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Investments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Summary of Investment Income The following table summarizes investment income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
For the Twelve Months Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 ($ in millions)
Fixed income securities — Available for sale$115.7 $95.6 $87.2 
Fixed income securities — Trading98.9 57.0 30.2 
Short-term investments — Available for sale5.3 0.6 0.1 
Short-term investments — Trading0.3 0.1 — 
Fixed term deposits (included in cash and cash equivalents)39.9 6.6 0.7 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading0.2 0.3 0.9 
Privately-held investments — Available for sale
0.1 — — 
Privately-held investments — Trading44.7 24.3 18.2 
Other investments, at fair value (1)
(17.8)13.9 21.9 
Total287.3 198.4 159.2 
Investment expenses(11.6)(10.3)(11.7)
Net investment income$275.7 $188.1 $147.5 
_____________
(1)    Other investments primarily represent the Company’s investments in investment funds. The amount reported represents the change in fair value of the investments in the period.
Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses and Change in Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments
The following table summarizes the net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and the change in unrealized gains and losses on investments recorded in other comprehensive income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
For the Twelve Months Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
($ in millions)
Available for sale:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains$1.6 $2.9 $22.7 
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)(41.5)(58.4)(3.6)
Short-term investments — gross realized gains0.6 1.0 2.0 
Short-term investments — gross realized (losses)(0.9)(0.5)(0.8)
Net change in expected credit gains/(losses)
4.8 (5.0)(2.5)
Trading:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains1.0 0.2 12.2 
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)(3.5)(1.8)(2.0)
Short-term investments — gross realized gains0.1 — 0.1 
Short-term investments — gross realized (losses)(0.3)— (0.3)
Privately-held investments — gross realized gains0.8 0.7 0.6 
Privately-held investments — gross realized (losses)— (0.1)(13.8)
Privately-held investments — net unrealized (losses)/gains(15.2)(2.5)18.1 
Catastrophe bonds — net unrealized gains/(losses)0.1 0.2 (0.8)
Fixed income securities — net unrealized gains/(losses)
65.9 (113.9)(23.4)
Investments — equity method:
Gross realized and unrealized gains in MVI
0.2 — 0.1 
Gross unrealized gains/(losses) in Multi-Line Reinsurer
0.8 (0.4)0.2 
Total net realized and unrealized investment gains/(losses) recorded in the consolidated statement of operations
$14.5 $(177.6)$8.8 
Change in available for sale net unrealized gains/(losses):
Available for sale investments
$126.2 $(391.7)$(157.6)
Income tax (expense)/benefit
(20.6)23.9 (0.3)
Total change in net unrealized gains/(losses), net of taxes recorded in other comprehensive income
$105.6 $(367.8)$(157.9)
Cost or Amortized Cost, Unrealized and Realized Gains and Losses and Estimated Fair Value of Available for Sale Investments The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair market value of available for sale investments in fixed income securities, short-term investments and privately-held investments as at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 As at December 31, 2023
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit Losses (1)
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Available for sale
U.S. government$1,224.9 $4.4 $(26.7)$— $1,202.6 
U.S. agency7.5 — (0.3)— 7.2 
Municipal133.6 — (5.0)(0.5)128.1 
Corporate2,051.1 12.1 (101.5)(2.4)1,959.3 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate106.5 0.1 (5.9)— 100.7 
Non-U.S. government279.9 0.6 (6.7)— 273.8 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed
6.6 — (0.8)— 5.8 
Agency residential mortgage-backed
519.9 0.1 (74.9)— 445.1 
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale4,330.0 17.3 (221.8)(2.9)4,122.6 
Short-term investments — Available for sale
93.6 — — — 93.6 
Privately-held investments — Available for sale
Asset-backed securities14.7 0.2 — — 14.9 
Total Investments — Available for sale
$4,438.3 $17.5 $(221.8)$(2.9)$4,231.1 
_____________
(1)    For more information on the allowance for expected credit losses, refer to Note 25, “Allowance for Expected Credit Losses”.

