
	Twelve Months Ended
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

	($ in millions)
Fixed income securities — Available for sale	$	161.5	$	115.7	$	95.6
Fixed income securities — Trading	88.2		98.9		57.0
Short-term investments — Available for sale	4.5		5.3		0.6
Short-term investments — Trading	0.1		0.3		0.1
Fixed term deposits (included in cash and cash equivalents)	45.3		39.9		6.6
Catastrophe bonds — Trading	—		0.2		0.3
Privately-held investments — Available for sale	1.2		0.1		—
Privately-held investments — Trading	34.9		44.7		24.3
Other investments, at fair value (1)	(6.2)		(17.8)		13.9
Total	329.5		287.3		198.4
Investment expenses	(11.5)		(11.6)		(10.3)
Net investment income	$	318.0	$	275.7	$	188.1

_____________


	Twelve Months Ended
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

	($ in millions)
Available for sale:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains	$	2.4	$	1.6	$	2.9
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)	(60.6)		(41.5)		(58.4)
Short-term investments — gross realized gains	0.8		0.6		1.0
Short-term investments — gross realized (losses)	(2.0)		(0.9)		(0.5)
Net change in expected credit gains/(losses)	1.9		4.8		(5.0)
Trading:
Fixed income securities — gross realized gains	1.2		1.0		0.2
Fixed income securities — gross realized (losses)	(10.0)		(3.5)		(1.8)
Fixed income securities — net unrealized gains/(losses)	26.8		65.9		(113.9)
Short-term investments — gross realized gains	—		0.1		—
Short-term investments — gross realized (losses)	(0.3)		(0.3)		—
Privately-held investments — gross realized gains	0.8		0.8		0.7
Privately-held investments — gross realized (losses)	(28.8)		—		(0.1)
Privately-held investments — net unrealized gains/(losses)	18.6		(15.2)		(2.5)
Catastrophe bonds — net unrealized gains	—		0.1		0.2


Investments, equity method:
Gross unrealized (losses)/gains in MVI	(0.2)		0.2		—
Gross unrealized gains/(losses) in Multi-Line Reinsurer	0.1		0.8		(0.4)
Gross realized (losses) in Digital Re	(0.2)		—		—
Total net realized and unrealized investment (losses)/gains recorded in the consolidated statement of operations	$	(49.5)	$	14.5	$	(177.6)

Change in available for sale net unrealized gains/(losses):
Available for sale investments	$	34.1	$	126.2	$	(391.7)
Income tax (expense)/benefit	(4.7)		(20.6)		23.9
Total change in net unrealized gains/(losses), net of taxes recorded in other comprehensive income	$	29.4	$	105.6	$	(367.8)

Fixed Income Securities, Short-term Investments and Privately-held Investments — Available for Sale. The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of available for sale investments in fixed income securities, short-term investments and privately-held investments as at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	As at December 31, 2024
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Market Value

	($ in millions)
Fixed income securities, available for sale
U.S. government	$	1,504.8	$	1.5	$	(25.7)	$	—	$	1,480.6
U.S. agency	7.5		—		(0.3)		—		7.2
Municipal	84.2		—		(1.9)		—		82.3
Corporate	2,045.3		8.5		(66.4)		(1.0)		1,986.4
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate	132.9		0.8		(2.4)		—		131.3
Non-U.S. government	248.2		1.0		(2.4)		—		246.8
Asset-backed	232.4		2.2		(0.1)		—		234.5
Agency commercial mortgage-backed	5.0		—		(0.6)		—		4.4
Agency residential mortgage-backed	600.8		—		(82.1)		—		518.7
Total fixed income securities, available for sale	4,861.1		14.0		(181.9)		(1.0)		4,692.2
Short-term investments, available for sale	261.9		—		—		—		261.9
Privately-held investments, available for sale
Asset-backed securities	24.0		0.2		—		—		24.2
Total investments, available for sale	$	5,147.0	$	14.2	$	(181.9)	$	(1.0)	$	4,978.3


