mortgage-backed 36.1 1.5 — 37.6 
Total fixed income securities — Trading844.8 16.8 (6.0)855.6 
Short-term investments — Trading35.4 — — 35.4 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading18.8 — — 18.8 
Privately-held investments — Trading
Commercial mortgage loans178.6 0.1 (15.1)163.6 
Middle market loans117.4 0.2 (5.5)112.1 
Asset-backed securities18.7 — (0.1)18.6 
Equity securities5.0 — — 5.0 
Total privately-held investments — Trading319.7 0.3 (20.7)299.3 
Total Investments — Trading$1,218.7 $17.1 $(26.7)$1,209.1 
Schedule of Commercial Mortgage and Middle Market Loans The following table presents the type of commercial mortgage loans and geographic region as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
As at December 31, 2021As at December 31, 2020
Net Carrying ValuePercentage of TotalNet Carrying ValuePercentage of Total
($ millions)(%)($ millions)(%)
Property type
Apartment101.6 48.1 80.7 49.3 
Hotels68.8 32.5 20.4 12.5 
Office building33.9 16.0 33.9 20.7 
Other commercial7.2 3.4 28.6 17.5 
Total commercial mortgage loans$211.5 100 %163.6 100 %
Geographic Region
U.S.183.7 86.9 122.7 75.0 
International27.8 13.1 40.9 25.0 
Total commercial mortgage loans$211.5 100 %163.6 100 %
The following table presents the type of middle market loans and geographic region as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
As at December 31, 2021As at December 31, 2020
Net Carrying ValuePercentage of TotalNet Carrying ValuePercentage of Total
($ millions)(%)($ millions)(%)
Industry type
Materials20.9 32.0 28.0 24.9 
Financials6.1 9.3 27.1 24.2 
Industrials18.7 28.5 17.3 15.5 
Consumer discretionary4.3 6.6 13.7 12.2 
Health care— — 7.5 6.7 
Energy5.6 8.6 7.3 6.5 
Consumer staples4.9 7.5 6.4 5.7 
Information technology4.9 7.5 4.8 4.3 
Total middle market mortgage loans$65.4 100 %$112.1 100 %
Geographic Region
U.S.56.2 85.9 91.8 81.9 
International9.2 14.1 20.3 18.1 
Total middle market loans$65.4 100 %$112.1 100 %
Credit Quality Indicators of Commercial Mortgage and Middle Market Loans A loan-to-value ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The following table represents the loan-to-value ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
As at December 31, 2021As at December 31, 2020
(in millions)
Less than 50%$— $14.9 
50% to 60%131.2 39.3 
61% to 70%80.3 99.5 
71% to 80%— 9.9 
Commercial mortgage loans$211.5 $163.6 
The following table represents the loan-to-enterprise-value ratio of the middle market loan portfolio as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
As at December 31, 2021As at December 31, 2020
(in millions)
Less than 50%$11.0 $59.8 
50% to 60%9.2 11.0 
61% to 70%15.8 6.4 
71% to 80%5.6 — 
81% to 100%12.0 17.2 
Greater than 100%11.8 17.7 
Middle market loans$65.4 $112.1 
Debt Service and Fixed Charge Coverage Ratios The following table represents the debt-service coverage ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, excluding those that are non-performing and construction loans which are still under development, as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
As at December 31, 2021As at December 31, 2020
(in millions)
Greater than 1.20x$66.3 $82.2 
1.00 - 1.20x62.4 14.9 
Less than 1.00x18.8 — 
Commercial mortgage loans (1)
$147.5 $97.1 
_______________
(1)    As at December 31, 2021, we have non-performing loans of $Nil (December 31, 2020 — $0.7 million) and construction loans of $64.0 million (December 31, 2020 — $65.8 million) which only generate income when the construction is completed. As no income is currently being generated on these loans, they are not included in the table above. The total value of commercial mortgage loans are $211.5 million as at December 31, 2021, (December 31, 2020 — $163.6 million).
