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Investments (Tables)
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Summary of Investment Income The following table summarizes investment income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022;
For the Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023June 30, 2022
 ($ in millions)
Fixed income securities — Available for sale$55.7 $44.5 
Fixed income securities — Trading47.8 18.9 
Short-term investments — Available for sale1.6 — 
Short-term investments — Trading0.1 — 
Fixed term deposits (included in cash and cash equivalents)17.3 0.5 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading1.1 0.1 
Privately-held investments — Trading21.5 8.8 
Other investments, at fair value (1)
(10.4)20.7 
Total134.7 93.5 
Investment expenses(5.3)(4.8)
Net investment income$129.4 $88.7 
_____________(1)    Other investments represents the Company’s investments in real estate, infrastructure and direct lending funds. The movement in the periods represent the change in fair value of the investment and has been included as part of our investment income.
Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses and Change in Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments
The following table summarizes the net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and the change in unrealized gains and losses on investments recorded in other comprehensive income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:
For the Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023June 30, 2022
($ in millions)
Available for sale:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains$0.4 $1.4 
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)(6.9)(29.9)
Short-term investments — gross realized (losses)(0.2)— 
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized gains0.1 0.9 
Cash and cash equivalents — gross realized (losses)(0.1)(0.2)
Net change in expected credit gains/(losses) 3.7 (7.7)
Trading:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains0.3 — 
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)(1.1)(0.2)
Short-term investments — gross realized gains0.1 — 
Short-term investments — gross realized (losses)(0.2)— 
Privately-held investments — gross realized gains0.1 0.2 
Privately-held investments — net unrealized (losses)(9.0)(1.3)
Catastrophe bonds — net unrealized (losses)(0.6)(0.1)
Fixed income securities — net unrealized gains/(losses)31.0 (89.6)
Investments — equity method:
Net change in realized and unrealized gains in Multi-Line Reinsurer0.4 0.1 
Total net realized and unrealized investment gains/(losses) recorded in the consolidated statement of operations$18.0 $(126.4)
Change in available for sale net unrealized gains/(losses):
Fixed income securities gains/(losses)12.3 (316.0)
Income tax (expense)/benefit(1.6)29.5 
Total change in net unrealized gains/(losses), net of taxes recorded in other comprehensive income$10.7 $(286.5)
Cost or Amortized Cost, Unrealized and Realized Gains and Losses and Estimated Fair Value of Available for Sale Investments The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair market value of available for sale investments in fixed income securities and short-term investments as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 As at June 30, 2023
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit Losses (1)
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$1,064.9 $— $(51.1)$— $1,013.8 
U.S. agency8.6 — (0.4)— 8.2 
Municipal159.0 — (8.8)(0.7)149.5 
Corporate2,031.9 2.4 (155.2)(3.2)1,875.9 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate119.6 — (8.7)— 110.9 
Non-U.S. government281.3 — (12.0)(0.1)269.2 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.6 — (0.9)— 5.7 
Agency mortgage-backed559.3 — (84.3)— 475.0 
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale4,231.2 2.4 (321.4)(4.0)3,908.2 
Total short-term investments — Available for sale169.3 — — — 169.3 
Total$4,400.5 $2.4 $(321.4)$(4.0)$4,077.5 
_____________
(1)    For the six months ended June 30, 2023, there was a decrease in the CECL allowance on available-for-sale investments of $3.7 million (December 31, 2022 — $5.0 million increase).