	As at December 31, 2023
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Market Value

	($ in millions)
Fixed income securities, available for sale
U.S. government	$	1,224.9	$	4.4	$	(26.7)	$	—	$	1,202.6
U.S. agency	7.5		—		(0.3)		—		7.2
Municipal	133.6		—		(5.0)		(0.5)		128.1
Corporate	2,051.1		12.1		(101.5)		(2.4)		1,959.3
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate	106.5		0.1		(5.9)		—		100.7
Non-U.S. government	279.9		0.6		(6.7)		—		273.8

Agency commercial mortgage-backed	6.6		—		(0.8)		—		5.8
Agency residential mortgage-backed	519.9		0.1		(74.9)		—		445.1
Total fixed income securities, available for sale	4,330.0		17.3		(221.8)		(2.9)		4,122.6
Short-term investments, available for sale	93.6		—		—		—		93.6
Privately-held investments, available for sale
Asset-backed securities	14.7		0.2		—		—		14.9
Total investments, available for sale	$	4,438.3	$	17.5	$	(221.8)	$	(2.9)	$	4,231.1

Fixed Income Securities, Short-term Investments, Catastrophe Bonds and Privately-held Investments — Trading. The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of trading investments in fixed income securities, short-term investments, catastrophe bonds and privately-held investments as at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	As at December 31, 2024
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value

	($ in millions)
Fixed income securities, trading
U.S. government	$	262.9	$	0.6	$	(2.2)	$	261.3

Municipal	1.6		—		—		1.6
Corporate	155.5		0.5		(4.9)		151.1
High yield loans	101.7		0.9		(0.2)		102.4
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate	2.8		—		—		2.8
Non-U.S. government	24.4		0.1		(0.1)		24.4
Asset-backed	624.6		4.1		(3.5)		625.2

Agency mortgage-backed	34.2		—		(3.1)		31.1
Total fixed income securities, trading	1,207.7		6.2		(14.0)		1,199.9
Short-term investments, trading	1.0		—		—		1.0

Catastrophe bonds, trading	1.0		—		—		1.0
Privately-held investments, trading
Commercial mortgage loans	80.9		0.5		(1.7)		79.7
Middle market loans and other private debt	61.6		0.1		(0.7)		61.0
Asset-backed securities	126.7		0.9		—		127.6
Global corporate securities	18.8		—		(0.3)		18.5


Total privately-held investments, trading	288.0		1.5		(2.7)		286.8
Total investments, trading	$	1,497.7	$	7.7	$	(16.7)	$	1,488.7


	As at December 31, 2023
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value

	($ in millions)
Fixed income securities, trading
U.S. government	$	248.7	$	0.5	$	(3.7)	$	245.5

Municipal	3.3		—		(0.2)		3.1
Corporate	178.8		0.7		(8.0)		171.5
High yield loans	90.8		1.3		—		92.1
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate	8.6		—		(0.3)		8.3
Non-U.S. government	35.8		0.1		(1.1)		34.8
Asset-backed	936.0		2.1		(29.9)		908.2
Agency mortgage-backed	25.0		—		(2.8)		22.2
Total fixed income securities, trading	1,527.0		4.7		(46.0)		1,485.7
Short-term investments, trading	2.1		—		—		2.1

Catastrophe bonds, trading	1.6		—		—		1.6
Privately-held investments, trading
Commercial mortgage loans	293.2		1.0		(19.3)		274.9
Middle market loans and other private debt	85.9		—		(1.1)		84.8
Asset-backed securities	83.1		0.4		(0.6)		82.9
Global corporate securities	14.7		—		(0.3)		14.4

Short-term investments	18.0		—		—		18.0
Total privately-held investments, trading	494.9		1.4		(21.3)		475.0
Total investments, trading	$	2,025.6	$	6.1	$	(67.3)	$	1,964.4

Catastrophe Bonds. The Company has invested in catastrophe bonds with a total value of $1.0 million as at December 31, 2024 (December 31, 2023 — $1.6 million). The bonds are either zero-coupon notes or receive quarterly interest payments based on variable interest rates with scheduled maturities in 2025. The redemption value of the bonds will adjust based on the occurrence or aggregate occurrence of a covered event, such as windstorms and earthquakes in the United States, Canada, the North Atlantic, South America, Europe, Japan or Australia.