 As at December 31, 2022
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Available for sale
U.S. government$1,003.7 $— $(50.7)$— $953.0 
U.S. agency9.2 — (0.4)— 8.8 
Municipal159.9 — (9.4)(1.0)149.5 
Corporate2,016.9 3.5 (169.1)(6.3)1,845.0 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate119.4 — (8.8)(0.2)110.4 
Non-U.S. government225.2 0.1 (11.5)(0.2)213.6 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.6 — (1.0)— 5.6 
Agency mortgage-backed590.4 — (87.7)— 502.7 
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale4,131.3 3.6 (338.6)(7.7)3,788.6 
Short-term investments — Available for sale
52.4 — (0.4)— 52.0 
Total Investments — Available for sale
$4,183.7 $3.6 $(339.0)$(7.7)$3,840.6 
Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains and Losses, and Estimated Fair Value of Trading Investments in Fixed Income Maturities The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of trading investments in fixed income securities, short-term investments, catastrophe bonds and privately-held investments as at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 As at December 31, 2023
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Trading
U.S. government$248.7 $0.5 $(3.7)$245.5 
Municipal3.3 — (0.2)3.1 
Corporate178.8 0.7 (8.0)171.5 
High yield loans90.8 1.3 — 92.1 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate8.6 — (0.3)8.3 
Non-U.S. government35.8 0.1 (1.1)34.8 
Asset-backed936.0 2.1 (29.9)908.2 
Agency mortgage-backed25.0 — (2.8)22.2 
Total fixed income securities — Trading1,527.0 4.7 (46.0)1,485.7 
Short-term investments — Trading2.1 — — 2.1 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading1.6 — — 1.6 
Privately-held investments — Trading
Commercial mortgage loans293.2 1.0 (19.3)274.9 
Middle market loans and other private debt
85.9 — (1.1)84.8 
Asset-backed securities83.1 0.4 (0.6)82.9 
Global corporate securities14.7 — (0.3)14.4 
Short-term investments18.0 — — 18.0 
Total privately-held investments — Trading494.9 1.4 (21.3)475.0 
Total Investments — Trading$2,025.6 $6.1 $(67.3)$1,964.4 
 As at December 31, 2022
 Cost or
Amortized Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Fixed Income Securities — Trading
U.S. government$267.9 $— $(6.3)$261.6 
Municipal3.9 — (0.3)3.6 
Corporate175.3 0.3 (13.5)162.1 
High yield loans90.2 0.2 (2.1)88.3 
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate12.2 — (0.6)11.6 
Non-U.S. government32.2 — (1.8)30.4 
Asset-backed970.3 0.2 (74.0)896.5 
Agency mortgage-backed 24.7 — (3.3)21.4 
Total fixed income securities — Trading1,576.7 0.7 (101.9)1,475.5 
Short-term investments — Trading6.3 — — 6.3 
Catastrophe bonds — Trading5.1 — (2.2)2.9 
Privately-held investments — Trading
Commercial mortgage loans312.6 0.6 (1.1)312.1 
Middle market loans and other private debt
109.0 — (2.1)106.9 
Asset-backed securities68.8 — (2.0)66.8 
Global corporate securities15.1 — (0.1)15.0 
Equity securities6.6 — — 6.6 
Short-term investments25.6 — — 25.6 
Total privately-held investments — Trading537.7 0.6 (5.3)533.0 
Total Investments — Trading$2,125.8 $1.3 $(109.4)$2,017.7 
Other Investments
The table below shows the Company’s investments in MVI, Multi-Line Reinsurer and Digital Re for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
MVIMulti-Line ReinsurerDigital ReTotal
 ($ in millions)
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2023$0.8 $5.2 $0.2 $6.2 
Investment in the period— 0.4 — 0.4 
Distribution received— — — — 
Unrealized gain for the twelve months to December 31, 2023
0.2 0.8 — 1.0 
Closing value of investment as at December 31, 20231.0 6.4 0.2 7.6 
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2022$0.5 $3.2 $0.2 $3.9 
Investment in the period0.4 1.6 — 2.0 
Distribution received— — — — 
Unrealized (loss)/gain for the twelve months to December 31, 2022
(0.1)0.4 — 0.3 
Closing value of investments at December 31, 2022$0.8 $5.2 $0.2 $6.2 
Summary of Fixed Maturities The scheduled maturity distribution of the Company’s available for sale securities as at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 As at December 31, 2023
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Due one year or less$512.0 $505.8 
Due after one year through five years2,889.0 2,818.9 
Due after five years through ten years495.1 440.3 
Due after ten years15.7 15.2 
3,911.8 3,780.2 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed
6.6 5.8 
Agency residential mortgage-backed
519.9 445.1 
Total Investments — Available for sale
$4,438.3 $4,231.1 
 At December 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair Market
Value
 ($ in millions)
Due one year or less$231.5 $228.0 
Due after one year through five years2,526.9 2,385.7 
Due after five years through ten years815.1 707.7 
Due after ten years13.2 10.9 
3,586.7 3,332.3 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed6.6 5.6 
Agency mortgage-backed590.4 502.7 
Total Investments — Available for sale
$4,183.7 $3,840.6 
Aggregate Fair Value and Gross Unrealized Loss by Type of Security The following tables summarize, by type of security, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position for the Company’s available for sale portfolio as at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 December 31, 2023
 0-12 monthsOver 12 monthsTotal
 Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Number of
Securities
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$105.5 $(0.5)$673.3 $(26.2)$778.8 $(26.7)74
U.S. agency— — 7.2 (0.3)7.2 (0.3)1
Municipal11.1 (1.0)117.0 (4.0)128.1 (5.0)54
Corporate46.7 (0.4)1,287.2 (101.1)1,333.9 (101.5)558
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate0.2 — 95.5 (5.9)95.7 (5.9)12
Non-U.S. government32.9 (0.2)180.1 (6.5)213.0 (6.7)53
Agency commercial mortgage-backed
— — 5.8 (0.8)5.8 (0.8)1
Agency residential mortgage-backed
0.1 — 435.9 (74.9)436.0 (74.9)197
Total$196.5 $(2.1)$2,802.0 $(219.7)$2,998.5 $(221.8)950
 
 December 31, 2022
 0-12 monthsOver 12 monthsTotal
 Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Market
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Number of
Securities
 ($ in millions)
U.S. government$741.1 $(30.6)$203.4 $(20.1)$944.5 $(50.7)118
U.S. agency7.1 (0.4)1.7 — 8.8 (0.4)5
Municipal133.1 (7.1)16.4 (2.3)149.5 (9.4)59
Corporate1,104.7 (77.6)568.2 (91.5)1,672.9 (169.1)701
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate11.3 (0.5)99.0 (8.3)110.3 (8.8)16
Non-U.S. government63.8 (2.9)135.9 (8.6)199.7 (11.5)45
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities5.6 (1.0)— — 5.6 (1.0)1
Agency mortgage-backed202.8 (24.9)299.1 (62.8)501.9 (87.7)220
Total fixed income securities — Available for sale2,269.5 (145.0)1,323.7 (193.6)3,593.2 (338.6)1,165
Total short-term investments — Available for sale51.9 (0.4)— — 51.9 (0.4)1
Total$2,321.4 $(145.4)$1,323.7 $(193.6)$3,645.1 $(339.0)1,166