The following represents the fixed charge coverage ratio of the middle market loan portfolio as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020
As at December 31, 2021As at December 31, 2020
(in millions)
Greater than 1.20x$25.8 $73.6 
1.00 - 1.20x22.8 — 
Less than 1.00x16.8 38.5 
Middle market loans$65.4 $112.1 
Other Investments
The table below shows the Company’s investments in MVI, Multi-Line Reinsurer, Bene, Digital Re and Crop Re for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
MVIMulti-Line ReinsurerBeneDigital ReCrop ReTotal
 ($ in millions)
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2021$— $0.5 $— $0.4 $— $0.9 
Investment in the period0.4 2.5 — 0.3 — 3.2 
Distribution received— — — (0.5)— (0.5)
Unrealized gain for the twelve months to December 31, 20210.1 0.2 — — — 0.3 
Closing value of investment as at December 31, 20210.5 3.2 — 0.2 — 3.9 
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2020$0.4 $— $4.3 $0.7 $62.5 $67.9 
Investment in the period— 0.5 — — — 0.5 
Unrealized (loss) for the twelve months to December 31, 2020(0.4)— — (0.3)— (0.7)
Gain on disposal— — 1.8 — 8.6 10.4 
Proceeds from disposal— — (6.1)— (71.1)(77.2)
Closing value of investments at December 31, 2020$— $0.5 $— $0.4 $— $0.9 
Summary of Fixed Maturities The scheduled maturity distribution of the Company’s available for sale fixed income securities as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 As at December 31, 2021
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair Market
Value
Average
S&P Ratings by
Maturity
 ($ in millions)
Due one year or less$545.1 $549.0 AA-
Due after one year through five years2,057.2 2,087.5 AA-
Due after five years through ten years1,090.5 1,106.3 A+
Due after ten years40.7 41.4 A-
Total — Government and corporate3,733.5 3,784.2 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.6 6.9 AA+
Agency mortgage-backed1,082.9 1,090.0 AA+
Asset-backed0.5 0.5 AAA
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale$4,823.5 $4,881.6 
 At December 31, 2020
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair Market
Value
Average
S&P Ratings by
Maturity
 ($ in millions)
Due one year or less$498.6 $501.3 AA
Due after one year through five years1,833.6 1,925.9 AA-
Due after five years through ten years741.9 806.5 AA-
Due after ten years107.6 131.6 AA-
Total — Government and corporate 3,181.7 3,365.3 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.7 7.4 AA+
Agency mortgage-backed936.0 973.1 AA+
Asset-backed2.3 2.3 AAA
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale$4,126.7 $4,348.1 
Aggregate Fair Value and Gross Unrealized Loss by Type of Security The following tables summarize, by type of security, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position for the Company’s available for sale portfolio as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
 December 31, 2021
 0-12 monthsOver 12 monthsTotal
 Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Number of
Securities
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$309.1 $(4.0)$29.3 $(1.9)$338.4 $(5.9)51
U.S. agency6.1 — — — 6.1 — 5
Municipal29.7 (0.5)— — 29.7 (0.5)20
Corporate804.6 (11.7)23.6 (1.3)828.2 (13.0)400
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate114.4 (1.9)— — 114.4 (1.9)10
Non-U.S. government181.8 (1.2)3.1 — 184.9 (1.2)35
Agency mortgage-backed564.5 (11.6)16.0 (0.4)580.5 (12.0)116
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale2,010.2 (30.9)72.0 (3.6)2,082.2 (34.5)637
Total short-term investments — Available for sale4.4 — — — 4.4 — 7
Total$2,014.6 $(30.9)$72.0 $(3.6)$2,086.6 $(34.5)644
 
 December 31, 2020
 0-12 monthsOver 12 monthsTotal
 Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Number of
Securities
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$58.7 $(0.6)$— $— $58.7 $(0.6)10
Corporate39.6 (0.1)— — 39.6 (0.1)16
Non-U.S. government7.5 — — — 7.5 — 4
Agency mortgage-backed33.3 (0.1)2.1 — 35.4 (0.1)19
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale139.1 (0.8)2.1 — 141.2 (0.8)49
Total short-term investments — Available for sale8.7 — — (0.2)8.7 (0.2)15
Total$147.8 $(0.8)$2.1 $(0.2)$149.9 $(1.0)64