 As at December 31, 2022
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$1,003.7 $— $(50.7)$— $953.0 
U.S. agency9.2 — (0.4)— 8.8 
Municipal159.9 — (9.4)(1.0)149.5 
Corporate2,016.9 3.5 (169.1)(6.3)1,845.0 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate119.4 — (8.8)(0.2)110.4 
Non-U.S. government225.2 0.1 (11.5)(0.2)213.6 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.6 — (1.0)— 5.6 
Agency mortgage-backed590.4 — (87.7)— 502.7 
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale4,131.3 3.6 (338.6)(7.7)3,788.6 
Total short-term investments — Available for sale52.4 — (0.4)— 52.0 
Total$4,183.7 $3.6 $(339.0)$(7.7)$3,840.6 
Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains and Losses, and Estimated Fair Value of Trading Investments in Fixed Income Maturities The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of trading investments in fixed income securities, short-term investments, equity securities, catastrophe bonds and privately-held investments as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 As at June 30, 2023
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Trading
U.S. government$241.9 $— $(6.9)$235.0 
Municipal3.4 — (0.3)3.1 
Corporate176.9 0.3 (11.8)165.4 
High yield loans86.1 1.2 (0.7)86.6 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate10.1 — (0.5)9.6 
Non-U.S. government35.8 — (1.7)34.1 
Asset-backed975.2 1.0 (51.6)924.6 
Agency mortgage-backed23.3 — (3.2)20.1 
Total fixed income securities — Trading1,552.7 2.5 (76.7)1,478.5 
Short-term investments — Trading11.0 — — 11.0 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading2.4 — — 2.4 
Privately-held investments — Trading
Commercial mortgage loans$305.5 $1.3 $(11.8)$295.0 
Middle market loans104.1 — (2.0)102.1 
Asset-backed securities59.5 — (1.1)58.4 
Global corporate securities14.9 — (0.1)14.8 
Equity securities12.1 — — 12.1 
Total privately-held investments — Trading496.1 1.3 (15.0)482.4 
Total Investments — Trading$2,062.2 $3.8 $(91.7)$1,974.3 
 As at December 31, 2022
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Trading
U.S. government$267.9 $— $(6.3)$261.6 
Municipal3.9 — (0.3)3.6 
Corporate175.3 0.3 (13.5)162.1 
High yield loans90.2 0.2 (2.1)88.3 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate12.2 — (0.6)11.6 
Non-U.S. government32.2 — (1.8)30.4 
Asset-backed970.3 0.2 (74.0)896.5 
Agency mortgage-backed 24.7 — (3.3)21.4 
Total fixed income securities — Trading1,576.7 0.7 (101.9)1,475.5 
Short-term investments — Trading6.3 — — 6.3 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading5.1 — (2.2)2.9 
Privately-held investments — Trading
Commercial mortgage loans$312.6 0.6 (1.1)$312.1 
Middle market loans109.0 — (2.1)106.9 
Asset-backed securities68.8 — (2.0)66.8 
Global corporate securities15.1 — (0.1)15.0 
Short-term investments25.6 — — 25.6 
Equity securities6.6 — — 6.6 
Total privately-held investments — Trading537.7 0.6 (5.3)533.0 
Total Investments — Trading$2,125.8 $1.3 $(109.4)$2,017.7 
Schedule of Commercial Mortgage and Middle Market Loans The following table presents the type of commercial mortgage loans and geographic region as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
As at June 30, 2023As at December 31, 2022
Net Carrying ValuePercentage of TotalNet Carrying ValuePercentage of Total
($ millions)(%)($ millions)(%)
Property type
Apartment107.8 36.6 115.3 36.9 
Hotels98.1 33.3 108.0 34.6 
Office building45.9 15.5 42.1 13.5 
Other commercial37.9 12.8 41.4 13.3 
Retail3.3 1.1 3.3 1.1 
Industrial2.0 0.7 2.0 0.6 
Total commercial mortgage loans$295.0 100 %312.1 100 %
Geographic Region
U.S.263.6 89.4 269.8 86.4 
International31.4 10.6 42.3 13.6 
Total commercial mortgage loans$295.0 100 %312.1 100 %
The following table presents the type of middle market loans and geographic region as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
As at June 30, 2023As at December 31, 2022
Net Carrying ValuePercentage of TotalNet Carrying ValuePercentage of Total
($ millions)(%)($ millions)(%)
Industry type
Materials20.0 19.6 19.8 18.5 
Financials48.3 47.3 53.1 49.7 
Industrials18.6 18.2 18.7 17.5 
Consumer discretionary4.9 4.8 4.9 4.6 
Energy5.6 5.5 5.7 5.3 
Information technology4.7 4.6 4.7 4.4 
Total middle market mortgage loans$102.1 100 %$106.9 100 %
Geographic Region
U.S.59.4 58.2 64.1 60.0 
International42.7 41.8 42.8 40.0 
Total middle market loans$102.1 100 %$106.9 100 %
Credit Quality Indicators of Commercial Mortgage and Middle Market Loans A loan-to-value ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The following table represents the loan-to-value ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
As at June 30, 2023As at December 31, 2022
(in millions)
Less than 50%$47.5 $41.1 
50% to 60%227.3 248.3 
61% to 70%20.2 22.7 
Commercial mortgage loans$295.0 $312.1 
The following table represents the loan-to-enterprise-value ratio of the middle market loan portfolio as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
As at June 30, 2023As at December 31, 2022
(in millions)
Less than 50%$63.5 $63.5 
50% to 60%23.3 16.4 
61% to 70%15.3 27.0 
Middle market loans$102.1 $106.9 
Debt Service and Fixed Charge Coverage Ratios The following table represents the debt-service coverage ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, excluding those that are non-performing and construction loans which are still under development, as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
As at June 30, 2023As at December 31, 2022
(in millions)
Greater than 1.20x$112.3 $106.1 
1.00 - 1.20x182.7 186.1 
Less than 1.00x— — 
Commercial mortgage loans (1)
$295.0 $292.2 
_______________
(1)    As at June 30, 2023, we have non-performing loans of $Nil (December 31, 2022 — $Nil) and construction loans of $Nil (December 31, 2022 — $19.9 million) which only generate income when the construction is completed. As no income is currently being generated on these loans, they are not included in the table above. The total value of commercial mortgage loans is $295.0 million as at June 30, 2023 (December 31, 2022 — $312.1 million).