Privately-held Investments. The Company has invested in privately-held investments, which primarily include commercial mortgage loans of $79.7 million and middle market loans and other private debt of $61.0 million as at December 31, 2024 (December 31, 2023 — commercial mortgage loans of $274.9 million; middle market loans and other private debt of $84.8 million). Privately-held investments also includes investments in asset-backed securities, global corporate securities, and other short term investments.

Commercial Mortgage Loans. The commercial mortgage loans are related to investments in properties including apartments, hotels, office and retail buildings, other commercial properties and industrial properties. The commercial mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by property type, geographic region and issuer to reduce risks. As part of our investment process, we evaluate factors such as size, property type, and security to determine that properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt.

Middle Market Loans and Other Private Debt. The middle market loans are investments in senior secured loan positions with full covenants, focused on the middle market in the U.S., Europe and the Caribbean. The other private debt consists of debt securities issued to private investment funds. The middle market loan and other private debt portfolio is diversified by industry type, geographic region and issuer to reduce risks. As part of our investment process, we evaluate factors such as size, industry and security to determine that loans are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt.

Investments, Equity Method. In January 2015, the Company, along with seven other insurance companies, established a micro-insurance venture consortium and micro-insurance incubator (“MVI”) domiciled in Bermuda. The MVI is a social impact organization that provides micro-insurance products to assist global emerging consumers. In March 2021, the Company committed an additional $0.8 million equity contribution to MVI over a 2 year period and paid $0.4 million in the period ending December 31, 2022.

On January 1, 2017, the Company purchased through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Aspen U.S. Holdings, Inc. (“Aspen U.S. Holdings”), a 49% share of Digital Risk Resources, LLC (“Digital Re”), a U.S.-based enterprise engaged in the business of developing, marketing and servicing turnkey information security and privacy liability insurance products for a total consideration of $2.3 million. The investment is accounted for under the equity method and adjustments to the carrying value of this investment are made based on the Company’s share of capital, including share of income and expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold its investment in Digital Re for no consideration.

On December 23, 2019, the Company committed $5.0 million as an equity investment in the holding company of a multi-line reinsurer. The strategy for the multi-line reinsurer is to combine a diversified reinsurance business, focused primarily on long-tailed lines of property and casualty business and, potentially to a lesser extent, life business, with a diversified investment strategy. During the period ending December 31, 2024, no capital was invested in the multi-line reinsurer (December 31, 2023 — $0.4 million) and the commitment has been fully funded.


	MVI		Multi-Line Reinsurer		Digital Re		Total

	($ in millions)
Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2024	$	1.0	$	6.4	$	0.2	$	7.6



Unrealized (loss)/gain for the twelve months to December 31, 2024	(0.2)		0.1		—		(0.1)

Realized (loss) for the twelve months to December 31, 2024	—		—		(0.2)		(0.2)
Closing value of investment as at December 31, 2024	$	0.8	$	6.5	$	—	$	7.3


Opening undistributed value of investment as at January 1, 2023	$	0.8	$	5.2	$	0.2	$	6.2
Investment in the period	—		0.4		—		0.4


Unrealized gain for the twelve months to December 31, 2023	0.2		0.8		—		1.0



Closing value of investments at December 31, 2023	$	1.0	$	6.4	$	0.2	$	7.6

During 2020, the Company committed $10.5 million as a limited partner to a related party managed lending fund. The partnership was established to provide direct lending to large corporate borrowers. On April 1, 2021, the Company committed an additional $2.8 million to the fund. As at December 31, 2024, the current fair value of the fund is $19.3 million (2023 — $15.9 million) and the unfunded commitment is $0.2 million (2023 — $1.1 million).