The following represents the fixed charge coverage ratio of the middle market loan portfolio as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
As at June 30, 2023As at December 31, 2022
(in millions)
Greater than 1.20x$78.9 $95.2 
1.00 - 1.20x3.8 3.8 
Less than 1.00x19.4 7.9 
Middle market loans$102.1 $106.9 
Other Investments
The table below shows the Company’s investments in MVI, Multi-Line Reinsurer and Digital Re for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and the twelve months ended December 31, 2022:
MVIMulti-Line ReinsurerDigital ReTotal
 ($ in millions)
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2023$0.8 $5.2 $0.2 $6.2 
Investment in the period— 0.4 — 0.4 
Unrealized gain for the period to June 30, 2023— 0.4 — 0.4 
Closing value of investment as at June 30, 20230.8 6.0 0.2 7.0 
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2022$0.5 $3.2 $0.2 $3.9 
Investment in the period0.4 1.6 — 2.0 
Unrealized (loss)/gain for the period to December 31, 2022(0.1)0.4 — 0.3 
Closing value of investments at December 31, 2022$0.8 $5.2 $0.2 $6.2 
Summary of Fixed Maturities The scheduled maturity distribution of the Company’s available for sale fixed income securities as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 As at June 30, 2023
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair Market
Value
Average
S&P Ratings by
Maturity
 ($ in millions)
Due one year or less$242.4 $236.5 AA
Due after one year through five years2,736.2 2,594.7 AA-
Due after five years through ten years684.9 595.2 A+
Due after ten years1.8 1.1 BB
Total — Government and corporate3,665.3 3,427.5 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.6 5.7 AA+
Agency mortgage-backed559.3 475.0 AA+
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale$4,231.2 $3,908.2 
 As at December 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair Market
Value
Average
S&P Ratings by
Maturity
 ($ in millions)
Due one year or less$179.1 $176.0 AA+
Due after one year through five years2,526.9 2,385.7 AA-
Due after five years through ten years815.1 707.7 A+
Due after ten years13.2 10.9 A-
Total — Government and corporate 3,534.3 3,280.3 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.6 5.6 AA+
Agency mortgage-backed590.4 502.7 AA+
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale$4,131.3 $3,788.6 
Aggregate Fair Value and Gross Unrealized Loss by Type of Security The following tables summarize, by type of security, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position for the Company’s available for sale portfolio as at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 June 30, 2023
 0-12 monthsOver 12 monthsTotal
 Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Number of
Securities
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$494.8 $(12.8)$519.1 $(38.3)$1,013.9 $(51.1)105
U.S. agency7.0 (0.4)1.1 — 8.1 (0.4)4
Municipal90.9 (3.7)58.7 (5.1)149.6 (8.8)60
Corporate467.4 (13.1)1,254.7 (142.1)1,722.1 (155.2)727
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate5.2 — 105.7 (8.7)110.9 (8.7)16
Non-U.S. government80.1 (1.2)182.2 (10.8)262.3 (12.0)61
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed — — 5.6 (0.9)5.6 (0.9)1
Agency mortgage-backed18.4 (1.3)455.6 (83.0)474.0 (84.3)214
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale1,163.8 (32.5)2,582.7 (288.9)3,746.5 (321.4)1,188
Total short-term investments — Available for sale11.8 — — — 11.8 — 5
Total$1,175.6 $(32.5)$2,582.7 $(288.9)$3,758.3 $(321.4)1,193
 
 December 31, 2022
 0-12 monthsOver 12 monthsTotal
 Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Number of
Securities
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$741.1 $(30.6)$203.4 $(20.1)$944.5 $(50.7)118
U.S. agency7.1 (0.4)1.7 — 8.8 (0.4)5
Municipal133.1 (7.1)16.4 (2.3)149.5 (9.4)59
Corporate1,104.7 (77.6)568.2 (91.5)1,672.9 (169.1)701
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate11.3 (0.5)99.0 (8.3)110.3 (8.8)16
Non-U.S. government63.8 (2.9)135.9 (8.6)199.7 (11.5)45
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities5.6 (1.0)— — 5.6 (1.0)1
Agency mortgage-backed202.8 (24.9)299.1 (62.8)501.9 (87.7)220
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale2,269.5 (145.0)1,323.7 (193.6)3,593.2 (338.6)1,165
Total short-term investments — Available for sale51.9 (0.4)— — 51.9 (0.4)1
Total$2,321.4 $(145.4)$1,323.7 $(193.6)$3,645.1 $(339.0)1,166