On April 1, 2021, the Company established pledge accounts with its custodian bank for the ability to obtain liquidity and funding services provided by a U.S. co-operative bank, which provides liquidity and funding to its insurance member institutions. As at December 31, 2024, the fair value of the Company’s member shares in the bank is $2.0 million (2023 — $1.7 million).

On September 30, 2021, the Company committed $20.0 million as a limited partner to a third-party managed real estate fund. The Partnership was established to make equity and equity related investments in multifamily and other commercial real estate properties located in the United States and its territories, with the goal of generating superior risk-adjusted returns. The partnership seeks to acquire commercial real estate assets including real estate assets (or interests therein) that may have management or operational problems and require improvements or lack sufficient capital, including mortgage loans and development or redevelopment properties. On April 1, 2022, the Company committed an additional $10.0 million to the fund. As at December 31, 2024, the current fair value of the fund is $36.2 million (2023 — $39.8 million) and the unfunded commitment is $0.9 million (2023 — $2.2 million).

On April 1, 2022, the Company committed $30.0 million as a limited partner to a related party managed real estate fund. The partnership was established to pursue investment opportunities to acquire, recapitalize, restructure and reposition real estate assets, portfolios and companies primarily in the United States. As at December 31, 2024, the current fair value of the fund is $19.3 million (2023 — $23.9 million) and the unfunded commitment is $3.7 million (2023 — $4.1 million).

On May 5, 2022, the Company committed $15.0 million as a limited partner to a third-party managed infrastructure fund. The partnership was established to make value added infrastructure investments in environmental services, transportation, communications and digital, energy/energy transition and other infrastructure sectors primarily in North America. As at December 31, 2024, the current fair value of the fund is $12.9 million (2023 — $10.8 million) and the unfunded commitment is $2.3 million (2023 — $4.0 million).

On August 31, 2023, the Company committed £7.0 million as a limited partner to a third-party managed debt fund. The fund focuses on three core sectors: health and social care, affordable housing, and social infrastructure. The fund invests across the U.K., focusing on areas of poverty and deprivation. The fund provides fixed-rate loans typically backed by property assets. Borrowers are established, socially impactful organizations, with a history of profitable revenue generation. As at December 31, 2024, the current fair value of the fund is $0.1 million (2023 — $0.1 million) and the unfunded commitment is £6.8 million (2023 — £6.9 million).

On September 30, 2023, the Company committed $55.0 million as a limited partner to a third-party managed energy fund. The fund invests in energy transition and climate solutions, accelerating growth and business transformation through flexible capital, enabling leading energy companies to build enterprises at scale that can deliver clean, reliable and affordable energy to help meet global needs. As at December 31, 2024 the Company has not funded the investment and the unfunded commitment is $55.0 million (2023 — $55.0 million).

On August 1, 2024, the Company committed and invested $25.0 million as a limited partner to a third-party managed liquidity fund. The fund seeks to maximize total return, by investing in a portfolio of investment grade debt securities, both fixed and floating rate. As at December 31, 2024, the current fair value of the fund is $25.7 million and the unfunded commitment is $Nil.

On October 31, 2024, the Company converted one of its commercial mortgage loan investments to an equity interest in a joint venture. As at December 31, 2024, the current carrying value of the investment is $40.0 million. As at December 31, 2023, the previous commercial mortgage loan investment was classified as privately-held investments, trading. This investment has no unfunded commitments.

Fixed Income Securities, Short-term Investments and Privately-held Investments — Available for Sale. The scheduled maturity distribution of the Company’s available for sale securities as at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.


	As at December 31, 2024
	Amortized Cost or Cost		Fair Market Value

	($ in millions)
Due one year or less	$	834.1	$	831.2
Due after one year through five years	2,386.5		2,353.2
Due after five years through ten years	1,060.7		1,008.7
Due after ten years	3.5		3.4
	4,284.8		4,196.5
Agency commercial mortgage-backed	5.0		4.4
Agency residential mortgage-backed	600.8		518.7
Asset-backed	256.4		258.7
Total investments, available for sale	$	5,147.0	$	4,978.3


	At December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost or Cost		Fair Market Value

	($ in millions)
Due one year or less	$	512.0	$	505.8
Due after one year through five years	2,889.0		2,818.9
Due after five years through ten years	495.1		440.3
Due after ten years	15.7		15.2
	3,911.8		3,780.2
Agency commercial mortgage-backed	6.6		5.8
Agency residential mortgage-backed	519.9		445.1

Total investments, available for sale	$	4,438.3	$	4,231.1

Guaranteed Investments. As at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company held no investments which are guaranteed by mono-line insurers, excluding those with explicit government guarantees. The Company’s exposure to other third-party guaranteed debt is primarily to investments backed by non-U.S. government guaranteed issuers.


	December 31, 2024
	0-12 months				Over 12 months				Total
	Fair Market Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities

	($ in millions, except number of securities)
Fixed income securities, available for sale
U.S. government	$	718.1	$	(11.6)	$	397.8	$	(14.1)	$	1,115.9	$	(25.7)	137
U.S. agency	—		—		7.2		(0.3)		7.2		(0.3)		1
Municipal	33.6		(0.7)		45.4		(1.2)		79.0		(1.9)		47
Corporate	570.3		(6.8)		663.9		(59.6)		1,234.2		(66.4)		692
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate	5.8		—		91.1		(2.4)		96.9		(2.4)		12
Non-U.S. government	118.8		(0.9)		43.7		(1.5)		162.5		(2.4)		41
Asset-backed	17.2		(0.1)		—		—		17.2		(0.1)		14
Agency commercial mortgage-backed	—		—		4.5		(0.6)		4.5		(0.6)		1
Agency residential mortgage-backed	161.2		(2.2)		351.3		(79.9)		512.5		(82.1)		225


Total fixed income securities, available for sale	$	1,625.0	$	(22.3)	$	1,604.9	$	(159.6)	$	3,229.9	$	(181.9)	1,170


	December 31, 2023
	0-12 months				Over 12 months				Total
	Fair Market Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities

	($ in millions, except number of securities)
Fixed income securities, available for sale
U.S. government	$	105.5	$	(0.5)	$	673.3	$	(26.2)	$	778.8	$	(26.7)	74
U.S. agency	—		—		7.2		(0.3)		7.2		(0.3)		1
Municipal	11.1		(1.0)		117.0		(4.0)		128.1		(5.0)		54
Corporate	46.7		(0.4)		1,287.2		(101.1)		1,333.9		(101.5)		558
Non-U.S. government-backed corporate	0.2		—		95.5		(5.9)		95.7		(5.9)		12
Non-U.S. government	32.9		(0.2)		180.1		(6.5)		213.0		(6.7)		53

Agency commercial mortgage-backed	—		—		5.8		(0.8)		5.8		(0.8)		1
Agency residential mortgage-backed	0.1		—		435.9		(74.9)		436.0		(74.9)		197


Total fixed income securities, available for sale	$	196.5	$	(2.1)	$	2,802.0	$	(219.7)	$	2,998.5	$	(221.8)	950

At December 31, 2024, 1,170 available for sale securities were in an unrealized loss position of $181.9 million, of which $0.3 million was related to securities below investment grade or not rated. At December 31, 2023, 950 available for sale securities were in an unrealized loss position of $221.8 million, of which $1.2 million was related to securities below investment grade or not rated.

The unrealized losses of $181.9 million at December 31, 2024 were due to non-credit factors and are expected to be recovered as the related securities approach maturity. The Company does not intend to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases.