10-K 1 caty_10k-123112.htm FORM 10-K

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K

| R | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012

| ¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 0-18630
Cathay General Bancorp
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 95-4274680
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
777 North Broadway, Los Angeles, California (Address of principal executive offices) |  | 90012 (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (213) 625-4700
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes R No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No R
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes R No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes R No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

| Large accelerated filer R | Accelerated filer ¨
| Non-accelerated filer ¨ | Smaller reporting company¨
| (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No R
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2012) was $1,186,791,731. This value is estimated solely for the purposes of this cover page. The market value of shares held by Registrant’s directors, executive officers, and Employee Stock Ownership Plan have been excluded because they may be considered to be affiliates of the Registrant.
As of February 15, 2013, there were 78,785,472 shares of common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

| • | Portions of Registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to Registrant’s 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into Part III.

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP
2012 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I |  | 3
Item 1. | Business. | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors. | 21
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments. | 34
Item 2. | Properties. | 34
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings. | 34
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures. | 35
Executive Officers of the Registrant. | 35
PART II |  | 35
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. | 35
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data. | 37
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. | 39
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. | 78
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. | 82
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. | 82
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures. | 82
Item 9B. | Other Information. | 85
PART III |  | 85
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. | 85
Item 11. | Executive Compensation. | 85
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. | 85
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. | 86
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services. | 86
PART IV |  | 86
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. | 86
SIGNATURES | 92

Forward-Looking Statements
In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the term “Bancorp” refers to Cathay General Bancorp and the term “Bank” refers to Cathay Bank. The terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Bancorp and the Bank collectively. The statements in this report include forward-looking statements within the meaning of the applicable provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 regarding management’s beliefs, projections, and assumptions concerning future results and events. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provision for forward-looking statements in these provisions. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of federal and state securities laws, including statements about anticipated future operating and financial performance, financial position and liquidity, growth opportunities and growth rates, growth plans, acquisition and divestiture opportunities, business prospects, strategic alternatives, business strategies, financial expectations, regulatory and competitive outlook, investment and expenditure plans, financing needs and availability, and other similar forecasts and statements of expectation and statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Words such as “aims,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “can,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “hopes,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “projects,” “seeks,” “shall,” “should,” “will,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “possible,” “optimistic,” and variations of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements by us are based on estimates, beliefs, projections, and assumptions of management and are not guarantees of future performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or projections. Such risks and uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to, adverse developments or conditions related to or arising from:

| · | U.S. and international business and economic conditions;

| · | credit risks of lending activities and deterioration in asset or credit quality;

| · | current and potential future supervisory action by bank supervisory authorities;

| · | increased costs of compliance and other risks associated with changes in regulation and the current regulatory environment, including the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), and the potential for substantial changes in the legal, regulatory, and enforcement framework and oversight applicable to financial institutions in reaction to recent adverse financial market events, including changes pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act;

| · | potential goodwill impairment;

| · | liquidity risk;

| · | fluctuations in interest rates;

| · | inflation and deflation;

| · | risks associated with acquisitions and the expansion of our business into new markets;

| · | real estate market conditions and the value of real estate collateral;

| · | environmental liabilities;

| · | our ability to compete with larger competitors;

| · | the possibility of higher capital requirements, including implementation of the Basel III capital standards of the Basel Committee;

| · | our ability to retain key personnel;

| · | successful management of reputational risk;

| · | natural disasters and geopolitical events;

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| · | general economic or business conditions in California, Asia, and other regions where the Bank has operations;

| · | restrictions on compensation paid to our executives as a result of our participation in the TARP Capital Purchase Program;

| · | failures, interruptions, or security breaches of our information systems;

| · | our ability to adapt our systems to technological changes, including successfully implementing our core system conversion;

| · | adverse results in legal proceedings;

| · | changes in accounting standards or tax laws and regulations;

| · | market disruption and volatility;

| · | restrictions on dividends and other distributions by laws and regulations and by our regulators and our capital structure;

| · | successfully raising additional capital, if needed, and the resulting dilution of interests of holders of our common stock; and

| · | the soundness of other financial institutions.

These and other factors are further described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (at Item 1A in particular), the Company’s other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and other filings the Company makes with the SEC from time to time. Actual results in any future period may also vary from the past results discussed in this report. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak to the date of this report. We have no intention and undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or to publicly announce any revision of any forward-looking statement to reflect future developments or events, except as required by law.
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PART I
Item 1. Business.
Business of Bancorp
Overview
Cathay General Bancorp is a corporation that was organized in 1990 under the laws of the State of Delaware. We are the holding company of Cathay Bank, a California state-chartered commercial bank (“Cathay Bank” or the “Bank”), six limited partnerships investing in affordable housing investments in which the Bank is the sole limited partner, and GBC Venture Capital, Inc. We also own 100% of the common stock of five statutory business trusts created for the purpose of issuing capital securities. In the future, we may become an operating company or acquire savings institutions, other banks, or companies engaged in bank-related activities and may engage in or acquire such other businesses, or activities as may be permitted by applicable law. Our principal place of business is currently located at 777 North Broadway, Los Angeles, California 90012, and our telephone number at that location is (213) 625-4700. In addition, certain of our administrative offices are located in El Monte, California, and our address there is 9650 Flair Drive, El Monte, California 91731. Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market and our trading symbol is “CATY”.
We are regulated as a bank holding company by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”). Cathay Bank is regulated as a California commercial bank by the California Department of Financial Institutions (“DFI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).
Subsidiaries of Bancorp
In addition to its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, the Bancorp has the following subsidiaries:
Cathay Capital Trust I, Cathay Statutory Trust I, Cathay Capital Trust II, Cathay Capital Trust III and Cathay Capital Trust IV. The Bancorp established Cathay Capital Trust I in June 2003, Cathay Statutory Trust I in September 2003, Cathay Capital Trust II in December 2003, Cathay Capital Trust III in March 2007, and Cathay Capital Trust IV in May 2007 (collectively, the “Trusts”) as wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Trusts are statutory business trusts. The Trusts issued capital securities representing undivided preferred beneficial interests in the assets of the Trusts. The Trusts exist for the purpose of issuing the capital securities and investing the proceeds thereof, together with proceeds from the purchase of the common securities of the Trusts by the Bancorp, in Junior Subordinated Notes issued by the Bancorp. The Bancorp guarantees, on a limited basis, payments of distributions on the capital securities of the Trusts and payments on redemption of the capital securities of the Trusts. The Bancorp is the owner of all the beneficial interests represented by the common securities of the Trusts. The purpose of issuing the capital securities was to provide the Company with a cost-effective means of obtaining Tier 1 Capital for regulatory purposes. Because the Bancorp is not the primary beneficiary of the Trusts, the financial statements of the Trusts are not included in our Consolidated Financial Statements.
GBC Venture Capital, Inc. The business purpose of GBC Venture Capital, Inc. is to hold equity interests (such as options or warrants) received as part of business relationships and to make equity investments in companies and limited partnerships subject to applicable regulatory restrictions.
Competition
Our primary business is to act as the holding company for the Bank. Accordingly, we face the same competitive pressures as those expected by the Bank. For a discussion of those risks, see “Business of the Bank — Competition” below under this Item 1.
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Employees
Due to the limited nature of the Bancorp’s activities as a bank holding company, the Bancorp currently does not employ any persons other than Bancorp’s management, which includes the Chief Executive Officer and President, the Chief Operating Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice Presidents, the Secretary, Assistant Secretary, and the General Counsel. See also “Business of the Bank — Employees” below under this Item 1.
Business of the Bank
General
Cathay Bank was incorporated under the laws of the State of California on August 22, 1961, was licensed by the DFI (previously known as the California State Banking Department) and commenced operations as a California state-chartered bank on April 19, 1962. Cathay Bank is an insured bank under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act by the FDIC, but it is not a member of the Federal Reserve.
The Bank’s head office is located in the Chinatown area of Los Angeles, at 777 North Broadway, Los Angeles, California 90012. In addition, as of December 31, 2012, the Bank had branch offices in Southern California (20 branches), Northern California (11 branches), New York (eight branches), Massachusetts (one branch), Texas (two branches), Washington (three branches), Illinois (three branch locations and one drive-through location), New Jersey (one branch), and Hong Kong (one branch) and a representative office in Shanghai and in Taipei. Deposit accounts at the Hong Kong branch are not insured by the FDIC. Each branch has loan approval rights subject to the branch manager’s authorized lending limits. Current activities of the Shanghai and Taipei representative offices are limited to coordinating the transportation of documents to the Bank’s head office and performing liaison services.
Our primary market area is defined by the Community Reinvestment Act delineation, which includes the contiguous areas surrounding each of the Bank’s branch offices. It is the Bank’s policy to reach out and actively offer services to low and moderate income groups in the delineated branch service areas. Many of the Bank’s employees speak both English and one or more Chinese dialects or Vietnamese, and are thus able to serve the Bank’s Chinese, Vietnamese, and English speaking customers.
As a commercial bank, the Bank accepts checking, savings, and time deposits, and makes commercial, real estate, personal, home improvement, automobile, and other installment and term loans. From time to time, the Bank invests available funds in other interest-earning assets, such as U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, state and municipal securities, mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, corporate bonds, and other security investments. The Bank also provides letters of credit, wire transfers, forward currency spot and forward contracts, traveler’s checks, safe deposit, night deposit, Social Security payment deposit, collection, bank-by-mail, drive-up and walk-up windows, automatic teller machines (“ATM”), Internet banking services, and other customary bank services.
The Bank primarily services individuals, professionals, and small to medium-sized businesses in the local markets in which its branches are located and provides commercial mortgage loans, commercial loans, Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans, residential mortgage loans, real estate construction loans, equity lines of credit, and installment loans to individuals for automobile, household, and other consumer expenditures.
Through Cathay Wealth Management, the Bank provides its customers the ability to trade securities online and to purchase mutual funds, annuities, equities, bonds, and short-term money market instruments. All securities and insurance products provided by Cathay Wealth Management are offered by, and all Financial Consultants are registered with, Cetera Financial Services, a registered securities broker/dealer and licensed insurance agency and member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and Security Investor Protection Corporation. Cetera Financial Services and Cathay Bank are independent entities. These products are not insured by the FDIC.
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Securities
The Bank’s securities portfolio is managed in accordance with a written Investment Policy which addresses strategies, types, and levels of allowable investments, and which is reviewed and approved by our Board of Directors on an annual basis.
Our investment portfolio is managed to meet our liquidity needs through proceeds from scheduled maturities and is also utilized for pledging requirements for deposits of state and local subdivisions, securities sold under repurchase agreements, and Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances. The portfolio is comprised of U.S. government agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate debt instruments, asset-backed securities, mutual funds, and equity securities.
Information concerning the carrying value, maturity distribution, and yield analysis of the Company’s securities portfolio as well as a summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Bank’s securities by contractual maturity is included in Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Loans
The Bank’s Board of Directors and senior management establish, review, and modify the Bank’s lending policies. These policies include (as applicable) an evaluation of a potential borrower’s financial condition, ability to repay the loan, character, existence of secondary repayment source (such as guaranties), quality and availability of collateral, capital, leverage capacity of the borrower, regulatory guidelines, market conditions for the borrower’s business or project, and prevailing economic trends and conditions. Loan originations are obtained through a variety of sources, including existing customers, walk-in customers, referrals from brokers or existing customers, and advertising. While loan applications are accepted at all branches, the Bank’s centralized document department supervises the application process including documentation of loans, review of appraisals, and credit reports.
Commercial Mortgage Loans. Commercial mortgage loans are typically secured by first deeds of trust on commercial properties. Our commercial mortgage portfolio includes primarily commercial retail properties, shopping centers, and owner-occupied industrial facilities, and, secondarily, office buildings, multiple-unit apartments, hotels, and multi-tenanted industrial properties.
The Bank also makes medium-term commercial mortgage loans which are generally secured by commercial or industrial buildings where the borrower uses the property for business purposes or derives income from tenants.
Commercial Loans. The Bank provides financial services to diverse commercial and professional businesses in its market areas. Commercial loans consist primarily of short-term loans (normally with a maturity of up to one year) to support general business purposes, or to provide working capital to businesses in the form of lines of credit to finance trade. The Bank continues to focus primarily on commercial lending to small-to-medium size businesses within the Bank’s geographic market areas. The Bank participates or syndicates loans, typically more than $20 million in principal amount, with other financial institutions to limit its credit exposure. Commercial loan pricing is generally at a rate tied to the prime rate, as quoted in The Wall Street Journal, or the Bank’s reference rate.
SBA Loans. The Bank originates U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans under the national “preferred lender” status. Preferred lender status is granted to a lender which has made a certain number of SBA loans and which, in the opinion of the SBA, has staff qualified and experienced in small business loans. As a preferred lender, the Bank’s SBA Lending Group has the authority to issue, on behalf of the SBA, the SBA guaranty on loans under the 7(a) program which may result in shortening the time it takes to process a loan. In addition, under this program, the SBA delegates loan underwriting, closing, and most servicing and liquidation authority and responsibility to selected lenders.
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The Bank utilizes both the 504 program, which is focused toward long-term financing of buildings and other long-term fixed assets, and the 7(a) program, which is the SBA’s primary loan program and which can be used for financing of a variety of general business purposes such as acquisition of land and buildings, equipment, inventory and working capital needs of eligible businesses generally over a 5- to 25-year term. The collateral position in the SBA loans is enhanced by the SBA guaranty in the case of 7(a) loans, and by lower loan-to-value ratios under the 504 program. The Bank has sold, and may in the future sell, the guaranteed portion of certain of its SBA 7(a) loans in the secondary market. SBA loan pricing is generally at a rate tied to the prime rate, as quoted in The Wall Street Journal.
Residential Mortgage Loans. The Bank originates single-family-residential mortgage loans. The single-family-residential mortgage loans are comprised of conforming, nonconforming, and jumbo residential mortgage loans, and are secured by first or subordinate liens on single (one-to-four) family residential properties. The Bank’s products include a fixed-rate residential mortgage loan and an adjustable-rate residential mortgage loan. Mortgage loans are underwritten in accordance with the Bank’s and regulatory guidelines, on the basis of the borrower’s financial capabilities, independent appraisal of value of the property, historical loan quality, and other relevant factors. As of December 31, 2012, approximately 63% of the Bank’s residential mortgages were for properties located in California. It is the current practice of the Bank to sell all conforming fixed rate residential first mortgages that meet Government Sponsored Agency guidelines to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation on a cash basis as they are originated. The Bank retains all other mortgage loans it originates in its portfolio. As such, the Bank doesn’t expect to be impacted by the expected regulations pertaining to risk retention, since the Bank doesn’t securitize any of the loans it sells or retains.
Real Estate Construction Loans. The Bank’s real estate construction loan activity focuses on providing short-term loans to individuals and developers, primarily for the construction of multi-unit projects. Residential real estate construction loans are typically secured by first deeds of trust and guarantees of the borrower. The economic viability of the projects, borrower’s credit worthiness, and borrower’s and contractor’s experience are primary considerations in the loan underwriting decision. The Bank utilizes approved independent licensed appraisers and monitors projects during the construction phase through construction inspections and a disbursement program tied to the percentage of completion of each project. The Bank also occasionally makes unimproved property loans to borrowers who intend to construct a single-family residence on their lots generally within twelve months. In addition, the Bank makes commercial real estate construction loans to high net worth clients with adequate liquidity for construction of office and warehouse properties. Such loans are typically secured by first deeds of trust and are guaranteed by the borrower.
Home Equity Lines of Credit. The Bank offers variable-rate home equity lines of credit that are secured by the borrower’s home. The pricing on the variable-rate home equity line of credit is generally at a rate tied to the prime rate, as quoted in The Wall Street Journal, or the Bank’s reference rate. Borrowers may use this line of credit for home improvement financing, debt consolidation and other personal uses.
Installment Loans. Installment loans tend to be fixed rate and longer-term (one-to-six year maturities). These loans are funded primarily for the purpose of financing the purchase of automobiles and other personal uses of the borrower.
Distribution and Maturity of Loans. Information concerning types, distribution, and maturity of loans is included in Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Asset Quality
The Bank’s lending and credit policies require management to review regularly the Bank’s loan portfolio so that the Bank can monitor the quality of its assets. If during the ordinary course of business, management becomes aware that a borrower may not be able to meet the contractual payment obligations under a loan, then that loan is supervised more closely with consideration given to placing the loan on non-accrual status, the need for an additional allowance for loan losses, and (if appropriate) partial or full charge-off.
Under the Bank’s current policy, a loan will generally be placed on a non-accrual status if interest or principal is past due 90 days or more, or in cases where management deems the full collection of principal and interest unlikely. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, previously accrued but unpaid interest is reversed and charged against current income, and subsequent payments received are generally first applied towards the outstanding principal balance of the loan. Depending on the circumstances, management may elect to continue the accrual of interest on certain past due loans if partial payment is received or the loan is well-collateralized, and in the process of collection. The loan is generally returned to accrual status when the borrower has brought the past due principal and interest payments current and, in the opinion of management, the borrower has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled. A non-accrual loan may also be returned to accrual status if all principal and interest contractually due are reasonably assured of repayment within a reasonable period and there has been a sustained period of payment performance, generally six months.
Information concerning non-performing loans, restructured loans, allowance for credit losses, loans charged-off, loan recoveries, and other real estate owned is included in Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in Note 5 and Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Deposits
The Bank offers a variety of deposit products in order to meet its customers’ needs. As of December 31, 2012, the Bank offered passbook accounts, checking accounts, money market deposit accounts, certificates of deposit, individual retirement accounts, college certificates of deposit, and public funds deposits. These products are priced in order to promote growth of deposits.
The Bank’s deposits are generally obtained from residents within its geographic market area. The Bank utilizes traditional marketing methods to attract new customers and deposits, by offering a wide variety of products and services and utilizing various forms of advertising media. From time to time, the Bank may offer special deposit promotions. Information concerning types of deposit accounts, average deposits and rates, and maturity of time deposits of $100,000 or more is included in Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Borrowings
Borrowings from time to time include securities sold under agreements to repurchase, the purchase of federal funds, funds obtained as advances from the FHLB, borrowing from other financial institutions, subordinated debt, and Junior Subordinated Notes. Information concerning the types, amounts, and maturity of borrowings is included in Note 10 and Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Return on Equity and Assets
Information concerning the return on average assets, return on average stockholders’ equity, the average equity to assets ratio and the dividend payout ratio is included in Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Interest Rates and Differentials
Information concerning the interest-earning asset mix, average interest-earning assets, average interest-bearing liabilities, and the yields on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is included in Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income
An analysis of changes in net interest income due to changes in rate and volume is included in Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Commitments and Letters of Credit
Information concerning the Bank’s outstanding loan commitments and letters of credit is included in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Expansion
We have engaged in expansion through acquisitions and may consider acquisitions in the future in order to compete for new deposits and loans, and to be able to serve our customers more effectively
Subsidiaries of Cathay Bank
Cathay Real Estate Investment Trust (“CB REIT”) is a real estate investment trust subsidiary of the Bank that was formed in January 2003 to provide the Bank with flexibility in raising capital. During 2003, the Bank contributed $1.13 billion in loans and securities to CB REIT in exchange for 100% of the common stock of CB REIT. CB REIT sold $4.4 million in 2003 and $4.2 million in 2004 of its 7.0% Series A Non-Cumulative preferred stock to accredited investors. During 2005, CB REIT repurchased $131,000 of its preferred stock. At December 31, 2012, total assets of CB REIT were consolidated with the Company and totaled approximately $1.47 billion.
Cathay Community Development Corporation (“CCDC”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank and was incorporated in September 2006. The primary mission of CCDC is to help in the development of low-income neighborhoods in the Bank's California and New York service areas by providing or facilitating the availability of capital to businesses and real estate developers working to renovate these neighborhoods. In October 2006, CCDC formed a wholly-owned subsidiary, Cathay New Asia Community Development Corporation (“CNACDC”), for the purpose of assuming New Asia Bank’s pre-existing New Markets Tax Credit activities in the greater Chicago area by providing or facilitating the availability of capital to businesses and real estate developers working to renovate these neighborhoods. CNACDC has been certified as a community development entity and is seeking to participate in the U.S. Treasury Department's New Markets Tax Credit program.
Cathay Holdings LLC (“CHLLC”) was incorporated in December 2007, Cathay Holdings 2 LLC (“CHLLC2”) was incorporated in January 2008, and Cathay Holdings 3 LLC (“CHLLC3”) was incorporated in December 2008. They are wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Bank. The purpose of these subsidiaries is to hold other real estate owned in the state of Texas that was transferred from the Bank. Since February 2011, CHLLC, CHLLC2, and CHLLC3 have not owned any real estate.
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Competition
We face substantial competition for deposits, loans and other banking services, as well as acquisitions, throughout our market area from the major banks and financial institutions that dominate the commercial banking industry. This may cause our cost of funds to exceed that of our competitors. These banks and financial institutions have greater resources than we do, including the ability to finance advertising campaigns and allocate their investment assets to regions of higher yield and demand and make acquisitions. By virtue of their larger capital bases, they have substantially greater lending limits than we do and perform certain functions, including trust services, which are not presently offered by us. We also compete for loans and deposits, as well as other banking services, with savings and loan associations, brokerage houses, insurance companies, mortgage companies, credit unions, credit card companies and other financial and non-financial institutions and entities. The recent consolidation of certain competing financial institutions and the conversion of certain investment banks to bank holding companies have increased the level of competition among financial services companies and may adversely affect our ability to market our products and services. Significant increases in the costs of monitoring and ensuring compliance with new banking regulations and the necessary costs of upgrading information technology and data processing capabilities can have a disproportionate impact on our ability to compete with larger institutions.
To compete with other financial institutions in its primary service areas, the Bank relies principally upon local promotional activities, personal contacts by its officers, directors, employees, and stockholders, extended hours on weekdays, Saturday banking in certain locations, Internet banking, an Internet website (www.cathaybank.com), and certain other specialized services. The content of our website is not incorporated into and is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
If a proposed loan exceeds the Bank’s internal lending limits, the Bank has, in the past, and may in the future, arrange the loan on a participation or syndication basis with correspondent banks. The Bank also assists customers requiring other services not offered by the Bank to obtain these services from its correspondent banks.
In California, one larger Chinese-American bank competes for loans and deposits with the Bank and at least two super-regional banks compete with the Bank for deposits. In addition, there are many other Chinese-American banks in both Southern and Northern California. Banks from the Pacific Rim countries, such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China also continue to open branches in the Los Angeles area, thus increasing competition in the Bank’s primary markets. See discussion below in Part I — Item 1A — “Risk Factors.”
Employees
As of December 31, 2012, the Bank and its subsidiaries employed approximately 1,092 persons, including 480 banking officers. None of the employees are represented by a union. We believe that our employer-employee relations are good.
Available Information
We invite you to visit our website at www.cathaygeneralbancorp.com, to access free of charge the Bancorp's Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, all of which are made available as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In addition, you can write to us to obtain a free copy of any of those reports at Cathay General Bancorp, 9650 Flair Drive, El Monte, California 91731, Attn: Investor Relations. These reports are also available through the SEC’s Public Reference Room, located at 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549 and online at the SEC’s website, located at www.sec.gov. Investors can obtain information about the operation of the SEC’s Public Reference Room by calling 800-SEC-0300.
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Regulation and Supervision
General
The Bancorp and the Bank are subject to significant regulation and restrictions by federal and state laws and regulatory agencies. This regulation is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the deposit insurance fund, and secondarily for the stability of the U.S. banking system. It is not intended for the benefit of stockholders of financial institutions. The following discussion of statutes and regulations is a summary and does not purport to be complete nor does it address all applicable statutes and regulations. This discussion is also qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text and to the implementation and enforcement of the statutes and regulations referred to in this discussion.
Additional initiatives may be proposed or introduced before Congress, the California Legislature, and other governmental bodies in the future. Such proposals, if enacted, may further alter the structure, regulation, and competitive relationship among financial institutions and may subject us to increased supervision and disclosure and reporting requirements. In addition, the various bank regulatory agencies often adopt new rules and regulations and policies to implement and enforce existing legislation. It cannot be predicted whether, or in what form, any such legislation or regulatory changes in policy may be enacted or the extent to which the business of the Bank would be affected thereby. In addition, the outcome of examinations, any litigation, or any investigations initiated by state or federal authorities may result in necessary changes in our operations and increased compliance costs.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act financial reform legislation (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) significantly revised and expanded the rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement authority of the federal bank regulatory agencies. The numerous rules and regulations that have been promulgated and are yet to be promulgated and finalized under the Dodd-Frank Act are likely to significantly impact our operations and compliance costs. The Dodd-Frank Act followed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (“EESA”) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (“ARRA”) in response to the economic downturn and financial industry instability.
The Dodd-Frank Act impacts many aspects of the financial industry and, in many cases, will impact larger and smaller financial institutions and community banks differently over time. Many of the following key provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act affecting the financial industry are now either effective or are in the proposed rule or implementation stage:

| ● | the creation of a Financial Services Oversight Counsel to identify emerging systemic risks and improve interagency cooperation;

| ● | expanded the authority of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) to conduct the orderly liquidation of certain systemically significant non-bank financial companies in addition to depository institutions;

| ● | the establishment of strengthened capital and liquidity requirements for banks and bank holding companies, including minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements no less than the strictest requirements in effect for depository institutions as of the date of enactment;

| ● | the requirement by statute that bank holding companies serve as a source of financial strength for their depository institution subsidiaries;

| ● | limitations, or significant burdens and compliance and other costs, on activities traditionally conducted by banking organizations, such as originating and securitizing mortgage loans and other financial assets, arranging and participating in swap and derivative transactions and proprietary trading and investing in private equity and other funds (the “Volcker Rule”);

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| ● | the termination of investments by the U.S. Treasury under the Troubled Asset Relief Program (“TARP”);

| ● | the elimination and phase out of trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital with certain exceptions;

| ● | a permanent increase of FDIC deposit insurance to $250,000 and an extension of federal deposit coverage through 2012 for the full net amount held by depositors in business checking and othernon-interesting bearing transaction accounts;

| ● | changes in the calculation of FDIC deposit insurance assessments, such that the assessment base will no longer be the institution’s deposit base, but instead, will be its average consolidated total assets less its average tangible equity;

| ● | the elimination of remaining barriers to de novo interstate branching by banks;

| ● | expanded restrictions on transactions with affiliates and insiders under Section 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and lending limits for derivative transactions, repurchase agreements, and securities lending and borrowing transactions;

| ● | provisions that affect corporate governance and executive compensation at most United States publicly traded companies, including (i) stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation, (ii) executive compensation “clawback” requirements for companies listed on national securities exchanges in the event of materially inaccurate statements of earnings, revenues, gains or other criteria, (iii) enhanced independence requirements for compensation committee members, and (iv) giving the SEC authority to adopt proxy access rules which would permit stockholders of publicly traded companies to nominate candidates for election as director and have those nominees included in a company’s proxy statement; and

| ● | the establishment of the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) with responsibility for promulgating regulations designed to protect consumers’ financial interests and prohibit unfair, deceptive, and abusive acts and practices by financial institutions, and with authority to directly examine those financial institutions with $10 billion or more in assets for compliance with consumer laws and regulations.

In general, more stringent capital, liquidity and leverage requirements are expected to impact our business as the Dodd-Frank Act is fully implemented. The federal agencies have issued proposed rules which will apply directly to larger institutions with more than $10 billion in assets, such as regulations of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve for financial institutions deemed systemically significant, Federal Reserve and FDIC rules requiring stress tests and Federal Reserve rules to implement the Volcker Rule. However, requirements and policies imposed on larger institutions may, in some cases, become “best practice” standards for smaller institutions. Therefore, as a result of the changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act, the profitability of our business activities may be impacted and we may be required to make changes to certain of our business practices. These changes may also require us to devote significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make any changes necessary to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements.
We participated in TARP, which was designed to bolster eligible healthy institutions by injecting capital into these institutions, so that we could continue to lend and support our current and prospective clients. Under the terms of our participation, we received $258 million in exchange for the issuance of preferred stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and a warrant to purchase common stock and thereby became subject to various requirements, including certain restrictions on paying dividends on our common stock and repurchasing our equity securities, unless the U.S. Treasury has consented.
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In order to participate in TARP, financial institutions were required to adopt certain standards for executive compensation and corporate governance. ARRA also included a wide variety of programs intended to stimulate the economy and provide for extensive infrastructure, energy, health, and education needs. ARRA imposes certain stringent executive compensation and corporate expenditure limits on all TARP recipients until the U.S. Treasury is repaid. We have complied with the compensation provisions of TARP and ARRA and have certified as to such compliance in the exhibits attached to this report pursuant to Section 111(b) of EESA. We contemplate that we may be able to partially or fully redeem the Series B Preferred Stock in 2013 depending on our earnings and receipt of approval by our regulators to receive dividends from the Bank that would be used to repurchase our Series B Preferred Stock.
Bank Holding Company and Bank Regulation
The Bancorp is a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act and is registered as such with the Federal Reserve. The Bancorp is also a bank holding company within the meaning of Section 3700 of the California Financial Code and is subject to examination by, and may be required to file reports with, the California Department of Financial Institutions (“DFI”). As a California commercial bank the deposits of which are insured by the FDIC, the Bank is subject to regulation, supervision, and regular examination by the DFI and by the FDIC, as the Bank’s primary federal regulator, and must additionally comply with certain applicable regulations of the Federal Reserve.
Bank holding companies and their bank and non-bank subsidiaries are subject to significant regulation and restrictions by federal and state laws and regulatory agencies. These laws, regulations and restrictions, which may affect the cost of doing business, limit permissible activities and expansion or impact the competitive balance between banks and other financial services providers, are intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund, and secondarily for the stability of the U.S. banking system. They are not intended for the benefit of stockholders of financial institutions. The following discussion of key statutes and regulations to which the Bancorp and the Bank are subject is a summary and does not purport to be complete nor does it address all applicable statutes and regulations. This discussion is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full statutes and regulations.
The wide range of requirements and restrictions contained in both federal and state banking laws include:

| ● | Requirements that bank holding companies and banks file periodic reports.

| ● | Requirements that bank holding companies and banks meet or exceed minimum capital requirements. See Part 1 — Item 1 — “Business — Capital Requirements.”

| ● | Requirements that bank holding companies serve as a source of financial and managerial strength for their banking subsidiaries. In addition, the regulatory agencies have “prompt corrective action” authority to limit activities and require a limited guaranty of a required bank capital restoration plan by a bank holding company if the capital of a bank subsidiary falls below capital levels required by the regulators.

| ● | Limitations on dividends payable to stockholders. The Bancorp’s ability to pay dividends on both its common and preferred stock are subject to legal and regulatory restrictions. A substantial portion of the Bancorp’s funds to pay dividends or to pay principal and interest on our debt obligations is derived from dividends paid by the Bank.

| ● | Limitations on dividends payable by bank subsidiaries. These dividends are subject to various legal and regulatory restrictions. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depositary institution’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice. Moreover, the federal agencies have issued policy statements that provide that bank holding companies and insured banks should generally only pay dividends out of current operating earnings.

| ● | Safety and soundness requirements. Banks must be operated in a safe and sound manner and meet standards applicable to internal controls, information systems, internal audit, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, and compensation, as well as other operational and management standards. These safety and soundness requirements give bank regulatory agencies significant latitude in exercising their supervisory authority and their authority to initiate informal or formal enforcement action.

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| ● | Requirements for notice, application and approval, or non-objection of acquisitions and activities conducted directly or in subsidiaries of the Bancorp or the Bank.

| ● | Compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”). The CRA requires that banks help meet the credit needs in their communities, including the availability of credit to low and moderate income individuals. If the Bank fails to adequately serve its communities, penalties may be imposed, including denials of applications for branches, for adding subsidiaries and affiliates, or for the merger with or purchase of other financial institutions. In its last reported examination by the FDIC in March, 2011, the Bank received a CRA rating of “Satisfactory.”

| ● | Compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act, the USA Patriot Act, and other anti-money laundering laws. These laws and regulations require financial institutions to assist U.S. government agencies in detecting and preventing money laundering and other illegal acts by maintaining policies, procedures and controls designed to detect and report money laundering, terrorist financing, and other suspicious activity.

| ● | Limitations on the amount of loans to one borrower and its affiliates and to executive officers and directors.

| ● | Limitations on transactions with affiliates.

| ● | Restrictions on the nature and amount of any investments in, and ability to underwrite, certain securities.

| ● | Requirements for opening of intra- and interstate branches.

| ● | Truth in lending and other consumer protection and disclosure laws to ensure equal access to credit and to protect consumers in credit transactions.

| ● | Provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (“GLB Act”) and other federal and state laws dealing with privacy for nonpublic personal information of customers.

Additional Restrictions on Bancorp and Bank Activities
Subject to prior notice or Federal Reserve approval, bank holding companies may generally engage in, or acquire shares of companies engaged in, activities determined by the Federal Reserve to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Bank holding companies which elect and retain “financial holding company” status pursuant to the GLB Act may engage in these nonbanking activities and broader securities, insurance, merchant banking and other activities that are determined to be “financial in nature” or are incidental or complementary to activities that are financial in nature without prior Federal Reserve approval. Pursuant to the GLB Act and the Dodd-Frank Act, in order to elect and retain financial holding company status, a bank holding company and all depository institution subsidiaries of a bank holding company must be well capitalized and well managed, and, except in limited circumstances, depository subsidiaries must be in satisfactory compliance with the CRA, which requires banks to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate. Failure to sustain compliance with these requirements or correct any non-compliance within a fixed time period could lead to divestiture of subsidiary banks or require all activities to conform to those permissible for a bank holding company. The Bancorp has not elected financial holding company status and has not engaged in any activities determined by the Federal Reserve to be financial in nature or incidental or complementary to activities that are financial in nature.
Pursuant to the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDI Act”) and the California Financial Code, California state chartered commercial banks may generally engage in any activity permissible for national banks. Therefore, the Bank may form subsidiaries to engage in the many so-called “closely related to banking” or “nonbanking” activities commonly conducted by national banks in operating subsidiaries or subsidiaries of bank holding companies. Further, pursuant to the GLB Act, California banks may conduct certain “financial” activities in a subsidiary to the same extent as may a national bank, provided the bank is and remains “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” and in satisfactory compliance with the CRA. The Bank currently has no financial subsidiaries.
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Enforcement Authority
The Bank operates branches and/or loan production offices in California, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Texas, Washington, and New Jersey. While the DFI remains the Bank’s primary state regulator, the Bank’s operations in these jurisdictions are subject to examination and supervision by local bank regulators, and transactions with customers in those jurisdictions are subject to local laws, including consumer protection laws. The Bank also operates a branch in Hong Kong and a representative office in Taipei and in Shanghai. The operations of these foreign offices and branches (and limits on the scope of their activities) are subject to local law and regulatory authorities in those jurisdictions in addition to regulation and supervision by the DFI and the Federal Reserve.
The federal and California regulatory structure gives the bank regulatory agencies extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. The regulatory agencies have adopted guidelines to assist in identifying and addressing potential safety and soundness concerns before an institution’s capital becomes impaired. The guidelines establish operational and managerial standards generally relating to: (i) internal controls, information systems, and internal audit systems; (ii) loan documentation; (iii) credit underwriting; (iv) interest-rate exposure; (v) asset growth and asset quality; and (vi) compensation, fees, and benefits. Further, the regulatory agencies have adopted safety and soundness guidelines for asset quality and for evaluating and monitoring earnings to ensure that earnings are sufficient for the maintenance of adequate capital and reserves. If, as a result of an examination, the DFI or the FDIC should determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, or other aspects of the Bank’s operations are unsatisfactory or that the Bank or its management is violating or has violated any law or regulation, the DFI and the FDIC, and separately the FDIC as insurer of the Bank’s deposits, have residual authority to:

| ● | Require affirmative action to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice;

| ● | Direct an increase in capital and the maintenance of higher specific minimum capital ratios, which may preclude the Bank from being deemed well capitalized and restrict its ability to accept certain brokered deposits;

| ● | Restrict the Bank’s growth geographically, by products and services, or by mergers and acquisitions;

| ● | Enter into or issue informal or formal enforcement actions, including required Board resolutions, memoranda of understanding, written agreements and consent or cease and desist orders or prompt corrective action orders to take corrective action and cease unsafe and unsound practices;

| ● | Require prior approval of senior executive officer or director changes; remove officers and directors, and assess civil monetary penalties; and

| ● | Terminate FDIC insurance, revoke the Bank’s charter, take possession of and close and liquidate the Bank, or appoint the FDIC as receiver.

The Federal Reserve has similar enforcement authority over bank holding companies and commonly takes parallel action in conjunction with actions taken by a subsidiary bank’s regulators.
On December 17, 2009, the Bancorp entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (the “FRB SF”) under which the Bancorp agreed, among other things, to limitations on payment of and receipt of dividends and on senior executive officer and director changes, and to submit a plan to maintain sufficient capital, a plan to improve management of our liquidity position and funds management practices, and a liquidity policy and contingency funding plan for the Bancorp.
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Until it was terminated as of November 7, 2012, the Bank was subject to a memorandum of understanding with the DFI and the FDIC that was entered into on March 1, 2010, by which the Bank agreed to undertake certain steps to strengthen its operations. This included, among other things, the submission of satisfactory plans to reduce commercial real estate concentrations, to enhance and to improve the quality of our stress testing of the Bank’s loan portfolio, to address improved profitability and capital ratios and reduce the Bank’s overall risk profile, to improve asset quality, and to reduce dependence on wholesale funding. In addition, we were required to maintain management and a board acceptable to the DFI and FDIC.
Deposit Insurance
The FDIC is an independent federal agency that insures deposits, up to prescribed statutory limits, of federally insured banks and savings institutions and safeguards the safety and soundness of the banking and savings industries. The FDIC insures our customer deposits through the Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) up to prescribed limits for each depositor. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the maximum deposit insurance amount was permanently increased to $250,000 and unlimited insurance coverage for non-interest-bearing transaction accounts was provided through December 31, 2012, but the latter coverage was not extended by Congress. The amount of FDIC assessments paid by each DIF member institution is based on its relative risk of default as measured by regulatory capital ratios and other supervisory factors. All FDIC-insured institutions are also required to pay assessments to the FDIC to fund interest payments on bonds issued by the Financing Corporation (“FICO"), an agency of the federal government established to recapitalize the predecessor to the DIF. These assessments will continue until the FICO bonds mature in 2017.
We are generally unable to control the amount of assessments that we are required to pay for FDIC insurance. If there are additional bank or financial institution failures or if the FDIC otherwise determines, we may be required to pay even higher FDIC assessments than the recently increased levels. These increases in FDIC insurance assessments may have a material and adverse affect on our earnings and could have a material adverse effect on the value of, or market for, our common stock.
Capital Adequacy Requirements
Bank holding companies and banks are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies. Increased capital requirements have also been proposed as a result of expanded authority set forth in the Dodd-Frank Act. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weighting, and other factors. At December 31, 2012, the Company’s and the Bank’s capital ratios exceeded the minimum capital adequacy guideline percentage requirements of the federal banking agencies for “well capitalized” institutions. See Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Capital Resources —Capital Adequacy.”
The current risk-based capital guidelines for bank holding companies and banks adopted by the federal banking agencies are expected to provide a measure of capital that reflects the degree of risk associated with a banking organization’s operations for both transactions reported on the balance sheet as assets, such as loans, and those recorded as off-balance sheet items, such as commitments, letters of credit, and recourse arrangements. The risk-based capital ratio is determined by classifying assets and certain off-balance sheet financial instruments into weighted categories, with higher levels of capital being required for those categories perceived as representing greater risks and dividing its qualifying capital by its total risk-adjusted assets and off-balance sheet items. Bank holding companies and banks engaged in significant trading activity may also be subject to the market risk capital guidelines and be required to incorporate additional market and interest rate risk components into their risk-based capital standards.
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Qualifying capital is classified depending on the type of capital:

| ● | “Tier I capital” currently includes common equity and trust preferred securities, subject to certain criteria and quantitative limits. The capital received from the sale of the Series B Preferred Stock also qualifies as Tier I capital. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, depository institution holding companies with more than $15 billion in total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2009, will no longer be able to include trust preferred securities as Tier 1 regulatory capital as of the end of a phase-out period in 2016, and will be obligated to replace any outstanding trust preferred securities issued prior to May 19, 2010, with qualifying Tier 1 regulatory capital during the phase-out period.

| ● | “Tier II capital” includes hybrid capital instruments, other qualifying debt instruments, a limited amount of the allowance for loan and lease losses, and a limited amount of unrealized holding gains on equity securities. Following the phase-out period under the Dodd-Frank Act, trust preferred securities will be treated as Tier II capital.

| ● | “Tier III capital” consists of qualifying unsecured debt. The sum of Tier II and Tier III capital may not exceed the amount of Tier I capital.

Under the current capital guidelines, there are three fundamental capital ratios: a total risk-based capital ratio, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio. To be deemed “well capitalized” a bank must have a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.00%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least at 6.00%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.00%. There is currently no Tier 1 leverage requirement for a holding company to be deemed well-capitalized. At December 31, 2012, the respective capital ratios of the Bancorp and the Bank exceeded the minimum percentage requirements to be deemed “well-capitalized.” As of December 31, 2012, the Bank’s total risk-based capital ratio was 17.08% and its Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio was 15.33%. As of December 31, 2012, the Bancorp’s total risk-based capital ratio was 19.12% and its Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio was 17.36%.
The Bancorp and the Bank are also required to maintain a leverage capital ratio designed to supplement the risk-based capital guidelines. Banks and bank holding companies that have received the highest rating of the five categories used by regulators to rate banks and that are not anticipating or experiencing any significant growth must maintain a ratio of Tier 1 capital (net of all intangibles) to adjusted total assets of at least 3.00%. All other institutions are required to maintain a leverage ratio of at least 100 to 200 basis points above the 3.00% minimum, for a minimum of 4.00% to 5.00%. As of December 31, 2012, the Bank’s leverage capital ratio was 12.22%, and the Bancorp’s leverage capital ratio was 13.82%, both of which exceeded regulatory minimums.
Pursuant to federal regulations, banks must maintain capital levels commensurate with the level of risk to which they are exposed, including the volume and severity of problem loans. Federal regulators may, however, set higher capital requirements when a bank’s particular circumstances warrant and have required many banks and bank holding companies subject to enforcement actions to maintain capital ratios in excess of the minimum ratios otherwise required to be deemed well capitalized, in which case institutions may no longer be deemed well capitalized and may therefore be subject to restrictions on taking brokered deposits.
The federal regulatory authorities’ risk-based capital guidelines are based upon the 1988 capital accord (“Basel I”) of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”). The Basel Committee is a committee of central banks and bank supervisors/regulators from the major industrialized countries that develops broad policy guidelines for use by each country’s supervisors in determining the supervisory policies they apply. In 2004, the Basel Committee published a new capital accord (“Basel II”) to replace Basel I. Basel II provides two approaches for setting capital standards for credit risk – an internal ratings-based approach tailored to individual institutions’ circumstances and a standardized approach that bases risk weightings on external credit assessments to a much greater extent than permitted in existing risk-based capital guidelines. Basel II also sets capital requirements for operational risk and refines the existing capital requirements for market risk exposures.
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In December 2010, the Basel Committee released its final framework for strengthening international capital and liquidity regulation, now officially identified as “Basel III.” If and when implemented by the U.S. banking agencies and fully phased-in, it would require bank holding companies and their bank subsidiaries to maintain substantially more capital than currently required, with a greater emphasis on common equity. The Dodd-Frank Act also required the Federal Reserve, the Office of the Controller of the Currency, and the FDIC to adopt regulations imposing a continuing “floor” of the Basel I-based capital requirements in cases where the Basel II-based capital requirements and any changes in capital regulations resulting from Basel III otherwise would permit lower requirements. In December 2010, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a joint notice of proposed rulemaking not yet finalized that would implement this requirement.
On June 7, 2012, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a series of proposed rules that would revise their risk-based and leverage capital requirements and their method for calculating risk-weighted assets to make them consistent with the agreements that were reached by the Basel Committee in Basel III and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The proposed rules, which would be fully phased in by January 1, 2019, would apply to all depository institutions, top-tier bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $500 million or more, and top-tier savings and loan holding companies (“banking organizations”). Among other things, the proposed rules establish a new Common Equity Tier 1 minimum capital requirement of 4.5% and a higher minimum Tier 1 capital requirement of 6.0% and assign higher risk weightings (150%) to exposures that are more than 90 days past due or are on nonaccrual status and certain commercial real estate facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property. Additionally, the U.S. implementation of Basel III contemplates that, for banking organizations with less than $15 billion in assets, the ability to treat trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital would be phased out over a ten-year period. The proposed rules also require unrealized gains and losses on certain securities holdings to be included for purposes of calculating regulatory capital requirements. The proposed rules limit a banking organization’s capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the banking organization does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of a specified amount of common equity Tier 1 capital in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The proposed rules indicated that the final rule would become effective on January 1, 2013, and the changes set forth in the final rules will be phased in from January 1, 2013, through January 1, 2019. However, the agencies have recently indicated that, due to the volume of public comments received, the final rule would not become effective on January 1, 2013.
While the proposed regulatory capital requirements, when finalized, will likely result in generally higher regulatory capital standards for the Bancorp and the Bank, it is difficult at this time to predict when or how many of the proposed provisions will ultimately be adopted or whether broader exemptions may be provided for community banks. In addition, bank regulators may also continue their past policies of expecting banks to maintain yet additional capital beyond the new minimum requirements. The implementation of more stringent requirements to maintain higher levels of capital or to maintain higher levels of liquid assets could adversely impact the Bancorp’s net income and return on equity, restrict the ability to pay dividends and require the raising of additional capital.
Failure to meet statutorily mandated capital guidelines or more restrictive ratios separately established for a financial institution could subject a bank or bank holding company to a variety of enforcement remedies, including issuance of a capital directive, the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, a prohibition on accepting or renewing brokered deposits, limitations on the rates of interest that the institution may pay on its deposits and other restrictions on its business. Significant additional restrictions can be imposed on FDIC-insured depository institutions that fail to meet applicable capital requirements under the regulatory agencies’ prompt corrective action authority.
Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
The FDI Act provides a framework for regulation of depository institutions and their affiliates, including parent holding companies, by their federal banking regulators. It requires the relevant federal banking regulator to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to a depository institution if that institution does not meet certain capital adequacy standards, including requiring the prompt submission of an acceptable capital restoration plan. Supervisory actions by the appropriate federal banking regulator under the prompt corrective action rules generally depend upon an institution’s classification within five capital categories as defined in the regulations. The relevant capital measures are the capital ratio, the Tier 1 capital ratio, and the leverage ratio. However, the federal banking agencies have also adopted non-capital safety and soundness standards to assist examiners in identifying and addressing potential safety and soundness concerns before capital becomes impaired. These include operational and managerial standards relating to: (i) internal controls, information systems, and internal audit systems, (ii) loan documentation, (iii) credit underwriting, (iv) asset quality and growth, (v) earnings, (vi) risk management, and (vii) compensation and benefits.
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A depository institution’s capital tier under the prompt corrective action regulations will depend upon how its capital levels compare with various relevant capital measures and the other factors established by the regulations. A bank will be: (i) “well capitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.00% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.00% or greater, and a leverage ratio of 5.00% or greater and is not subject to any order or written directive by any such regulatory authority to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure; (ii) “adequately capitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.00% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.00% or greater, and a leverage ratio of 4.00% or greater and is not “well capitalized;” (iii) “undercapitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio that is less than 8.00%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.00%, or a leverage ratio of less than 4.0%; (iv) “significantly undercapitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.00%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 3.00%, or a leverage ratio of less than 3.00%; and (v) “critically undercapitalized” if the institution’s tangible equity is equal to or less than 2.00% of average quarterly tangible assets. An institution may be downgraded to, or deemed to be in, a capital category that is lower than indicated by its capital ratios if it is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition or if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating with respect to certain matters.
The FDI Act generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distributions (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its parent holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be “undercapitalized.” “Undercapitalized” institutions are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit a capital restoration plan. The regulatory agencies may not accept such a plan without determining that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution’s capital. In addition, for a capital restoration plan to be acceptable, the depository institution’s parent holding company must guarantee that the institution will comply with the plan. The bank holding company must also provide appropriate assurances of performance with potential liability of up to 5% of the depository institution’s total assets at the time it became undercapitalized.
Dividends
Holders of the Bancorp’s common stock and preferred stock are entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by the board of directors out of funds legally available therefore under the laws of the State of Delaware. Delaware corporations such as the Bancorp may make distributions to their stockholders out of their surplus, or in case there is no surplus, out of their net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or the preceding fiscal year. However, dividends may not be paid out of a corporation’s net profits if, after the payment of the dividend, the corporation’s capital would be less than the capital represented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets.
Our capital management and dividend policy as part of our Three-Year Capital and Strategic Plan includes a policy to refrain from paying dividends in excess of $.01 per share per quarter, except when covered by operating earnings. The amount of future dividends will depend on our earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors, and will be determined by our board of directors in accordance with the capital management and dividend policy.
It is the Federal Reserve’s policy that bank holding companies should generally pay dividends on common stock only out of income available over the past year, and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition. It is also the Federal Reserve’s policy that bank holding companies should not maintain dividend levels that undermine their ability to be a source of strength to their banking subsidiaries. Additionally, in consideration of the current financial and economic environment, the Federal Reserve has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policies and has discouraged payment ratios that are at maximum allowable levels unless both asset quality and capital are very strong.
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Further, it is the Federal Reserve's policy that bank holding companies participating in the TARP and other government capital programs must comply on an ongoing basis with the pertinent capital and other requirements established by the U.S. Treasury (including those explicitly set forth in EESA) and related Federal Reserve supervisory policy. Moreover, a recipient of taxpayer funds through such capital programs should consider and communicate reasonably in advance to Federal Reserve supervisory staff how the bank holding company's proposed dividends, capital redemptions, and capital repurchases are consistent with the requirements applicable to its receipt of capital under the program and related Federal Reserve supervisory policy, as well as its ability to redeem securities issued to the government prior to any contractual increase in the dividend rate without affecting safety and soundness.
The terms of our Series B Preferred Stock and Junior Subordinated Notes also limit our ability to pay dividends on our common stock. If we are not current in our payment of dividends on our Series B Preferred Stock or in our payment of interest on our Junior Subordinated Notes, we may not pay dividends on our common stock.
We have agreed under the memorandum of understanding with the FRB SF that Bancorp will not, without the FRB SF’s prior written approval, declare or pay any dividends, make any payments on trust preferred securities, or make any other capital distributions. In February, 2013, Bancorp received Federal Reserve approval to make payments on our Series B Preferred Stock and Junior Subordinated Notes. There can be no assurance that our regulators will approve such payments or dividends in the future.
The Bank is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its holding company. The Bancorp receives income through dividends paid by the Bank. The powers of the board of directors of the Bank to declare a cash dividend to the Bancorp are subject to California law, which restricts the amount available for cash dividends to the lesser of a bank’s retained earnings or net income for its last three fiscal years (less any distributions to stockholders made during such period). Where the above test is not met, cash dividends may still be paid, with the prior approval of the DFI in an amount not exceeding the greatest of (i) retained earnings of the Bank; (ii) the net income of the Bank for its last fiscal year; or (iii) the net income of the bank for its current fiscal year. Future cash dividends by the Bank will also depend upon management’s assessment of future capital requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors.
Under the memorandum of understanding entered into with the FRB SF, the Bancorp also agreed that it would not, without the FRB SF’s prior written approval, receive any dividends or any other form of payment or distribution representing a reduction of capital from the Bank. The Bank did not pay a dividend to the Bancorp in 2010 or 2011, but paid dividends of $154.7 million to Bancorp following regulatory approval in 2012, and will pay additional dividends with regulatory approval in 2013 to maintain Bancorp’s cash balance equal to at least two years of Bancorp’s operating expenses and to be in a position, subject to regulatory approval, to repurchase in installments during 2013 the Series B Preferred Stock issued to the U.S. Treasury under the TARP Capital Purchase Program.
Operations and Consumer Compliance Laws
The Bank must comply with numerous federal anti-money laundering and consumer protection statutes and implementing regulations, including the USA Patriot Act, the Bank Secrecy Act, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (effective 2013), the CRA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the National Flood Insurance Act, and various federal and state privacy protection laws. The Bank and the Company are also subject to federal and state laws prohibiting unfair or fraudulent business practices, untrue or misleading advertising and unfair competition.
These laws and regulations also mandate certain disclosure and reporting requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans, and providing other services. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations can subject the Bank to lawsuits and penalties, including but not limited to enforcement actions, injunctions, fines or criminal penalties, punitive damages to consumers, and the loss of certain contractual rights.
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The Dodd-Frank Act provided for the creation of the CFPB as an independent entity within the Federal Reserve and as a new regulatory agency for United States banks. The CFPB has broad rulemaking, supervisory, and enforcement authority over consumer financial products and services, including deposit products, residential mortgages, home-equity loans and credit cards. The CFPB’s functions include investigating consumer complaints, conducting market research, rulemaking, supervising and examining bank consumer transactions, and enforcing rules related to consumer financial products and services. The CFPB examines banks (such as the Bank) with over $10 billion in assets. Banks with less than $10 billion in assets are examined for compliance with the consumer laws and regulations by their primary federal banking agency.
Under the Dodd-Frank Act, regulators were required to mandate specific underwriting criteria to support a reasonable, good faith determination by lenders of a consumer's ability to repay a mortgage. The CFPB by amendment to Regulation Z, which implements the Truth in Lending Act and takes effect January 10, 2014, has defined what would be considered a “qualified mortgage.” Another Dodd-Frank provision requires banks and other mortgage lenders to retain a minimum 5% economic interest in mortgage loans sold through securitizations unless the loans meet a definition of a “qualified residential mortgage” yet to be promulgated. Banks will have to reevaluate their underwriting standards and the extent and type of their mortgage lending as a result of these regulations implementing the Dodd-Frank Act.
Federal Home Loan Bank System
The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of San Francisco. Among other benefits, each FHLB serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region. Each FHLB is financed primarily from the sale of consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. Each FHLB makes available loans or advances to its members in compliance with the policies and procedures established by the board of directors of the individual FHLB. Each member of the FHLB of San Francisco is required to own stock in an amount equal to the greater of (i) a membership stock requirement with an initial cap of $25 million (100% of “membership asset value” as defined), or (ii) an activity based stock requirement (based on a percentage of outstanding advances). There can be no assurance that the FHLB will pay dividends at the same rate it has paid in the past, or that it will pay any dividends in the future.
Impact of Monetary Policies
The earnings and growth of the Bank are largely dependent on its ability to maintain a favorable differential or spread between the yield on its interest-earning assets and the rates paid on its deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. As a result, the Bank’s performance is influenced by general economic conditions, both domestic and foreign, the monetary and fiscal policies of the federal government, and the policies of the regulatory agencies. The Federal Reserve implements national monetary policies (such as seeking to curb inflation and combat recession) by its open-market operations in U.S. government securities, by adjusting the required level of reserves for financial institutions subject to its reserve requirements and by varying the discount rate applicable to borrowings by banks from the Federal Reserve Banks. The actions of the Federal Reserve in these areas influence the growth of bank loans, investments, and deposits, and also affect interest rates charged on loans and deposits. The nature and impact of any future changes in monetary policies cannot be predicted.
Securities and Corporate Governance
The Bancorp is subject to the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, both as administered by the SEC. As a company listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, the Company is subject to NASDAQ listing standards for listed companies. The Bancorp is also subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, and other federal and state laws and regulations which address, among other issues, required executive certification of financial presentations, corporate governance requirements for board audit committees and their members, and disclosure of controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, auditing and accounting, executive compensation, and enhanced and timely disclosure of corporate information. NASDAQ has also adopted corporate governance rules, which are intended to allow stockholders and investors to more easily and efficiently monitor the performance of companies and their directors.
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Audit Requirements
The Bank is required to have an annual independent audit, alone or as a part of its bank holding company’s audit, and to prepare all financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The Bank and the Bancorp are also each required to have an audit committee comprised entirely of independent directors. As required by NASDAQ, the Bancorp has certified that its audit committee has adopted formal written charters and meets the requisite number of directors, independence, and qualification standards. As such, among other requirements, the Bancorp must maintain an audit committee that includes members with banking or related financial management expertise, has access to its own outside counsel, and does not include members who are large customers of the Bank. In addition, because the Bank has more than $3 billion in total assets, it is subject to the FDIC requirements for audit committees of large institutions.
Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, management and the Bancorp’s independent registered public accounting firm are required to assess the effectiveness of the Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012. These assessments are included in Part II — Item 9A — “Controls and Procedures.”
Regulation of Non-Bank Subsidiaries
Non-bank subsidiaries are subject to additional or separate regulation and supervision by other state, federal and self-regulatory bodies. Additionally, any foreign-based subsidiaries would also be subject to foreign laws and regulations.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Difficult business and economic conditions can adversely affect our industry and business.
Our financial performance generally, and the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay the principal of outstanding loans and the value of the collateral securing those loans, is highly dependent upon the business and economic conditions in the markets in which we operate and in the United States as a whole. Although the U.S. economy has recently showed signs of improvement, certain sectors, such as real estate, remain soft, and unemployment remains high in general and in the markets in which we operate. Local governments and many businesses are still experiencing serious difficulties due to the lack of consumer spending and liquidity in the credit markets. There is also uncertainty over the federal budget and taxation. In addition, concerns about the performance of international economies, including the potential impact of the European debt crises and economic conditions in Asia, particularly the economies of China and Taiwan, can impact the economy here in the United States. Concerns about the economy have also resulted in decreased lending by financial institutions to their customers and to each other. These economic pressures on consumers and businesses may continue to adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price. In particular, we may face the following risks in connection with these events:

| · | We face increased regulation of our industry, including changes by Congress or federal regulatory agencies to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regime and heightened legal standards and regulatory requirements that may be adopted in the future. Compliance with such regulation may increase our costs and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities.

| · | The process we use to estimate losses inherent in our credit exposure requires difficult, subjective, and complex judgments, including forecasts of economic conditions and how these economic conditions might impair the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans. The level of uncertainty concerning economic conditions may adversely affect the accuracy of our estimates which may, in turn, impact the reliability of the process.

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Our banking operations are concentrated primarily in California, and secondarily in New York, Texas, Massachusetts, Washington, Illinois, New Jersey, and Hong Kong. Adverse economic conditions in these regions in particular could impair borrowers’ ability to service their loans, decrease the level and duration of deposits by customers, and erode the value of loan collateral. These conditions include the effects of the general decline in real estate sales and prices in many markets across the United States from their recent highs, the economic recession of recent years, and higher rates of unemployment. These conditions could increase the amount of our non-performing assets and have an adverse effect on our efforts to collect our non-performing loans or otherwise liquidate our non-performing assets (including other real estate owned) on terms favorable to us, if at all, and could also cause a decline in demand for our products and services, or a lack of growth or a decrease in deposits, any of which may cause us to incur losses, adversely affect our capital, and hurt our business.
We may be required to make additional provisions for loan losses and charge off additional loans in the future, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
At December 31, 2012, our allowance for loan losses totaled $183.3 million and we had total charge-offs of $32.8 million for 2012. Although economic conditions in the real estate market in portions of Los Angeles, San Diego, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties and the Central Valley of California where many of our commercial real estate and construction loan customers are based, have improved, the economic recovery in these areas of California is still slow. This slow recovery has resulted in weak pricing and relatively elevated inventories of homes to be sold, which could contribute to financial strain on home builders and suppliers. As of December 31, 2012, we had approximately $4.0 billion in commercial real estate and construction loans. Any deterioration in the real estate market generally and in the commercial real estate and residential building segments in particular could result in additional loan charge offs and provisions for loan losses in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, net income, and capital.
The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of probable credit losses. Actual credit losses in excess of the estimate could adversely affect our results of operations and capital.
A significant source of risk arises from the possibility that we could sustain losses because borrowers, guarantors, and related parties may fail to perform in accordance with the terms of their loans and leases. The underwriting and credit monitoring policies and procedures that we have adopted to address this risk may not prevent unexpected losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. The allowance for credit losses is based on management’s estimate of the probable losses from our credit portfolio. If actual losses exceed the estimate, the excess losses could adversely affect our results of operations and capital. Such excess losses could also lead to larger allowances for credit losses in future periods, which could in turn adversely affect results of operations and capital in those periods. If economic conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used in the estimate or adverse developments arise with respect to our credits, future losses may occur, and increases in the allowance may be necessary. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the adequacy of our allowance. These agencies may require us to establish additional allowances based on their judgment of the information available at the time of their examinations. No assurance can be given that we will not sustain credit losses in excess of present or future levels of the allowance for credit losses.
We are currently subject to a memorandum of understanding with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and the Bank was previously subject to a memorandum of understanding with the California Department of Financial Institutions and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and we may be subject to further supervisory action by bank supervisory authorities that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and the value of our common stock.
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Under federal and state laws and regulations pertaining to the safety and soundness of financial institutions, the FRB SF has authority over Bancorp and separately the DFI and FDIC have authority over the Bank to compel or restrict certain actions if the Bancorp's or the Bank’s capital should fall below adequate capital standards as a result of operating losses, or if these regulators otherwise determine that the Bancorp or the Bank have insufficient capital or has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices. These regulators, as well as the CFPB, also have authority over the Bancorp and the Bank over compliance with various statutes and consumer protection and other regulations. Among other matters, the corrective actions may include, but are not limited to, requiring the Bancorp and/or the Bank to enter into informal or formal enforcement orders, including board resolutions, memoranda of understanding, written agreements, supervisory letters, commitment letters, and consent or cease and desist orders to take corrective action and refrain from unsafe and unsound practices; removing officers and directors; assessing civil monetary penalties; and taking possession of and closing and liquidating the Bank. On December 17, 2009, the Bancorp entered into a memorandum of understanding with the FRB SF (the “MOU”) under which the Bancorp agreed, among other things, to limitations on payment of and receipt of dividends and senior executive officer and director changes, and to submit a plan to maintain sufficient capital, a plan to improve management of our liquidity position and funds management practices, and a liquidity policy and contingency funding plan for the Bancorp.
Until it was terminated as of November 7, 2012, the Bank was subject to a memorandum of understanding with the DFI and the FDIC that was entered into on March 1, 2010, by which the Bank agreed to undertake certain steps to strengthen its operations. This included, among other things, the submission of satisfactory plans to reduce commercial real estate concentrations, to enhance and to improve the quality of our stress testing of the Bank’s loan portfolio, to address improved profitability and capital ratios and reduce the Bank’s overall risk profile, to improve asset quality, and to reduce dependence on wholesale funding. In addition, we were required to maintain management and a board acceptable to the DFI and FDIC.
If we are unable to meet the requirements of, any such memoranda or other corrective actions, we could become subject to additional supervisory action, including a cease and desist order. If our banking supervisors were to take such additional supervisory action, we could, among other things, become subject to significant restrictions on our ability to develop any new business, as well as restrictions on our existing business, and we could be required to raise additional capital, dispose of certain assets and liabilities within a prescribed period of time, or both. The terms of any such supervisory action could have a material negative effect on our business, our financial condition, and the value of our common stock. Additionally, there can be no assurance that we will not be subject to further supervisory action or regulatory proceedings that could have a material negative impact on our business.
Additional requirements imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act could adversely affect us.
Recent government efforts to strengthen the U.S. financial system have resulted in the imposition of additional regulatory requirements, including expansive financial services regulatory reform legislation. The Dodd-Frank Act provided for sweeping regulatory changes including the establishment of strengthened capital and liquidity requirements for banks and bank holding companies, including minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements no less than the strictest requirements in effect for depository institutions as of the date of enactment; the requirement by statute that bank holding companies serve as a source of financial strength for their depository institution subsidiaries; enhanced regulation of financial markets, including the derivative and securitization markets, and the elimination of certain proprietary trading activities by banks; additional corporate governance and executive compensation requirements; enhanced financial institution safety and soundness regulations, revisions in FDIC insurance assessment fees and a permanent increase in FDIC deposit insurance coverage to $250,000; authorization for financial institutions to pay interest on business checking accounts through 2012; and the establishment of new regulatory bodies, such as the CFPB and the Financial Services Oversight Counsel, to identify emerging systemic risks and improve interagency cooperation. Many of the provisions remain subject to final rulemaking and/or study. Accordingly, we cannot fully assess its impact on our operations and costs until final regulations are adopted and implemented.
Current and future legal and regulatory requirements, restrictions, and regulations, including those imposed under the Dodd-Frank Act, may adversely impact our profitability and may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, may require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make any changes required by the legislation and related regulations and may make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified executive officers and employees.
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We may become subject to more stringent capital requirements.
The U.S. federal bank regulators have jointly proposed new capital requirements on banks and bank holding companies as required by the Dodd-Frank Act that incorporate the elements of Basel Committee’s Basel III accords and which, may have the effect of raising our capital requirements and imposing new capital requirements beyond those required by current law. Increased regulatory capital requirements (and the associated compliance costs) whether due to the adoption of new laws and regulations, changes in existing laws and regulations, or more expansive or aggressive interpretations of existing laws and regulations, may impact our ability to pay dividends and may have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to extensive laws and regulations and supervision, and may become subject to future laws and regulations and supervision, if any, that may be enacted, that could limit or restrict our activities, may hamper our ability to increase our assets and earnings, and could adversely affect our profitability.
We operate in a highly regulated industry and are or may become subject to regulation by federal, state, and local governmental authorities and various laws, regulations, regulatory guidelines, and judicial and administrative decisions imposing requirements or restrictions on part or all of our operations, capitalization, payment of dividends, mergers and acquisitions, investments, loans and interest rates charged, interest rates paid on deposits, and locations of offices. We also must comply with numerous federal anti-money laundering and consumer protection statutes and regulations. A considerable amount of management time and resources have been devoted to the oversight of, and the development and implementation of controls and procedures relating to, compliance with these laws and regulations, and we expect that significant time and resources will be devoted to compliance in the future. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure and reporting requirements and regulate the manner in which we must deal with our customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans, and providing other services. We also are, or may become subject to, examination, supervision, and additional comprehensive regulation by various federal, state, and local authorities with regard to compliance with these laws and regulations.
Because our business is highly regulated, the laws, rules, regulations, and supervisory guidance and policies applicable to us are subject to regular modification and change. Perennially, various laws, rules and regulations are proposed, which, if adopted, could impact our operations, increase our capital requirements or substantially restrict our growth and adversely affect our ability to operate profitably by making compliance much more difficult or expensive, restricting our ability to originate or sell loans or further restricting the amount of interest or other charges or fees earned on loans or other products. In addition, further regulation could increase the assessment rate we are required to pay to the FDIC, adversely affecting our earnings. Furthermore, recent changes to Regulation Z promulgated by the CFPB may make it more difficult for us to underwrite consumer mortgages and to compete with large national mortgage service providers. It is impossible to predict the competitive impact that any such changes would have on the banking and financial services industry in general or on our business in particular. Such changes may, among other things, increase the cost of doing business, limit permissible activities, or affect the competitive balance between banks and other financial institutions. The Dodd-Frank Act instituted major changes to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regimes in light of the recent performance of and government intervention in the financial services sector. Other changes to statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations, or policies, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject us to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer, and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations, or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties, and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See Part I — Item 1 — “Business — Regulation and Supervision.”
We may experience goodwill impairment.
Goodwill is initially recorded at fair value and is not amortized, but is reviewed at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be fully recoverable. If our estimates of goodwill fair value change, we may determine that impairment charges are necessary. Estimates of fair value are determined based on a complex model using cash flows and company comparisons. If management’s estimates of future cash flows are inaccurate, the fair value determined could be inaccurate and impairment may not be recognized in a timely manner.
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Liquidity risk could impair our ability to fund operations and jeopardize our financial condition.
Liquidity is essential to our business. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans, and other sources could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry in general. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a decrease in the level of our business activity due to a market downturn or adverse regulatory action against us. Our ability to acquire deposits or borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a severe disruption of the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry as a whole.
Our business is subject to interest rate risk and fluctuations in interest rates could reduce our net interest income and adversely affect our business.
A substantial portion of our income is derived from the differential, or “spread,” between the interest earned on loans, investment securities and other interest-earning assets, and the interest paid on deposits, borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities. The interest rate risk inherent in our lending, investing, and deposit taking activities is a significant market risk to us and our business. Income associated with interest earning assets and costs associated with interest-bearing liabilities may not be affected uniformly by fluctuations in interest rates. The magnitude and duration of changes in interest rates, events over which we have no control, may have an adverse effect on net interest income. Prepayment and early withdrawal levels, which are also impacted by changes in interest rates, can significantly affect our assets and liabilities. Increases in interest rates may adversely affect the ability of our floating rate borrowers to meet their higher payment obligations, which could in turn lead to an increase in non-performing assets and net charge-offs.
Generally, the interest rates on our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities do not change at the same rate, to the same extent, or on the same basis. Even assets and liabilities with similar maturities or periods of re-pricing may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in general market interest rates, while interest rates on other types of assets and liabilities may lag behind changes in general market rates. Certain assets, such as fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans, have features that limit changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset.
We seek to minimize the adverse effects of changes in interest rates by structuring our asset-liability composition to obtain the maximum spread. We use interest rate sensitivity analysis and a simulation model to assist us in estimating the optimal asset-liability composition. However, such management tools have inherent limitations that impair their effectiveness. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in minimizing the adverse effects of changes in interest rates.
We have engaged in expansion through acquisitions and may consider additional acquisitions in the future, which could negatively affect our business and earnings.
We have engaged in expansion through acquisitions and may consider acquisitions in the future. There are risks associated with any such expansion. These risks include, among others, incorrectly assessing the asset quality of a bank acquired in a particular transaction, encountering greater than anticipated costs in integrating acquired businesses, facing resistance from customers or employees, and being unable to profitably deploy assets acquired in the transaction. Additional country- and region-specific risks are associated with transactions outside the United States, including in China. To the extent we issue capital stock in connection with additional transactions, if any, these transactions and related stock issuances may have a dilutive effect on earnings per share and share ownership.
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Our earnings, financial condition, and prospects after a merger or acquisition depend in part on our ability to successfully integrate the operations of the acquired company. We may be unable to integrate operations successfully or to achieve expected cost savings. Any cost savings which are realized may be offset by losses in revenues or other charges to earnings.
In addition, our ability to grow may be limited if we cannot make acquisitions. We compete with other financial institutions with respect to proposed acquisitions. We cannot predict if or when we will be able to identify and attract acquisition candidates or make acquisitions on favorable terms.
We may in the future engage in FDIC-assisted transactions, which could present additional risks to our business.
In the current economic environment, and subject to any requisite regulatory consent, we may potentially be presented with opportunities to acquire the assets and liabilities of failed banks in FDIC-assisted transactions. These acquisitions involve risks similar to acquiring existing banks even though the FDIC might provide assistance to mitigate certain risks such as sharing in exposure to loan losses and providing indemnification against certain liabilities of the failed institution. However, because these acquisitions are structured in a manner that would not allow us the time normally associated with preparing for and evaluating an acquisition, including preparing for integration of an acquired institution, we may face additional risks if we engage in FDIC-assisted transactions. These risks include the loss of customers, strain on management resources related to collection and management of problem loans and problems related to integration of personnel and operating systems. If we engage in FDIC-assisted transactions, we may not be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with these transactions. Our inability to overcome these risks could have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our business strategy and maintain our market value and profitability.
Moreover, even if we were inclined to participate in an FDIC-assisted transaction, there are no assurances that the FDIC would allow us to participate or what the terms of such a transaction might be or whether we would be successful in acquiring the bank or assets that we are seeking. We may be required to raise additional capital as a condition to, or as a result of, participation in an FDIC-assisted transaction. Any such transactions and related issuances of stock may have a dilutive effect on earnings per share and share ownership.
Furthermore, to the extent we are allowed to, and choose to, participate in FDIC-assisted transactions, we may face competition from other financial institutions with respect to the proposed FDIC-assisted transactions. To the extent that our competitors are selected to participate in FDIC-assisted transactions, our ability to identify and attract acquisition candidates and/or make acquisitions on favorable terms may be adversely affected.
Inflation and deflation may adversely affect our financial performance.
The Consolidated Financial Statements and related financial data presented in this report have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. These principles require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars, without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation or deflation. The primary impact of inflation on our operations is reflected in increased operating costs. Conversely, deflation will tend to erode collateral values and diminish loan quality. Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on our performance than the general levels of inflation or deflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the price of goods and services.
As we expand our business outside of California markets, we will encounter risks that could adversely affect us.
We primarily operate in California markets with a concentration of Chinese-American individuals and businesses; however, one of our strategies is to expand beyond California into other domestic markets that have concentrations of Chinese-American individuals and businesses. We currently have operations in six other states (New York, Texas, Washington, Massachusetts, Illinois, and New Jersey) and in Hong Kong. In the course of this expansion, we will encounter significant risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse effect on our operations. These risks and uncertainties include increased expenses and operational difficulties arising from, among other things, our ability to attract sufficient business in new markets, to manage operations in noncontiguous market areas, to comply with all of the various local laws and regulations, and to anticipate events or differences in markets in which we have no current experience.
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To the extent that we expand through acquisitions, such acquisitions may also adversely harm our business if we fail to adequately address the financial and operational risks associated with such acquisitions. For example, risks can include difficulties in assimilating the operations, technology, and personnel of the acquired company; diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns; inability to maintain uniform standards, controls, procedures, and policies; potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities; the incurring of additional debt and contingent liabilities; use of cash resources; large write-offs; and amortization expenses related to other intangible assets with finite lives.
Our loan portfolio is largely secured by real estate, which has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our results of operations.
The downturn in the real estate markets in recent years hurt our business because many of our loans are secured by real estate. The real estate collateral securing our borrowers’ obligations is principally located in California, and to a lesser extent, in New York, Texas, Massachusetts, Washington, Illinois, and New Jersey. The value of such collateral depends upon conditions in the relevant real estate markets. These include general or local economic conditions and neighborhood characteristics, unemployment rates, real estate tax rates, the cost of operating the properties, governmental regulations and fiscal policies, acts of nature including earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes (which may result in uninsured losses), and other factors beyond our control. The continuing low volume of real estate sales and unpredictability of prices in many markets across the United States could reduce the value of our collateral, in which case we may have to foreclose on the properties. If we are not able to realize a satisfactory amount upon foreclosure sales, we may have to own the properties, subjecting us to exposure to the risks and expenses associated with ownership. Continued declines in real estate sales and prices coupled with any weakness in the economy and continued high unemployment will result in higher than expected loan delinquencies or problem assets, a decline in demand for our products and services, or a lack of growth or a decrease in deposits, which may cause us to incur losses, adversely affect our capital, and hurt our business.
The risks inherent in construction lending may continue to affect adversely our results of operations. Such risks include, among other things, the possibility that contractors may fail to complete, or complete on a timely basis, construction of the relevant properties; substantial cost overruns in excess of original estimates and financing; market deterioration during construction; and lack of permanent take-out financing. Loans secured by such properties also involve additional risk because they have no operating history. In these loans, loan funds are advanced upon the security of the project under construction (which is of uncertain value prior to completion of construction) and the estimated operating cash flow to be generated by the completed project. There is no assurance that such properties will be sold or leased so as to generate the cash flow anticipated by the borrower. The current general decline in real estate sales and prices across the United States, the decline in demand for residential real estate, economic weakness, high rates of unemployment, and reduced availability of mortgage credit, are all factors that can adversely affect the borrowers’ ability to repay their obligations to us and the value of our security interest in collateral, and thereby adversely affect our results of operations and financial results.
Our use of appraisals in deciding whether to make a loan on or secured by real property does not ensure the value of the real property collateral.
In considering whether to make a loan secured by real property, we require an appraisal of the property. However, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made. If the appraisal does not reflect the amount that may be obtained upon any sale or foreclosure of the property, we may not realize an amount equal to the indebtedness secured by the property.
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Liabilities from environmental regulations could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
In the course of the Bank’s business, the Bank may foreclose and take title to real estate, and could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. The Bank may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination, or may be required to investigate or clear up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, as the owner or former owner of any contaminated site, the Bank may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages, and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. If the Bank ever becomes subject to significant environmental liabilities, its business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We face substantial competition from our competitors.
We face substantial competition for deposits, loans, and for other banking services, as well as acquisitions, throughout our market area from the major banks and financial institutions that dominate the commercial banking industry. This may cause our cost of funds to exceed that of our competitors. These banks and financial institutions have greater resources than we do, including the ability to finance advertising campaigns and allocate their investment assets to regions of higher yield and demand and make acquisitions. By virtue of their larger capital bases, they have substantially greater lending limits than we do and perform certain functions, including trust services, which are not presently offered by us. We also compete for loans and deposits, as well as other banking services, with savings and loan associations, brokerage houses, insurance companies, mortgage companies, credit unions, credit card companies and other financial and non-financial institutions and entities. The recent consolidation of certain competing financial institutions and the conversion of certain investment banks to bank holding companies has increased the level of competition among financial services companies and may adversely affect our ability to market our products and services.
We are dependent on key personnel and the loss of one or more of those key personnel may materially and adversely affect our prospects.
Competition for qualified employees and personnel in the banking industry is intense and there are a limited number of qualified persons with knowledge of, and experience in, the communities that we serve. The process of recruiting personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to carry out our strategies is often lengthy. Our success depends to a significant degree upon our ability to attract and retain qualified management, loan origination, finance, administrative, marketing, and technical personnel and upon the continued contributions of our management and personnel. In particular, our success has been and continues to be highly dependent upon the abilities of key executives and certain other employees, including, but not limited to, our Chief Executive Officer, Dunson K. Cheng, our Chief Financial Officer, Heng W. Chen, and our Chief Operating Officer, Peter Wu.
Managing reputational risk is important to attracting and maintaining customers, investors, and employees.
Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies, and questionable, illegal, or fraudulent activities of our customers. We have policies and procedures in place that seek to protect our reputation and promote ethical conduct, but these policies and procedures may not be fully effective. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, or customers, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers, investors, and employees, costly litigation, a decline in revenues and increased governmental regulation.
Natural disasters and geopolitical events beyond our control could adversely affect us.
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, wildfires, extreme weather conditions, hurricanes, floods, and other acts of nature and geopolitical events involving civil unrest, changes in government regimes, terrorism, or military conflict could adversely affect our business operations and those of our customers and cause substantial damage and loss to real and personal property. These natural disasters and geopolitical events could impair our borrowers’ ability to service their loans, decrease the level and duration of deposits by customers, erode the value of loan collateral, and result in an increase in the amount of our non-performing loans and a higher level of non-performing assets (including real estate owned), net charge-offs, and provision for loan losses, which could adversely affect our earnings.
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Adverse conditions in Asia and elsewhere could adversely affect our business.
A substantial number of our customers have economic and cultural ties to Asia and, as a result, we are likely to feel the effects of adverse economic and political conditions in Asia, including the effects of rising inflation or slowing growth in China and other regions. Additionally, we maintain a branch in Hong Kong. U.S. and global economic policies, military tensions, and unfavorable global economic conditions may adversely impact the Asian economies. This could include an actual or perceived default of certain European Union (“EU”) member states on their debt obligations, the continued uncertainty of the EU’s financial support programs, the possibility that other EU member states may experience similar financial troubles, and any resulting slowdown in the economies of the EU member states. In addition, pandemics and other public health crises or concerns over the possibility of such crises could create economic and financial disruptions in the region. A significant deterioration of economic conditions in Asia could expose us to, among other things, economic and transfer risk, and we could experience an outflow of deposits by those of our customers with connections to Asia. Transfer risk may result when an entity is unable to obtain the foreign exchange needed to meet its obligations or to provide liquidity. This may adversely impact the recoverability of investments with or loans made to such entities. Adverse economic conditions in Asia, and in China or Taiwan in particular, may also negatively impact asset values and the profitability and liquidity of our customers who operate in this region.
Because of our participation in the TARP Capital Purchase Program, we are subject to several restrictions including restrictions on compensation paid to our executives.
Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement between us and the U.S. Treasury (the “Purchase Agreement”), under which we sold $258 million of our Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B, with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (“Series B Preferred Stock”), we adopted certain standards for executive compensation and corporate governance. These standards generally apply to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and the three next most highly compensated executive officers. The standards include (i) ensuring that incentive compensation for senior executive officers does not encourage unnecessary and excessive risks that threaten the value of the financial institution; (ii) requiring clawback of any bonus or incentive compensation paid to a senior executive officer based on statements of earnings, gains, or other criteria that are later proven to be materially inaccurate; (iii) a prohibition on making golden parachute payments to senior executives; and (iv) agreement not to deduct for tax purposes executive compensation in excess of $500,000 for each senior executive. In particular, the change to the deductibility limit on executive compensation will likely increase the overall cost of our compensation programs in future periods.
The adoption of the ARRA on February 17, 2009, and interim final regulations thereunder effective June 15, 2009, have imposed certain executive compensation and corporate expenditure limits on all current and future TARP recipients, including the Company, until the institution has repaid the U.S. Treasury or, in certain instances, until the U.S. Treasury no longer holds our securities, which is now permitted under the ARRA without penalty and without the need to raise new capital, subject to the U.S. Treasury’s consultation with the recipient’s appropriate regulatory agency. The ARRA executive compensation standards are in many respects more stringent than those that continue in effect under TARP and those previously proposed by the U.S. Treasury. The standards include (but are not limited to) (i) prohibitions on bonuses, retention awards and other incentive compensation, other than restricted stock or restricted stock unit grants for up to one-third of an employee’s total annual compensation, which grants cannot vest for a period of at least two years and can be liquidated during the TARP period only in proportion to the repayment of the TARP investment at 25% increments, (ii) prohibitions on golden parachute payments for departure from a company or change in control of the company, (iii) an expanded clawback of bonuses, retention awards, and incentive compensation if payment is based on materially inaccurate statements of earnings, revenues, gains or other criteria, (iv) prohibitions on compensation plans that encourage manipulation of reported earnings, (v) retroactive review of bonuses, retention awards, and other compensation previously provided by TARP recipients if found by the U.S. Treasury to be inconsistent with the purposes of TARP or otherwise contrary to the public interest, (vi) required establishment of a company-wide policy regarding “excessive or luxury expenditures,” and (vii) inclusion in a participant’s proxy statements for annual shareholder meetings of a nonbinding “Say on Pay” shareholder vote on the compensation of executives.
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Our information systems may experience failures, interruptions, or breaches in security, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business. Any failure, interruption, or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan, and other systems. In the course of providing financial services, we store personally identifiable data concerning customers or employees of customers. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the failure, interruption, or security breaches of our information systems, there can be no assurance that any such failures, interruptions, or security breaches will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. Privacy laws and regulations are matters of growing public concern and are continually changing in the states in which we operate.
In recent periods, there has been a rise in electronic fraudulent activity, security breaches, and cyber attacks within the financial services industry, especially in the commercial banking sector. Some financial institutions have reported breaches of their security of their websites and systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and targeted attacks intended to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information, destroy data, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems. The secure maintenance and transmission of confidential information, as well as execution of transactions over our systems, are essential to protect us and our customers against fraud and security breaches and to maintain our customers’ confidence. Increases in criminal activity levels and sophistication, advances in computer capabilities, or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology, processes, and controls that we use to prevent fraudulent transactions or to protect data about us, our customers, and underlying transactions, as well as the technology used by our customers to access our systems. These risks may increase in the future as we continue to increase our offerings of mobile services and other Internet or web-based products.
The occurrence of any failures, interruptions, or security breaches could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customers, cause us to incur additional expenses, disrupt our business, affect our ability to grow our online and mobile banking services, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our need to continue to adapt our information technology systems to allow us to provide new and expanded service and to successfully implement the core system conversion we are currently undergoing, could present operational issues, require significant capital spending, and disrupt our business.
As we continue to offer Internet banking and other on-line and mobile services to our customers, and continue to expand our existing conventional banking services, we will need to adapt our information technology systems to handle these changes in a way that meets constantly changing industry and regulatory standards. This can be very expensive and may require significant capital expenditures. In addition, our success will depend on, among other things, our ability to provide secure and reliable services, anticipate changes in technology, and efficiently develop and introduce services that are accepted by our customers and cost effective for us to provide. We are also in the process of undergoing a core system conversion to a new third party provider. If we are not able to successfully implement the core system conversion in the time frame we currently anticipate and with minimal interruption to our systems and customers, our business could be harmed.
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Our business and financial results could be impacted materially by adverse results in legal proceedings.
Various aspects of our operations involve the risk of legal liability. We have been, and expect to continue to be, named or threatened to be named as defendants in legal proceedings arising from our business activities. We establish accruals for legal proceedings when information related to the loss contingencies represented by those proceedings indicates both that a loss is probable and that the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, but we do not have accruals for all legal proceedings where we face a risk of loss. In addition, amounts accrued may not represent the ultimate loss to us from those legal proceedings. Thus, our ultimate losses may be higher or lower, and possibly significantly so, than the amounts accrued for loss contingencies arising from legal proceedings.
Certain provisions of our charter and bylaws could make the acquisition of our company more difficult.
Certain provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our restated bylaws, as amended, could make the acquisition of our company more difficult. These provisions include authorized but unissued shares of preferred and common stock that may be issued without stockholder approval; three classes of directors serving staggered terms; special requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations for director; and super-majority voting requirements in certain situations including certain types of business combinations.
Our financial results could be adversely affected by changes in accounting standards or tax laws and regulations.
From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the SEC will change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. In addition, from time to time, federal and state taxing authorities will change the tax laws and regulations, and their interpretations. These changes and their effects can be difficult to predict and can materially and adversely impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations.
The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and this may make it difficult for you to sell shares of common stock owned by you at times or at prices you find attractive.
The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate widely as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. In addition, the stock market is subject to fluctuations in the share prices and trading volumes that affect the market prices of the shares of many companies. These broad market fluctuations could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Among the factors that could affect our stock price are:

| · | actual or anticipated quarterly fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition;

| · | changes in revenue or earnings estimates or publication of research reports and recommendations by financial analysts;

| · | failure to meet analysts’ revenue or earnings estimates;

| · | speculation in the press or investment community;

| · | strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

| · | acquisitions of other banks or financial institutions, through FDIC-assisted transactions or otherwise;

| · | actions by institutional stockholders;

| · | fluctuations in the stock price and operating results of our competitors;

| · | general market conditions and, in particular, developments related to market conditions for the financial services industry;

| · | proposed or adopted regulatory changes or developments;

| · | anticipated or pending investigations, proceedings, or litigation that involve or affect us;

| · | successful management of reputational risk; and

| · | domestic and international economic factors unrelated to our performance.

The stock market and, in particular, the market for financial institution stocks, has experienced significant volatility. As a result, the market price of our common stock may be volatile. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate more than usual and cause significant price variations to occur. The trading price of the shares of our common stock and the value of our other securities will depend on many factors, which may change from time to time, including, without limitation, our financial condition, performance, creditworthiness and prospects, future sales of our equity or equity related securities, and other factors identified above in “Forward-Looking Statements,” and in this Item 1A — “Risk Factors.” The capital and credit markets can experience volatility and disruption. Such volatility and disruption can reach unprecedented levels, resulting in downward pressure on stock prices and credit availability for certain issuers without regard to those issuers’ underlying financial strength. A significant decline in our stock price could result in substantial losses for individual stockholders and could lead to costly and disruptive securities litigation.
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Statutory restrictions and restrictions by our regulators on dividends and other distributions from the Bank may adversely impact us by limiting the amount of distributions the Bancorp may receive. Statutory and contractual restrictions and our regulators may also restrict the Bancorp’s ability to pay dividends.
The ability of the Bank to pay dividends to us is limited by various regulations and statutes, including California law, and our ability to pay dividends on our outstanding stock is limited by various regulations and statutes, including Delaware law.
A substantial portion of Bancorp’s cash flow has in earlier years come from dividends that the Bank pays to us. Various statutory provisions restrict the amount of dividends that the Bank can pay to us without regulatory approval.
The Federal Reserve Board has previously issued Federal Reserve Supervision and Regulation Letter SR-09-4 that states that bank holding companies are expected to inform and consult with the Federal Reserve supervisory staff prior to taking any actions that could result in a diminished capital base, including any payment or increase in the rate of dividends. In addition, we have agreed under the memorandum of understanding with the FRB SF that we will not, without the FRB SF’s prior written approval, (i) receive any dividends or any other form of payment or distribution representing a reduction of capital from the Bank, or (ii) declare or pay any dividends, make any payments on trust preferred securities, or make any other capital distributions. There can be no assurance that our regulators will approve the payment of such dividends. Further, if we are not current in our payment of dividends on our Series B Preferred Stock or interest on our Junior Subordinated Notes, we may not pay dividends on our common stock.
If the Bank were to liquidate, the Bank’s creditors would be entitled to receive distributions from the assets of the Bank to satisfy their claims against the Bank before Bancorp, as a holder of the equity interest in the Bank, would be entitled to receive any of the assets of the Bank as a distribution or dividend.
The restrictions described above, together with the potentially dilutive impact of the Warrant, described below, could have a negative effect on the value of our common stock. Moreover, holders of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends only when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors. Although we have historically paid cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and our Board of Directors could reduce or eliminate our common stock dividend in the future.
Our outstanding preferred stock impacts net income available to our common stockholders and earnings per common share, and the Warrant as well as other potential issuances of equity securities may be dilutive to holders of our common stock.
The dividends declared and the accretion on discount on our outstanding preferred stock will reduce the net income available to common stockholders and our earnings per common share. Our outstanding preferred stock is perpetual and currently bears a dividend rate of 5% per annum. If we do not redeem or otherwise retire our preferred stock, this dividend rate increases to 9% per annum commencing in December 2013. Our outstanding preferred stock will also receive preferential treatment in the event of our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up. Additionally, the ownership interest of the existing holders of our common stock will be diluted to the extent the Warrant is exercised. The 1,846,374 shares of common stock underlying the Warrant represent approximately 2.3% of the shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2012 (including the shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrant in total shares outstanding). Although the U.S. Treasury has agreed not to vote any of the shares of common stock it receives upon exercise of the Warrant, a transferee of any portion of the Warrant or of any shares of common stock acquired upon exercise of the Warrant is not bound by this restriction. In addition, to the extent options to purchase common stock under our stock option plans are exercised, holders of our common stock will incur additional dilution.
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We are not restricted from issuing additional common stock or preferred stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, common stock or preferred stock or any substantially similar securities. If we sell additional equity or convertible debt securities, these sales could result in increased dilution to our stockholders. See “We may need to raise additional capital which may dilute the interests of holders of our common stock or otherwise have an adverse effect on their investment” below.
The issuance of additional shares of preferred stock could adversely affect holders of common stock, which may negatively impact their investment.
Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue additional classes or series of preferred stock without any action on the part of the stockholders. The board of directors also has the power, without stockholder approval, to set the terms of any such classes or series of preferred stock that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights and preferences over the common stock with respect to dividends or upon the liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of our business and other terms. If we issue preferred stock in the future that has a preference over the common stock with respect to the payment of dividends or upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or if we issue preferred stock with voting rights that dilute the voting power of the common stock, the rights of holders of the common stock or the market price of the common stock could be adversely affected.
Our outstanding debt securities restrict our ability to pay dividends on our capital stock.
We have issued an aggregate of $121.1 million in trust preferred securities (collectively, the “Trust Preferred Securities).” Payments to investors in respect of the Trust Preferred Securities are funded by distributions on certain series of securities issued by us, with similar terms to the relevant series of Trust Preferred Securities, which we refer to as the “Junior Subordinated Notes.” In addition, in September 2006, the Bank issued $50.0 million in subordinated debt in a private placement (the “Bank Subordinated Debt”). If we are unable to pay interest in respect of the Junior Subordinated Notes (which will be used to make distributions on the Trust Preferred Securities), or if any other event of default occurs, then we will generally be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends or other distributions, or redeeming, purchasing or acquiring, any of our capital securities, including the common stock, during the next succeeding interest payment period applicable to any of the Junior Subordinated Notes.
If the Bank is unable to pay interest in respect of the Bank Subordinated Debt, or if any other event of default has occurred and is continuing on the Bank Subordinated Debt, then the Bank will be prohibited from declaring or paying dividends or other distributions, or redeeming, purchasing or acquiring, any of its capital stock, during the next succeeding interest payment applicable to the Bank Subordinated Debt. As a result, the Bank will be prohibited from making dividend payments to us, which, in turn could affect our ability to pay dividends on our capital securities, including the common stock.
Moreover, any other financing agreements that we enter into in the future may limit our ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock, including the common stock. In the event that any other financing agreements in the future restrict our ability to pay such dividends, we may be unable to pay dividends in cash on the common stock unless we can refinance amounts outstanding under those agreements.
We may need to raise additional capital which may dilute the interests of holders of our common stock or otherwise have an adverse effect on their investment.
Should economic conditions deteriorate, particularly in the California commercial real estate and residential real estate markets where our business is concentrated, we may need to raise more capital to support any additional provisions for loan losses and loan charge-offs. In addition, we may need to raise more capital to meet other regulatory requirements, including new required capital standards, if our losses are higher than expected, if we are unable to meet our capital requirements or if additional capital is required for our growth. There can be no assurances that we would succeed in raising any such additional capital, and any capital we obtain may dilute the interests of holders of our common stock, or otherwise have an adverse effect on their investment.
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The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.
Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, and other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the financial instrument exposure due us. The failure of financial institutions can also result in increased FDIC assessments for the Deposit Insurance Fund. Any such losses or increased assessments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
The Company has not received written comments regarding its periodic or current reports from the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission that were issued not less than 180 days before the end of its 2012 fiscal year and that remain unresolved.
Item 2. Properties.
Cathay General Bancorp
The Bancorp currently neither owns nor leases any real or personal property. The Bancorp uses the premises, equipment, and furniture of the Bank at 777 North Broadway, Los Angeles, California 90012 and at 9650 Flair Drive, El Monte, California 91731 in exchange for payment of a management fee to the Bank.
Cathay Bank
The Bank’s head office is located in a 36,727 square foot building in the Chinatown area of Los Angeles. The Bank owns both the building and the land upon which the building is situated. The Bank maintains certain of its administrative offices at a seven-story 102,548 square foot office building located at 9650 Flair Drive, El Monte, California 91731. The Bank also owns this building and land in El Monte.
The Bank owns its branch offices in Monterey Park, Alhambra, Westminster, San Gabriel, City of Industry, Cupertino, Artesia, New York City, Flushing (2 locations), and Chicago. In addition, the Bank has certain operating and administrative departments located at 4128 Temple City Boulevard, Rosemead, California, where it owns the building and land with approximately 27,600 square feet of space.
The other branch and representative offices and other properties are leased by the Bank under leases with expiration dates ranging from June 2013 to March 2023, exclusive of renewal options. As of December 31, 2012, the Bank’s investment in premises and equipment totaled $102.6 million, net of accumulated depreciation. See Note 8 and Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
The Company and its subsidiaries and their property are not currently a party or subject to any material pending legal proceeding.
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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not Applicable.
Executive Officers of the Registrant.
The table below sets forth the names, ages, and positions at the Bancorp and the Bank of all executive officers of the Company as of February 15, 2013.

Name | Age |  | Present Position and Principal Occupation During the Past Five Years
Dunson K. Cheng | 68 |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors of Bancorp and the Bank since 1994; Director, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Bancorp since 1990; President of the Bank since 1985; Director of the Bank since 1982.
Peter Wu | 64 |  | Director, Executive Vice Chairman, and Chief Operating Officer of Bancorp and the Bank since October 20, 2003.
Anthony M. Tang | 59 |  | Director of Bancorp since 1990; Executive Vice President of Bancorp since 1994; Chief Lending Officer of the Bank since 1985; Director of the Bank since 1986; Senior Executive Vice President of the Bank since December 1998.
Heng W. Chen | 60 |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer of Bancorp since June 2003; Executive Vice President of the Bank since June 2003; Chief Financial Officer of the Bank since January 2004.
Irwin Wong | 64 |  | Executive Vice President-Branch Administration of the Bank from 1999 to February 2011; Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of the Bank since February 2011.
Kim R. Bingham | 56 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Credit Officer of the Bank since August 2004.
Perry P. Oei | 50 |  | Senior Vice President of Bancorp and the Bank since January 2004; General Counsel of Bancorp and the Bank since July 2001; Secretary of Bancorp and the Bank since August 2010.

PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “CATY.” The closing price of our common stock on February 15, 2013, was $20.14 per share, as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
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The following table sets forth the high and low closing prices as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for the periods presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | High |  |  | Low |
First quarter |  | $ | 18.19 |  |  | $ | 14.93 |  |  | $ | 18.87 |  |  | $ | 15.63 |
Second quarter |  |  | 18.16 |  |  |  | 15.18 |  |  |  | 17.90 |  |  |  | 14.81 |
Third quarter |  |  | 18.14 |  |  |  | 15.71 |  |  |  | 17.06 |  |  |  | 10.21 |
Fourth quarter |  |  | 19.82 |  |  |  | 16.61 |  |  |  | 15.19 |  |  |  | 10.69 |

Holders
As of February 15, 2013, there were approximately 1,639 holders of record of our common stock.
Dividends
The cash dividends per share declared by quarter were as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
First quarter |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |
Second quarter |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.01 |
Third quarter |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.01 |
Fourth quarter |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.01 |
Total |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |

For information concerning restrictions on the payment of dividends, see Part II — Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Capital Resources — Dividend Policy,” and Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Performance Graph
The graph and accompanying information furnished below shows the cumulative total stockholder return over the past five years assuming the investment of $100 on December 31, 2007 (and the reinvestment of dividends thereafter) in each of our common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the SNL Western Bank Index. The SNL Western Bank Index is a market-weighted index comprised of publicly traded banks and bank holding companies (including the Company) most of which are based in California and the remainder of which are based in eight other western states, including Oregon, Washington, and Nevada. We will furnish, without charge, on the written request of any person who is a stockholder of record as of the record date for the 2013 annual meeting of stockholders, a list of the companies included in the SNL Western Bank Index. Requests for this information should be addressed to Perry Oei, Secretary, Cathay General Bancorp, 777 North Broadway, Los Angeles, California 90012.
NOTE: The comparisons in the graph below are based upon historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, the future performance of, or returns on, our common stock. Such information furnished herewith shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act with the Securities and Exchange Commission except to the extent that the Company specifically requests that such information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporates it by reference into a filing under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act.
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Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
There were no sales of any equity securities by the Company during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that were not registered under the Securities Act.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
As of December 31, 2012, Bancorp may repurchase up to 622,500 shares of common stock under the November 2007 stock repurchase program, subject to regulatory limitations. No shares were repurchased from 2008 through 2012.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The following table presents our selected historical consolidated financial data, and is derived in part from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements. The selected historical consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included elsewhere herein and with Part II — Item 7— “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
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Selected Consolidated Financial Data

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009 |  |  | 2008 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Income Statement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 429,744 |  |  | $ | 453,571 |  |  | $ | 489,594 |  |  | $ | 528,731 |  |  | $ | 589,951 |
Interest expense |  |  | 108,491 |  |  |  | 139,881 |  |  |  | 191,688 |  |  |  | 246,039 |  |  |  | 294,804 |
Net interest income before provision for credit losses |  |  | 321,253 |  |  |  | 313,690 |  |  |  | 297,906 |  |  |  | 282,692 |  |  |  | 295,147 |
(Reversal)/Provision for credit losses |  |  | (9,000 | ) |  |  | 27,000 |  |  |  | 156,900 |  |  |  | 307,000 |  |  |  | 106,700 |
Net interest income/(loss) after provision for credit losses |  |  | 330,253 |  |  |  | 286,690 |  |  |  | 141,006 |  |  |  | (24,308 | ) |  |  | 188,447 |
Securities gains/(losses) |  |  | 18,026 |  |  |  | 21,131 |  |  |  | 18,695 |  |  |  | 55,644 |  |  |  | (5,971 | )
Other non-interest income |  |  | 28,481 |  |  |  | 29,761 |  |  |  | 13,556 |  |  |  | 23,010 |  |  |  | 24,878 |
Non-interest expense |  |  | 192,589 |  |  |  | 185,566 |  |  |  | 175,711 |  |  |  | 183,037 |  |  |  | 136,676 |
(Loss)/income before income tax expense |  |  | 184,171 |  |  |  | 152,016 |  |  |  | (2,454 | ) |  |  | (128,691 | ) |  |  | 70,678 |
Income tax (benefit)/expense |  |  | 66,128 |  |  |  | 51,261 |  |  |  | (14,629 | ) |  |  | (61,912 | ) |  |  | 19,554 |
Net income/(loss) |  |  | 118,043 |  |  |  | 100,755 |  |  |  | 12,175 |  |  |  | (66,779 | ) |  |  | 51,124 |
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 610 |  |  |  | 611 |  |  |  | 603 |
Net income/(loss) attributable to Cathay General Bancorp |  |  | 117,438 |  |  |  | 100,150 |  |  |  | 11,565 |  |  |  | (67,390 | ) |  |  | 50,521 |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  | (16,488 | ) |  |  | (16,437 | ) |  |  | (16,388 | ) |  |  | (16,338 | ) |  |  | (1,140 | )
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | 100,950 |  |  | $ | 83,713 |  |  | $ | (4,823 | ) |  | $ | (83,728 | ) |  | $ | 49,381 |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | 1.00 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | 1.00 |
Cash dividends paid per common share |  | $ | 0.040 |  |  | $ | 0.040 |  |  | $ | 0.040 |  |  | $ | 0.205 |  |  | $ | 0.420 |
Weighted-average common shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 78,719,133 |  |  |  | 78,633,317 |  |  |  | 77,073,954 |  |  |  | 52,629,159 |  |  |  | 49,414,824 |
Diluted |  |  | 78,723,297 |  |  |  | 78,640,652 |  |  |  | 77,073,954 |  |  |  | 52,629,159 |  |  |  | 49,529,793 |
Statement of Condition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities |  | $ | 2,065,248 |  |  | $ | 2,447,982 |  |  | $ | 2,843,669 |  |  | $ | 3,550,114 |  |  | $ | 3,083,817 |
Net loans (1) |  |  | 7,235,587 |  |  |  | 6,844,483 |  |  |  | 6,615,769 |  |  |  | 6,678,914 |  |  |  | 7,340,181 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | 2,873 |  |  |  | 54,826 |  |  |  | - |
Total assets |  |  | 10,694,089 |  |  |  | 10,644,864 |  |  |  | 10,801,986 |  |  |  | 11,588,232 |  |  |  | 11,582,639 |
Deposits |  |  | 7,383,225 |  |  |  | 7,229,131 |  |  |  | 6,991,846 |  |  |  | 7,505,040 |  |  |  | 6,836,736 |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  | 1,250,000 |  |  |  | 1,400,000 |  |  |  | 1,561,000 |  |  |  | 1,557,000 |  |  |  | 1,662,000 |
Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 146,200 |  |  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  | 550,000 |  |  |  | 929,362 |  |  |  | 1,449,362 |
Borrowings from other financial institutions |  |  | 18,713 |  |  |  | 19,800 |  |  |  | 27,576 |  |  |  | 26,532 |  |  |  | 19,500 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 171,136 |
Total equity |  |  | 1,629,504 |  |  |  | 1,515,633 |  |  |  | 1,436,105 |  |  |  | 1,312,744 |  |  |  | 1,301,387 |
Common Stock Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares of common stock outstanding |  |  | 78,778,288 |  |  |  | 78,652,557 |  |  |  | 78,531,783 |  |  |  | 63,459,590 |  |  |  | 49,508,250 |
Book value per common share |  | $ | 17.12 |  |  | $ | 15.75 |  |  | $ | 14.80 |  |  | $ | 16.49 |  |  | $ | 20.90 |
Profitability Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets |  |  | 1.11 | % |  |  | 0.94 | % |  |  | 0.10 | % |  |  | (0.58 | %) |  |  | 0.47 | %
Return on average stockholders' equity |  |  | 7.48 |  |  |  | 6.78 |  |  |  | 0.81 |  |  |  | (5.20 | ) |  |  | 4.91 |
Dividend payout ratio |  |  | 2.68 |  |  |  | 3.14 |  |  |  | 27.16 |  |  |  | n/m |  |  |  | 42.02 |
Average equity to average assets ratio |  |  | 14.87 |  |  |  | 13.98 |  |  |  | 12.45 |  |  |  | 11.29 |  |  |  | 9.58 |
Efficiency ratio |  |  | 52.37 |  |  |  | 50.90 |  |  |  | 53.22 |  |  |  | 50.65 |  |  |  | 43.52 |

* n/m, not meaningful

(1) | Net loans represent gross loans net of loan participations sold, allowance for loan losses, and unamortized deferred loan fees.

38

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
General
The following discussion is intended to provide information to facilitate the understanding and assessment of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Bancorp and its subsidiaries. It should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The Bank offers a wide range of financial services. It currently operates 20 branches in Southern California, 11 branches in Northern California, eight branches in New York State, one branch in Massachusetts, two branches in Texas, three branches in Washington State, three branches in Illinois, one branch in New Jersey, one branch in Hong Kong and two representative offices (one in Shanghai, China, and one in Taipei, Taiwan). The Bank is a commercial bank, servicing primarily individuals, professionals, and small to medium-sized businesses in the local markets in which its branches are located.
The financial information presented herein includes the accounts of the Bancorp, its subsidiaries, including the Bank, and the Bank’s consolidated subsidiaries. All material transactions between these entities are eliminated.
Critical Accounting Policies
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Certain accounting policies involve significant judgments and assumptions by management which have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities; management considers such accounting policies to be critical accounting policies. The judgments and assumptions used by management are based on historical experience and other factors, which are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.
Management believes the following are critical accounting policies that require the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements:
Allowance for Credit Losses
The determination of the amount of the provision for credit losses charged to operations reflects management’s current judgment about the credit quality of the loan portfolio and takes into consideration changes in lending policies and procedures, changes in economic and business conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans, changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due, non-accrual, and adversely classified or graded loans, changes in the quality of the loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and the effect of competition, legal and regulatory requirements, and other external factors. The nature of the process by which we determine the appropriate allowance for loan losses requires the exercise of considerable judgment. The allowance is increased by the provision for loan losses and decreased by charge-offs when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. A weakening of the economy or other factors that adversely affect asset quality could result in an increase in the number of delinquencies, bankruptcies, or defaults, and a higher level of non-performing assets, net charge-offs, and provision for loan losses in future periods.
39

The total allowance for credit losses consists of two components: specific allowances and general allowances. To determine the adequacy of the allowance in each of these two components, we employ two primary methodologies, the individual loan review analysis methodology and the classification migration methodology. These methodologies support the basis for determining allocations between the various loan categories and the overall adequacy of our allowance to provide for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. These methodologies are further supported by additional analysis of relevant factors such as the historical losses in the portfolio, and environmental factors which include trends in delinquency and non-accrual, and other significant factors, such as the national and local economy, the volume and composition of the portfolio, strength of management and loan staff, underwriting standards, and the concentration of credit.
The Bank’s management allocates a specific allowance for “Impaired Credits,” in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Section 310-10-35. For non-Impaired Credits, a general allowance is established for those loans internally classified and risk graded Pass, Minimally Acceptable, Special Mention, or Substandard based on historical losses in the specific loan portfolio and a reserve based on environmental factors determined for that loan group. The level of the general allowance is established to provide coverage for management’s estimate of the credit risk in the loan portfolio by various loan segments not covered by the specific allowance. The allowance for credit losses is discussed in more detail in “Risk Elements of the Loan Portfolio– Allowance for Credit Losses” below.
Investment Securities
The classification and accounting for investment securities are discussed in detail in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Under ASC Topic 320, formerly SFAS No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, investment securities must be classified as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading. The appropriate classification is based partially on our ability to hold the securities to maturity and largely on management's intentions with respect to either holding or selling the securities. The classification of investment securities is significant since it directly impacts the accounting for unrealized gains and losses on securities. Unrealized gains and losses on trading securities flow directly through earnings during the periods in which they arise, whereas available-for-sale securities are recorded as a separate component of stockholders' equity (accumulated other comprehensive income or loss) and do not affect earnings until realized. The fair values of our investment securities are generally determined by reference to quoted market prices and reliable independent sources. We are obligated to assess, at each reporting date, whether there is an "other-than-temporary" impairment to our investment securities. ASC Topic 320 requires us to assess whether we have the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. Other-than-temporary impairment related to credit losses will be recognized in earnings. Other-than-temporary impairment related to all other factors will be recognized in other comprehensive income.
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes is based on income reported for financial statement purposes, and differs from the amount of taxes currently payable, since certain income and expense items are reported for financial statement purposes in different periods than those for tax reporting purposes. Taxes are discussed in more detail in Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Accrued taxes represent the net estimated amount due or to be received from taxing authorities. In estimating accrued taxes, we assess the relative merits and risks of the appropriate tax treatment of transactions taking into account statutory, judicial, and regulatory guidance in the context of our tax position.
40

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, the objective of which is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Goodwill and Goodwill Impairment
Goodwill represents the excess of costs over fair value of assets of businesses acquired. ASC Topic 805, formerly SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations (Revised 2007), requires an entity to recognize the assets, liabilities and any non-controlling interest at fair value as of the acquisition date. Contingent consideration is required to be recognized and measured at fair value on the date of acquisition rather than at a later date when the amount of that consideration may be determinable beyond a reasonable doubt. ASC Topic 805 also requires an entity to expense acquisition-related costs as incurred rather than allocating such costs to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Contingent considerations are to be recognized at fair value on the acquisition date in a business combination and would be subject to the probable and estimable recognition criteria of ASC Topic 450, “Accounting for Contingencies.” Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 350, formerly SFAS No. 142. SFAS No. 142 also requires that intangible assets with estimable useful lives be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values, and reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC Topic 360, formerly SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.”
Our policy is to assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or between annual assessments if a triggering event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. Accounting standards require management to estimate the fair value of each reporting unit in making the assessment of impairment at least annually.
The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test described in ASC Topic 350. The two-step impairment testing process conducted by us, if needed, begins by assigning net assets and goodwill to our three reporting units- Commercial Lending, Retail Banking, and East Coast Operations. We then complete “step one” of the impairment test by comparing the fair value of each reporting unit (as determined in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements below) with the recorded book value (or “carrying amount”) of its net assets, with goodwill included in the computation of the carrying amount. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired, and “step two” of the impairment test is not necessary. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, step two of the impairment test is performed to determine the amount of impairment. Step two of the impairment test compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill to the “implied fair value” of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is computed by assuming all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit would be adjusted to the current fair value, with the offset as an adjustment to goodwill. This adjusted goodwill balance is the implied fair value used in step two. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value.
41

Valuation of Other Real Estate Owned (OREO)
Real estate acquired in the settlement of loans is initially recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Specific valuation allowances on other real estate owned are recorded through charges to operations to recognize declines in fair value subsequent to foreclosure. Gains on sales are recognized when certain criteria relating to the buyer’s initial and continuing investment in the property are met.
Results of Operations
Overview
For the year ended December 31, 2012, we reported net income attributable to common stockholders of $101.0 million, or $1.28 per diluted share, compared to net income attributable to common stockholders of $83.7 million, or $1.06 per share, in 2011, and net loss attributable to common stockholders of $4.8 million, or $0.06 per share, in 2010. The $17.3 million increase in net income from 2011 to 2012 was primarily the results of a decrease of $36.0 million in the provision for credit losses, a decrease of $8.1 million in costs associated with debt redemptions, a $7.6 million increase in net interest income, a decrease of $4.2 million in FDIC assessments, and a decrease of $1.8 million in operation expenses of affordable housing investment offset by an increase of $14.9 million in income tax expense, an increase of $6.5 million in salaries and incentive compensation, an increase of $5.6 million in litigation accrual expense, an increase of $4.5 million in other real estate owned (“OREO”) expenses, and a decrease of $3.1 million in gains on sale of securities. The return on average assets in 2012 was 1.11%, improving from 0.94% in 2011, and from 0.10% in 2010. The return on average stockholders’ equity was 7.48% in 2012, improving from 6.78% in 2011, and from 0.81% in 2010.
Highlights

| · | Net income increased $17.2 million, or 17.3%, to $117.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to net income of $100.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

| · | Memorandum of Understanding of Cathay Bank lifted by the CDFI and FDIC as of November 7, 2012.

| · | Commercial loans increased $258.8 million, or 13.9%, during 2012, to $2.1 billion at December 31, 2012, compared to $1.9 billion at December 31, 2011. Residential mortgage loans increased $174.0 million, or 17.9%, to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2012, from $972.3 million at December 31, 2011.

| · | Non-performing assets decreased $149.7 million, or 49.8%, to $150.9 million at December 31, 2012, from $300.6 million at December 31, 2011.

| · | Net charge-offs decreased $51.5 million, or 77.9%, to $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, from $66.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

42

Net income/(loss) available to common stockholders and key financial performance ratios are presented below for the three years indicated:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Net income |  | $ | 117,438 |  |  | $ | 100,150 |  |  | $ | 11,565 |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  | (16,488 | ) |  |  | (16,437 | ) |  |  | (16,388 | )
Net income/(loss) available to common stockholders |  | $ | 100,950 |  |  | $ | 83,713 |  |  | $ | (4,823 | )
Basic earnings/(loss) per common share |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | )
Diluted earnings/(loss) per common share |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | )
Return on average assets |  |  | 1.11 | % |  |  | 0.94 | % |  |  | 0.10 | %
Return on average stockholders' equity |  |  | 7.48 | % |  |  | 6.78 | % |  |  | 0.81 | %
Total average assets |  | $ | 10,617,004 |  |  | $ | 10,629,217 |  |  | $ | 11,489,165 |
Total average equity |  | $ | 1,579,195 |  |  | $ | 1,485,545 |  |  | $ | 1,430,433 |
Efficiency ratio |  |  | 52.37 | % |  |  | 50.90 | % |  |  | 53.22 | %
Effective income tax rate |  |  | 36.02 | % |  |  | 33.86 | % |  |  | 477.45 | %

Net Interest Income
Net interest income increased $7.6 million, or 2.4%, from $313.7 million in 2011 to $321.3 million in 2012. Taxable-equivalent net interest income, using a statutory Federal income tax rate of 35%, totaled $323.5 million in 2012, compared with $316.0 million in 2011, an increase of $7.5 million, or 2.4%. Interest income on tax-exempt securities was $4.2 million, or $6.4 million on a tax-equivalent basis, in 2012 compared to $4.2 million, or $6.5 million on a tax-equivalent basis, in 2011. The increase in net interest income was due primarily to the decreases in interest expense paid for time deposits and the prepayment of Federal Home Loan Bank advances and securities sold under agreements to repurchase.
Average loans for 2012 were $7.10 billion, a $134.5 million, or a 1.9%, increase from $6.96 billion in 2011. Compared with 2011, average commercial loans increased $284.0 million, or 17.1%, and average residential mortgage loans increased $91.6 million, or 8.0%. Offsetting the above increases was a decrease of $121.1 million, or 3.2%, in average commercial mortgage loans and a decrease of $118.0 million, or 37.3%, in average real estate construction loans. Average investment securities were $2.35 billion in 2012, a decrease of $270.5 million, or 10.3%, from 2011, due primarily to decreases of U.S. agency securities of $325.7 million.
Average interest bearing deposits were $6.23 billion in 2012, an increase of $83.7 million, or 1.4%, from $6.14 billion in 2011 primarily due to increases of $238.9 million in all deposit types, offset primarily by decreases of $155.2 million in brokered time deposits. Average FHLB advances and other borrowings decreased $280.9 million, or 88.2%, to $37.7 million in 2012 from $318.6 million in 2011 primarily due to prepayments of FHLB advances in 2012. Average securities sold under agreements to repurchase decreased $86.9 million, or 6.0%, to $1.36 billion in 2012 from $1.45 billion in 2011 primarily due to prepayments of securities sold under agreements to repurchase in 2012.
Taxable-equivalent interest income decreased $23.9 million, or 5.2%, to $432.0 million in 2012 primarily due to decline in volume on investment securities and decreases in loan yields and by a change in the mix of interest-earning assets as discussed below:

| · | Increase in volume: Average interest-earning assets increased $37.1 million, or 0.4%, to $9.87 billion in 2012, compared with the average interest-earning assets of $9.84 billion in 2011. The increase in average loans balance of $134.5 million in 2012 and increase in average interest bearing deposits of $253.6 million, offset by decreases in average investment securities of $270.4 million and decreases in average Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell of $69.5 million, contributed to the slight increase in interest income.

43

| · | Decrease in rate: The average yield of interest bearing assets decreased 25 basis points to 4.38% in 2012 from 4.63% in 2011. Rate on taxable investment securities decreased 53 basis points from 3.34% in 2011 to 2.81% in 2012. The decrease in taxable investment securities yields caused a $12.3 million decline in interest income. Rate on loans decreased 16 basis points from 5.24% in 2011 to 5.08% in 2012. The decrease in loan yield caused a $10.9 million decline in interest income.

| · | Change in the mix of interest-earnings assets: Average gross loans, which generally have a higher yield than other types of investments, comprised 71.9% of total average interest-earning assets in 2012, an increase from 70.8% in 2011. Average securities comprised 23.8% of total average interest-bearing assets in 2012, a decrease from 26.6% in 2011.

Interest expense decreased by $31.4 million to $108.5 million in 2012 compared with $139.9 million in 2011 primarily due to decreased cost from time deposits, FHLB advances and securities sold under agreements to repurchase. The overall decrease in interest expense was primarily due to a net decrease in rate and a net decrease in volume as discussed below:

| · | Decrease in volume: Average interest-bearing liabilities decreased $284.1 million in 2012, due primarily to the decrease in brokered time deposits, the decrease in FHLB advances, and the decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase. The decrease in volume caused interest expense to decline by $10.5 million.

| · | Decline in rate: The average cost of interest bearing liabilities decreased 34 basis points to 1.39% in 2012 from 1.73% in 2011 due primarily to a decrease of 25 basis points in the average cost of interest bearing deposits to 0.76% in 2012 from 1.01% in 2011 and a decrease of 306 basis points in average cost of FHLB advances and other borrowings to 0.72% in 2012 from 3.78% in 2011. The decline in rate caused interest expense to decline by $20.9 million.

| · | Change in the mix of interest-bearing liabilities: Average interest bearing deposits of $6.23 billion increased to 79.9% of total interest-bearing liabilities in 2012 compared to 76.0% in 2011. Offsetting the increases, average FHLB advances and other borrowing decreased to 0.5% of total interest-bearing liabilities in 2012 compared to 3.9% in 2011.

Our taxable-equivalent net interest margin, defined as taxable-equivalent net interest income to average interest-earning assets, increased 7 basis points to 3.28% in 2012 from 3.21% in 2011. The increase in net interest margin from the prior year primarily resulted from increases in loans, decreases in the rate on interest bearing deposits, and the prepayment of FHLB advances and securities sold under agreements to repurchase contributed to the increase in the net interest margin.
Net interest income increased $15.8 million, or 5.3%, from $297.9 million in 2010 to $313.7 million in 2011. Taxable-equivalent net interest income, using a statutory Federal income tax rate of 35%, totaled $316.0 million in 2011, compared with $298.4 million in 2010, an increase of $17.6 million, or 5.9%. Interest income on tax-exempt securities was $4.2 million, or $6.5 million on a tax-equivalent basis, in 2011 compared to $854,000, or $1.3 million on a tax-equivalent basis, in 2010. The increase in net interest income was due primarily to the decreases in interest expense paid for time deposits and the prepayment of Federal Home Loan Bank advances and securities sold under agreements to repurchase.
Average loans for 2011 were $6.96 billion, a $61.7 million, or 0.9%, increase from $6.90 billion in 2010. Compared with 2010, average commercial loans increased $306.6 million, or 22.6%, and average residential mortgage loans increased $181.8 million, or 19.0%. Offsetting the above increases was a decrease of $202.1 million, or 5.0%, in average commercial mortgage loans and a decreased of $223.8 million, or 41.4%, in average real estate construction loans. Average investment securities were $2.62 billion in 2011, a decrease of $884.6 million, or 25.3%, from 2010, due primarily to decreases of U.S. agency securities of $812.6 million.
Average interest bearing deposits were $6.14 billion in 2011, a decrease of $357.9 million, or 5.5%, from $6.50 billion in 2010 primarily due to decreases of $442.9 million in brokered time deposits offset primarily by increases of $42.8 million in saving deposits. Average FHLB advances and other borrowings decreased $524.7 million, or 62.2%, to $318.6 million in 2011 from $843.3 million in 2010 primarily due to prepayments of FHLB advances in 2011. Average securities sold under agreements to repurchase decreased $111.9 million, or 7.2%, to $1.45 billion in 2011 from $1.56 billion in 2010 primarily due to prepayments of securities sold under agreements to repurchase in 2011.
44

Taxable-equivalent interest income decreased $34.2 million, or 7.0%, to $455.8 million in 2011 primarily due to decline in volume on investment securities and decreases in loan yields and by a change in the mix of interest-earning assets as discussed below:

| · | Decrease in volume: Average interest-earning assets decreased $942.1 million, or 8.7%, to $9.84 billion in 2011, compared with the average interest-earning assets of $10.78 billion in 2010. The decrease in average investment securities balance of $884.6 million in 2011 caused primarily the $26.3 million decline in interest income.

| · | Decrease in yield on loans: Yield on loans decreased 28 basis points from 5.52% in 2010 to 5.24% in 2011. The decrease in loan yield caused a $19.5 million decline in interest income.

| · | Change in the mix of interest-earnings assets: Average gross loans, which generally have a higher yield than other types of investments, comprised 70.8% of total average interest-earning assets in 2011, an increase from 64.0% in 2010. Average securities comprised 26.6% of total average interest-bearing assets in 2011, a decrease from 32.5% in 2010.

Interest expense decreased by $51.8 million to $139.9 million in 2011 compared with $191.7 million in 2010 primarily due to decreased cost from time deposits and FHLB advances. The overall decrease in interest expense was primarily due to a net decrease in rate and a net decrease in volume as discussed below:

| · | Decrease in volume: Average interest-bearing liabilities decreased $994.4 million in 2011, due primarily to the decrease in brokered time deposits, the decrease in FHLB advances, and the decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase. The decrease in volume caused interest expense to decline by $31.4 million.

| · | Decline in rate: The average cost of interest bearing liabilities decreased 38 basis points to 1.73% in 2011 from 2.11% in 2010 due primarily to a decrease of 28 basis points in the average cost of interest bearing deposits to 1.01% in 2011 from 1.29% in 2010 and a decrease of 67 basis points in average cost of FHLB advances and other borrowings to 3.78% in 2011 from 4.45%. The decline in rate caused interest expense to decline by $20.4 million.

| · | Change in the mix of interest-bearing liabilities: Average interest bearing deposits of $6.14 billion increased to 76.0% of total interest-bearing liabilities in 2011 compared to 71.6% in 2010. Offsetting the increases, average FHLB advances and other borrowing decreased to 3.9% of total interest-bearing liabilities in 2011 compared to 9.3% in 2010.

Our taxable-equivalent net interest margin, defined as taxable-equivalent net interest income to average interest-earning assets, increased 44 basis points to 3.21% in 2011 from 2.77% in 2010. The increase in net interest margin from the prior year primarily resulted from decreases in the rate on interest bearing deposits, and the prepayment of FHLB advances and securities sold under agreement to repurchase contributed to the increase in the net interest margin.
45

The following table sets forth information concerning average interest-earning assets, average interest-bearing liabilities, and the yields and rates paid on those assets and liabilities. Average outstanding amounts included in the table are daily averages.

Interest-Earning Assets and Interest-Bearing Liabilities |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |
|  | 2012 |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ |  |  | 2011 |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ |  |  | 2010 |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ |
|  | Average |  |  | Income/ |  |  | Rate |  |  | Average |  |  | Income/ |  |  | Rate |  |  | Average |  |  | Income/ |  |  | Rate |
|  | Balance |  |  | Expense (4) |  |  | (1)(2) |  |  | Balance |  |  | Expense (4) |  |  | (1)(2) |  |  | Balance |  |  | Expense (4) |  |  | (1)(2) |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Interest-Earning Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 1,946,986 |  |  | $ | 81,684 |  |  |  | 4.20 | % |  | $ | 1,662,937 |  |  | $ | 72,188 |  |  |  | 4.34 | % |  | $ | 1,356,368 |  |  | $ | 63,124 |  |  |  | 4.65 | %
Residential mortgages |  |  | 1,232,573 |  |  |  | 60,644 |  |  |  | 4.92 |  |  |  | 1,140,936 |  |  |  | 57,541 |  |  |  | 5.04 |  |  |  | 959,112 |  |  |  | 49,823 |  |  |  | 5.19 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  | 3,701,613 |  |  |  | 207,541 |  |  |  | 5.61 |  |  |  | 3,822,757 |  |  |  | 220,070 |  |  |  | 5.76 |  |  |  | 4,024,863 |  |  |  | 240,747 |  |  |  | 5.98 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 198,363 |  |  |  | 10,440 |  |  |  | 5.26 |  |  |  | 316,323 |  |  |  | 14,352 |  |  |  | 4.54 |  |  |  | 540,151 |  |  |  | 26,334 |  |  |  | 4.88 |
Other loans |  |  | 15,541 |  |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | 2.15 |  |  |  | 17,583 |  |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | 2.44 |  |  |  | 18,382 |  |  |  | 634 |  |  |  | 3.45 |
Loans (1) |  |  | 7,095,076 |  |  |  | 360,643 |  |  |  | 5.08 |  |  |  | 6,960,536 |  |  |  | 364,580 |  |  |  | 5.24 |  |  |  | 6,898,876 |  |  |  | 380,662 |  |  |  | 5.52 |
Taxable securities |  |  | 2,216,857 |  |  |  | 62,395 |  |  |  | 2.81 |  |  |  | 2,484,629 |  |  |  | 83,083 |  |  |  | 3.34 |  |  |  | 3,476,259 |  |  |  | 106,568 |  |  |  | 3.07 |
Tax-exempt securities (3) |  |  | 131,530 |  |  |  | 6,401 |  |  |  | 4.87 |  |  |  | 134,245 |  |  |  | 6,489 |  |  |  | 4.83 |  |  |  | 27,258 |  |  |  | 1,314 |  |  |  | 4.82 |
FHLB stock |  |  | 47,938 |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 1.01 |  |  |  | 58,999 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 0.30 |  |  |  | 68,780 |  |  |  | 237 |  |  |  | 0.34 |
Federal funds sold & securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 14,986 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 0.12 |  |  |  | 84,493 |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 0.10 |  |  |  | 6,932 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 0.20 |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 367,138 |  |  |  | 2,042 |  |  |  | 0.56 |  |  |  | 113,566 |  |  |  | 1,430 |  |  |  | 1.26 |  |  |  | 300,471 |  |  |  | 1,259 |  |  |  | 0.42 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | $ | 9,873,525 |  |  | $ | 431,984 |  |  |  | 4.38 |  |  | $ | 9,836,468 |  |  | $ | 455,842 |  |  |  | 4.63 |  |  | $ | 10,778,576 |  |  | $ | 490,054 |  |  |  | 4.55 |
Non-interest Earning Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  |  | 126,476 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 161,711 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95,996 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other non-earning assets |  |  | 819,986 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 872,638 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 876,771 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest earning assets |  |  | 946,462 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,034,349 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 972,767 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (194,385 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (233,744 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (254,420 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred loan fees |  |  | (8,598 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,856 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,758 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets |  | $ | 10,617,004 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,629,217 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,489,165 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  | $ | 516,246 |  |  | $ | 792 |  |  |  | 0.15 |  |  |  | 426,252 |  |  |  | 756 |  |  |  | 0.18 |  |  |  | 397,434 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | 0.23 |
Money market deposits |  |  | 1,059,841 |  |  |  | 5,938 |  |  |  | 0.56 |  |  |  | 979,253 |  |  |  | 7,351 |  |  |  | 0.75 |  |  |  | 966,888 |  |  |  | 8,733 |  |  |  | 0.90 |
Savings deposits |  |  | 451,022 |  |  |  | 365 |  |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 411,953 |  |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | 0.12 |  |  |  | 369,190 |  |  |  | 694 |  |  |  | 0.19 |
Time deposits |  |  | 4,197,906 |  |  |  | 40,278 |  |  |  | 0.96 |  |  |  | 4,323,833 |  |  |  | 53,625 |  |  |  | 1.24 |  |  |  | 4,765,632 |  |  |  | 73,808 |  |  |  | 1.55 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 6,225,015 |  |  |  | 47,373 |  |  |  | 0.76 |  |  |  | 6,141,291 |  |  |  | 62,214 |  |  |  | 1.01 |  |  |  | 6,499,144 |  |  |  | 84,162 |  |  |  | 1.29 |
Federal funds purchased |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1.29 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  | 1,361,475 |  |  |  | 55,699 |  |  |  | 4.09 |  |  |  | 1,448,363 |  |  |  | 60,733 |  |  |  | 4.19 |  |  |  | 1,560,215 |  |  |  | 66,141 |  |  |  | 4.24 |
FHLB advances and other borrowings |  |  | 37,717 |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 0.72 |  |  |  | 318,606 |  |  |  | 12,044 |  |  |  | 3.78 |  |  |  | 843,321 |  |  |  | 37,533 |  |  |  | 4.45 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 5,149 |  |  |  | 3.01 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 4,890 |  |  |  | 2.86 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 3,852 |  |  |  | 2.25 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 7,795,343 |  |  |  | 108,491 |  |  |  | 1.39 |  |  |  | 8,079,423 |  |  |  | 139,881 |  |  |  | 1.73 |  |  |  | 9,073,816 |  |  |  | 191,688 |  |  |  | 2.11 |
Non-interest Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  |  | 1,157,343 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 996,215 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 911,351 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 85,123 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 68,034 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73,565 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity |  |  | 1,579,195 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,485,545 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,430,433 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 10,617,004 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,629,217 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,489,165 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest spread (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.99 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.90 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.44 | %
Net interest income (4) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 323,493 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 315,961 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 298,366 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.28 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.21 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.77 | %

(1) | Yields and amounts of interest earned include loan fees. Non-accrual loans are included in the average balance.

(2) | Calculated by dividing net interest income by average outstanding interest-earning assets.

(3) | The average yield has been adjusted to a fully taxable-equivalent basis for certain securities of states and political subdivisions and other securities held using a statutory Federal income tax rate of 35%.

(4) | Net interest income, net interest spread, and net interest margin on interest-earning assets have been adjusted to a fully taxable-equivalent basis using a statutory Federal income tax rate of 35%.

46

Taxable-Equivalent Net Interest Income — Changes Due to Rate and Volume(1)

|  | 2012 - 2011 Increase/(Decrease) in Net Interest Income Due to: |  |  | 2011 - 2010 Increase/(Decrease) in Net Interest Income Due to: |
|  | Change in Volume |  |  | Change in Rate |  |  | Total Change |  |  | Change in Volume |  |  | Change in Rate |  |  | Total Change |
|  | (In thousands) |
Interest-Earning Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits with other banks |  | $ | 1,767 |  |  | $ | (1,155 | ) |  | $ | 612 |  |  | $ | (1,155 | ) |  | $ | 1,326 |  |  | $ | 171 |
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | (1,179 | ) |  |  | 1,248 |  |  |  | 69 |
Taxable securities |  |  | (8,380 | ) |  |  | (12,308 | ) |  |  | (20,688 | ) |  |  | (32,493 | ) |  |  | 9,008 |  |  |  | (23,485 | )
Tax-exempt securities (2) |  |  | (132 | ) |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | (88 | ) |  |  | 5,171 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 5,175 |
FHLB Stock |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | 347 |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (60 | )
Loans |  |  | 6,965 |  |  |  | (10,902 | ) |  |  | (3,937 | ) |  |  | 3,376 |  |  |  | (19,458 | ) |  |  | (16,082 | )
Total increase (decrease) in interest income |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | (23,959 | ) |  |  | (23,858 | ) |  |  | (26,311 | ) |  |  | (7,901 | ) |  |  | (34,212 | )
Interest-Bearing Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | (110 | ) |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | (234 | ) |  |  | (171 | )
Money market deposits |  |  | 567 |  |  |  | (1,980 | ) |  |  | (1,413 | ) |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | (1,492 | ) |  |  | (1,382 | )
Savings deposits |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | (159 | ) |  |  | (117 | ) |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | (285 | ) |  |  | (212 | )
Time deposits |  |  | (1,521 | ) |  |  | (11,826 | ) |  |  | (13,347 | ) |  |  | (6,410 | ) |  |  | (13,773 | ) |  |  | (20,183 | )
Securities sold under agreemensts to repurchase |  |  | (3,580 | ) |  |  | (1,454 | ) |  |  | (5,034 | ) |  |  | (4,697 | ) |  |  | (711 | ) |  |  | (5,408 | )
FHLB advances and other borrowings |  |  | (6,134 | ) |  |  | (5,640 | ) |  |  | (11,774 | ) |  |  | (20,521 | ) |  |  | (4,968 | ) |  |  | (25,489 | )
Long-term debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | 259 |  |  |  | 259 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,038 |  |  |  | 1,038 |
Total decrease in interest expense |  |  | (10,480 | ) |  |  | (20,910 | ) |  |  | (31,390 | ) |  |  | (31,382 | ) |  |  | (20,425 | ) |  |  | (51,807 | )
Change in net interest income |  | $ | 10,581 |  |  | $ | (3,049 | ) |  | $ | 7,532 |  |  | $ | 5,071 |  |  | $ | 12,524 |  |  | $ | 17,595 |

(1) | Changes in interest income and interest expense attributable to changes in both volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to changes due to volume and changes due to rate.

(2) | The amount of interest earned has been adjusted to a fully tax-equivalent basis for certain securities of states and political subdivisions and other securities held using a statutory Federal income tax rate of 35%.

Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses represents the charge against current earnings that is determined by management, through a credit review process, as the amount needed to maintain an allowance for loan losses and an allowance for off-balance sheet unfunded credit commitments that management believes to be sufficient to absorb credit losses inherent in the Bank’s loan portfolio and credit commitments. The Bank recorded a negative $9.0 million provision for credit losses in 2012 compared with $27.0 million in 2011, and $156.9 million in 2010. Net charge-offs for 2012 were $14.7 million, or 0.2% of average loans, compared to net charge-offs for 2011 of $66.2 million, or 1.0% of average loans, and compared to net charge-offs for 2010 of $126.4 million, or 1.8% of average loans. The decreases in provision for credit losses and net charge-offs in 2012 were primarily due to decreases in non-performing loans.
47

Non-interest Income
Non-interest income decreased $4.4 million, or 8.6%, to $46.5 million for 2012, from $50.9 million for 2011, and compared to $32.3 million for 2010. Non-interest income includes depository service fees, letters of credit commissions, securities gains (losses), gains (losses) from loan sales, gains from sale of premises and equipment, and other sources of fee income. These other fee-based services include wire transfer fees, safe deposit fees, fees on loan-related activities, fee income from our Wealth Management division, and foreign exchange fees.
The decrease in non-interest income of $4.4 million, or 8.6%, from 2011 to 2012 was primarily due to a combination of the following:

| · | A $3.1 million decrease in securities gains. We sold securities of $544.2 million and recorded net gains on sale of securities of $18.0 million in 2012 compared to security sales of $1.3 billion with $21.1 million net gains on sale of securities in 2011.

| · | A $2.6 million decrease in gains on sale of loans.

| · | A $1.2 million decrease in foreign exchange income.

The increase in non-interest income of $18.6 million, or 57.8%, from 2010 to 2011 was primarily due to a combination of the following:

| · | A $9.6 million decrease in loss on the value of interest rate swap agreements due to higher unrealized losses recognized during 2010.

| · | A $2.4 million increase in securities gains. We sold securities of $1.3 billion and recorded net gains on sale of securities of $21.1 million in 2011 compared to security sales of $1.1 billion with $19.3 million net gains on sale of securities in 2010.

| · | A $2.3 million increase in gains on sale of loans.

| · | A $1.2 million increase in wealth management commissions.

| · | A $1.2 million increase in letters of credit commissions.

| · | A $1.1 million increase in venture capital income mainly due to venture capital investment distributions.

| · | A $1.1 million increase in commissions from foreign currency and exchange transactions.

Non-interest Expense
Non-interest expense includes expenses related to salaries and benefits of employees, occupancy expenses, marketing expenses, computer and equipment expenses, amortization of core deposit intangibles, and other operating expenses. Non-interest expense totaled $192.6 million in 2012 compared with $185.6 million in 2011. The increase of $7.0 million, or 3.8%, in non-interest expense in 2012 compared to 2011 was primarily due to a combination of the following:

| · | Salaries and employee benefits increased $6.5 million, or 9.1%, primarily due to the hiring of new employees as well as the addition of temporary employees related to the upcoming core system conversion in July 2013.

| · | An accrual of $5.8 million related to a jury verdict in a lender liability case on a construction loan where Cathay Bank owns a 50% interest.

| · | OREO expenses increased $4.5 million, or 43%, primarily due to decreases of $4.9 million in gains on OREO transactions.

| · | Professional service expense increased $1.6 million, or 7.7%, and computer and equipment expenses increased $1.1 million, or 12.7%, due primarily to the upcoming core system conversion.

| · | Marketing expenses increased $1.4 million primarily due to special events celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Bank.

| · | Offsetting the above increases were a $8.1 million decrease in costs associated with debt redemptions due to prepayment penalties on prepayment of FHLB advances and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, a $4.2 million decrease in FDIC and state assessments, and a $1.8 million decrease in operating expenses of affordable housing investments.

48

The efficiency ratio, defined as non-interest expense divided by the sum of net interest income before provision for loan losses plus non-interest income, increased to 52.37% in 2012 compared to 50.90% in 2011 due primarily to higher non-interest expenses as explained above.
Non-interest expense totaled $185.6 million in 2011 compared with $175.7 million in 2010. The increase of $9.9 million, or 5.6%, in non-interest expense in 2011 compared to 2010 was primarily due to a combination of the following:

| · | Salaries and employee benefits increased $13.0 million, or 22.1%, primarily due to increases in incentive compensation and the hiring of new employees.

| · | Costs associated with debt redemption increased $6.0 million, 41.9%, primarily due to prepayment penalties on prepaying FHLB advances.

| · | Professional service expense increased $2.6 million, or 14.6%, due primarily to increases in legal expenses, collection expenses, and consulting expenses.

| · | Occupancy expense increased $2.0 million, or 16.7%, primarily due to a correction in the depreciation life for certain components of our administrative office building made in 2010.

| · | Offsetting the above increases were a $7.1 million decrease in FDIC and state assessments, a $5.4 million decrease in OREO expenses, and a $3.2 million decrease in write-down on loans held for sale.

The efficiency ratio, defined as non-interest expense divided by the sum of net interest income before provision for loan losses plus non-interest income, decreased to 50.90% in 2011 compared to 53.22% in 2010.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense was $66.1 million in 2012, compared to an income tax expense of $51.3 million in 2011, and income tax benefit of $14.6 million in 2010. The effective tax rate was 36.0% for 2012, 33.9% for 2011, and 477% for 2010. The effective tax rate differed from the composite statutory composite rate of 42% primarily as a result of low income housing and other tax credits totaling $9.4 million recognized in 2012, $10.1 million recognized in 2011, and $11.2 million recognized in 2010. The income tax benefit in 2010 was primarily due to the net loss.
Our tax returns are open for audits by the Internal Revenue Service back to 2010 and by the California Franchise Tax Board (“FTB”) of the State of California back to 2003. We are currently under audit by the FTB for the years 2003 to 2007. From time to time, there may be differences in opinion with respect to the tax treatment accorded transactions. When, and if, such differences occur and the related tax effects become probable and estimable, such amounts will be recognized.
Financial Condition
Total assets were $10.7 billion at December 31, 2012, an increase of $49.2 million, or 0.5%, from $10.6 billion at December 31, 2011, primarily due to increases of $369.9 million in gross loans, increases of $117.0 million in short-term investments, and increases of $27.0 million in cash and due from banks, offset by decreases of $382.7 million in investment securities, decreases of $46.3 million in OREO, and decreases of $37.5 million from income tax receivable and deferred tax assets
49

Investment Securities
Investment securities were $2.1 billion and represented 19.3% of total assets at December 31, 2012, compared with $2.4 billion, or 23.0%, of total assets at December 31, 2011. The following table summarizes the carrying value of our portfolio of securities for each of the past two years:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Securities Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 99,966 |
State and municipal securities |  |  | 129,037 |  |  |  | 129,577 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 634,757 |  |  |  | 913,990 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 9,974 |  |  |  | 9,971 |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | 773,768 |  |  | $ | 1,153,504 |
Securities Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities |  | $ | 509,971 |  |  | $ | - |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 501,226 |
State and municipal securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,928 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 416,694 |  |  |  | 337,631 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 10,168 |  |  |  | 16,486 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 166 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 335,977 |  |  |  | 380,429 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 6,079 |  |  |  | 6,035 |
Preferred stock of government sponsored entities |  |  | 2,335 |  |  |  | 1,654 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | 10,115 |  |  |  | 45,963 |
Other equity securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,960 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 1,291,480 |  |  | $ | 1,294,478 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 2,065,248 |  |  | $ | 2,447,982 |

ASC Topic 320 requires an entity to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, an entity must recognize an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) to its investment securities. If an entity does not intend to sell the debt security and will not be required to sell the debt security, the entity must consider whether it will recover the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, OTTI shall be considered to have occurred. OTTI is then separated into the amount of the total impairment related to credit losses and the amount of the total impairment related to all other factors. An entity determines the impairment related to credit losses by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. OTTI related to the credit loss is thereafter recognized in earnings. OTTI related to all other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. OTTI not related to the credit loss for a held-to-maturity security should be recognized separately in a new category of other comprehensive income and amortized over the remaining life of the debt security as an increase in the carrying value of the security only when the entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its remaining amortized cost basis. The Company has both the ability and the intent to hold and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell those securities with unrealized losses before recovery of their amortized cost basis.
50

The Company's unrealized loss on investments in corporate bonds relates to a number of investments in bonds of financial institutions, all of which were investment grade at the date of acquisition and as of December 31, 2012. The unrealized losses were primarily caused by the widening of credit and liquidity spreads since the dates of acquisition. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuers to settle the security at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. The Company currently does not believe it is probable that it will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the investments. Therefore, it is expected that these bonds would not be settled at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. Because the Company does not intend to sell and would not be required to sell these investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, it does not consider its investments in these corporate bonds to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2012.
The temporarily impaired securities represent 16.9% of the fair value of investment securities as of December 31, 2012. Unrealized losses for securities with unrealized losses for less than twelve months represent 2.4%, and securities with unrealized losses for twelve months or more represent 4.4%, of the historical cost of these securities. Unrealized losses on these securities generally resulted from increases in interest rate spreads subsequent to the date that these securities were purchased. At December 31, 2012, 34 issues of securities had unrealized losses for 12 months or longer and seven issues of securities had unrealized losses of less than 12 months.
At December 31, 2012, management believed the impairment was temporary and, accordingly, no impairment loss has been recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. We expect to recover the amortized cost basis of our debt securities, and have no intent to sell and will not be required to sell available-for-sale debt securities that have d eclined below their cost before their anticipated recovery. The table below shows the fair value, unrealized losses, and number of issuances of the temporarily impaired securities in our investment securities portfolio as of December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011:

|  | As of December 31, 2012 |
|  | Temporarily Impaired Securities |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | No. of |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | No. of |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | No. of |
|  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Issuances |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Issuances |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Issuances |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Securities Held-to-Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |
Securities Available-for-Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities |  | $ | 49,969 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 49,969 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 401 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8 |
Mortgage-backed securities-Non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 4 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 52,468 |  |  |  | 2,532 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 253,430 |  |  |  | 11,570 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 305,898 |  |  |  | 14,102 |  |  |  | 26 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 102,668 |  |  | $ | 2,538 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 254,276 |  |  | $ | 11,612 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  | $ | 356,944 |  |  | $ | 14,150 |  |  |  | 41 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 102,668 |  |  | $ | 2,538 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 254,276 |  |  | $ | 11,612 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  | $ | 356,944 |  |  | $ | 14,150 |  |  |  | 41 |

51

|  | As of December 31, 2011 |
|  | Temporarily Impaired Securities |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | No. of |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | No. of |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | No. of |
|  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Issuances |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Issuances |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Issuances |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Securities Held-to-Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | 9,635 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 9,635 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | 9,635 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 9,635 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |  | 1 |
Securities Available-for-Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  | $ | 49,993 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 49,993 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 564 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 10 |
Mortgage-backed securities-Non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,719 |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6,719 |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | 2 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 4 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 185,577 |  |  |  | 14,201 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 172,857 |  |  |  | 17,528 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 358,434 |  |  |  | 31,729 |  |  |  | 36 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 1 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | 5,674 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,674 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 243,795 |  |  | $ | 14,249 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  | $ | 180,347 |  |  | $ | 18,204 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 424,142 |  |  | $ | 32,453 |  |  |  | 57 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 253,430 |  |  | $ | 14,586 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  | $ | 180,347 |  |  | $ | 18,204 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 433,777 |  |  | $ | 32,790 |  |  |  | 58 |

52

The scheduled maturities and taxable-equivalent yields by security type are presented in the following tables:

Securites Portfolio Maturity Distribution and Yield Analysis: |
|  | As of December 31, 2012 |
|  |  |  |  | After One |  |  | After Five |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | One Year |  |  | Year to |  |  | Years to |  |  | Over Ten |  |  |  |
|  | or Less |  |  | Five Years |  |  | Ten Years |  |  | Years |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Maturity Distribution: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 52,261 |  |  | $ | 76,776 |  |  | $ | 129,037 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 634,757 |  |  |  | 634,757 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,974 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,974 |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 62,235 |  |  | $ | 711,533 |  |  | $ | 773,768 |
Securities Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities |  | $ | 349,880 |  |  | $ | 160,091 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 509,971 |
Mortgage-backed securities(1) |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 55,633 |  |  |  | 360,860 |  |  |  | 416,694 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations(1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,446 |  |  |  | 1,722 |  |  |  | 10,168 |
Asset-backed securities(1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 141 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 210,009 |  |  |  | 125,968 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 335,977 |
Mutual funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,079 |  |  |  | 6,079 |
Preferred stock of government sponsored entities (2) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,335 |  |  |  | 2,335 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,115 |  |  |  | 10,115 |
Other equity securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 349,940 |  |  | $ | 370,241 |  |  | $ | 190,047 |  |  | $ | 381,252 |  |  | $ | 1,291,480 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 349,940 |  |  | $ | 370,241 |  |  | $ | 252,282 |  |  | $ | 1,092,785 |  |  | $ | 2,065,248 |
Weighted-Average Yield: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.60 | % |  |  | 4.89 | % |  |  | 4.77 | %
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.83 |  |  |  | 3.83 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.45 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.45 |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 4.26 | % |  |  | 3.95 | % |  |  | 3.97 | %
Securities Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities |  |  | 0.16 | % |  |  | 0.30 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.21 | %
Mortgage-backed securities(1) |  |  | 4.92 |  |  |  | 6.70 |  |  |  | 4.45 |  |  |  | 2.73 |  |  |  | 2.96 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations(1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.70 |  |  |  | 7.56 |  |  |  | 5.18 |
Asset-backed securities(1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.25 |  |  |  | 2.25 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.02 |  |  |  | 2.25 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.12 |
Mutual funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.42 |  |  |  | 2.42 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5.63 |  |  |  | 5.63 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 1.28 | % |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | 2.81 | % |  |  | 1.69 | %
Total investment securities |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 1.28 | % |  |  | 3.31 | % |  |  | 3.55 | % |  |  | 2.55 | %

(1) | Securities reflect stated maturities and do not reflect the impact of anticipated prepayments.

(2) | There is no stated maturity for equity securities.

(3) | Weighted average yield has been adjusted to a fully-taxable equivalent basis.

53

Loans
Loans represented 71.9% of average interest-earning assets during 2012, compared with 70.8% during 2011. Gross loans, excluding loans held for sale, increased by $369.9 million, or 5.2%, to $7.43 billion at December 31, 2012, compared with $7.06 billion at December 31, 2011. The increase in gross loans was primarily attributable to the following:

| • | Commercial loans increased $258.8 million, or 13.9%, to $2.13 billion at December 31, 2012, compared to $1.87 billion at December 31, 2011. Commercial loans consist primarily of short-term loans (typically with a maturity of one year or less) to support general business purposes, or to provide working capital to businesses in the form of lines of credit, trade-finance loans, loans for commercial purposes secured by cash, and SBA loans.

| • | Total residential mortgage loans increased by $174.0 million, or 17.9%, to $1.15 billion at December 31, 2012, compared to $972.3 million at December 31, 2011, primarily due to the low level of interest rates.

| • | Commercial mortgage loans increased $19.6 million, or 0.5%, to $3.77 billion at December 31, 2012, compared to $3.75 billion at December 31, 2011. Total commercial mortgage loans accounted for 50.7% of gross loans at December 31, 2012, compared to 53.1% at December 31, 2011. Commercial mortgage loans include primarily commercial retail properties, shopping centers, and owner-occupied industrial facilities, and, secondarily, office buildings, multiple-unit apartments, hotels, and multi-tenanted industrial properties, and are typically secured by first deeds of trust on such commercial properties. In addition, the Bank provides medium-term commercial real estate loans secured by commercial or industrial buildings where the borrower either uses the property for business purposes or derives income from tenants.

| • | Real estate construction loans decreased $56.4 million, or 23.8%, to $181.0 million at December 31, 2012, compared to $237.4 million at December 31, 2011.

Our lending relates predominantly to activities in the states of California, New York, Texas, Washington, Massachusetts, Illinois, and New Jersey, although we have some loans to domestic clients who are engaged in international trade. Loans outstanding in our branch in Hong Kong were $166.9 million as of December 31, 2012, compared to $160.5 million as of December 31, 2011.
54

The classification of loans by type and amount outstanding as of December 31 for each of the past five years is presented below:
Loan Type and Mix

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009 |  |  | 2008 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 2,127,107 |  |  | $ | 1,868,275 |  |  | $ | 1,441,167 |  |  | $ | 1,307,880 |  |  | $ | 1,620,438 |
Residential mortgage loans and equity lines |  |  | 1,340,082 |  |  |  | 1,186,969 |  |  |  | 1,061,330 |  |  |  | 878,266 |  |  |  | 791,497 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 3,768,452 |  |  |  | 3,748,897 |  |  |  | 3,940,061 |  |  |  | 4,065,155 |  |  |  | 4,132,850 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 180,950 |  |  |  | 237,372 |  |  |  | 409,986 |  |  |  | 626,087 |  |  |  | 913,168 |
Installment and other loans |  |  | 12,556 |  |  |  | 17,699 |  |  |  | 16,077 |  |  |  | 21,754 |  |  |  | 14,415 |
Gross loans |  |  | 7,429,147 |  |  |  | 7,059,212 |  |  |  | 6,868,621 |  |  |  | 6,899,142 |  |  |  | 7,472,368 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (183,322 | ) |  |  | (206,280 | ) |  |  | (245,231 | ) |  |  | (211,889 | ) |  |  | (122,093 | )
Unamortized deferred loan fees |  |  | (10,238 | ) |  |  | (8,449 | ) |  |  | (7,621 | ) |  |  | (8,339 | ) |  |  | (10,094 | )
Total loans and leases, net |  | $ | 7,235,587 |  |  | $ | 6,844,483 |  |  | $ | 6,615,769 |  |  | $ | 6,678,914 |  |  | $ | 7,340,181 |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 760 |  |  | $ | 2,873 |  |  | $ | 54,826 |  |  | $ | - |

The loan maturities in the table below are based on contractual maturities. As is customary in the banking industry, loans that meet underwriting criteria can be renewed by mutual agreement between us and the borrower. Because we are unable to estimate the extent to which our borrowers will renew their loans, the table is based on contractual maturities. As a result, the data shown below should not be viewed as an indication of future cash flows.
55

Contractual Maturity of Loan Portfolio |
|  | Within One Year |  |  | One to Five Years |  |  | Over Five Years |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  | $ | 1,237,743 |  |  | $ | 396,300 |  |  | $ | 39,540 |  |  | $ | 1,673,583 |
Fixed rate |  |  | 413,410 |  |  |  | 33,886 |  |  |  | 6,228 |  |  |  | 453,524 |
Residential mortgage loans and equity lines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  | 487 |  |  |  | 1,125 |  |  |  | 231,744 |  |  |  | 233,356 |
Fixed rate |  |  | 5,475 |  |  |  | 17,871 |  |  |  | 1,083,380 |  |  |  | 1,106,726 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  | 459,619 |  |  |  | 1,372,634 |  |  |  | 838,298 |  |  |  | 2,670,551 |
Fixed rate |  |  | 189,113 |  |  |  | 631,017 |  |  |  | 277,771 |  |  |  | 1,097,901 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  | 124,229 |  |  |  | 39,523 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 163,752 |
Fixed rate |  |  | 17,198 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,198 |
Installment and other loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  | 5,953 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,953 |
Fixed rate |  |  | 6,330 |  |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,603 |
Total Loans |  | $ | 2,459,557 |  |  | $ | 2,492,629 |  |  | $ | 2,476,961 |  |  | $ | 7,429,147 |
Floating rate |  | $ | 1,828,031 |  |  | $ | 1,809,582 |  |  | $ | 1,109,582 |  |  | $ | 4,747,195 |
Fixed rate |  |  | 631,526 |  |  |  | 683,047 |  |  |  | 1,367,379 |  |  |  | 2,681,952 |
Total Loans |  |  | 2,459,557 |  |  |  | 2,492,629 |  |  |  | 2,476,961 |  |  |  | 7,429,147 |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (183,322 | )
Unamortized deferred loan fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,238 | )
Net loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,235,587 |

Deposits
The Bank primarily uses customer deposits to fund its operations, and to a lesser extent borrowings in the form of securities sold under agreements to repurchase, advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank, and other borrowings. The Bank’s deposits are generally obtained from the Bank’s geographic market area. The Bank utilizes traditional marketing methods to attract new customers and deposits, by offering a wide variety of products and services and utilizing various forms of advertising media. Although the vast majority of the Bank’s deposits are retail in nature, the Bank does engage in certain wholesale activities, primarily accepting time deposits from political subdivisions and public agencies. The Bank considers wholesale deposits to be an alternative borrowing source rather than a customer relationship and, as such, their levels are determined by management’s decisions as to the most economic funding sources. Brokered-deposits totaled $65.0 million, or 0.9% of total deposits, at December 31, 2012, compared to $138.9 million, or 1.9%, at December 31, 2011.
The Company’s total deposits increased $154.1 million, or 2.1%, to $7.38 billion at December 31, 2012, from $7.23 billion at December 31, 2011, primarily due to a $235.3 million, or 24.7%, increase in money market deposits, a $194.7 million, or 18.1%, increase in non-interest bearing demand deposits, a $141.6 million, or 31.4%, increase in NOW deposits, and a $53.8 million, or 12.8%, increase in savings deposits, offset by a $188.8 million, or 22.7%, decrease in time deposits under $100,000 and a $282.5 million, or 8.1%, decrease in time deposits of $100,000 or more.
56

The following table displays the deposit mix for the past three years:
Deposit Mix

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Percentage |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percentage |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percentage |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Demand deposits |  | $ | 1,269,455 |  |  |  | 17.2 | % |  | $ | 1,074,718 |  |  |  | 14.9 | % |  | $ | 930,300 |  |  |  | 13.3 | %
NOW deposits |  |  | 593,133 |  |  |  | 8.0 |  |  |  | 451,541 |  |  |  | 6.2 |  |  |  | 418,703 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
Money market deposits |  |  | 1,186,771 |  |  |  | 16.1 |  |  |  | 951,516 |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  |  | 982,617 |  |  |  | 14.0 |
Saving deposits |  |  | 473,805 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 420,030 |  |  |  | 5.8 |  |  |  | 385,245 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
Time deposits under $100,000 |  |  | 644,191 |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  | 832,997 |  |  |  | 11.5 |  |  |  | 1,081,266 |  |  |  | 15.5 |
Time deposits of $100,000 or more |  |  | 3,215,870 |  |  |  | 43.6 |  |  |  | 3,498,329 |  |  |  | 48.4 |  |  |  | 3,193,715 |  |  |  | 45.7 |
Total |  | $ | 7,383,225 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,229,131 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 6,991,846 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Average total deposits increased $244.8 million, or 3.4%, to $7.38 billion in 2012 compared with average total deposits of $7.14 billion in 2011.
The following table displays average deposits and rates for the past five years:
Average Deposits and Average Rates

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009 |  |  | 2008 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Demand deposits |  | $ | 1,157,343 |  |  |  | - | % |  | $ | 996,215 |  |  |  | - | % |  | $ | 911,351 |  |  |  | - | % |  | $ | 781,391 |  |  |  | - | % |  | $ | 772,982 |  |  |  | - | %
NOW deposits |  |  | 516,246 |  |  |  | 0.15 |  |  |  | 426,252 |  |  |  | 0.18 |  |  |  | 397,434 |  |  |  | 0.23 |  |  |  | 295,770 |  |  |  | 0.36 |  |  |  | 255,185 |  |  |  | 0.61 |
Money market deposits |  |  | 1,059,841 |  |  |  | 0.56 |  |  |  | 979,253 |  |  |  | 0.75 |  |  |  | 966,888 |  |  |  | 0.90 |  |  |  | 890,427 |  |  |  | 1.49 |  |  |  | 736,739 |  |  |  | 1.84 |
Saving deposits |  |  | 451,022 |  |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 411,953 |  |  |  | 0.12 |  |  |  | 369,190 |  |  |  | 0.19 |  |  |  | 338,781 |  |  |  | 0.24 |  |  |  | 334,222 |  |  |  | 0.36 |
Time deposits |  |  | 4,197,906 |  |  |  | 0.96 |  |  |  | 4,323,833 |  |  |  | 1.24 |  |  |  | 4,765,632 |  |  |  | 1.55 |  |  |  | 5,084,309 |  |  |  | 2.33 |  |  |  | 4,530,923 |  |  |  | 3.56 |
Total |  | $ | 7,382,358 |  |  |  | 0.64 | % |  | $ | 7,137,506 |  |  |  | 0.87 | % |  | $ | 7,410,495 |  |  |  | 1.14 | % |  | $ | 7,390,678 |  |  |  | 1.81 | % |  | $ | 6,630,051 |  |  |  | 2.68 | %

Management considers the Bank’s time deposits of $100,000 or more (Jumbo CDs) to be generally less volatile than other wholesale funding sources primarily because:

| • | approximately 67.4% of the Bank’s Jumbo CDs have been on deposit with the Bank for two years or more;

| • | the Jumbo CD portfolio is widely-held with 14,716 individual accounts averaging approximately $219,000 per account owned by 9,619 individual depositors as of December 31, 2012; and

| • | the ratio of relatively higher percentage of Jumbo CDs to total deposits exists in most of the Asian-American banks in our California market because of a higher savings rate within the communities we serve.

Management monitors the Jumbo CD portfolio to identify any changes in the deposit behavior in the market and of the customers the Bank is serving.

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Of our Jumbo CDs, approximately 90.0% mature within one year as of December 31, 2012. The following tables display time deposits of $100,000 or more by maturity:
Time Deposits of $100,000 or More by Maturity

|  | At December 31, 2012 (In thousands) |
Less than three months |  | $ | 1,079,519 |
Three to six months |  |  | 646,497 |
Six to twelve months |  |  | 1,169,696 |
Over one year |  |  | 320,158 |
Total |  | $ | 3,215,870 |

The following table displays time deposits with a remaining term of more than one year at December 31, 2012:
Maturities of Time Deposits with a Remaining Term
of More Than One Year for Each
of the Five Years Following December 31, 2012

|  | (In thousands) |
2014 |  | $ | 263,847 |
2015 |  |  | 67,735 |
2016 |  |  | 1,499 |
2017 |  |  | 20,901 |
2018 |  |  | 3 |

Borrowings
Borrowings include securities sold under agreements to repurchase, Federal funds purchased, funds obtained as advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of San Francisco, and borrowings from other financial institutions.
At December 31, 2012, there were no borrowings from other financial institutions compared to $880,000 with a weighted average rate of 0.55% at December 31, 2011.
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase were $1.3 billion with a weighted average rate of 3.84% at December 31, 2012, compared to $1.4 billion with a weighted average rate of 4.14% at December 31, 2011. In May 2011, the Company prepaid a security sold under an agreement to repurchase of $50 million with a rate of 4.83% and incurred a prepayment penalty of $1.7 million. In 2012, the Company modified $200.0 million of securities sold under agreements to repurchase by extending the term by an additional four years on average, reducing the rate of these agreements by an average of 168 basis points and removing the callable feature of these borrowings. In 2012, the Company prepaid three securities sold under an agreement to repurchase for the total of $150 million with a weighted average rate of 4.43% and incurred prepayment penalties of $9.4 million. Seven floating-to-fixed rate agreements totaling $400.0 million have initial floating rates for a period of time ranging from six months to one year, with floating rates ranging from the three-month LIBOR minus 200 basis points to three-month LIBOR minus 340 basis points. Thereafter, the rates are fixed for the remainder of the term, with interest rates ranging from 4.52% to 5.07%. After the initial floating rate term, the counter parties have the right to terminate the transaction at par at the fixed rate reset date and quarterly thereafter. Thirteen fixed-to-floating rate agreements totaling $650.0 million have initial fixed rates ranging from 1.00% to 3.50% with initial fixed rate terms ranging from six months to 18 months. For the remainder of the seven year term, the rates float at 8% minus the three-month LIBOR rate with a maximum rate ranging from 3.25% to 3.79% and minimum rate of 0.0%. After the initial fixed rate term, the counter parties have the right to terminate the transaction at par at the floating rate reset date and quarterly thereafter. The table below provides summary data for the $1.05 billion of callable securities sold under agreements to repurchase as of December 31, 2012:
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(Dollars in millions) |  | Fixed-to-floating |  |  | Floating-to-fixed |  |  | Total |
Rate type |  | Float Rate |  |  | Fixed Rate |  |  |  |
Rate index |  | 8% minus 3 month LIBOR |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maximum rate |  |  | 3.79 | % |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Minimum rate |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
No. of agreements |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 20 |
Amount |  | $ | 150.0 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 200.0 |  |  | $ | 150.0 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 200.0 |  |  | $ | 200.0 |  |  | $ | 1,050.0 |
Weighted average rate |  |  | 3.78 | % |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 4.69 | % |  |  | 5.00 | % |  |  | 4.04 | %
Final maturity |  |  | 2014 |  |  |  | 2014 |  |  |  | 2014 |  |  |  | 2015 |  |  |  | 2015 |  |  |  | 2015 |  |  |  | 2014 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  |  |

The table below provides summary data for non-callable fixed rate securities sold under agreements to repurchase as of December 31, 2012:

Maturity |  | No. of Agreements |  |  | Amount (In thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |
3 years to 5 years |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  |  | 2.71 | %
Over 5 years |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 2.86 | %
Total |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  |  | 2.78 | %

These transactions are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and recorded at the amount at which the securities were sold. We may have to provide additional collateral for the repurchase agreements, as necessary. The underlying collateral pledged for the repurchase agreements consists of U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency security debt, and mortgage-backed securities with a fair value of $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2012, and $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2011.
The table below provides comparative data for securities sold under agreements to repurchase for the years indicated:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Average amount outstanding during the year (1) |  | $ | 1,361,475 |  |  | $ | 1,448,363 |  |  | $ | 1,560,215 |
Maximum amount outstanding at month-end (2) |  |  | 1,400,000 |  |  |  | 1,559,000 |  |  |  | 1,566,000 |
Balance, December 31 |  |  | 1,250,000 |  |  |  | 1,400,000 |  |  |  | 1,561,000 |
Rate, December 31 |  |  | 3.84 | % |  |  | 4.14 | % |  |  | 4.18 | %
Weighted average interest rate for the year |  |  | 4.09 | % |  |  | 4.19 | % |  |  | 4.24 | %

(1) | Average balances were computed using daily averages.

(2) | Highest month-end balances were January 2012, January 2011, and September 2010.

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Advances from the FHLB were $146.2 million with a weighted average rate of 0.44% at December 31, 2012, compared to $225.0 million with weighted average rate of 2.08% at December 31, 2011. The Company prepaid an advance from the FHLB of $100.0 million at a rate of 4.60% and incurred prepayment penalties of $2.8 million in 2012, and prepaid advances from the FHLB totaling $450.0 million with a weighted average rate of 4.39% and incurred prepayment penalties of $18.5 million in 2011.
Long-term Debt
On September 29, 2006, the Bank issued $50.0 million in subordinated debt in a private placement transaction (the “Bank Subordinated Debt”). The debt had an original maturity term of 10 years, was unsecured and bore interest at a rate of three-month LIBOR plus 110 basis points, payable on a quarterly basis. In March 2011, the maturity term was extended for an additional year. As part of the extension agreement, the rate was increased from LIBOR plus 110 basis points to LIBOR plus 330 basis points for 2011 and 2012, after which time it reverts back to LIBOR plus 110 basis points. At December 31, 2012, the per annum interest rate on the subordinated debt was 3.61% compared to 3.88% at December 31, 2011. The Bank Subordinated Debt was issued through the Bank and qualifies as Tier 2 capital for regulatory reporting purposes and is included in long-term debt in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We established three special purpose trusts in 2003 and two in 2007 for the purpose of issuing Guaranteed Preferred Beneficial Interests in their Subordinated Debentures to outside investors (“Capital Securities”). The proceeds from the issuance of the Capital Securities as well as our purchase of the common stock of the special purpose trusts were invested in Junior Subordinated Notes of the Company (“Junior Subordinated Notes”). The trusts exist for the purpose of issuing the Capital Securities and investing in Junior Subordinated Notes. Subject to some limitations, payment of distributions out of the monies held by the trusts and payments on liquidation of the trusts, or the redemption of the Capital Securities, are guaranteed by the Company to the extent the trusts have funds on hand at such time. The obligations of the Company under the guarantees and the Junior Subordinated Notes are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all indebtedness of the Company and will be structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of the Company’s subsidiaries. The Company has the right to defer payments of interest on the Junior Subordinated Notes at any time or from time to time for a period of up to twenty consecutive quarterly periods with respect to each deferral period. Under the terms of the Junior Subordinated Notes, the Company may not, with certain exceptions, declare or pay any dividends or distributions on its capital stock or purchase or acquire any of its capital stock if it has deferred payment of interest on any Junior Subordinated Notes.
At December 31, 2012, Junior Subordinated Notes totaled $121.1 million with a weighted average interest rate of 2.47% compared to $121.1 million with a weighted average rate of 2.72% at December 31, 2011. The Junior Subordinated Notes have a stated maturity term of 30 years. The Junior Subordinated Notes issued qualify as Tier 1 capital for regulatory reporting purposes. The trusts are not consolidated with the Company in accordance with an accounting pronouncement that took effect in December 2003.
Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements, Commitments, Guarantees, and Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments to make future payments as of December 31, 2012. Payments for deposits and borrowings do not include interest. Payments related to leases are based on actual payments specified in the underlying contracts. Loan commitments and standby letters of credit are presented at contractual amounts; however, since many of these commitments are expected to expire unused or only partially used, the total amounts of these commitments do not necessarily reflect future cash requirements.
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|  | Payment Due by Period |
|  | 1 year or less |  |  | More than 1 year but less than 3 years |  |  | 3 years or more but less than 5 years |  |  | 5 years or more |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
Contractual obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (1) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 850,000 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,050,000 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (2) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |
Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,200 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 146,200 |
Other borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,713 |  |  |  | 18,713 |
Long-term debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 121,136 |  |  |  | 171,136 |
Operating leases |  |  | 6,084 |  |  |  | 7,948 |  |  |  | 2,645 |  |  |  | 661 |  |  |  | 17,338 |
Deposits with stated maturity dates |  |  | 3,506,075 |  |  |  | 331,583 |  |  |  | 22,400 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3,860,061 |
Total contractual obligations and other commitments |  | $ | 3,637,159 |  |  | $ | 1,189,531 |  |  | $ | 396,245 |  |  | $ | 240,513 |  |  | $ | 5,463,448 |
Other commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  | 1,105,138 |  |  |  | 310,586 |  |  |  | 132,279 |  |  |  | 192,460 |  |  |  | 1,740,463 |
Standby letters of credit |  |  | 44,060 |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 44,672 |
Commercial letters of credit |  |  | 71,073 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 71,073 |
Bill of lading guarantees |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77 |
Total contractual obligations and other commitments |  | $ | 1,220,348 |  |  | $ | 311,179 |  |  | $ | 132,298 |  |  | $ | 192,460 |  |  | $ | 1,856,285 |

(1) | These repurchase agreements have a final maturity of 5-year, 7-year and 10-year from origination date but are callable on a quarterly basis after six months, one year, or 18 months for the 7-year term and one year for the 5-year and 10-year term.
(2) | These repurchase agreements are non-callable.

In the normal course of business, we enter into various transactions, which, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, are not included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We enter into these transactions to meet the financing needs of our customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Loan Commitments. We enter into contractual commitments to extend credit, normally with fixed expiration dates or termination clauses, at specified rates and for specific purposes. Substantially all of our commitments to extend credit are contingent upon customers maintaining specific credit standards at the time of loan funding. We minimize our exposure to loss under these commitments by subjecting them to credit approval and monitoring procedures. Management assesses the credit risk associated with certain commitments to extend credit in determining the level of the allowance for credit losses.
Standby Letters of Credit. Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued by us to secure the obligations of a customer to a third party. In the event the customer does not perform in accordance with the terms of an agreement with the third party, we would be required to fund the commitment. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount of the commitment. If the commitment is funded, we would be entitled to seek reimbursement from the customer. Our policies generally require that standby letter of credit arrangements contain security and debt covenants similar to those contained in loan agreements.
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Capital Resources
Stockholders’ Equity
In 2010, the Company sold $132.3 million of new common stock consisting of 15,028,409 shares at an average price of $8.80 per share. Net of issuance costs and fees, this issuance added $124.9 million to common stockholders’ equity. The Company did not sell any common stock in 2012 or in 2011.
Total equity of $1.63 billion at December 31, 2012, was up $113.9 million, or 7.5%, compared to $1.52 billion at December 31, 2011. The increase in stockholders’ equity was due to a $118.0 million increase from net income, an increase of $9.2 million in unrealized gains on securities, amortization of unearned compensation of $2.1 million, option exercise of $764,000, and reinvestment of dividends of $291,000, offset by payments of dividends on preferred stock of $13.5 million, payments of dividends on common stock of $3.1 million, and a tax short-fall of $620,000 mainly from the expiration of stock options. The Company paid common stock cash dividends of $0.04 per common share in 2012 and in 2011.
We have participated in the U.S. Treasury TARP Capital Purchase Program under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Pursuant to this program, on December 5, 2008, the U.S. Treasury purchased 258,000 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock in the amount of $258.0 million. The Series B Preferred Stock pays cumulative compounding dividends at a rate of 5% per year for the first five years, and thereafter at a rate of 9% per year. The shares are non-voting, other than class voting rights on matters that could adversely affect the shares. They are callable at par after three years. In conjunction with the purchase of senior preferred shares, the U.S. Treasury received warrants to purchase 1,846,374 shares of common stock at the exercise price of $20.96 with an aggregate market price equal to $38.7 million, 15% of the senior preferred stock amount that U.S. Treasury invested. The exercise price of $20.96 was calculated based on the average of closing prices of our common stock on the 20 trading days ending on the last trading day prior to November 17, 2008, the date that we received the preliminary approval for the capital purchase from the U.S. Treasury. The Company also adopted the U.S. Treasury’s standards for executive compensation and corporate governance for the period during which the U.S. Treasury holds securities issued under this program. See Part I — Item 1A — “Risk Factors” for a discussion of some of the factors that may affect us.
As of December 31, 2012, we remained authorized to purchase up to 622,500 shares of our common stock under our November 2007 stock repurchase program. No shares were repurchased during the years from 2008 to 2012. As long as the U. S. Treasury owns any of our Series B Preferred Stock, we are precluded from any repurchase of our common stock unless we are current in our dividend payments on our Series B Preferred Stock. As discussed below under “Capital Resources- Regulatory Matters,” we are also subject to other restrictions on the repurchase of our common stock.
Capital Adequacy
Management seeks to retain our capital at a level sufficient to support future growth, protect depositors and stockholders, and comply with various regulatory requirements. The primary measure of capital adequacy is based on the ratio of risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets. At December 31, 2012, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 17.36%, total risk-based capital ratio of 19.12%, and Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of 13.82%, continued to place the Bancorp in the “well capitalized” category, which is defined as institutions with Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio equal to or greater than 6.00%, total risk-based capital ratio equal to or greater than 10.00%, and Tier 1 leverage capital ratio equal to or greater than 5.00%. The comparable ratios for the Bancorp at December 31, 2011, were Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 15.97%, total risk-based capital ratio of 17.85%, and Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of 12.93%.
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Cathay Real Estate Investment Trust, of which 100% of the common stock is owned by the Bank, sold $4.4 million during 2003 and $4.2 million during 2004 of its 7.0% Series A Non-Cumulative preferred stock to accredited investors. During 2005, the Trust repurchased $131,000 of its preferred stock. This preferred stock qualifies as Tier 1 capital under current regulatory guidelines.
A table displaying the Bancorp’s and the Bank’s capital and leverage ratios at December 31, 2012, and 2011, is included in Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Dividend Policy
Holders of common stock are entitled to dividends as and when declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends. Although we have historically paid cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so. Commencing with the second quarter of 2009, our Board of Directors reduced our common stock dividend to $.08 per share and to $.01 per share thereafter. In January 2010, we adopted a capital management and dividend policy as part of our Three-Year Capital and Strategic Plan which included a policy to refrain from paying dividends in excess of $.01 per share per quarter, except when covered by operating earnings. On November 17, 2010, the Federal Reserve issued guidance that bank holding companies with U. S. Government investments still outstanding should not increase dividend payouts. The amount of future dividends will depend on earnings, financial condition, approval by our regulators, the repayment of our Series B Preferred Stock, capital requirements, and other factors, and will be determined by our Board of Directors in accordance with the capital management and dividend policy.
Substantially all of the revenues of the Company available for payment of dividends derive from amounts paid to it by the Bank. The terms of the Bank Subordinated Debt limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to us if the Bank is not current in paying interest on the Bank Subordinated Debt or another event of default has occurred. Under the memorandum of understanding we entered into with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (FRB SF), we agreed that we will not, without the FRB SF’s prior written approval, receive any dividends or any other form of payment or distribution representing a reduction of capital from the Bank. The Bank did not pay dividends to Bancorp in both 2010 and 2011. In our February 27, 2012 three-year capital and strategic plan submitted to our regulators, we indicated that, subject to regulatory approval, the Bank expected to pay a dividend of $23.9 million to Bancorp during the second quarter of 2012 to increase Bancorp’s cash balance to equal at least two years of Bancorp’s operating expenses and then additional quarterly dividends beginning in the third quarter of 2012 in an amount which would maintain cash balances at Bancorp equal to at least two years of Bancorp’s operating expenses. In addition, on December 27, 2012 after receipt of regulatory approvals, the Bank paid a special dividend of $125.0 million to Bancorp to provide funding for a partial repayment of the Series B Preferred Stock. The Bank paid dividends totaling $154.7 million to Bancorp during 2012.
The terms of our Series B Preferred Stock and Junior Subordinated Notes also limit our ability to pay dividends on our common stock. If we are not current in our payment of dividends on our Series B Preferred Stock or in our payment of interest on our Junior Subordinated Notes, we may not pay dividends on our common stock. The Federal Reserve Board has previously issued Federal Reserve Supervision and Regulation Letter SR-09-4 that states that bank holding companies are expected to inform and consult with the Federal Reserve supervisory staff prior to declaring and paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid. As a result of losses incurred in 2009, we were expected to so inform and consult with the Federal Reserve supervisory staff prior to declaring or paying any dividends in the future. Bancorp received Federal Reserve approval to make payments on our Series B Preferred Stock and Junior Subordinated Notes. There can be no assurance that our regulators will approve the payment of such dividends.
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Under California State banking law, the Bank may not without regulatory approval pay a cash dividend which exceeds the lesser of the Bank’s retained earnings or its net income for the last three fiscal years, less any cash distributions made during that period. Under this regulation, the amount of retained earnings available for cash dividends to the Company immediately after December 31, 2012, was restricted to approximately $80.8 million.
Regulatory Matters
On December 17, 2009, the Bancorp entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB SF”) under which we agreed that we will not, without the FRB SF’s prior written approval, (i) receive any dividends or any other form of payment or distribution representing a reduction of capital from the Bank, or (ii) declare or pay any dividends, make any payments on trust preferred securities, or make any other capital distributions. We do not believe that this agreement regarding dividends from the Bank will have a material adverse effect on our operations. We had retained a portion of the proceeds from our common stock offerings to be used, for among other things, payments of future dividends on our common and preferred stock and payments on trust preferred securities. At December 31, 2012, our cash on hand totaled $161.9 million which is sufficient to cover future dividends on our common stock at the current quarterly rate of $.01 per share, on our preferred stock, and interest on our Trust Preferred Securities, subject to FRB SF approval, for the next twelve months.
Under the memorandum, we also agreed to submit to the FRB SF for review and approval a plan to maintain sufficient capital at the Company on a consolidated basis and at the Bank, a dividend policy for the Bancorp, a plan to improve management of our liquidity position and funds management practices, and a liquidity policy and contingency funding plan for the Bancorp. As part of our compliance with the memorandum, on January 22, 2010, we submitted to the FRB SF a Three-Year Capital and Strategic Plan that updates a previously submitted plan and establishes, among other things, targets for our Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, total risk-based capital ratio, Tier 1 leverage capital ratio and tangible common risk-based ratio, each of which, where applicable, are above the minimum requirements for a well-capitalized institution. In addition, we agreed to notify the FRB SF prior to effecting certain changes to our senior executive officers and board of directors and we are limited and/or prohibited, in certain circumstances, in our ability to enter into contracts to pay and to make golden parachute severance and indemnification payments. We also agreed in the memorandum that we will not, without the prior written approval of the FRB SF, directly or indirectly, (i) incur, renew, increase or guaranty any debt, (ii) issue any trust preferred securities, or (iii) purchase, redeem, or otherwise acquire any of our stock. The target, actual, and any excess or deficiency capital levels of the Three-Year Capital and Strategic Plan submitted to the FRB SF are as follows as of December 31, 2012:

|  | Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio |  |  | Total risk-based capital ratio |  |  | Tier 1 leverage capital ratio |  |  | Tangible common risk-based ratio * |
Actual |  |  | 17.36 | % |  |  | 19.12 | % |  |  | 13.82 | % |  |  | 12.68 | %
Target Levels |  |  | 11.50 | % |  |  | 13.50 | % |  |  | 9.50 | % |  |  | 5.00 | %
Excess |  |  | 5.86 | % |  |  | 5.62 | % |  |  | 4.32 | % |  |  | 7.68 | %

* Tier 1 risk-based capital excluding preferred stock, trust preferred stock and REIT preferred stock divided by total risk-weighted assets.

The Bancorp has taken appropriate steps to comply with the terms of its memorandum of understanding with the FRB SF and we believe we are in compliance with the memorandum. We do not believe that the memorandum or our compliance activities will have a material adverse effect on our operations or financial condition, including liquidity. If we fail to comply with the terms of the memorandum, that failure could lead to additional enforcement action by the FRB SF that could have a material adverse effect on our operations or financial condition. At December 31, 2012, we are in compliance with the applicable target ratios.
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Until it was terminated as of November 7, 2012, the Bank was subject to a memorandum of understanding with the California Department of Financial Institutions (“DFI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC’) that was entered into on March 1, 2010, by which the Bank agreed to undertake certain steps to strengthen its operations. The Bank was required to develop and implement, within specified time periods, plans satisfactory to the DFI and the FDIC to reduce commercial real estate concentrations, to enhance and to improve the quality of our stress testing of the Bank’s loan portfolio, and to revise our loan policy in connection therewith; to develop and adopt a strategic plan addressing improved profitability and capital ratios and to reduce the Bank’s overall risk profile; to develop and adopt a capital plan; to develop and implement a plan to improve asset quality, including the methodology for calculating the loss reserve allocation and evaluating its adequacy; and to develop and implement a plan to reduce dependence on wholesale funding. In addition, we are required to report our progress to the DFI and FDIC on a quarterly basis. As part of our compliance with the Bank memorandum, on April 30, 2010, we submitted to the DFI and the FDIC a Three-Year Capital Plan that updated the Three-Year Capital and Strategic Plan previously submitted to the FRB SF on January 22, 2010, and established, among other things, targets for our Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and total risk-based capital ratio, each of which are above the minimum requirements for a well-capitalized institution and effective June 30, 2010, a target Tier 1 to total tangible assets ratio. We were in compliance with the applicable target ratios through the date of termination of the memorandum.
Risk Elements of the Loan Portfolio
Non-performing Assets
Non-performing assets include loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest, non-accrual loans, and OREO. Our policy is to place loans on non-accrual status if interest and principal or either interest or principal is past due 90 days or more, or in cases where management deems the full collection of principal and interest unlikely. After a loan is placed on non-accrual status, any previously accrued but unpaid interest is reversed and charged against current income and subsequent payments received are generally first applied towards the outstanding principal balance of the loan. Depending on the circumstances, management may elect to continue the accrual of interest on certain past due loans if partial payment is received and/or the loan is well collateralized and in the process of collection. The loan is generally returned to accrual status when the borrower has brought the past due principal and interest payments current and, in the opinion of management, the borrower has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled.
Management reviews the loan portfolio regularly for problem loans. During the ordinary course of business, management becomes aware of borrowers that may not be able to meet the contractual requirements of the loan agreements. Such loans are placed under closer supervision with consideration given to placing the loan on non-accrual status, the need for an additional allowance for loan losses, and (if appropriate) partial or full charge-off.
Total non-performing portfolio assets, excluding non-accrual loans held for sale, decreased $149.7 million, or 49.8%, to $150.9 million at December 31, 2012, compared to $300.6 million at December 31, 2011, primarily due to a $97.3 million decrease in non-accrual loans, a $46.3 million decrease in OREO, and a $6.1 million decrease in accruing loans past due 90 days or more
As a percentage of gross loans, excluding loans held for sale, plus OREO, our non-performing assets decreased to 2.02% at December 31, 2012, from 4.20% at December 31, 2011. The non-performing portfolio loan coverage ratio, defined as the allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans, increased to 176.7% at December 31, 2012, from 100.2% at December 31, 2011.
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The following table presents the breakdown of total non-accrual, past due, and restructured loans for the past five years:
Non-accrual, Past Due and Restructured Loans

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009 |  |  | 2008 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more |  | $ | 630 |  |  | $ | 6,726 |  |  | $ | 5,006 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6,733 |
Non-accrual loans |  |  | 103,902 |  |  |  | 201,197 |  |  |  | 242,319 |  |  |  | 280,643 |  |  |  | 181,202 |
Total non-performing loans |  |  | 104,532 |  |  |  | 207,923 |  |  |  | 247,325 |  |  |  | 280,643 |  |  |  | 187,935 |
Real estate acquired in foreclosure and other assets |  |  | 46,384 |  |  |  | 92,713 |  |  |  | 77,740 |  |  |  | 71,014 |  |  |  | 63,892 |
Total non-performing assets |  | $ | 150,916 |  |  | $ | 300,636 |  |  | $ | 325,065 |  |  | $ | 351,657 |  |  | $ | 251,827 |
Accruing troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) |  | $ | 144,695 |  |  | $ | 120,016 |  |  | $ | 136,800 |  |  | $ | 54,992 |  |  | $ | 924 |
Non-accrual TDRs (included in non-accrual loans |  | $ | 47,731 |  |  | $ | 50,870 |  |  | $ | 28,146 |  |  | $ | 41,609 |  |  | $ | 11,614 |
Non-accrual loans held for sale |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 760 |  |  | $ | 2,873 |  |  | $ | 54,826 |  |  | $ | - |
Non-performing assets as a percentage of gross loans and other real estate owned at year-end |  |  | 2.02 | % |  |  | 4.20 | % |  |  | 4.68 | % |  |  | 5.05 | % |  |  | 3.34 | %
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of gross loans |  |  | 2.49 | % |  |  | 2.95 | % |  |  | 3.60 | % |  |  | 3.15 | % |  |  | 1.73 | %
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of non-performing loans |  |  | 176.68 | % |  |  | 100.20 | % |  |  | 100.10 | % |  |  | 77.36 | % |  |  | 68.87 | %

The effect of non-accrual loans on interest income for the past five years is presented below:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009 |  |  | 2008 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Non-accrual Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contractual interest due |  | $ | 6,621 |  |  | $ | 13,049 |  |  | $ | 17,304 |  |  | $ | 23,746 |  |  | $ | 14,043 |
Interest recognized |  |  | 1,006 |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 4,853 |  |  |  | 9,830 |  |  |  | 8,782 |
Net interest foregone |  | $ | 5,615 |  |  | $ | 12,978 |  |  | $ | 12,451 |  |  | $ | 13,916 |  |  | $ | 5,261 |

As of December 31, 2012, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to those borrowers whose loans had been restructured, were considered impaired, or were on non-accrual status.
Non-accrual Loans
At December 31, 2012, total non-accrual portfolio loans of $103.9 million decreased $97.3 million, or 48.4%, from $201.2 million at December 31, 2011. The allowance for the collateral-dependent impaired loans is calculated by the difference between the outstanding loan balance and the value of the collateral as determined by recent appraisals, sales contract, or other available market price information. The allowance for collateral-dependent impaired loans varies from loan to loan based on the collateral coverage of the loan at the time of designation as non-performing. We continue to monitor the collateral coverage, based on recent appraisals, on these loans on a quarterly basis and adjust the allowance accordingly.
Non-accrual portfolio loans at December 31, 2012, consisted of two residential construction loans totaling $3.0 million, three non-farm non-residential construction loans totaling $33.3 million, 35 commercial real estate loans totaling $29.6 million, five land loans totaling $6.1 million, 31 commercial loans totaling $20.0 million, and 49 residential mortgage loans totaling $11.9 million. Non-accrual loans also include those troubled debt restructurings that do not qualify for accrual status. The comparable numbers for 2011 were five residential construction loans totaling $25.3 million, three non-farm non-residential construction loans totaling $20.7 million, 46 commercial real estate loans totaling $96.8 million, 11 land loans totaling $11.0 million, 46 commercial loans totaling $30.7 million, and 56 residential mortgage loans totaling $16.7 million.
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No loans were held for sale at December 31, 2012, compared to $760,000 at December 31, 2011. In 2012, we added three new loans of $16.0 million, sold four loans of $16.2 million for a net loss on sale of $26,000, and transferred a loan of $500,000 to held for investment. At December 31, 2011, non-accrual loans held for sale of $760,000 decreased $2.1 million from $2.9 million at December 31, 2010. In 2011, we added six new loans of $4.4 million, transferred one loan of $2.9 million to OREO, and sold four loans of $3.6 million for a net gain on sale of $88,000. At December 31, 2011, loans held for sale were comprised of a commercial construction loan of $500,000 and a residential mortgage loan of $260,000. The following tables present the type of properties securing the non-accrual portfolio loans and the type of businesses the borrowers engaged in as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31, 2012 |  | December 31, 2011
|  | Real Estate (1) |  |  | Commercial |  |  | Real Estate (1) |  |  | Commercial |
|  | (In thousands)
Type of Collateral |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single/Multi-family residence |  | $ | 20,996 |  |  | $ | 2,073 |  |  | $ | 52,896 |  |  | $ | 3,078 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 56,895 |  |  |  | 1,433 |  |  |  | 106,665 |  |  |  | 1,929 |
Land |  |  | 6,053 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,975 |  |  |  | - |
Personal Property (UCC) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,452 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,654 |
Total |  | $ | 83,944 |  |  | $ | 19,958 |  |  | $ | 170,536 |  |  | $ | 30,661 |

| (1) | Real estate includes commercial mortgage loans, real estate construction loans, and residential mortgage loans and equity lines.

|  | December 31, 2012 |  |  | December 31, 2011 |
|  | Real Estate (1) |  |  | Commercial |  |  | Real Estate (1) |  |  | Commercial |
|  | (In thousands) |
Type of Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate development |  | $ | 56,995 |  |  | $ | 2,387 |  |  | $ | 120,623 |  |  | $ | 1,518 |
Wholesale/Retail |  |  | 15,398 |  |  |  | 3,908 |  |  |  | 33,675 |  |  |  | 5,833 |
Food/Restaurant |  |  | 562 |  |  |  | 341 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 817 |
Import/Export |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,309 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,493 |
Other |  |  | 10,989 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 16,238 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 83,944 |  |  | $ | 19,958 |  |  | $ | 170,536 |  |  | $ | 30,661 |

| (1) | Real estate includes commercial mortgage loans, real estate construction loans, and residential mortgage loans and equity lines.

Other Real Estate Owned
At December 31, 2012, the net carrying value of other real estate owned (“OREO”) decreased $46.3 million, or 50.0%, to $46.4 million from $92.7 million at December 31, 2011. OREO located in California was $12.2 million and was comprised primarily of six parcels of land zoned for residential purpose of $9.1 million, three office and commercial use buildings of $1.7 million, one commercial building construction project of $740,000, one residential construction project of $530,000, and one single family residential property of $179,000. OREO located in Texas was $29.6 million and was comprised of four office and commercial use buildings of $14.4 million, four parcels of land zoned for residential purposes of $12.6 million, two commercial building construction projects of $1.3 million, one parcel of land zoned for non-residential purposes of $1.1 million, and one single family residential property of $169,000. OREO located in the state of Washington was $1.6 million and was comprised one parcel of land zoned for residential purpose of $733,000 and one commercial construction project of $870,000. OREO located in the state of New York was a retail store of $1.2 million. OREO located in the state of Nevada was $1.1 million and was comprised of a commercial use building. OREO in all other states was $752,000 and was comprised of a commercial use property of $376,000 and one retail store of $376,000.
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For 2011, OREO located in California was $32.3 million and was comprised primarily of five parcels of land zoned for residential purpose of $9.9 million, four parcels of land zoned for commercial purposes of $4.8 million, two commercial building construction projects of $3.5 million, one residential construction project of $588,000, twelve office and commercial use buildings of $13.2 million, and two single family residential properties of $395,000. OREO located in Texas was $48.6 million and was comprised of eight commercial use buildings of $33.5 million, three parcels of land zoned for residential purposes of $11.7 million, three commercial building construction projects of $2.4 million, and three single family residential properties of $959,000. OREO located in the state of Washington was $3.9 million and was comprised of two retail stores $1.6 million, three parcels of land zoned for residential purposes of $1.2 million, one commercial construction project of $658,000, and three single family residential properties of $531,000. OREO located in the state of Nevada was $4.8 million and was comprised of a parcel of land zoned for residential purposes of $3.5 million and one commercial use building of $1.3 million. OREO in all other states was $3.0 million and was comprised of three commercial use properties of $2.1 million and four single family residential properties of $878,000.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
A troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) is a formal modification of the terms of a loan when the Bank, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower. The concessions may be granted in various forms, including reduction in the stated interest rate, reduction in the amount of principal amortization, forgiveness of a portion of a loan balance or accrued interest, or extension of the maturity date. Although these loan modifications are considered under ASC Subtopic 310-40, formerly SFAS 15, to be troubled debt restructurings, the loans must have, pursuant to the Bank’s policy, performed under the restructured terms and have demonstrated sustained performance under the modified terms for six months before being returned to accrual status. The sustained performance considered by management pursuant to its policy includes the periods prior to the modification if the prior performance met or exceeded the modified terms. This would include cash paid by the borrower prior to the restructure to set up interest reserves.
Troubled debt restructurings on accrual status totaled $144.7 million at December 31, 2012, and were comprised of 61 loans, an increase of $24.7 million, compared to 32 loans totaling $120.0 million at December 31, 2011. TDRs at December 31, 2012, were comprised of sixteen retail shopping and commercial use building loans of $68.1 million, fifteen office and commercial use building loans of $40.4 million, two hotel loans of $12.4 million, seventeen single family residential loans of $19.1 million, two land loans of $2.3 million, six commercial loans of $1.3 million, and three multi-family residential loans of $1.1 million. We expect that the troubled debt restructuring loans on accruing status as of December 31, 2012, which are all performing in accordance with their restructured terms, will continue to comply with the restructured terms because of the reduced principal or interest payments on these loans. The comparable TDRs at December 31, 2011, were comprised of eleven retail shopping and commercial use building loans of $74.4 million, seven office and commercial use building loans of $23.8 million, one hotel loan of $7.9 million, ten single family residential loans of $13.3 million, one land loan of $635,000 and two commercial loans of $39,000. A summary of TDRs by type of loans and by accrual/non-accrual status is shown below:
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|  | December 31, 2012 |
Accruing TDRs |  | Principal Deferral |  |  | Rate Reduction |  |  | Rate Reduction and Forgiveness of Principal |  |  | Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral |  |  | Total |
| (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 3,020 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | 3,964 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,834 |  |  |  | 5,834 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 27,003 |  |  |  | 16,656 |  |  |  | 739 |  |  |  | 85,783 |  |  |  | 130,181 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 1,461 |  |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,231 |  |  |  | 4,716 |
Total accruing TDRs |  | $ | 28,995 |  |  | $ | 20,700 |  |  | $ | 739 |  |  | $ | 94,261 |  |  | $ | 144,695 |

|  | December 31, 2012 |
Non-accrual TDRs |  | Interest Deferral |  |  | Principal Deferral |  |  | Rate Reduction |  |  | Rate Reduction and Forgivenes s of Principal |  |  | Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,430 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,767 |  |  |  | 9,579 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,346 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 1,685 |  |  |  | 2,817 |  |  |  | 5,746 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,076 |  |  |  | 15,324 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | 2,010 |  |  |  | 586 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | 3,631 |
Total non-accrual TDRs |  | $ | 1,960 |  |  | $ | 22,506 |  |  | $ | 15,911 |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | 5,836 |  |  | $ | 47,731 |

|  | December 31, 2011 |
Accruing TDRs |  | Principal Deferral |  |  | Rate Reduction |  |  | Rate Reduction and Forgiveness of Principal |  |  | Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 12,933 |  |  | $ | 1,756 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 15,120 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 16,820 |  |  |  | 9,659 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,776 |  |  |  | 32,255 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 471 |  |  |  | 37,796 |  |  |  | 2,071 |  |  |  | 28,935 |  |  |  | 69,273 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 587 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,487 |  |  |  | 3,368 |
Total accruing TDRs |  | $ | 31,518 |  |  | $ | 49,798 |  |  | $ | 2,071 |  |  | $ | 36,629 |  |  | $ | 120,016 |

|  | December 31, 2011 |
Non-accrual TDRs |  | Interest Deferral |  |  | Principal Deferral |  |  | Rate Reduction |  |  | Rate Reduction and Forgiveness of Principal |  |  | Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 616 |  |  | $ | 1,859 |  |  | $ | 1,506 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,981 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,579 |  |  |  | 12,376 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,955 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 2,633 |  |  |  | 9,727 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,076 |  |  |  | 17,436 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 311 |  |  |  | 2,427 |  |  |  | 449 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 311 |  |  |  | 3,498 |
Total non-accrual TDRs |  | $ | 2,944 |  |  | $ | 26,349 |  |  | $ | 14,684 |  |  | $ | 1,506 |  |  | $ | 5,387 |  |  | $ | 50,870 |

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The activity within our TDR loans for 2012 and 2011 are shown below:

Accruing TDRs |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 120,016 |  |  | $ | 136,800 |
New restructurings |  |  | 53,958 |  |  |  | 60,863 |
Restructured loans restored to accrual status |  |  | 8,356 |  |  |  | 709 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (251 | ) |  |  | (2,341 | )
Payments |  |  | (5,159 | ) |  |  | (46,313 | )
Restructured loans placed on non-accrual |  |  | (32,225 | ) |  |  | (28,969 | )
Expiration of loan concession |  |  | - |  |  |  | (733 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 144,695 |  |  | $ | 120,016 |

Non-accrual TDRs |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 50,870 |  |  | $ | 28,146 |
New restructurings |  |  | 12,304 |  |  |  | 13,269 |
Restructured loans placed on non-accrual |  |  | 32,225 |  |  |  | 28,969 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (4,182 | ) |  |  | (7,303 | )
Payments |  |  | (33,931 | ) |  |  | (3,355 | )
Foreclosures |  |  | (1,199 | ) |  |  | (8,147 | )
Restructured loans restored to accrual status |  |  | (8,356 | ) |  |  | (709 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 47,731 |  |  | $ | 50,870 |

Impaired Loans
A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that a creditor will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement based on current circumstances and events. The assessment for impairment occurs when and while such loans are on non-accrual as a result of delinquency status of over 90 days or receipt of information indicating that full collection of principal is doubtful, or when the loan has been restructured in a troubled debt restructuring. Those loans with a balance less than our defined selection criteria, generally a loan amount is $500,000 or less, are treated as a homogeneous portfolio. If loans meeting the defined criteria are not collateral dependent, we measure the impairment based on the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. If loans meeting the defined criteria are collateral dependent, we measure the impairment by using the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral. We obtain an appraisal to determine the amount of impairment at the date that the loan becomes impaired. The appraisals are based on “as is” or bulk sale valuations. To ensure that appraised values remain current, we generally obtain an updated appraisal every six months from qualified independent appraisers. Furthermore, if the most current appraisal is dated more than three months prior to the effective date of the impairment test, we validate the most current value with third party market data appropriate to the location and property type of the collateral. If the third party market data indicates that the value of our collateral has declined since the most recent valuation date, we adjust downward the value of the property to reflect current market conditions. If the fair value of the collateral is less than the recorded amount of the loan, we then recognize impairment by creating or adjusting an existing valuation allowance with a corresponding charge to the provision for loan losses. If an impaired loan is expected to be collected through liquidation of the collateral, the amount of impairment, excluding disposal costs, which range between 3% to 6% of the fair value, depending on the size of impaired loan, is charged off against the allowance for loan losses. Non-accrual impaired loans are not returned to accruing status unless the unpaid interest has been brought current and full repayment of the recorded balance is expected or if the borrower has made six consecutive monthly payments of the scheduled amounts due, and are continued to be reviewed for impairment until they are no longer reported as troubled debt restructurings.
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We identified impaired loans with a recorded investment of $248.6 million at December 31, 2012, compared to $322.0 million at December 31, 2011. The average balance of impaired loans was $277.8 million in 2012 and $361.4 million in 2011. We considered all non-accrual loans to be impaired. Interest recognized on impaired loans totaled $8.2 million in 2012 and $5.3 million in 2011. As of December 31, 2012, $83.9 million, or 80.8%, of the $103.9 million of non-accrual portfolio loans was secured by real estate. As of December 31, 2011, $170.5 million, or 84.8%, of the $201.2 million of non-accrual loans was secured by real estate. In light of declining property values in the current economic downturn affecting the real estate markets, the Bank has obtained current appraisals, sales contract, or other available market price information which provides updated factors in evaluating potential loss.
At December 31, 2012, $12.2 million of the $183.3 million allowance for loan losses was allocated for impaired loans and $171.1 million was allocated to the general allowance. At December 31, 2011, $7.6 million of the $206.3 million allowance for loan losses was allocated for impaired loans and $198.7 million was allocated to the general allowance. The amount of the allowance for loan losses allocated to impaired loans increased from 2011 to 2012 as a result of the addition of two impaired construction loans. In 2012, net loan charge-offs were $14.7 million, or 0.21%, of average loans, compared to $66.2 million, or 0.95%, of average loans in 2011.
The allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans increased to 177.8% at December 31, 2012, from 103.6% at December 31, 2011. Non-accrual loans also include those troubled debt restructurings that do not qualify for accrual status.
The following table presents impaired loans and the related allowance and charge-off as of the dates indicated:

|  | Impaired Loans |
|  | At December 31, 2012 |  |  | At December 31, 2011 |
|  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Allowance |  |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Allowance |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
With no allocated allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 29,359 |  |  | $ | 18,963 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 46,671 |  |  | $ | 38,194 |  |  | $ | - |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 9,304 |  |  |  | 7,277 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 134,837 |  |  |  | 78,767 |  |  |  | - |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 189,871 |  |  |  | 152,957 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 187,580 |  |  |  | 149,034 |  |  |  | - |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 4,303 |  |  |  | 4,229 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,555 |  |  |  | 7,987 |  |  |  | - |
Subtotal |  | $ | 232,837 |  |  | $ | 183,426 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 377,643 |  |  | $ | 273,982 |  |  | $ | - |
With allocated allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 7,804 |  |  | $ | 4,959 |  |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 11,795 |  |  | $ | 7,587 |  |  | $ | 3,336 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 54,718 |  |  |  | 34,856 |  |  |  | 8,158 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 14,163 |  |  |  | 12,928 |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  |  | 29,722 |  |  |  | 28,023 |  |  |  | 2,969 |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 14,264 |  |  |  | 12,428 |  |  |  | 1,222 |  |  |  | 13,813 |  |  |  | 12,381 |  |  |  | 1,249 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 90,949 |  |  | $ | 65,171 |  |  | $ | 12,183 |  |  | $ | 55,330 |  |  | $ | 47,991 |  |  | $ | 7,554 |
Total impaired loans |  | $ | 323,786 |  |  | $ | 248,597 |  |  | $ | 12,183 |  |  | $ | 432,973 |  |  | $ | 321,973 |  |  | $ | 7,554 |

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Loan Interest Reserves
In accordance with customary banking practice, construction loans and land development loans are originated where interest on the loan is disbursed from pre-established interest reserves included in the total original loan commitment. Our construction and land development loans generally include optional renewal terms after the maturity of the initial loan term. New appraisals are obtained prior to extension or renewal of these loans in part to determine the appropriate interest reserve to be established for the new loan term. Loans with interest reserves are underwritten to the same criteria, including loan to value and, if applicable, pro forma debt service coverage ratios, as loans without interest reserves. Construction loans with interest reserves are monitored on a periodic basis to gauge progress towards completion. Interest reserves are frozen if it is determined that additional draws would result in a loan to value ratio that exceeds policy maximums based on collateral property type. Our policy limits in this regard are consistent with supervisory limits and range from 65% in the case of land to 85% in the case of 1- to 4-family residential construction projects.
As of December 31, 2012, construction loans of $51.8 million were disbursed with pre-established interest reserves of $9.7 million compared to $16.8 million of such loans disbursed with pre-established interest reserves of $3.2 million at December 31, 2011. The balance for construction loans with interest reserves which have been extended was $4.0 million with pre-established interest reserves of $314,000, at December 31, 2012, and zero at December 31, 2011. Land loans of $11.2 million were disbursed with pre-established interest reserves of $978,000 at December 31, 2012, compared to $10.8 million land loans disbursed with pre-established interest reserves of $223,000 at December 31, 2011. The balance for land loans with interest reserves which have been extended was zero at December 31, 2012, compared to $9.5 million at December 31, 2011.
At December 31, 2012, the Bank had no loans on non-accrual status with available interest reserves. At December 31, 2012, $3.0 million of non-accrual residential construction loans, $33.3 million of non-accrual non-residential construction loans, and $4.2 million of non-accrual land loans had been originated with pre-established interest reserves. At December 31, 2011, $13.4 million of non-accrual residential construction loans, $20.7 million of non-accrual non-residential construction loans, and $7.9 million of non-accrual land loans had been originated with pre-established interest reserves. While loans with interest reserves are typically expected to be repaid in full according to the original contractual terms, some loans require one or more extensions beyond the original maturity. Typically, these extensions are required due to construction delays, delays in sales or lease of property, or some combination of these two factors.
Loan Concentration
Most of our business activity is with customers located in the predominantly Asian areas of California; New York City; Dallas and Houston, Texas; Seattle, Washington; Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; and New Jersey. We have no specific industry concentration, and generally our loans are collateralized with real property or other pledged collateral. Loans are generally expected to be paid off from the operating profits of the borrowers, refinancing by another lender, or through sale by the borrowers of the secured collateral. We experienced no loan concentrations to multiple borrowers in similar activities that exceeded 10% of total loans as of December 31, 2012.
The Federal banking regulatory agencies issued final guidance on December 6, 2006, regarding risk management practices for financial institutions with high or increasing concentrations of commercial real estate ("CRE") loans on their balance sheets. The regulatory guidance reiterates the need for sound internal risk management practices for those institutions that have experienced rapid growth in CRE lending, have notable exposure to specific types of CRE, or are approaching or exceeding the supervisory criteria used to evaluate the CRE concentration risk, but the guidance is not to be construed as a limit for CRE exposure. The supervisory criteria are: (1) total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land represent 100% of the institution's total risk-based capital, and (2) both total CRE loans represent 300% or more of the institution's total risk-based capital and the institution's CRE loan portfolio has increased 50% or more within the last thirty-six months. Since January 2010, the Bank’s internal limit for CRE loans has been 300% of total capital. Total loans for construction, land development, and other land represented 19% of total risk-based capital as of December 31, 2012, and 23% as of December 31, 2011. Total CRE loans represented 228% of total risk-based capital as of December 31, 2012, and 236% as of December 31, 2011. See Part I — Item 1A — “Risk Factors” for a discussion of some of the factors that may affect us.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
The Bank maintains the allowance for credit losses at a level that is considered adequate to cover the estimated and known inherent risks in the loan portfolio and off-balance sheet unfunded credit commitments. Allowance for credit losses is comprised of allowances for loan losses and for off-balance sheet unfunded credit commitments. With this risk management objective, the Bank’s management has an established monitoring system that is designed to identify impaired and potential problem loans, and to permit periodic evaluation of impairment and the adequacy level of the allowance for credit losses in a timely manner.
In addition, the Board of Directors of the Bank has established a written credit policy that includes a credit review and control system which it believes should be effective in ensuring that the Bank maintains an adequate allowance for credit losses. The Board of Directors provides oversight for the allowance evaluation process, including quarterly evaluations, and determines whether the allowance is adequate to absorb losses in the credit portfolio. The determination of the amount of the allowance for credit losses and the provision for credit losses is based on management’s current judgment about the credit quality of the loan portfolio and takes into consideration known relevant internal and external factors that affect collectibility when determining the appropriate level for the allowance for credit losses. The nature of the process by which the Bank determines the appropriate allowance for credit losses requires the exercise of considerable judgment. Additions to the allowance for credit losses are made by charges to the provision for credit losses. Identified credit exposures that are determined to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses. Recoveries of previously charged off amounts, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses. A weakening of the economy or other factors that adversely affect asset quality can result in an increase in the number of delinquencies, bankruptcies, and defaults, and a higher level of non-performing assets, net charge-offs, and provision for loan losses. See Part I — Item 1A — “Risk Factors” for additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements or historical performance.
The allowance for loan losses was $183.3 million and the allowance for off-balance sheet unfunded credit commitments was $1.4 million at December 31, 2012, and represented the amount that the Company believes to be sufficient to absorb credit losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio including unfunded commitments. The allowance for credit losses, the sum of allowance for loan losses and for off-balance sheet unfunded credit commitments, $184.7 million at December 31, 2012, compared to $208.3 million at December 31, 2011, a decrease of $23.6 million, or 11.4%. The allowance for credit losses represented 2.49% of period-end gross loans, excluding loans held for sale, and 176.7% of non-performing portfolio loans at December 31, 2012. The comparable ratios were 2.95% of period-end gross loans, excluding loans held for sale, and 100.2% of non-performing portfolio loans at December 31, 2011.
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The following table sets forth the information relating to the allowance for loan losses, charge-offs, recoveries, and the reserve for off-balance sheet credit commitments for the past five years:

Allowance for Credit Losses |
|  | Amount Outstanding as of December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009 |  |  | 2008 |
Allowance for Loan Losses |  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 206,280 |  |  | $ | 245,231 |  |  | $ | 211,889 |  |  | $ | 122,093 |  |  | $ | 64,983 |
(Reversal)/provision for credit losses |  |  | (9,000 | ) |  |  | 27,000 |  |  |  | 156,900 |  |  |  | 307,000 |  |  |  | 106,700 |
Reversal of/(transfer to) reserve for off-balance sheet credit commitments |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 2,870 |  |  |  | 2,125 |  |  |  | (2,756 | )
Charge-offs : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  |  | (17,707 | ) |  |  | (11,745 | ) |  |  | (21,609 | ) |  |  | (59,370 | ) |  |  | (12,932 | )
Construction loans-residential |  |  | (391 | ) |  |  | (20,801 | ) |  |  | (14,889 | ) |  |  | (71,147 | ) |  |  | (20,653 | )
Construction loans-other |  |  | (774 | ) |  |  | (16,699 | ) |  |  | (30,432 | ) |  |  | (22,128 | ) |  |  | - |
Real estate loans |  |  | (13,616 | ) |  |  | (27,327 | ) |  |  | (47,765 | ) |  |  | (52,931 | ) |  |  | (5,291 | )
Real estate land loans |  |  | (278 | ) |  |  | (1,054 | ) |  |  | (24,060 | ) |  |  | (16,967 | ) |  |  | (9,553 | )
Installment loans and other loans |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (254 | )
Total charge-offs |  |  | (32,791 | ) |  |  | (77,626 | ) |  |  | (138,755 | ) |  |  | (222,547 | ) |  |  | (48,683 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  |  | 1,949 |  |  |  | 1,774 |  |  |  | 4,712 |  |  |  | 904 |  |  |  | 1,750 |
Construction loans-residential |  |  | 3,788 |  |  |  | 3,808 |  |  |  | 5,448 |  |  |  | 1,140 |  |  |  | 83 |
Construction loans-other |  |  | 2,365 |  |  |  | 665 |  |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Real estate loans |  |  | 8,820 |  |  |  | 4,539 |  |  |  | 933 |  |  |  | 461 |  |  |  | - |
Real estate land loans |  |  | 1,202 |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 668 |  |  |  | 692 |  |  |  | - |
Installment loans and other loans |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 16 |
Total recoveries |  |  | 18,127 |  |  |  | 11,407 |  |  |  | 12,327 |  |  |  | 3,218 |  |  |  | 1,849 |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 183,322 |  |  | $ | 206,280 |  |  | $ | 245,231 |  |  | $ | 211,889 |  |  | $ | 122,093 |
Reserve for off-balance sheet credit commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 2,069 |  |  | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 5,207 |  |  | $ | 7,332 |  |  | $ | 4,576 |
Provision (reversal)/transfer for credit losses |  |  | (706 | ) |  |  | (268 | ) |  |  | (2,870 | ) |  |  | (2,125 | ) |  |  | 2,756 |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 1,363 |  |  | $ | 2,069 |  |  | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 5,207 |  |  | $ | 7,332 |
Average loans outstanding during the year (1) |  | $ | 7,094,197 |  |  | $ | 6,959,331 |  |  | $ | 6,879,457 |  |  | $ | 7,262,831 |  |  | $ | 7,214,689 |
Ratio of net charge-offs to average loans outstanding during the year (1) |  |  | 0.21 | % |  |  | 0.95 | % |  |  | 1.84 | % |  |  | 3.02 | % |  |  | 0.65 | %
(Reversal)/provision for credit losses to average loans outstanding during the year (1) |  |  | (0.13 | )% |  |  | 0.39 | % |  |  | 2.28 | % |  |  | 4.23 | % |  |  | 1.48 | %
Allowance for credit losses to non-performing portfolio loans at year-end (2) |  |  | 176.68 | % |  |  | 100.20 | % |  |  | 100.10 | % |  |  | 77.36 | % |  |  | 68.87 | %
Allowance for credit losses to gross loans at year-end (1) |  |  | 2.49 | % |  |  | 2.95 | % |  |  | 3.60 | % |  |  | 3.15 | % |  |  | 1.73 | %

(1) Excluding loans held for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(2) Excluding non-accrual loans held for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Our allowance for loan losses consists of the following:

| • | Specific allowance: For impaired loans, we provide specific allowances for loans that are not collateral dependent based on an evaluation of the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate and for loans that are collateral dependent based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, which is determined based on the most recent valuation information received, which may be adjusted based on factors such as changes in market conditions from the time of valuation. If the measure of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, the deficiency will be charged off against the allowance for loan losses or, alternatively, a specific allocation will be established.

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| • | General allowance: The unclassified portfolio is segmented on a group basis. Segmentation is determined by loan type and common risk characteristics. The non-impaired loans are grouped into 23 segments: two commercial segments, ten commercial real estate segments, three residential construction segments, three non-residential construction segments, one SBA segment, one installment loans segment, one residential mortgage segment, one equity lines of credit segment, and one overdrafts segment. The allowance is provided for each segmented group based on the group’s historical loan loss experience aggregated based on loan risk classifications which takes into account the current financial condition of the borrowers and guarantors, the prevailing value of the underlying collateral if collateral dependent, charge-off history, management’s knowledge of the portfolio, general economic conditions, and environmental factors which include the trends in delinquency and non-accrual, and other significant factors, such as the national and local economy, volume and composition of the portfolio, strength of management and loan staff, underwriting standards, and concentration of credit. In addition, management reviews reports on past-due loans to ensure appropriate classifications. During the second quarter of 2009, in light of the continued deterioration in the economy and the increases in non-accrual loans and charge-offs, and based in part on regulatory considerations, we shortened the period used in the migration analysis from five years to four years to better reflect the impact of the most recent charge-offs, which increased the allowance for loan losses by $3.9 million; we increased the general allowance to reflect the higher loan delinquency trends, the weaker national and local economy and the increased difficulty in assigning loan grades, which increased the allowance for loan losses by $13.2 million, and we also applied the environmental factors described above to loans rated Minimally Acceptable, Special Mention and Substandard, which increased the allowance for loan losses by $11.8 million. During the fourth quarter of 2009, we changed our migration loss analysis to reduce the weighting of the first two years of the four-year migration analysis by half to better reflect the impact of more recent losses, and further segmented the construction loan portfolios into three geographic segments. The changes made during the fourth quarter of 2009 did not have a significant impact on the allowance for loan losses. During the first quarter of 2010, we increased the number of segments for commercial real estate loans from one to ten. In addition, we changed our migration loss analysis to use as the reserve factor for loans rated Pass the total weighted average losses during the last four years for each loan segment as well as the weighting for the four-year migration so that the first two years are weighted one-third and the most recent two years are weighted two-thirds. The changes made during the first quarter of 2010 increased the allowance for loan losses by $10.4 million. During the second quarter of 2010, we further refined our methodology to give greater weighting to the most recent twelve months of charge-offs in the calculation of the loan loss reserve percentage for Pass rated loans, which increased the allowance for loan losses by $10.4 million; we discontinued the weighting in the four-year migration analysis for loans rated lower than Pass, which increased the allowance for loan losses by $7.1 million, and we increased the environmental factors for purchased syndicated loans, which increased the allowance for loan losses by $2.0 million. During the first quarter of 2011, we combined the number of segments for construction loans from nine to two by consolidating the previous three geographic groups of East Coast, Texas and all other regions into one bankwide region in light of the convergence of credit quality for construction loans of the three separate regions, which increased the allowance for loan losses by $4.8 million.

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The table set forth below reflects management’s allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan category and the ratio of each loan category to the total loans as of the dates indicated:
Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009 |  |  | 2008 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Percentage of Loans in Each Category to to Average Gross Loans |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percentage of Loans in Each Category to to Average Gross Loans |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percentage of Loans in Each Category to to Average Gross Loans |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percentage of Loans in Each Category to to Average Gross Loans |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percentage of Loans in Each Category to to Average Gross Loans |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Type of Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 66,101 |  |  |  | 27.4 | % |  | $ | 65,658 |  |  |  | 23.9 | % |  | $ | 63,919 |  |  |  | 19.7 | % |  | $ | 57,815 |  |  |  | 20.2 | % |  | $ | 44,508 |  |  |  | 21.7 | %
Residential mortgage loans and equity lines |  |  | 11,703 |  |  |  | 17.4 |  |  |  | 10,795 |  |  |  | 16.4 |  |  |  | 9,668 |  |  |  | 13.9 |  |  |  | 8,480 |  |  |  | 11.4 |  |  |  | 2,678 |  |  |  | 10.2 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 82,473 |  |  |  | 52.2 |  |  |  | 108,021 |  |  |  | 54.9 |  |  |  | 128,347 |  |  |  | 58.3 |  |  |  | 100,494 |  |  |  | 56.8 |  |  |  | 35,060 |  |  |  | 55.7 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 23,017 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 21,749 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 43,261 |  |  |  | 7.8 |  |  |  | 45,086 |  |  |  | 11.3 |  |  |  | 39,820 |  |  |  | 12.1 |
Installment and other loans |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Total |  | $ | 183,322 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 206,280 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 245,231 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 211,889 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 122,093 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

The increase of $443,000 in the allowance allocated to commercial loans to $66.1 million at December 31, 2012, from $65.7 million at December 31, 2011, is due primarily to the growth of commercial loans. Commercial loans increased $258.8 million, or 13.9%, from $1.9 billion at December 31, 2011 to $2.1 billion at December 31, 2012. At December 31, 2012, thirty-one commercial loans totaling $20.0 million were on non-accrual status. At December 31, 2011, forty-six commercial loans totaling $30.7 million were on non-accrual status. Commercial loans comprised 9.6% of impaired loans and 19.2% of non-accrual portfolio loans at December 31, 2012, compared to 14.2% of impaired loans and 15.2% of non-accrual portfolio loans at December 31, 2011.
The allowance allocated to residential mortgage loans and equity lines increased $908,000, to $11.7 million at December 31, 2012, from $10.8 million at December 31, 2011, primarily due to an increase in residential mortgage loans of $174.0 million, or 17.9%, to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2012, from $972.3 million at December 31, 2011.
The allowance allocated to commercial mortgage loans decreased from $108.0 million at December 31, 2011, to $82.5 million at December 31, 2012, which was primarily due to the decrease in classified commercial mortgage loans to $261.2 million at December 31, 2012, from $403.5 million at December 31, 2011. The overall allowance for total commercial mortgage loans was 2.2% at December 31, 2012, compared to 2.9% at December 31, 2011. At December 31, 2012, 40 commercial mortgage loans, excluding non-accrual loans held for sale, totaling $35.7 million were on non-accrual status. At December 31, 2011, 57 commercial mortgage loans, excluding non-accrual loans held for sale, totaling $107.8 million were on non-accrual status. Commercial mortgage loans comprised 66.7% of impaired loans and 34.4% of non-accrual portfolio loans at December 31, 2012, compared to 55.0% of impaired loans and 53.6% of non-accrual portfolio loans at December 31, 2011.
The allowance allocated for construction loans increased $1.3 million to $23.0 million, or 12.7%, of construction loans at December 31, 2012, compared to $21.7 million, or 9.2%, of construction loans at December 31, 2011, primarily due to increases in reserves based on prior loss experience from construction loans. Five construction loans totaling $36.3 million were on non-accrual status at December 31, 2012, compared to eight loans totaling $46.0 million at December 31, 2011. Construction loans comprised 17.0% of impaired loans and 34.9% of non-accrual portfolio loans at December 31, 2012, compared to 24.5% of impaired loans and 22.9% of non-accrual portfolio loans at December 31, 2011.
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Also, see Part I — Item 1A — “Risk Factors” for additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements or historical performance.
Liquidity
Liquidity is our ability to maintain sufficient cash flow to meet maturing financial obligations and customer credit needs, and to take advantage of investment opportunities as they are presented in the marketplace. Our principal sources of liquidity are growth in deposits, proceeds from the maturity or sale of securities and other financial instruments, repayments from securities and loans, Federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and advances from the FHLB. At December 31, 2012, our liquidity ratio (defined as net cash and short-term and marketable securities to net deposits and short-term liabilities) decreased to 15.3% primarily due to lower securities balances, compared to 15.8% at December 31, 2011.
The Bank is a shareholder of the FHLB, which enables the Bank to have access to lower-cost FHLB financing when necessary. At December 31, 2012, the Bank had an approved credit line with the FHLB of San Francisco totaling $1.23 billion. Total advances from the FHLB of San Francisco were $146.2 million at December 31, 2012. These borrowings bear fixed rates and are secured by loans. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2012, the Bank pledged $211.6 million of its commercial loans to the Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window under the Borrower-in-Custody program. The Bank had borrowing capacity of $193.9 million from the Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window at December 31, 2012.
Liquidity can also be provided through the sale of liquid assets, which consist of Federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and securities available-for-sale. At December 31, 2012, investment securities totaled $2.07 billion, with $1.45 billion pledged as collateral for borrowings and other commitments. The remaining $618.4 million was available as additional liquidity or to be pledged as collateral for additional borrowings.
Approximately 90.8% of our time deposits mature within one year or less as of December 31, 2012. Management anticipates that there may be some outflow of these deposits upon maturity due to the keen competition in the Bank’s marketplace. However, based on our historical runoff experience, we expect the outflow will not be significant and can be replenished through our normal growth in deposits. Management believes all the above-mentioned sources will provide adequate liquidity for the next twelve months to the Bank to meet its operating needs.
The business activities of the Bancorp consist primarily of the operation of the Bank and limited activities in other investments. Under the memorandum of understanding the Bancorp entered into with the FRB SF, we agreed that we will not, without the FRB SF’s prior written approval, receive any dividends or any other form of payment or distribution representing a reduction of capital from the Bank. The Bank did not pay a dividend to the Bancorp in 2010 or 2011, but paid dividends of $154.7 million to Bancorp following regulatory approval in 2012, and will pay additional dividends with regulatory approval in 2013 to maintain Bancorp’s cash balance equal to at least two years of Bancorp’s operating expenses and to be in a position, subject to regulatory approval, to repurchase in installments during 2013 the Series B Preferred Stock issued to the U.S. Treasury under the TARP Capital Purchase Program.
Also, see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements regarding commitments and contingencies.
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details of recent accounting pronouncements and their expected impact, if any, on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
Market Risk
Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates. The principal market risk to the Company is the interest rate risk inherent in our lending, investing, deposit taking and borrowing activities, due to the fact that interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities do not re-price at the same rate, to the same extent, or on the same basis.
We monitor and manage our interest rate risk through analyzing the re-pricing characteristics of our loans, securities, deposits, and borrowings on an on-going basis. The primary objective is to minimize the adverse effects of changes in interest rates on our earnings, and ultimately the underlying market value of equity, while structuring our asset-liability composition to obtain the maximum spread. Management uses certain basic measurement tools in conjunction with established risk limits to regulate its interest rate exposure. Due to the limitation inherent in any individual risk management tool, we use a simulation model to measure and quantify the impact to our profitability as well as to estimate changes to the market value of our assets and liabilities.
We use a net interest income simulation model to measure the extent of the differences in the behavior of the lending, investing, and funding rates to changing interest rates, so as to project future earnings or market values under alternative interest rate scenarios. Interest rate risk arises primarily through the traditional business activities of extending loans, investing securities, accepting deposits, and borrowings. Many factors, including economic and financial conditions, movements in interest rates, and consumer preferences affect the spread between interest earned on assets and interest paid on liabilities. The net interest income simulation model is designed to measure the volatility of net interest income and net portfolio value, defined as net present value of assets and liabilities, under immediate rising or falling interest rate scenarios in 25 basis points increments.
Although the modeling is helpful in managing interest rate risk, it does require significant assumptions for the projection of loan prepayment rates on mortgage related assets, loan volumes and pricing, and deposit and borrowing volume and pricing, that might prove inaccurate. Because these assumptions are inherently uncertain, the model cannot precisely estimate net interest income, or precisely predict the effect of higher or lower interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to the timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes, the differences between actual experience and the assumed volume, changes in market conditions, and management strategies, among other factors. The Company monitors its interest rate sensitivity and attempts to reduce the risk of a significant decrease in net interest income caused by a change in interest rates.
W e establish a tolerance level in our policy to define and limit interest income volatility to a change of plus or minus 15% when the hypothetical rate change is plus or minus 200 basis points. When the net interest rate simulation projects that our tolerance level will be met or exceeded, we seek corrective action after considering, among other things, market conditions, customer reaction, and the estimated impact on profitability. At December 31, 2012, if interest rates were to increase instantaneously by 100 basis points, the simulation indicated that our net interest income over the next twelve months would increase by 2.3%, and if interest rates were to increase instantaneously by 200 basis points, the simulation indicated that our net interest income over the next twelve months would increase by 7.2%. Conversely, if interest rates were to decrease instantaneously by 100 basis points, the simulation indicated that our net interest income over the next twelve months would decrease by 0.2%, and if interest rates were to decrease instantaneously by 200 basis points, the simulation indicated that our net interest income over the next twelve months would decrease by 0.2%.
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Our simulation model also projects the net market value of our portfolio of assets and liabilities. We have established a tolerance level to value the net market value of our portfolio of assets and liabilities in our policy to a change of plus or minus 15% when the hypothetical rate change is plus or minus 200 basis points. At December 31, 2012, if interest rates were to increase instantaneously by 200 basis points, the simulation indicated that the net market value of our portfolio of assets and liabilities would increase by 6.6%, and conversely, if interest rates were to decrease instantaneously by 200 basis points, the simulation indicated that the net market value of our assets and liabilities would increase by 0.4%.
Quantitative Information About Interest Rate Risk
The following table shows the carrying value of our financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, categorized by expected maturity, as well as the instruments’ total fair values at December 31, 2012, and 2011. For assets, expected maturities are based on contractual maturity. For liabilities, we use our historical experience and decay factors to estimate the deposit runoffs of interest-bearing transactional deposits. We use certain assumptions to estimate fair values and expected maturities which are described in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit, letters of credit, and bill of lading guarantees represent the contractual unfunded amounts. Off-balance sheet financial instruments represent fair values. The results presented may vary if different assumptions are used or if actual experience differs from the assumptions used.
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, |
|  | Average |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | Interest |  |  | Expected Maturity Date at December 31, |  |  |  |  |  | Fair |  |  |  |  |  | Fair |
|  | Rate |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Thereafter |  |  | Total |  |  | Value |  |  | Total |  |  | Value |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Interest-Sensitive Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | $ | 223,273 |  |  | $ | 146,222 |  |  | $ | 113,371 |  |  | $ | 90,323 |  |  | $ | 77,948 |  |  | $ | 410,482 |  |  | $ | 1,061,619 |  |  | $ | 1,102,421 |  |  | $ | 1,268,107 |  |  | $ | 1,310,456 |
Other investment securities |  |  | 1.53 |  |  |  | 349,879 |  |  |  | 160,091 |  |  |  | 9,855 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 200,155 |  |  |  | 283,648 |  |  |  | 1,003,628 |  |  |  | 1,012,965 |  |  |  | 1,179,877 |  |  |  | 1,187,999 |
Loans held-for-sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | 760 |
Gross loans receivable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  | 3.99 |  |  |  | 1,651,153 |  |  |  | 254,557 |  |  |  | 84,227 |  |  |  | 45,838 |  |  |  | 45,564 |  |  |  | 45,768 |  |  |  | 2,127,107 |  |  |  | 2,122,877 |  |  |  | 1,868,275 |  |  |  | 1,863,018 |
Residential mortgage |  |  | 4.68 |  |  |  | 5,962 |  |  |  | 1,932 |  |  |  | 6,575 |  |  |  | 3,253 |  |  |  | 7,236 |  |  |  | 1,315,124 |  |  |  | 1,340,082 |  |  |  | 1,351,638 |  |  |  | 1,186,969 |  |  |  | 1,208,911 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 5.16 |  |  |  | 648,732 |  |  |  | 393,793 |  |  |  | 459,963 |  |  |  | 519,761 |  |  |  | 630,134 |  |  |  | 1,116,069 |  |  |  | 3,768,452 |  |  |  | 3,695,865 |  |  |  | 3,748,897 |  |  |  | 3,715,144 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 5.36 |  |  |  | 141,427 |  |  |  | 39,523 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 180,950 |  |  |  | 180,559 |  |  |  | 237,372 |  |  |  | 237,210 |
Installment & other |  |  | 2.42 |  |  |  | 12,283 |  |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,556 |  |  |  | 11,863 |  |  |  | 17,699 |  |  |  | 17,682 |
Trading securities |  |  | 1.35 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  | 4,542 |  |  |  | 4,542 |
Interest Sensitive Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 0.67 |  |  |  | 351,485 |  |  |  | 347,886 |  |  |  | 228,025 |  |  |  | 1,326,313 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,253,709 |  |  |  | 2,253,709 |  |  |  | 1,823,088 |  |  |  | 1,823,088 |
Time deposits |  |  | 0.83 |  |  |  | 3,506,076 |  |  |  | 263,847 |  |  |  | 67,735 |  |  |  | 1,499 |  |  |  | 20,901 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3,860,061 |  |  |  | 3,865,851 |  |  |  | 4,331,326 |  |  |  | 4,343,232 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  | 3.84 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 600,000 |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 1,250,000 |  |  |  | 1,361,585 |  |  |  | 1,400,000 |  |  |  | 1,547,900 |
Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 0.44 |  |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,200 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 146,200 |  |  |  | 146,789 |  |  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  | 227,825 |
Other borrowings from financial institutions |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 880 |  |  |  | 881 |
Other borrowings |  |  | 2.95 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,713 |  |  |  | 18,713 |  |  |  | 14,573 |  |  |  | 18,920 |  |  |  | 18,920 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 2.80 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 121,136 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 98,392 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 98,676 |
Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  |  |  |  | 1,105,138 |  |  |  | 281,710 |  |  |  | 28,876 |  |  |  | 91,748 |  |  |  | 40,531 |  |  |  | 192,460 |  |  |  | 1,740,463 |  |  |  | (1,875 | ) |  |  | 1,626,523 |  |  |  | (1,253 | )
Standby letters of credit |  |  |  |  |  | 44,060 |  |  |  | 442 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 44,672 |  |  |  | (204 | ) |  |  | 62,076 |  |  |  | (367 | )
Other letters of credit |  |  |  |  |  | 71,073 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 71,073 |  |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | 64,233 |  |  |  | (38 | )
Bill of lading guarantees |  |  |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | - |

Country Risk Exposures
The Company’s total assets were $10.7 billion and total foreign country risk net exposures were $844.6 million at December 31, 2012, compared to total assets of $10.6 billion and total foreign country risk net exposures of $751.3 million at December 31, 2011. Total foreign country risk net exposures at December 31, 2012, were comprised primarily of $274.7 million from Hong Kong, $209.0 million from England, $149.0 million from China, $60.8 million from Switzerland, $60.0 million from France, $50.0 million from Australia, $17.9 million from Taiwan, $10.0 million from Luxembourg, $8.4 million from Canada, $2.5 million from Singapore, and $1.6 million from Macau. Total foreign country risk net exposures at December 31, 2011, were comprised primarily of $209.4 million from China, $164.5 million from Hong Kong, $149.6 million from England, $62.0 million from Australia, $57.4 million from France, $45.4 million from Switzerland, $30.1 million from Taiwan, $28.1 million from Canada, and $3.8 million from Singapore.
All foreign country risk net exposures were to non-sovereign counterparties except $16.2 million due from the Hong Kong Monetary Authority at December 31, 2012.
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Unfunded exposures were $40.4 million at December 31, 2012, and were comprised of $40.0 million of unfunded loans to two financial institutions in China, a $250,000 unfunded loan to a corporation in Canada, and a $190,000 of unfunded loan to a borrower in Taiwan. Unfunded exposures were $30.2 million at December 31, 2011, and were comprised of $19.3 million of unfunded loans to two financial institutions in China, a $10.0 million unfunded loan to a corporation in Canada, and $919,000 of unfunded loans to two borrowers in Taiwan.
Financial Derivatives
It is our policy not to speculate on the future direction of interest rates. However, we enter into financial derivatives in order to seek mitigation of exposure to interest rate risks related to our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. We believe that these transactions, when properly structured and managed, may provide a hedge against inherent interest rate risk in our assets or liabilities and against risk in specific transactions. In such instances, we may protect our position through the purchase or sale of interest rate futures contracts for a specific cash or interest rate risk position. Other hedge transactions may be implemented using interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, floors, financial futures, forward rate agreements, and options on futures or bonds. Prior to considering any hedging activities, we seek to analyze the costs and benefits of the hedge in comparison to other viable alternative strategies. All hedges will require an assessment of basis risk and must be approved by the Bank’s Investment Committee.
We follow ASC Topic 815, which established accounting and reporting standards for financial derivatives, including certain financial derivatives embedded in other contracts, and hedging activities. It requires the recognition of all financial derivatives as assets or liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and measurement of those financial derivatives at fair value. The accounting treatment of changes in fair value is dependent upon whether or not a financial derivative is designated as a hedge and, if so, the type of hedge.
As of December 31, 2011, we had five interest rate swap agreements with two major financial institutions in the notional amount of $300.0 million for a period of three years. These interest rate swaps were not structured to hedge against inherent interest rate risks related to our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. These five interest rate swap agreements all matured in the third quarter of 2012. The net amount accrued on these interest rate swaps and the changes in the market value of these interest rate swaps were recorded as a reduction to other non-interest income in the amount of $288,000 in 2012 compared to $4.9 million in the same period a year ago.
The Company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts with various counter parties to mitigate the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates for foreign exchange certificates of deposit, foreign exchange contracts, or foreign currency option contracts entered into with our clients. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and are recorded at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of these contracts as well as the related foreign exchange certificates of deposit, foreign exchange contracts or foreign currency option contracts are recognized immediately in net income as a component of non-interest income. Period end gross positive fair values are recorded in other assets and gross negative fair values are recorded in other liabilities. At December 31, 2012, the notional amount of option contracts totaled $209,000 with a net negative fair value of $2,000. Spot and forward contracts in the total notional amount of $188.1 million had a positive fair value of $2.9 million at December 31, 2012. Spot and forward contracts in the total notional amount of $133.7 million had a negative fair value of $1.6 million at December 31, 2012. At December 31, 2011, the notional amount of option contracts totaled $4.3 million with a net positive fair value of $29,000. Spot and forward contracts in the total notional amount of $238.6 million had a positive fair value, in the amount of $2.2 million, at December 31, 2011. Spot and forward contracts in the total notional amount of $128.2 million had a negative fair value, in the amount of $486,000, at December 31, 2011.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
For financial statements, see “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” on page F-1.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Not Applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon their evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports filed or submitted by it under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in such reports is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There have not been any changes in the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures that occurred during its fourth fiscal quarter of 2012 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect these controls and procedures.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
As of December 31, 2012, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the Company assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the assessment, management determined that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on those criteria.
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KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also issued an audit report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, is included in this Item under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” below.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that occurred during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2012 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially effect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Cathay General Bancorp:
We have audited Cathay General Bancorp’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Cathay General Bancorp's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Cathay General Bancorp maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission..
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Consolidated Balance Sheets of Cathay General Bancorp and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012, and our report dated March 1, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion on those Consolidated Financial Statements.

/s/ KPMG LLP |  |
Los Angeles, California |  |
March 1, 2013 |  |

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Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by this item concerning our executive officers, directors, compliance with Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, and matters relating to corporate governance is incorporated herein by reference from the information set forth under the captions “Proposal One— Election of Directors,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” and “Code of Ethics” in our Definitive Proxy Statement relating to our 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”).
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the information set forth under the captions “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Compensation of Directors,” “Executive Compensation,” and “Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control,” in our Proxy Statement.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2012, with respect to compensation plans under which equity securities of the Company were authorized for issuance.

Plan Category |  | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights |  |  | Weighted-average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights |  |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available For Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans [Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)] |
|  | (a) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (c) |
Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders |  |  | 3,996,630 |  |  | $ | 29.45 |  |  |  | 2,364,947 |
Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 3,996,630 |  |  | $ | 29.45 |  |  |  | 2,364,947 |

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the information set forth under the captions “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and “Proposal One— Election of Directors— Security Ownership of Nominees, Continuing Directors, and Named Executive Officers” in our Proxy Statement.
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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Transactions with Related Persons, Promoters and Certain Control Persons” and “ Board of Directors and Corporate Governance— Director Independence” in our Proxy Statement.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the information set forth under the caption “Principal Accounting Fees and Services” in our Proxy Statement.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
Documents Filed as Part of this Report
(a)(1) Financial Statements
See “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” on page F-1.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedules have been omitted since they are not applicable, they are not required, or the information required to be set forth in the schedules is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto.
(b) Exhibits

3.1 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2010, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1.1 | Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2010, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.2 | Restated Bylaws. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2010, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.2.1 | Amendment to Restated Bylaws, effective October 20, 2003. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2010, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.2.2 | Amendment to Restated Bylaws, effective October 18, 2007. +

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3.3 | Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.4 | Certificate of Designation of Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B. Previously filed with Securities and Exchange Commission on December 5, 2008, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.1 | Indenture, dated as of March 30, 2007, between Cathay General Bancorp and LaSalle Bank National Association (including form of debenture). +
4.1.1 | Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of Cathay Capital Trust III, dated as of March 30, 2007. +
4.1.2 | Guarantee Agreement, dated as of March 30, 2007, between Cathay General Bancorp and LaSalle Bank National Association. +
4.1.3 | Form of Capital Securities of Cathay Capital Trust III (included within Exhibit 4.1.1). +
4.2 | Warrant to purchase up to 1,846,374 shares of Common Stock, issued on December 5, 2008. Previously filed with Securities and Exchange Commission on December 5, 2008, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.3 | Form of Preferred Share Certificate for Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B. Previously filed with Securities and Exchange Commission on December 5, 2008, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.4 | Distribution Agreement, dated as of September 9, 2009, between Cathay General Bancorp and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 23, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.5 | Distribution Agreement, dated as of September 9, 2009, between Cathay General Bancorp and Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 23, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.6 | Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 13, 2009, between Cathay General Bancorp and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 14, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.7 | ATM Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement, dated November 23, 2009, between Cathay General Bancorp and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K, and incorporated herein by reference.

87

10.1 | Form of Indemnity Agreements between Bancorp and its directors and certain officers. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.
10.2 | Cathay Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2010. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.2.1 | Amendment No. 7 effective July 1, 2007, January 1, 2007, January 1, 2008, December 31, 2009, January 1, 2009, and January 1, 2010 to the Amended and Restated Cathay Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan effective January 1, 1997. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2010, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.3 | Dividend Reinvestment Plan of Bancorp. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 1997, as an exhibit to Registration Statement No. 33-33767, and incorporated herein by reference.
10.4 | Equity Incentive Plan of Bancorp effective February 19, 1998. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.4.1 | First Amendment to Cathay Bancorp, Inc. Equity Incentive Plan. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.5 | GBC Bancorp 1999 Employee Stock Incentive Plan. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.6 | Cathay Bank Bonus Deferral Agreement (Amended and Restated). +**
10.7 | Cathay General Bancorp 2005 Incentive Plan (Amended and Restated). +**
10.7.1 | Form of Cathay General Bancorp 2005 Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award Agreement. +**
10.7.2 | Form of Cathay General Bancorp 2005 Incentive Plan Stock Option Agreement (Nonstatutory). +**
10.7.3 | Form of Cathay General Bancorp 2005 Incentive Plan Stock Option Agreement (Nonstatutory) (Nonemployee Director). +**
10.7.4 | Form of Cathay General Bancorp 2005 Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement. +**
10.7.5 | Form of Cathay General Bancorp 2005 Incentive Plan Stock Award Agreement to be used for the purposes of granting certain salary awards. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 8, 2012, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K and incorporated herein by reference. +**

88

10.8 | Letter Agreement, dated December 5, 2008, including the Securities Purchase Agreement — Standard Terms incorporated by reference therein, between the Company and the U.S. Treasury. Previously filed with Securities and Exchange Commission on December 5, 2008, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K and incorporated herein by reference.
10.9 | Form of Waiver, executed by each of Messrs. Dunson K. Cheng, Peter Wu, Anthony M. Tang, Heng W. Chen, Irwin Wong, Kim R. Bingham, and Perry P. Oei. Previously filed with Securities and Exchange Commission on December 5, 2008, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.9.1 | Form of Consent, executed by each of Messrs. Dunson K. Cheng, Peter Wu, Anthony M. Tang, Heng W. Chen, Irwin Wong, Kim R. Bingham, and Perry P. Oei as to adoption of amendments to Benefit Plans as required by Section 111(b) of EESA. Previously filed with Securities and Exchange Commission on December 5, 2008, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Current Report on Form 8-K, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.9.2 | Form of Consent, executed by each of Messrs. Dunson K. Cheng, Peter Wu, Anthony M. Tang, Heng W. Chen, Irwin Wong, Kim R. Bingham, and Perry P. Oei as to adoption of amendments to Benefit Plans as required by Section 111(b) of EESA, as amended by the American Recovery Reinvestment Act of 2009. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2010, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.10 | Amended and Restated Change of Control Employment Agreement for Dunson K. Cheng dated as of December 18, 2008. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.10.1 | Amended and Restated Change of Control Employment Agreement for Peter Wu dated as of December 18, 2008. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.10.2 | Amended and Restated Change of Control Employment Agreement for Anthony M. Tang dated as of December 18, 2008. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.10.3 | Amended and Restated Change of Control Employment Agreement for Heng W. Chen dated as of December 18, 2008. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.**

89

10.10.4 | Amended and Restated Change of Control Employment Agreement for Irwin Wong dated as of December 18, 2008. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.10.5 | Amended and Restated Change of Control Employment Agreement for Kim Bingham dated as of December 18, 2008. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.**
10.10.6 | Amended and Restated Change of Control Employment Agreement for Perry P. Oei dated as of December 18, 2008. Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009, as an exhibit to Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.**
12.1 | Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends. +
21.1 | Subsidiaries of Bancorp.+
23.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.+
24.1 | Power of Attorney.+
31.1 | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.+
31.2 | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.+
32.1 | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.++
32.2 | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.++
99.1 | Certification for Years Following First Fiscal Year of the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 111(b) of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.+
99.2 | Certification for Years Following First Fiscal Year of the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 111(b) of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.+
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document ***
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document ***
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document***
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document***
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document***
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document***

** | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

90

*** | XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) information shall not be deemed to be filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, shall not be deemed to be filed for purposes of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and otherwise shall not be subject to liability under these sections, and shall not be incorporated by reference into any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act of 1933, except as expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

+ | Filed herewith.

++ | Furnished herewith.

91

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| Cathay General Bancorp |
| By: | /s/ Dunson K. Cheng |
|  | Dunson K. Cheng |
|  | Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer |
Date: March 1, 2013 |  |  |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Dunson K. Cheng |  | President, Chairman of |  | March 1, 2013
Dunson K. Cheng |  | the Board, Director, and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) |  |
/s/ Heng W. Chen |  | Executive Vice President, |  | March 1, 2013
Heng W. Chen |  | Chief Financial Officer/Treasurer (principal financial officer) (principal accounting officer) |  |
/s/ Peter Wu |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Peter Wu |  |  |  |
/s/ Anthony M. Tang |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Anthony M. Tang |  |  |  |
/s/ Kelly L. Chan |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Kelly L. Chan |  |  |  |
/s/ Michael M.Y. Chang |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Michael M.Y. Chang |  |  |  |
/s/ Thomas C.T. Chiu |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Thomas C.T. Chiu |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Nelson Chung |  |  |  |
/s/ Felix S. Fernandez |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Felix S. Fernandez |  |  |  |

92

/s/ Jane Jelenko |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Jane Jelenko |  |  |  |
/s/ Patrick S.D. Lee |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Patrick S.D. Lee |  |  |  |
/s/ Ting Liu |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Ting Liu |  |  |  |
/s/ Joseph C.H. Poon |  | Director |  | March 1, 2013
Joseph C.H. Poon |  |  |  |

*By: | /s/ Heng W. Chen |
| Heng W. Chen |
| Attorney-in-Fact** |

** By authority of the power of attorney filed herewith.
93

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Page |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  |  | F - 2 |
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2012 and 2011 |  |  | F - 3 |
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for each of the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 |  |  | F - 4 |
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for each of the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 |  |  | F - 5 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 |  |  | F - 6 |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  | F - 8 |
Parent-only condensed financial information of Cathay General Bancorp is included in Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K |  |  | F - 52 |

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Cathay General Bancorp:
We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets of Cathay General Bancorp and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012. These Consolidated Financial Statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these Consolidated Financial Statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cathay General Bancorp and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012 in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Cathay General Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 1, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ KPMG LLP |  |
Los Angeles, California |  |
March 1, 2013 |  |

F-2

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands, except share and per share data) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 144,909 |  |  | $ | 117,888 |
Short-term investments and interest bearing deposits |  |  | 411,983 |  |  |  | 294,956 |
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  |  | - |
Securities held-to-maturity (market value of $823,906 in 2012 and $1,203,977 in 2011 |  |  | 773,768 |  |  |  | 1,153,504 |
Securities available-for-sale (amortized cost of $1,290,676 in 2012 and $1,309,521 in 2011 |  |  | 1,291,480 |  |  |  | 1,294,478 |
Trading securities |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  | 4,542 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |
Loans |  |  | 7,429,147 |  |  |  | 7,059,212 |
Less: Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (183,322 | ) |  |  | (206,280 | )
Unamortized deferred loan fees, net |  |  | (10,238 | ) |  |  | (8,449 | )
Loans, net |  |  | 7,235,587 |  |  |  | 6,844,483 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 41,272 |  |  |  | 52,989 |
Other real estate owned, net |  |  | 46,384 |  |  |  | 92,713 |
Affordable housing investments, net |  |  | 85,037 |  |  |  | 78,358 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 102,613 |  |  |  | 105,961 |
Customers’ liability on acceptances |  |  | 41,271 |  |  |  | 37,300 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 26,015 |  |  |  | 32,226 |
Goodwill |  |  | 316,340 |  |  |  | 316,340 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 6,132 |  |  |  | 11,598 |
Other assets |  |  | 166,595 |  |  |  | 206,768 |
Total assets |  | $ | 10,694,089 |  |  | $ | 10,644,864 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits |  | $ | 1,269,455 |  |  | $ | 1,074,718 |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW deposits |  |  | 593,133 |  |  |  | 451,541 |
Money market deposits |  |  | 1,186,771 |  |  |  | 951,516 |
Savings deposits |  |  | 473,805 |  |  |  | 420,030 |
Time deposits under $100,000 |  |  | 644,191 |  |  |  | 832,997 |
Time deposits of $100,000 or more |  |  | 3,215,870 |  |  |  | 3,498,329 |
Total deposits |  |  | 7,383,225 |  |  |  | 7,229,131 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  | 1,250,000 |  |  |  | 1,400,000 |
Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 146,200 |  |  |  | 225,000 |
Other borrowings from financial institutions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 880 |
Other borrowings for affordable housing investments |  |  | 18,713 |  |  |  | 18,920 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 171,136 |
Acceptances outstanding |  |  | 41,271 |  |  |  | 37,300 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 54,040 |  |  |  | 46,864 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 9,064,585 |  |  |  | 9,129,231 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, 10,000,000 shares authorized, 258,000 issued and outstanding in 2012 and 2011 |  |  | 254,580 |  |  |  | 250,992 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 82,985,853 issued and 78,778,288 outstanding at December 31, 2012, and 82,860,122 issued and 78,652,557 outstanding at December 31, 2011 |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 829 |
Additional paid-in-capital |  |  | 768,925 |  |  |  | 765,641 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | (8,732 | )
Retained earnings |  |  | 721,993 |  |  |  | 624,192 |
Treasury stock, at cost (4,207,565 shares at December 31, 2012, and at December 31, 2011 |  |  | (125,736 | ) |  |  | (125,736 | )
Total Cathay General Bancorp stockholders' equity |  |  | 1,621,057 |  |  |  | 1,507,186 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | 8,447 |  |  |  | 8,447 |
Total equity |  |  | 1,629,504 |  |  |  | 1,515,633 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 10,694,089 |  |  | $ | 10,644,864 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-3

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands, except share |
|  | and per share data) |
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan receivable |  | $ | 360,643 |  |  | $ | 364,580 |  |  | $ | 380,662 |
Investment securities- taxable |  |  | 62,395 |  |  |  | 83,083 |  |  |  | 106,568 |
Investment securities- nontaxable |  |  | 4,161 |  |  |  | 4,218 |  |  |  | 854 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 237 |
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreement to resell |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 14 |
Deposits with banks |  |  | 2,042 |  |  |  | 1,430 |  |  |  | 1,259 |
Total interest and dividend income |  |  | 429,744 |  |  |  | 453,571 |  |  |  | 489,594 |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits of $100,000 or more |  |  | 33,441 |  |  |  | 42,204 |  |  |  | 54,219 |
Other deposits |  |  | 13,932 |  |  |  | 20,010 |  |  |  | 29,943 |
Interest on securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  | 55,699 |  |  |  | 60,733 |  |  |  | 66,141 |
Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 12,033 |  |  |  | 37,527 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 5,149 |  |  |  | 4,890 |  |  |  | 3,852 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 6 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 108,491 |  |  |  | 139,881 |  |  |  | 191,688 |
Net interest income before provision for credit losses |  |  | 321,253 |  |  |  | 313,690 |  |  |  | 297,906 |
(Reversal)/provision for credit losses |  |  | (9,000 | ) |  |  | 27,000 |  |  |  | 156,900 |
Net interest income/(loss) after provision for credit losses |  |  | 330,253 |  |  |  | 286,690 |  |  |  | 141,006 |
NON-INTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities gains, net |  |  | 18,026 |  |  |  | 21,131 |  |  |  | 18,695 |
Letters of credit commissions |  |  | 6,316 |  |  |  | 5,644 |  |  |  | 4,466 |
Depository service fees |  |  | 5,453 |  |  |  | 5,420 |  |  |  | 5,220 |
Other operating income |  |  | 16,712 |  |  |  | 18,697 |  |  |  | 3,870 |
Total non-interest income |  |  | 46,507 |  |  |  | 50,892 |  |  |  | 32,251 |
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 78,377 |  |  |  | 71,849 |  |  |  | 58,835 |
Occupancy expense |  |  | 14,608 |  |  |  | 14,225 |  |  |  | 12,188 |
Computer and equipment expense |  |  | 9,591 |  |  |  | 8,508 |  |  |  | 8,230 |
Professional services expense |  |  | 21,768 |  |  |  | 20,209 |  |  |  | 17,630 |
FDIC and State assessments |  |  | 8,339 |  |  |  | 12,494 |  |  |  | 19,549 |
Marketing expense |  |  | 4,607 |  |  |  | 3,175 |  |  |  | 3,160 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 15,116 |  |  |  | 10,583 |  |  |  | 16,011 |
Operations of investments in affordable housing |  |  | 6,306 |  |  |  | 8,153 |  |  |  | 7,611 |
Amortization of core deposit premium |  |  | 5,663 |  |  |  | 5,859 |  |  |  | 5,958 |
Cost associated with debt redemption |  |  | 12,120 |  |  |  | 20,231 |  |  |  | 14,261 |
Other operating expense |  |  | 16,094 |  |  |  | 10,280 |  |  |  | 12,278 |
Total non-interest expense |  |  | 192,589 |  |  |  | 185,566 |  |  |  | 175,711 |
Income/(loss) before income tax (benefit)/expense |  |  | 184,171 |  |  |  | 152,016 |  |  |  | (2,454 | )
Income tax expense/(benefit) |  |  | 66,128 |  |  |  | 51,261 |  |  |  | (14,629 | )
Net income |  |  | 118,043 |  |  |  | 100,755 |  |  |  | 12,175 |
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 610 |
Net income attributable to Cathay General Bancorp |  |  | 117,438 |  |  |  | 100,150 |  |  |  | 11,565 |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  | (16,488 | ) |  |  | (16,437 | ) |  |  | (16,388 | )
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | 100,950 |  |  | $ | 83,713 |  |  | $ | (4,823 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains arising during the year |  |  | 19,645 |  |  |  | 4,538 |  |  |  | 7,714 |
Less: reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income |  |  | 10,448 |  |  |  | 12,248 |  |  |  | 7,860 |
Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | 9,197 |  |  |  | (7,710 | ) |  |  | (146 | )
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 126,635 |  |  | $ | 92,440 |  |  | $ | 11,419 |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | )
Diluted |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | )
Basic average common shares outstanding |  |  | 78,719,133 |  |  |  | 78,633,317 |  |  |  | 77,073,954 |
Diluted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 78,723,297 |  |  |  | 78,640,652 |  |  |  | 77,073,954 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-4

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Years Ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010
(In thousands, except number of shares)

|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  | Accumulated Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Paid-in Capital |  |  | Comprehensive Income |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  |  | Stockholders' Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2009 |  |  | 258,000 |  |  | $ | 243,967 |  |  |  | 63,459,590 |  |  | $ | 677 |  |  | $ | 634,623 |  |  | $ | (875 | ) |  | $ | 551,588 |  |  | $ | (125,736 | ) |  | $ | 8,500 |  |  | $ | 1,312,744 |
Issuances of common stock — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock issuance |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,028,409 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 124,778 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 124,928 |
Dividend Reinvestment Plan |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28,778 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 310 |
Restricted stock units vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,006 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Tax short-fall from stock options |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (539 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (539 | )
Stock -based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,337 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,337 |
Cash dividends of $0.04 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,140 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,140 | )
Discount accretion and other adjustment on preferred stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,488 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,488 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12,900 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (610 | ) |  |  | (13,510 | )
Redemption of noncontrolling interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (53 | ) |  |  | (53 | )
Change in other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (147 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (147 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,565 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 610 |  |  |  | 12,175 |
Balance at December 31, 2010 |  |  | 258,000 |  |  |  | 247,455 |  |  |  | 78,531,783 |  |  |  | 827 |  |  |  | 762,509 |  |  |  | (1,022 | ) |  |  | 543,625 |  |  |  | (125,736 | ) |  |  | 8,447 |  |  |  | 1,436,105 |
Dividend Reinvestment Plan |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,281 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 287 |
Restricted stock units vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,633 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock options exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 86,860 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1,306 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,307 |
Tax short-fall from stock options |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (218 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (218 | )
Stock -based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,758 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,758 |
Cash dividends of $0.04 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,146 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,146 | )
Discount accretion and other adjustment on preferred stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,537 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,537 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12,900 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (605 | ) |  |  | (13,505 | )
Change in other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,710 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,710 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,150 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 100,755 |
Balance at December 31, 2011 |  |  | 258,000 |  |  |  | 250,992 |  |  |  | 78,652,557 |  |  |  | 829 |  |  |  | 765,641 |  |  |  | (8,732 | ) |  |  | 624,192 |  |  |  | (125,736 | ) |  |  | 8,447 |  |  |  | 1,515,633 |
Dividend Reinvestment Plan |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,956 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 291 |
Restricted stock units vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,814 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock salary |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45,937 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 788 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 788 |
Stock options exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50,024 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 763 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 764 |
Tax benefits from stock options |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (620 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (620 | )
Stock -based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,062 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,062 |
Cash dividends of $0.04 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,149 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,149 | )
Discount accretion and other adjustment on preferred stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,588 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,588 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12,900 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (605 | ) |  |  | (13,505 | )
Change in other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,197 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,197 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 117,438 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 118,043 |
Balance at December 31, 2012 |  |  | 258,000 |  |  | $ | 254,580 |  |  |  | 78,778,288 |  |  | $ | 830 |  |  | $ | 768,925 |  |  | $ | 465 |  |  | $ | 721,993 |  |  | $ | (125,736 | ) |  | $ | 8,447 |  |  | $ | 1,629,504 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-5

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 118,043 |  |  | $ | 100,755 |  |  | $ | 12,175 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Reversal)/Provision for credit losses |  |  | (9,000 | ) |  |  | 27,000 |  |  |  | 156,900 |
Provision for losses on other real estate owned |  |  | 10,668 |  |  |  | 10,385 |  |  |  | 20,139 |
Deferred tax liability/(benefit) |  |  | 4,784 |  |  |  | 13,808 |  |  |  | (38,504 | )
Depreciation |  |  | 5,939 |  |  |  | 6,079 |  |  |  | 4,619 |
Net gains on sale and transfers of other real estate owned |  |  | (369 | ) |  |  | (5,243 | ) |  |  | (9,977 | )
Net gains on sale of loans |  |  | (633 | ) |  |  | (3,354 | ) |  |  | (149 | )
Net gains on sale of loans held for sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | (88 | ) |  |  | (779 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans |  |  | 59,589 |  |  |  | 46,377 |  |  |  | 7,481 |
Originations of loans held for sale |  |  | (58,930 | ) |  |  | (14,027 | ) |  |  | (7,332 | )
Write-downs on loans held for sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,160 |
(Decrease)/increase in unrealized loss from interest rate swaps |  |  | (2,634 | ) |  |  | (3,874 | ) |  |  | 5,814 |
Purchase of trading securities |  |  | (163 | ) |  |  | (745 | ) |  |  | (3,795 | )
Write-down on venture capital and other investments |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 515 |
Write-down on impaired securities |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 492 |
Gain on sales and calls of securities |  |  | (18,025 | ) |  |  | (21,131 | ) |  |  | (19,253 | )
Other non-cash interest |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  | (480 | ) |  |  | (794 | )
Amortization of security premiums, net |  |  | 5,306 |  |  |  | 4,233 |  |  |  | 6,667 |
Amortization of other intangible assets |  |  | 5,798 |  |  |  | 5,965 |  |  |  | 6,034 |
Excess tax short-fall from stock options |  |  | 620 |  |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 539 |
Stock based compensation expense |  |  | 2,062 |  |  |  | 1,758 |  |  |  | 3,337 |
Stock issued to officers as compensation |  |  | 788 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Decrease in accrued interest receivable |  |  | 6,211 |  |  |  | 3,156 |  |  |  | 600 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | (605 | ) |  |  | (605 | ) |  |  | (610 | )
Decrease/(increase) in other assets, net |  |  | 37,093 |  |  |  | (534 | ) |  |  | 34,594 |
(Decrease)/increase in other liabilities |  |  | (2,256 | ) |  |  | 3,746 |  |  |  | (13,368 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 164,576 |  |  |  | 174,050 |  |  |  | 168,505 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Increase)/decrease in short-term investments |  |  | (117,027 | ) |  |  | (88,634 | ) |  |  | 48,404 |
Decrease/(increase) in securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | - |  |  |  | 110,000 |  |  |  | (110,000 | )
Purchase of investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | (517,513 | ) |  |  | (571,093 | ) |  |  | (3,366,780 | )
Proceeds from maturity and call of investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | 552,099 |  |  |  | 435,000 |  |  |  | 2,876,414 |
Proceeds from sale of investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | 60,951 |  |  |  | 524,958 |  |  |  | 65,139 |
Purchase of mortgage-backed securities available-for-sale |  |  | (680,388 | ) |  |  | (541,356 | ) |  |  | - |
Proceeds from repayment and sale of mortgage-backed securities available-for-sale |  |  | 619,169 |  |  |  | 868,023 |  |  |  | 1,351,018 |
Purchase of investment securities held-to-maturity |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (150,164 | )
Purchase of mortgage-backed securities held-to-maturity |  |  | - |  |  |  | (480,083 | ) |  |  | (165,527 | )
Proceeds from maturity and call of investment securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 376,981 |  |  |  | 163,855 |  |  |  | 108,067 |
Redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 11,717 |  |  |  | 10,884 |  |  |  | 7,918 |
Net increase in loans |  |  | (395,743 | ) |  |  | (362,054 | ) |  |  | (151,054 | )
Purchase of premises and equipment |  |  | (3,108 | ) |  |  | (2,888 | ) |  |  | (4,979 | )
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned |  |  | 47,866 |  |  |  | 61,406 |  |  |  | 91,154 |
Net increase in investment in affordable housing |  |  | (1,540 | ) |  |  | (968 | ) |  |  | (3,015 | )
Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities |  |  | (46,536 | ) |  |  | 127,050 |  |  |  | 596,595 |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in demand deposits, NOW accounts, money market and saving deposits |  |  | 625,360 |  |  |  | 180,940 |  |  |  | 224,122 |
Net (decrease)/increase in time deposits |  |  | (471,085 | ) |  |  | 56,828 |  |  |  | (736,549 | )
Net (decrease)/increase in federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreement to repurchase |  |  | (150,000 | ) |  |  | (161,000 | ) |  |  | 4,000 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 531,200 |  |  |  | 4,734,000 |  |  |  | 528,000 |
Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings |  |  | (610,000 | ) |  |  | (5,059,000 | ) |  |  | (907,362 | )
Cash dividends |  |  | (16,049 | ) |  |  | (16,046 | ) |  |  | (16,040 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 124,928 |
Proceeds from other borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,253 |
Repayment of other borrowings |  |  | (880 | ) |  |  | (7,584 | ) |  |  | - |
Proceeds from shares issued to Dividend Reinvestment Plan |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 310 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | 1,306 |  |  |  | - |
Excess tax short-fall from share-based payment arrangements |  |  | (620 | ) |  |  | (290 | ) |  |  | (539 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (91,019 | ) |  |  | (270,559 | ) |  |  | (777,877 | )
Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 27,021 |  |  |  | 30,541 |  |  |  | (12,777 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year |  |  | 117,888 |  |  |  | 87,347 |  |  |  | 100,124 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year |  | $ | 144,909 |  |  | $ | 117,888 |  |  | $ | 87,347 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-6

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS-(Continued)

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 112,411 |  |  | $ | 142,644 |  |  | $ | 197,762 |
Income taxes |  | $ | 36,083 |  |  | $ | 53,148 |  |  | $ | 13,369 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized holding gain on securities available-for-sale, net of tax |  | $ | 9,197 |  |  | $ | (7,710 | ) |  | $ | (147 | )
Transfers to other real estate owned from loans held for investment |  | $ | 14,389 |  |  | $ | 83,941 |  |  | $ | 98,653 |
Transfers to other real estate owned from loans held for sale |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,874 |  |  | $ | 21,473 |
Loans transferred to loans held for sale |  | $ | 15,986 |  |  | $ | 4,399 |  |  | $ | 4,332 |
Loans transferred to loans held for investment from held for sale |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Loans to facilitate the sale of other real estate owned |  | $ | 1,785 |  |  | $ | 7,472 |  |  | $ | 12,204 |
Loans to facilitate the sale of loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6,094 |  |  | $ | 23,500 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-7

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Cathay General Bancorp (the “Bancorp”), a Delaware corporation, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Cathay Bank (the “Bank”), a California state-chartered bank, six limited partnerships investing in affordable housing projects, and GBC Venture Capital, Inc. (together, the “Company”). All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and general practices within the banking industry.
Organization and Background. The business activities of the Bancorp consist primarily of the operations of the Bank, which owns 100% of the common securities of the following subsidiaries: Cathay Real Estate Investment Trust, GBC Real Estate Investments, Inc., Cathay Holdings LLC, Cathay Holdings 2, LLC, Cathay Holdings 3, LLC, Cathay Community Development Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, Cathay New Asia Community Development Corporation.
There are limited operating business activities currently at the Bancorp. The Bank is a commercial bank, servicing primarily the individuals, professionals, and small to medium-sized businesses in the local markets in which its branches are located. Its operations include the acceptance of checking, savings, and time deposits, and the making of commercial, real estate, and consumer loans. The Bank also offers trade financing, letters of credit, wire transfer, foreign currency spot and forward contracts, Internet banking, investment services, and other customary banking services to its customers.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with GAAP requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The significant estimates subject to change relate to the allowance for loan losses, goodwill impairment assessment, other-than-temporary impairment analysis on investments, fair value disclosures, and the fair value of options granted. The more significant of these policies are described below.
Concentrations. The Bank was incorporated in California and started its business from California. Therefore, loans originated and deposits solicited were mainly from California. As of December 31, 2012, gross loans were primarily comprised of 50.7% of commercial mortgage loans and 28.6% of commercial loans. As of December 31, 2012, approximately 63% of the Bank’s residential mortgages were for properties located in California. Total deposits were comprised of 43.6% of time deposit of $100,000 or more (Jumbo CDs) at December 31, 2012, and approximately 67.4% of the Company’s Jumbo CDs have been on deposit with the Company for two years or more.
Allowance for Loan Losses. The determination of the amount of the provision for loan losses charged to operations reflects management’s current judgment about the credit quality of the loan portfolio and takes into consideration changes in lending policies and procedures, changes in economic and business conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans, changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due, non-accrual and adversely classified or graded loans, changes in the quality of the loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and the effect of competition, legal and regulatory requirements, and other external factors. The nature of the process by which loan losses is determined the appropriate allowance for loan losses requires the exercise of considerable judgment. The allowance is increased by the provision for loan losses and decreased by charge-offs when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan is confirmed.
F-8

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. A weakening of the economy or other factors that adversely affect asset quality could result in an increase in the number of delinquencies, bankruptcies, or defaults, and a higher level of non-performing assets, net charge-offs, and provision for loan losses in future periods.
The total allowance for loan losses consists of two components: specific allowances and general allowances. To determine the adequacy of the allowance in each of these two components, two primary methodologies are employed, the individual loan review analysis methodology and the classification migration methodology. These methodologies support the basis for determining allocations between the various loan categories and the overall adequacy of our allowance to provide for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. These methodologies are further supported by additional analysis of relevant factors such as the historical losses in the portfolio, and environmental factors which include trends in delinquency and non-accrual, and other significant factors, such as the national and local economy, the volume and composition of the portfolio, strength of management and loan staff, underwriting standards, and the concentration of credit.
The Bank’s management allocates a specific allowance for “Impaired Credits,” in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Section 310-10-35. For non-Impaired Credits, a general allowance is established for those loans internally classified and risk graded Pass, Minimally Acceptable, Special Mention, or Substandard based on historical losses in the specific loan portfolio and a reserve based on environmental factors determined for that loan group. The level of the general allowance is established to provide coverage for management’s estimate of the credit risk in the loan portfolio by various loan segments not covered by the specific allowance.
Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell. The Company purchases securities under agreements to resell with various terms. These agreements are collateralized by agency securities and mortgage backed securities that are generally held by a third party custodian. The purchases are over-collateralized to ensure against unfavorable market price movements. In the event that the fair market value of the securities decreases below the collateral requirements under the related repurchase agreements, the counterparty is required to deliver additional securities. The counterparties to these agreements are nationally recognized investment banking firms that meet credit eligibility criteria and with whom a master repurchase agreement has been duly executed.
Securities. Securities are classified as held-to-maturity when management has the ability and intent to hold these securities until maturity. Securities are classified as available-for-sale when management intends to hold the securities for an indefinite period of time, or when the securities may be utilized for tactical asset/liability purposes, and may be sold from time to time to manage interest rate exposure and resultant prepayment risk and liquidity needs. Securities are classified as trading securities when management intends to sell the securities in the near term. Securities purchased are designated as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading securities at the time of acquisition.
Securities held-to-maturity are stated at cost, adjusted for the amortization of premiums and the accretion of discounts on a level-yield basis. The carrying value of these assets is not adjusted for temporary declines in fair value since the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value, and any unrealized holding gains or losses are excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income until realized. Realized gains or losses are determined on the specific identification method. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted as adjustment of yield on a level-yield basis.
F-9

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
ASC Topic 320 requires an entity to assess whether the entity has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, an entity must recognize an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). If an entity does not intend to sell the debt security and will not be required to sell the debt security, the entity must consider whether it will recover the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, OTTI shall have considered to have occurred. OTTI is then separated into the amount of the total impairment related to credit losses and the amount of the total impairment related to all other factors. An entity determines the impairment related to credit losses by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. OTTI related to the credit loss is then recognized in earnings. OTTI related to all other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. OTTI not related to the credit loss for a held-to-maturity security should be recognized separately in a new category of other comprehensive income and amortized over the remaining life of the debt security as an increase in the carrying value of the security only when the entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its remaining amortized cost basis. The Company has both the ability and the intent to hold and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell those securities with unrealized losses before recovery of their amortized cost basis.
Trading securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included in income.
Investment in Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) Stock. As a member of the FHLB system the Bank is required to maintain an investment in the capital stock of the FHLB. The amount of investment is also affected by the outstanding advances under the line of credit the Bank maintains with the FHLB. FHLB stock is carried at cost and is pledged as collateral to the FHLB. FHLB stock is periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. The carrying amount of the FHLB stock was $41.3 million at December 31, 2012, and $53.0 million at December 31, 2011. As of December 31, 2012, 68,714 shares of FHLB stock was the minimum stock requirement based on outstanding FHLB borrowings of $146.2 million. As of December 31, 2012, the Company owned 412,716 shares of FHLB stock.
Loans. Loans are carried at amounts advanced, less principal payments collected and net deferred loan fees. Interest is accrued and earned daily on an actual or 360-day basis. Interest accruals on business loans and non-residential real estate loans are generally discontinued whenever the payment of interest or principal is 90 days or more past due, based on contractual terms. Such loans are placed on non-accrual status, unless the loan is well secured, and there is a high probability of recovery in full, as determined by management. When loans are placed on a non-accrual status, previously accrued but unpaid interest is reversed and charged against current income, and subsequent payments received are generally first applied toward the outstanding principal balance of the loan. The loan is generally returned to accrual status when the borrower has brought the past due principal and interest payments current and, in the opinion of management, the borrower has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled. A non-accrual loan may also be returned to accrual status if all principal and interest contractually due are reasonably assured of repayment within a reasonable period and there has been a sustained period of payment performance, generally six months. Loan origination fees and commitment fees, offset by certain direct loan origination costs, are deferred and recognized over the contractual life of the loan as a yield adjustment. The amortization utilizes the interest method. If a loan is placed on non-accrual status, the amortization of the loan fees and the accretion of discounts are discontinued until the loan is returned to accruing status.
Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. Gains and losses are recorded in non-interest income based on the difference between sales proceeds, net of sales commissions, and carrying value.
Loans Acquired Through Transfer. Loans acquired through the completion of a transfer, including loans acquired in a business combination, that have evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payment receivables are initially recorded at fair value (as determined by the present value of expected future cash flows) with no valuation allowance. The difference between the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition and the investment in the loan, or the “accretable yield,” is recognized as interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loan. Contractually required payments for interest and principal that exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition, or the “nonaccretable difference,” are not recognized as a yield adjustment or as a loss accrual or a valuation allowance. Increases in expected cash flows subsequent to the initial investment are recognized prospectively through adjustment of the yield on the loan over its remaining life. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairment. Valuation allowance on these impaired loans reflect only losses incurred after the acquisition.
F-10

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Impaired Loans. A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due (i.e. both principal and interest) according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The measurement of impairment may be based on (1) the present value of the expected future cash flows of the impaired loan discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, (2) the observable market price of the impaired loan or (3) the fair value of the collateral of a collateral-dependent loan. The amount by which the recorded investment in the loan exceeds the measure of the impaired loan is recognized by recording a valuation allowance with a corresponding charge to the provision for loan losses. The Company stratifies its loan portfolio by size and treats smaller non-performing loans with an outstanding balance based on the Company’s defined criteria, generally where the loan amount is $500,000 or less, as a homogenous portfolio. Once a loan has been identified as a possible problem loan, the Company conducts a periodic review of such loan in order to test for impairment. When loans are placed on an impaired status, previously accrued but unpaid interest is reversed against current income and subsequent payments received are generally first applied toward the outstanding principal balance of the loan.
Troubled Debt Restructured Loan (“TDR”.) A TDR is a formal modification of the terms of a loan when the lender, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower. The concessions may be granted in various forms, including reduction in the stated interest rate, reduction in the loan balance or accrued interest, or extension of the maturity date. Although these loan modifications are considered TDRs, accruing TDR loans have, pursuant to the Bank’s policy, performed under the restructured terms and have demonstrated sustained performance under the modified terms for six months before being returned to accrual status. The sustained performance considered by management pursuant to its policy includes the periods prior to the modification if the prior performance met or exceeded the modified terms. This would include cash paid by the borrower prior to the restructure to set up interest reserves. Loans classified as TDRs are reported as impaired loans.
Unfunded Loan Commitments. Unfunded loan commitments are generally related to providing credit facilities to clients of the Bank, and are not actively traded financial instruments. These unfunded commitments are disclosed as off-balance sheet financial instruments in Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Letter of Credit Fees. Issuance and commitment fees received for the issuance of commercial or standby letters of credit are recognized over the term of the instruments.
Premises and Equipment. Premises and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method based on the following estimated useful lives of the assets:

Type |  | Estimated Useful Life |
Buildings (years) |  | 15 | to | 45 |
Building improvements (years) |  | 5 | to | 20 |
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment (years) |  | 3 | to | 25 |
Leasehold improvements |  | Shorter of useful lives or the terms of the leases |

Improvements are capitalized and amortized to occupancy expense based on the above table. Construction in process is carried at cost and includes land acquisition cost, architectural fees, general contractor fees, capitalized interest and other costs related directly to the construction of a property.
F-11

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Other Real Estate Owned. Real estate acquired in the settlement of loans is initially recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Specific valuation allowances on other real estate owned are recorded through charges to operations to recognize declines in fair value subsequent to foreclosure. Gains on sales are recognized when certain criteria relating to the buyer’s initial and continuing investment in the property are met.
Investments in Affordable Housing. The Company is a limited partner in limited partnerships that invest in low-income housing projects that qualify for Federal and/or State income tax credits. As further discussed in Note 7, the partnership interests are accounted for utilizing the equity method of accounting. As of December 31, 2012, six of the limited partnerships in which the Company has an equity interest were determined to be variable interest entities for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company therefore consolidated the financial statements of these six limited partnerships into its Consolidated Financial Statements.
Investments in Venture Capital. The Company invests in limited partnerships that invest in nonpublic companies. These partnerships are commonly referred to as venture capital investments. These limited partnership interests represent ownership of less than 5% and are carried under the cost method with other-than-temporary impairment charged against net income.
Goodwill and Goodwill Impairment. Goodwill represents the excess of costs over fair value of assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 350. ASC Topic 350 also requires that intangible assets with estimable useful lives be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values, and reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC Topic 360, formerly, SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.”
The Company’s policy is to assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or between annual assessments if a triggering event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. Accounting standards require management to estimate the fair value of each reporting unit in making the assessment of impairment at least annually.
The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test described in ASC Topic 350. The two-step impairment testing process conducted by us, if needed, begins by assigning net assets and goodwill to our three reporting units- Commercial Lending, Retail Banking, and East Coast Operations. The Company then completes “step one” of the impairment test by comparing the fair value of each reporting unit (as determined based on the discussion below) with the recorded book value (or “carrying amount”) of its net assets, with goodwill included in the computation of the carrying amount. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired, and “step two” of the impairment test is not necessary. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, step two of the impairment test is performed to determine the amount of impairment. Step two of the impairment test compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill to the “implied fair value” of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is computed by assuming that all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit would be adjusted to the current fair value, with the offset as an adjustment to goodwill. This adjusted goodwill balance is the implied fair value used in step two. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value.
The Commercial Lending unit did not have any goodwill allocated to the unit and accordingly no goodwill impairment testing was performed for that unit. The reporting unit fair values for the Retail Banking unit and the East Coast Operations were determined based on an equal weighting of (1) the fair value determined using a market approach using a combination of price to earnings multiples determined based on a representative peer group applied to 2012 and forecasted 2013 and 2014 earnings, and a price to book multiple and (2) the fair value determined using a dividend discount model with the discount rate determined using the same representative peer group. A control premium was then applied to the unit fair values so determined as of December 31, 2012.
F-12

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
In determining the forecasted earnings for the Retail Banking unit and the East Coast Operations, the financial forecasts assume muted growth during the forecast period. The principal driver of the Company’s negative operating results has been the Commercial Lending reporting unit where the vast majority of the Company’s loan losses have been incurred. A summary of the respective unit fair value, carrying amounts and unit goodwill as well as the percentage by which fair value exceed carrying value of each reporting unit as of December 31, 2012, is shown below:

Reporting Units |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Fair Value in Excess of Carrying Amount |  |  | Allocated Goodwill |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Commercial Lending Unit |  | $ | 797,702 |  |  | $ | 363,601 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Retail Banking Unit |  |  | 361,589 |  |  |  | 675,580 |  |  |  | 86.8 | % |  |  | 235,195 |
East Coast Operations |  |  | 203,766 |  |  |  | 410,489 |  |  |  | 101.5 | % |  |  | 81,145 |
Total |  | $ | 1,363,057 |  |  | $ | 1,449,670 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 316,340 |

If economic conditions were to worsen instead of improve as assumed in the key assumptions, then the forecasted earnings for the Retail Banking unit and the East Coast Operations could be significantly lower than projected. In addition, a worsening of economic conditions could potentially reduce the price to earnings multiples and price to book multiples of peer groups for Retail Banking and East Coast Operations and result in a reduction in the fair value of these units even if the forecasted earnings were achieved.
Core Deposit Premium. Core deposit premium, which represents the purchase price over the fair value of the deposits acquired from other financial institutions, is amortized over its estimated useful life to its residual value in proportion to the economic benefits consumed. If a pattern of consumption cannot be reliably determined, straight-line amortization is used. The Company assesses the recoverability of this intangible asset by determining whether the amortization of the premium balance over its remaining life can be recovered through the remaining deposit portfolio and amortizes core deposit premium over its estimated useful life.
At December 31, 2012, the unamortized balance of core deposit premium was $4.9 million, which was net of accumulated amortization of $55.3 million. Aggregate amortization expense for core deposit premium was $5.7 million for 2012, $5.9 million for 2011, and $6.0 million for 2010. At December 31, 2012, the estimated aggregate amortization of core deposit premiums is $4.5 million for 2013 and $0.4 million for 2014. At December 31, 2011, the unamortized balance of core deposit premium was $10.6 million, which was net of accumulated amortization of $49.8 million.
Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase. The Company sells certain securities under agreements to repurchase. The agreements are treated as collateralized financing transactions and the obligations to repurchase securities sold are reflected as a liability in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The securities underlying the agreements remain in the applicable asset accounts.
Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for stock options is calculated based on the fair value of the award at the grant date for those options expected to vest, and is recognized as an expense over the vesting period of the grant using the straight-line method. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the value of granted options. This model takes into account the option exercise price, the expected life, the current price of the underlying stock, the expected volatility of the Company’s stock, expected dividends on the stock and a risk-free interest rate. The Company estimates the expected volatility based on the Company’s historical stock prices for the period corresponding to the expected life of the stock options. Option compensation expense totaled $762,000 in 2012, $1.0 million in 2011, and $3.0 million in 2010. Stock-based compensation is recognized ratably over the requisite service period for all awards. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options totaled $129,000 at December 31, 2012, and is expected to be recognized over the next 2 months.
F-13

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Foreign Exchange Forwards and Foreign Currency Option Contracts. We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts with correspondent banks to mitigate the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates for foreign currency certificates of deposit, foreign exchange contracts or foreign currency option contracts entered into with our clients. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and are recorded at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of these contracts as well as the related foreign currency certificates of deposit, foreign exchange contracts or foreign currency option contracts, are recognized immediately in net income as a component of non-interest income. Period end gross positive fair values are recorded in other assets and gross negative fair values are recorded in other liabilities.
Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes is based on income reported for financial statement purposes, and differs from the amount of taxes currently payable, since certain income and expense items are reported for financial statement purposes in different periods than those for tax reporting purposes. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, the objective of which is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Comprehensive Income/(loss). Comprehensive income/(loss) is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive income/(loss) generally includes net income/(loss), foreign currency translation adjustments, minimum pension liability adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on investments in securities available-for-sale, and cash flow hedges. Comprehensive income/(loss) and its components are reported and displayed in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income/(loss).
Net Income per Common Share. Earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed on a basic and diluted basis. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shares in the earnings of the Company. Potential dilution is excluded from computation of diluted per-share amounts when a net loss from operations exists.
Foreign Currency Translation. The Company considers the functional currency of its foreign operations to be the United States dollar. Accordingly, the Company remeasures monetary assets and liabilities at year-end exchange rates, while nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expense accounts are remeasured at the average rates in effect during the year, except for depreciation, which is remeasured at historical rates. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized in income in the period of occurrence.
Statement of Cash Flows. Cash and cash equivalents include short-term highly-liquid investments that generally have an original maturity of three months or less.
F-14

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Segment Information and Disclosures. Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America establish standards to report information about operating segments in annual financial statements and require reporting of selected information about operating segments in interim reports to stockholders. It also establishes standards for related disclosures about products and services, geographic areas, and major customers. The Company has concluded it has one operating segment.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2011, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2011-04 “Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs.” ASU 2011-04 amends Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” to improve fair value measurement consistency in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). The amendments also clarity the application of existing fair value measurement and disclosure requirements, change certain principles and requirements in Topic 820, and requires additional fair value disclosures. ASU 2011-04 became effective on January 1, 2012. Adoption of ASU 2011-04 did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In September 2011, FASB issued ASU 2011-08 “Intangible- Goodwill and other.” ASU 2011-08 permits an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test described in ASC Topic 350. ASU 2011-08 became effective for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed after December 15, 2011. Adoption of ASU 2011-08 did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
2. Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company manages its cash and cash equivalents, which consist of cash on hand, amounts due from banks, federal funds sold, and short-term investments with original maturity of three months or less, based upon the Company’s operating, investment, and financing activities. For the purpose of reporting cash flows, these same accounts are included in cash and cash equivalents.
The Company is required to maintain reserves with the Federal Reserve Bank. Reserve requirements are based on a percentage of deposit liabilities. The average reserve balances required were $12.9 million for 2012 and $12.2 million for 2011. There were no federal funds sold in 2012 or in 2011.
3. Securities Purchased under Agreements to Resell
Securities purchased under agreements to resell are usually collateralized by U.S. government agency and mortgage-backed securities. The counter-parties to these agreements are nationally recognized investment banking firms that meet credit requirements of the Company and with whom a master repurchase agreement has been duly executed. There were no resale agreements at December 31, 2012, and at December 31, 2011.
The following table sets forth information with respect to securities purchased under agreements to resell.

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Annualized weighted-average interest rate, December 31 |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.00 | %
Daily average amount outstanding during the year |  | $ | 14,986 |  |  | $ | 84,493 |
Weighted-average interest rate for the year |  |  | 0.12 | % |  |  | 0.10 | %
Maximum amount outstanding at any month end |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 255,000 |

For those securities obtained under the resale agreements, the collateral is either held by a third party custodian or by the counter party and is segregated under written agreements that recognize the Company’s interest in the securities. Interest income associated with securities purchased under resale agreements was $18,000 for 2012, $83,000 for 2011, and $14,000 for 2010.
F-15

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
4. Investment Securities
Investment Securities. The following table reflects the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair values of investment securities as of December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011:

|  | At December 31, 2012 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (In thousands) |
Securities Held-to-Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities |  | $ | 129,037 |  |  | $ | 9,268 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 138,305 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 634,757 |  |  |  | 40,801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 675,558 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 9,974 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,043 |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | 773,768 |  |  | $ | 50,138 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 823,906 |
Securities Available-for-Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities |  | $ | 509,748 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 509,971 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 404,505 |  |  |  | 12,194 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 416,694 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 9,772 |  |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 10,168 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 141 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 349,973 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 14,102 |  |  |  | 335,977 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 6,000 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,079 |
Preferred stock of government sponsored entities |  |  | 569 |  |  |  | 1,766 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,335 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | 9,964 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,115 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 1,290,676 |  |  | $ | 14,954 |  |  | $ | 14,150 |  |  | $ | 1,291,480 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 2,064,444 |  |  | $ | 65,092 |  |  | $ | 14,150 |  |  | $ | 2,115,386 |

|  | At December 31, 2011 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Securities Held-to-Maturity |  | (In thousands) |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  | $ | 99,966 |  |  | $ | 1,406 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 101,372 |
State and municipal securities |  |  | 129,577 |  |  |  | 7,053 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 136,630 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 913,990 |  |  |  | 42,351 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 956,341 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 9,971 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337 |  |  |  | 9,634 |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | 1,153,504 |  |  | $ | 50,810 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 1,203,977 |
Securities Available-for-Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  | $ | 500,007 |  |  | $ | 1,226 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 501,226 |
State and municipal securities |  |  | 1,869 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,928 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 325,706 |  |  |  | 12,361 |  |  |  | 436 |  |  |  | 337,631 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 16,184 |  |  |  | 540 |  |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 16,486 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 166 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 412,045 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 31,729 |  |  |  | 380,429 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 6,000 |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 6,035 |
Preferred stock of government sponsored entities |  |  | 569 |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,654 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | 45,501 |  |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 45,963 |
Other equity securities |  |  | 1,468 |  |  |  | 1,492 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,960 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 1,309,521 |  |  | $ | 17,410 |  |  | $ | 32,453 |  |  | $ | 1,294,478 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 2,463,025 |  |  | $ | 68,220 |  |  | $ | 32,790 |  |  | $ | 2,498,455 |

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at December 31, 2012, by contractual maturities are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or repay obligations with or without call or repayment penalties.
F-16

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

|  | Securities Available-for-Sale |  |  | Securities Held-to-Maturity |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (In thousands) |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 349,899 |  |  | $ | 349,940 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 375,041 |  |  |  | 370,241 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 194,901 |  |  |  | 190,047 |  |  |  | 62,235 |  |  |  | 66,523 |
Due after ten years (1) |  |  | 370,835 |  |  |  | 381,252 |  |  |  | 711,533 |  |  |  | 757,383 |
Total |  | $ | 1,290,676 |  |  | $ | 1,291,480 |  |  | $ | 773,768 |  |  | $ | 823,906 |

(1) Equity securities are reported in this category
Proceeds from sales of mortgage-backed securities were $501.1 million and repayments, maturities and calls of mortgage-backed securities were $118.1 million during 2012 compared to proceeds from sales of $759.7 million and repayments, maturities and calls of $108.4 million during 2011, and proceeds from sales of $1.04 billion and repayments, maturities and calls of $308.2 million during 2010. Proceeds from sales of other investment securities were $61.0 million during 2012 compared to $525.0 million during 2011 and $65.1 million during 2010. Proceeds from maturity and calls of investment securities were $552.1 million during 2012 compared to $435.0 million during 2011 and $2.88 billion in 2010. In 2012, gains of $18.6 million and losses of $607,000 were realized on sales and calls of investment securities compared with $21.1 million in gains and no losses realized in 2011, and $19.3 million in gains and $67,000 in losses realized in 2010.
The Company's unrealized loss on investments in corporate bonds relates to a number of investments in bonds of financial institutions, all of which were investment grade at the date of acquisition and as of December 31, 2012. The unrealized losses were primarily caused by the widening of credit spreads since the dates of acquisition. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuers to settle the security at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. The Company currently does not believe it is probable that it will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the investments. Therefore, it is expected that these bonds would not be settled at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. Because the Company does not intend to sell and would not be required to sell these investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, it does not consider its investments in these corporate bonds to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2012.
The temporarily impaired securities represent 16.9% of the fair value of investment securities as of December 31, 2012. Unrealized losses for securities with unrealized losses for less than twelve months represent 2.4%, and securities with unrealized losses for twelve months or more represent 4.4%, of the historical cost of these securities. Unrealized losses on these securities generally resulted from increases in interest rate spreads subsequent to the date that these securities were purchased. At December 31, 2012, 34 issues of securities had unrealized losses for 12 months or longer and 7 issues of securities had unrealized losses of less than 12 months.
At December 31, 2012, management believed the impairment was temporary and, accordingly, no impairment loss has been recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. We expect to recover the amortized cost basis of our debt securities, and have no intent to sell and will not be required to sell available-for-sale debt securities that have d eclined below their cost before their anticipated recovery. The table below shows the fair value, unrealized losses, and number of issuances of the temporarily impaired securities in our investment securities portfolio as of December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011:
F-17

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

|  | As of December 31, 2012 |
|  | Temporarily Impaired Securities |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | No. of Issuances |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | No. of Issuances |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | No. of Issuances |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Securities Held-to-Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |
Securities Available-for-Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities |  | $ | 49,969 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 49,969 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 401 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8 |
Mortgage-backed securities-Non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 4 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 52,468 |  |  |  | 2,532 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 253,430 |  |  |  | 11,570 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 305,898 |  |  |  | 14,102 |  |  |  | 26 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 102,668 |  |  | $ | 2,538 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 254,276 |  |  | $ | 11,612 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  | $ | 356,944 |  |  | $ | 14,150 |  |  |  | 41 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 102,668 |  |  | $ | 2,538 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 254,276 |  |  | $ | 11,612 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  | $ | 356,944 |  |  | $ | 14,150 |  |  |  | 41 |

|  | As of December 31, 2011 |
|  | Temporarily Impaired Securities |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | No. of Issuances |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | No. of Issuances |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | No. of Issuances |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Securities Held-to-Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | 9,635 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 9,635 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | 9,635 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 9,635 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |  | 1 |
Securities Available-for-Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  | $ | 49,993 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 49,993 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 564 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 10 |
Mortgage-backed securities-Non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,719 |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6,719 |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | 2 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 4 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 185,577 |  |  |  | 14,201 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 172,857 |  |  |  | 17,528 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 358,434 |  |  |  | 31,729 |  |  |  | 36 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 1 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | 5,674 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,674 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 243,795 |  |  | $ | 14,249 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  | $ | 180,347 |  |  | $ | 18,204 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 424,142 |  |  | $ | 32,453 |  |  |  | 57 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 253,430 |  |  | $ | 14,586 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  | $ | 180,347 |  |  | $ | 18,204 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 433,777 |  |  | $ | 32,790 |  |  |  | 58 |

Investment securities having a carrying value of $1.45 billion at December 31, 2012, and $1.68 billion at December 31, 2011, were pledged to secure public deposits, other borrowings, treasury tax and loan, Federal Home Loan Bank advances, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and foreign exchange transactions.
F-18

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
5. Loans
Most of the Company’s business activity is predominately with Asian customers located in Southern and Northern California; New York City; Houston and Dallas, Texas; Seattle, Washington; Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Edison, New Jersey; and Hong Kong. The Company has no specific industry concentration, and generally its loans are collateralized with real property or other pledged collateral of the borrowers. Loans are generally expected to be paid off from the operating profits of the borrowers, refinancing by another lender, or through sale by the borrowers of the secured collateral.
The components of loans in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, were as follows:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Type of Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 2,127,107 |  |  | $ | 1,868,275 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 180,950 |  |  |  | 237,372 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 3,768,452 |  |  |  | 3,748,897 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 1,146,230 |  |  |  | 972,262 |
Equity lines |  |  | 193,852 |  |  |  | 214,707 |
Installment and other loans |  |  | 12,556 |  |  |  | 17,699 |
Gross loans |  |  | 7,429,147 |  |  |  | 7,059,212 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (183,322 | ) |  |  | (206,280 | )
Unamortized deferred loan fees |  |  | (10,238 | ) |  |  | (8,449 | )
Total loans and leases, net |  | $ | 7,235,587 |  |  | $ | 6,844,483 |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 760 |

No loans were held for sale at December 31, 2012, compared to $760,000 at December 31, 2011. In 2012, we added three new loans of $16.0 million, sold four loans of $16.2 million for a net loss on sale of $26,000, and transferred a loan of $500,000 to held for investment. At December 31, 2011, non-accrual loans held for sale of $760,000 decreased $2.1 million from $2.9 million at December 31, 2010. In 2011, we added six new loans of $4.4 million, transferred one loan of $2.9 million to OREO, and sold four loans of $3.6 million for a net gain on sale of $88,000. At December 31, 2011, loans held for sale were comprised of a commercial construction loan of $500,000 and a residential mortgage loan of $260,000.
The Company pledged real estate loans of $1.6 billion at December 31, 2012, and $2.0 billion at December 31, 2011, to the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco under its specific pledge program. In addition, the Bank pledged $211.6 million at December 31, 2012, and $250.9 million at December 31, 2011, of its commercial loans to the Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window under the Borrower-in-Custody program.
Loans serviced for others as of December 31, 2012, totaled $201.4 million and were comprised of $42.1 million of commercial loans, $62.2 million of commercial real estate loans, $3.6 million in construction loans, and $93.5 million of residential mortgages.
The Company has entered into transactions with its directors, executive officers, or principal holders of its equity securities, or the associates of such persons (“Related Parties”). Such transactions were made in the ordinary course of business on substantially the same terms and conditions, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the same time for comparable transactions with customers who are not related parties. In management’s opinion, these transactions did not involve more than normal credit risk or present other unfavorable features. All loans to Related Parties were current as of December 31, 2012. In July 2011, the Bank sold a participation in a substandard real estate loan to a Related Party for $24.5 million, which represented 98% of the contractual balance. In March 2012, the Bank sold participations in two substandard real estate loans to the same Related Party for $7.9 million, which represented 92.5% of the contractual balance. An analysis of the activity with respect to loans to Related Parties for the years indicated is as follows:
F-19

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

|  | December 31,
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 160,069 |  |  | $ | 134,161 |
Additional loans made |  |  | 92,249 |  |  |  | 89,985 |
Payment received |  |  | (79,734 | ) |  |  | (64,077 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 172,584 |  |  | $ | 160,069 |

At December 31, 2012, recorded investment in impaired loans totaled $248.6 million and was comprised of nonaccrual loans of $103.9 million and accruing TDR’s of $144.7 million. At December 31, 2011, recorded investment in impaired loans totaled $322.0 million and was comprised of nonaccrual loans of $201.2 million, nonaccrual loans held for sale of $760,000, and accruing TDR’s of $120.0 million. The average balance of impaired loans was $277.8 million in 2012 and $361.4 million in 2011. We considered all non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings ("TDR") to be impaired. Interest recognized on impaired loans totaled $9.3 million in 2012 and $5.3 million in 2011. The Bank recognizes interest income on impaired loans based on its existing method of recognizing interest income on non-accrual loans except accruing TDRs. For impaired loans, the amounts previously charged off represent 23.2% at December 31, 2012, and 25.6% at December 31, 2011, of the contractual balances for impaired loans. The following table presents impaired loans and the related allowance and charge-off as of the dates indicated:

|  | Impaired Loans |
|  | At December 31, 2012 |  |  | At December 31, 2011 |
|  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Allowance |  |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Allowance |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
With no allocated allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 29,359 |  |  | $ | 18,963 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 46,671 |  |  | $ | 38,194 |  |  | $ | - |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 9,304 |  |  |  | 7,277 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 134,837 |  |  |  | 78,767 |  |  |  | - |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 189,871 |  |  |  | 152,957 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 187,580 |  |  |  | 149,034 |  |  |  | - |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 4,303 |  |  |  | 4,229 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,555 |  |  |  | 7,987 |  |  |  | - |
Subtotal |  | $ | 232,837 |  |  | $ | 183,426 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 377,643 |  |  | $ | 273,982 |  |  | $ | - |
With allocated allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 7,804 |  |  | $ | 4,959 |  |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 11,795 |  |  | $ | 7,587 |  |  | $ | 3,336 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 54,718 |  |  |  | 34,856 |  |  |  | 8,158 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 14,163 |  |  |  | 12,928 |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  |  | 29,722 |  |  |  | 28,023 |  |  |  | 2,969 |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 14,264 |  |  |  | 12,428 |  |  |  | 1,222 |  |  |  | 13,813 |  |  |  | 12,381 |  |  |  | 1,249 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 90,949 |  |  | $ | 65,171 |  |  | $ | 12,183 |  |  | $ | 55,330 |  |  | $ | 47,991 |  |  | $ | 7,554 |
Total impaired loans |  | $ | 323,786 |  |  | $ | 248,597 |  |  | $ | 12,183 |  |  | $ | 432,973 |  |  | $ | 321,973 |  |  | $ | 7,554 |

F-20

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The following table presents the average balance and interest income recognized related to impaired loans for the period indicated:

|  | For the year ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |
|  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 31,798 |  |  | $ | 48,349 |  |  | $ | 580 |  |  | $ | 1,053 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 49,094 |  |  |  | 82,529 |  |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | 940 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 178,822 |  |  |  | 212,555 |  |  |  | 8,221 |  |  |  | 3,101 |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 18,062 |  |  |  | 17,920 |  |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | 236 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 277,776 |  |  | $ | 361,353 |  |  | $ | 9,305 |  |  | $ | 5,330 |

The following is a summary of non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 and the related net interest foregone for the years then ended:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Non-accrual portfolio loans |  | $ | 103,902 |  |  | $ | 201,197 |  |  | $ | 242,319 |
Non-accrual loans held-for-sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | 2,873 |
Total non-accrual loans |  | $ | 103,902 |  |  | $ | 201,957 |  |  | $ | 245,192 |
Contractual interest due |  | $ | 6,621 |  |  | $ | 13,049 |  |  | $ | 17,304 |
Interest recognized |  |  | 1,006 |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 4,853 |
Net interest foregone |  | $ | 5,615 |  |  | $ | 12,978 |  |  | $ | 12,451 |

The following table presents the aging of the loan portfolio by type as of December 31, 2012, and as of December 31, 2011:

|  | As of December 31, 2012 |
|  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  |  | Non-accrual Loans |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Loans Not Past Due |  |  | Total |
Type of Loans: |  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 16,832 |  |  | $ | 1,610 |  |  | $ | 630 |  |  | $ | 19,958 |  |  | $ | 39,030 |  |  | $ | 2,088,077 |  |  | $ | 2,127,107 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,471 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36,299 |  |  |  | 37,770 |  |  |  | 143,180 |  |  |  | 180,950 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 21,570 |  |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35,704 |  |  |  | 60,901 |  |  |  | 3,707,551 |  |  |  | 3,768,452 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 5,324 |  |  |  | 1,972 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,941 |  |  |  | 19,237 |  |  |  | 1,320,845 |  |  |  | 1,340,082 |
Installment and other loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,556 |  |  |  | 12,556 |
Total loans |  | $ | 43,726 |  |  | $ | 8,680 |  |  | $ | 630 |  |  | $ | 103,902 |  |  | $ | 156,938 |  |  | $ | 7,272,209 |  |  | $ | 7,429,147 |

|  | As of December 31, 2011 |
|  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  |  | Non-accrual Loans |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Loans Not Past Due |  |  | Total |
Type of Loans: |  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 1,683 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 30,661 |  |  | $ | 32,344 |  |  | $ | 1,835,931 |  |  | $ | 1,868,275 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 20,326 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 46,012 |  |  |  | 66,338 |  |  |  | 171,034 |  |  |  | 237,372 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 13,627 |  |  |  | 20,277 |  |  |  | 6,726 |  |  |  | 107,784 |  |  |  | 148,414 |  |  |  | 3,600,483 |  |  |  | 3,748,897 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 5,871 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,740 |  |  |  | 22,611 |  |  |  | 1,164,358 |  |  |  | 1,186,969 |
Installment and other loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,699 |  |  |  | 17,699 |
Total loans |  | $ | 41,507 |  |  | $ | 20,277 |  |  | $ | 6,726 |  |  | $ | 201,197 |  |  | $ | 269,707 |  |  | $ | 6,789,505 |  |  | $ | 7,059,212 |

The determination of the amount of the allowance for credit losses for problem loans is based on management’s current judgment about the credit quality of the loan portfolio and takes into consideration known relevant internal and external factors that affect collectibility when determining the appropriate level for the allowance for credit losses. The nature of the process by which the Bank determines the appropriate allowance for credit losses requires the exercise of considerable judgment. This allowance evaluation process is also applied to TDRs since TDRs are considered to be impaired loans. As a result of adopting the amendments in ASU 2012-02, the Company reassessed all restructurings that occurred on or after January 1, 2011, for identification as TDRs.
F-21

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
At December 31, 2012, accruing TDRs were $144.7 million and non-accrual TDRs were $47.7 million compared to accruing TDRs of $120.0 million and non-accrual TDRs of $50.9 million at December 31, 2011. The Company has allocated specific reserves of $1.1 million to accruing TDRs and $7.8 million to non-accrual TDRs at December 31, 2012, and $1.4 million to accruing TDRs and $1.6 million to non-accrual TDRs at December 31, 2011. The following table presents TDRs that were modified during 2012, their specific reserve at December 31, 2012, and charge-off during 2012:

|  | No. of Contracts |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Specific Reserve |  |  | Charge-off |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Commercial loans |  |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 3,646 |  |  | $ | 3,646 |  |  | $ | 1,213 |  |  | $ | - |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 62,118 |  |  |  | 58,393 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 3,725 |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 4,305 |  |  |  | 4,223 |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 82 |
Total |  |  | 43 |  |  | $ | 70,069 |  |  | $ | 66,262 |  |  | $ | 1,402 |  |  | $ | 3,807 |

The following table presents TDRs that were modified during 2011, their specific reserve at December 31, 2011, and charge-off during 2011:

|  | No. of Contracts |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Specific Reserve |  |  | Charge-off |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Commercial loans |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 15,025 |  |  | $ | 15,025 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | - |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 33,669 |  |  |  | 21,522 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,147 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 17,343 |  |  |  | 14,294 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3,049 |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1,574 |  |  |  | 1,574 |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 19 |  |  | $ | 67,611 |  |  | $ | 52,415 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | 15,196 |

F-22

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
A summary of TDRs by type of concession and by type of loans is shown below:

|  | December 31, 2012 |
Accruing TDRs |  | Principal Deferral |  |  | Rate Reduction |  |  | Rate Reduction and Forgiveness of Principal |  |  | Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral |  |  | Total |
| (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 3,020 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | 3,964 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,834 |  |  |  | 5,834 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 27,003 |  |  |  | 16,656 |  |  |  | 739 |  |  |  | 85,783 |  |  |  | 130,181 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 1,461 |  |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,231 |  |  |  | 4,716 |
Total accruing TDRs |  | $ | 28,995 |  |  | $ | 20,700 |  |  | $ | 739 |  |  | $ | 94,261 |  |  | $ | 144,695 |

|  | December 31, 2012 |
Non-accrual TDRs |  | Interest Deferral |  |  | Principal Deferral |  |  | Rate Reduction |  |  | Rate Reduction and Forgiveness of Principal |  |  | Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,430 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,767 |  |  |  | 9,579 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,346 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 1,685 |  |  |  | 2,817 |  |  |  | 5,746 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,076 |  |  |  | 15,324 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | 2,010 |  |  |  | 586 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | 3,631 |
Total non-accrual TDRs |  | $ | 1,960 |  |  | $ | 22,506 |  |  | $ | 15,911 |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | 5,836 |  |  | $ | 47,731 |

| As of December 31, 2011 |
Accruing TDRs |  | Principal Deferral |  |  | Rate Reduction |  |  | Rate Reduction and Forgiveness of Principal |  |  | Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral |  |  | Total |
| (In thousands) |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 12,933 |  |  | $ | 1,756 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 15,120 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 16,820 |  |  |  | 9,659 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,776 |  |  |  | 32,255 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 471 |  |  |  | 37,796 |  |  |  | 2,071 |  |  |  | 28,935 |  |  |  | 69,273 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 587 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,487 |  |  |  | 3,368 |
Total accruing TDRs |  | $ | 31,518 |  |  | $ | 49,798 |  |  | $ | 2,071 |  |  | $ | 36,629 |  |  | $ | 120,016 |

|  | As of December 31, 2011 |
Non-accrual TDRs |  | Interest Deferral |  |  | Principal Deferral |  |  | Rate Reduction |  |  | Rate Reduction and Forgiveness of Principal |  |  | Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 616 |  |  | $ | 1,859 |  |  | $ | 1,506 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,981 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,579 |  |  |  | 12,376 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,955 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 2,633 |  |  |  | 9,727 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,076 |  |  |  | 17,436 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 311 |  |  |  | 2,427 |  |  |  | 449 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 311 |  |  |  | 3,498 |
Total non-accrual TDRs |  | $ | 2,944 |  |  | $ | 26,349 |  |  | $ | 14,684 |  |  | $ | 1,506 |  |  | $ | 5,387 |  |  | $ | 50,870 |

Troubled debt restructurings on accrual status totaled $144.7 million at December 31, 2012, and were comprised of 61 loans, an increase of $24.7 million, compared to 32 loans totaling $120.0 million at December 31, 2011. TDRs at December 31, 2012, were comprised of sixteen retail shopping and commercial use building loans of $68.1 million, fifteen office and commercial use building loans of $40.4 million, two hotel loans of $12.4 million, seventeen single family residential loans of $19.1 million, two land loans of $2.3 million, six commercial loans of $1.3 million, and three multi-family residential loans of $1.1 million. We expect that the troubled debt restructuring loans on accruing status as of December 31, 2012, which are all performing in accordance with their restructured terms, will continue to comply with the restructured terms because of the reduced principal or interest payments on these loans. The comparable TDRs at December 31, 2011, were comprised of eleven retail shopping and commercial use building loans of $74.4 million, seven office and commercial use building loans of $23.8 million, one hotel loan of $7.9 million, ten single family residential loans of $13.3 million, one land loan of $635,000 and two commercial loans of $39,000. The activity within our TDR loans for 2012 and 2011 are shown below:
F-23

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

Accruing TDRs |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 120,016 |  |  | $ | 136,800 |
New restructurings |  |  | 53,958 |  |  |  | 60,863 |
Restructured loans restored to accrual status |  |  | 8,356 |  |  |  | 709 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (251 | ) |  |  | (2,341 | )
Payments |  |  | (5,159 | ) |  |  | (46,313 | )
Restructured loans placed on nonaccrual |  |  | (32,225 | ) |  |  | (28,969 | )
Expiration of loan concession |  |  | - |  |  |  | (733 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 144,695 |  |  | $ | 120,016 |

Non-accrual TDRs |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 50,870 |  |  | $ | 28,146 |
New restructurings |  |  | 12,304 |  |  |  | 13,269 |
Restructured loans placed on non-accrual |  |  | 32,225 |  |  |  | 28,969 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (4,182 | ) |  |  | (7,303 | )
Payments |  |  | (33,931 | ) |  |  | (3,355 | )
Foreclosures |  |  | (1,199 | ) |  |  | (8,147 | )
Restructured loans restored to accrual status |  |  | (8,356 | ) |  |  | (709 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 47,731 |  |  | $ | 50,870 |

A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 60 to 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. Two commercial real estate construction TDRs of $26.3 million, four commercial real estate TDRs of $12.2 million, and two mortgage TDRs of $1.6 million had payments defaults within the previous twelve months ended December 31, 2012. One of the TDRs that subsequently defaulted incurred a charge-off of $46,000 during 2012.
Under the Company’s internal underwriting policy, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification in order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. As of December 31, 2012, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to those borrowers whose loans have been restructured, were considered impaired, or were on non-accrual status.
As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of our loan portfolio, the Company utilizes a risk grading matrix to assign a risk grade to each loan. Loans are risk rated based on analysis of the current state of the borrower’s credit quality. The analysis of credit quality includes a review of all sources of repayment, the borrower’s current financial and liquidity status and all other relevant information. The risk rating categories can be generally described by the following grouping for non-homogeneous loans:

| · | Pass/Watch – These loans range from minimal credit risk to lower than average, but still acceptable, credit risk.

| · | Special Mention – Borrower is fundamentally sound and the loan is currently protected but adverse trends are apparent, that if not corrected, may affect ability to repay. Primary source of loan repayment remains viable but there is increasing reliance on collateral or guarantor support.

F-24

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

| · | Substandard – These loans are inadequately protected by current sound worth, paying capacity or pledged collateral. Well-defined weaknesses exist that could jeopardize repayment of debt. Loss may not be imminent, but if weaknesses are not corrected, there is a good possibility of some loss.

| · | Doubtful – The possibility of loss is extremely high, but due to identifiable and important pending events (which may strengthen the loan) a loss classification is deferred until the situation is better defined.

| · | Loss – These loans are considered uncollectible and of such little value that to continue to carry the loan as an active asset is no longer warranted.

The following table presents loan portfolio by risk rating as of December 31, 2012, and as of December 31, 2011:

|  | As of December 31, 2012 |
|  | Pass/Watch |  |  | Special Mention |  |  | Substandard |  |  | Doubtful |  |  | Total |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 1,944,989 |  |  | $ | 76,776 |  |  | $ | 94,077 |  |  | $ | 11,265 |  |  | $ | 2,127,107 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 109,269 |  |  |  | 18,000 |  |  |  | 45,171 |  |  |  | 8,510 |  |  |  | 180,950 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 3,344,783 |  |  |  | 162,455 |  |  |  | 261,214 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,768,452 |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 1,322,768 |  |  |  | 816 |  |  |  | 16,084 |  |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 1,340,082 |
Installment and other loans |  |  | 12,556 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,556 |
Total gross loans |  | $ | 6,734,365 |  |  | $ | 258,047 |  |  | $ | 416,546 |  |  | $ | 20,189 |  |  | $ | 7,429,147 |

|  | As of December 31, 2011 |
|  | Pass/Watch |  |  | Special Mention |  |  | Substandard |  |  | Doubtful |  |  | Total |
Commercial loans |  | $ | 1,689,842 |  |  | $ | 64,290 |  |  | $ | 108,858 |  |  | $ | 5,285 |  |  | $ | 1,868,275 |
Real estate construction loans |  |  | 115,538 |  |  |  | 23,555 |  |  |  | 90,132 |  |  |  | 8,147 |  |  |  | 237,372 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | 3,275,431 |  |  |  | 69,925 |  |  |  | 403,541 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,748,897 |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | 1,149,225 |  |  |  | 4,439 |  |  |  | 33,160 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 1,186,969 |
Installment and other loans |  |  | 17,636 |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,699 |
Total gross loans |  |  | 6,247,672 |  |  |  | 162,272 |  |  |  | 635,691 |  |  |  | 13,577 |  |  |  | 7,059,212 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 760 |

The allowance for loan losses and the reserve for off-balance sheet credit commitments are significant estimates that can and do change based on management’s process in analyzing the loan portfolio and on management’s assumptions about specific borrowers, underlying collateral, and applicable economic and environmental conditions, among other factors.
F-25

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of December 31, 2012, and as of December 31, 2011.

|  | Commercial Loans |  |  | Real Estate Construction Loans |  |  | Commercial Mortgage Loans |  |  | Residential mortgage and equity line |  |  | Consumer and Other |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
December 31, 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 8,158 |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | 1,222 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 12,183 |
Balance |  | $ | 23,922 |  |  | $ | 42,133 |  |  | $ | 165,885 |  |  | $ | 16,657 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 248,597 |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance |  | $ | 64,634 |  |  | $ | 14,859 |  |  | $ | 81,137 |  |  | $ | 10,481 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 171,139 |
Balance |  | $ | 2,103,185 |  |  | $ | 138,817 |  |  | $ | 3,602,567 |  |  | $ | 1,323,425 |  |  | $ | 12,556 |  |  | $ | 7,180,550 |
Total allowance |  | $ | 66,101 |  |  | $ | 23,017 |  |  | $ | 82,473 |  |  | $ | 11,703 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 183,322 |
Total balance |  | $ | 2,127,107 |  |  | $ | 180,950 |  |  | $ | 3,768,452 |  |  | $ | 1,340,082 |  |  | $ | 12,556 |  |  | $ | 7,429,147 |
December 31, 2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance |  | $ | 3,336 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,969 |  |  | $ | 1,247 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 7,552 |
Balance |  | $ | 45,781 |  |  | $ | 78,766 |  |  | $ | 177,058 |  |  | $ | 20,368 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 321,973 |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance |  | $ | 62,322 |  |  | $ | 21,749 |  |  | $ | 105,052 |  |  | $ | 9,548 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 198,728 |
Balance |  | $ | 1,822,494 |  |  | $ | 158,606 |  |  | $ | 3,571,839 |  |  | $ | 1,166,601 |  |  | $ | 17,699 |  |  | $ | 6,737,239 |
Total allowance |  | $ | 65,658 |  |  | $ | 21,749 |  |  | $ | 108,021 |  |  | $ | 10,795 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 206,280 |
Total balance |  | $ | 1,868,275 |  |  | $ | 237,372 |  |  | $ | 3,748,897 |  |  | $ | 1,186,969 |  |  | $ | 17,699 |  |  | $ | 7,059,212 |

F-26

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The following table details activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

|  | Commercial Loans |  |  | Real Estate Construction Loans |  |  | Commercial Mortgage Loans |  |  | Residential mortgage and equity line |  |  | Installment and Other Loans |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
2011 Beginning Balance |  | $ | 63,918 |  |  | $ | 43,262 |  |  | $ | 128,348 |  |  | $ | 9,668 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 245,231 |
Provision for possible loan losses |  |  | 11,711 |  |  |  | 11,514 |  |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | 2,392 |  |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | 27,268 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (11,745 | ) |  |  | (37,500 | ) |  |  | (26,750 | ) |  |  | (1,456 | ) |  |  | (175 | ) |  |  | (77,626 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 1,774 |  |  |  | 4,473 |  |  |  | 4,969 |  |  |  | 191 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,407 |
Net Charge-offs |  |  | (9,971 | ) |  |  | (33,027 | ) |  |  | (21,781 | ) |  |  | (1,265 | ) |  |  | (175 | ) |  |  | (66,219 | )
2011 Ending Balance |  | $ | 65,658 |  |  | $ | 21,749 |  |  | $ | 108,021 |  |  | $ | 10,795 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 206,280 |
Reserve to impaired loans |  | $ | 3,336 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,969 |  |  | $ | 1,247 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 7,552 |
Reserve to non-impaired loans |  | $ | 62,322 |  |  | $ | 21,749 |  |  | $ | 105,052 |  |  | $ | 9,548 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 198,728 |
Reserve for off-balance sheet credit commitments |  | $ | 816 |  |  | $ | 1,103 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 2,069 |
2012 Beginning Balance |  | $ | 65,658 |  |  | $ | 21,749 |  |  | $ | 108,021 |  |  | $ | 10,795 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 206,280 |
Provision/(reversal) for possible loan losses |  |  | 16,201 |  |  |  | (3,720 | ) |  |  | (23,128 | ) |  |  | 2,360 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (8,294 | )
Charge-offs |  |  | (17,707 | ) |  |  | (1,165 | ) |  |  | (11,762 | ) |  |  | (2,132 | ) |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (32,791 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 1,949 |  |  |  | 6,153 |  |  |  | 9,342 |  |  |  | 680 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 18,127 |
Net Charge-offs |  |  | (15,758 | ) |  |  | 4,988 |  |  |  | (2,420 | ) |  |  | (1,452 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (14,664 | )
2012 Ending Balance |  | $ | 66,101 |  |  | $ | 23,017 |  |  | $ | 82,473 |  |  | $ | 11,703 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 183,322 |
Reserve to impaired loans |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 8,158 |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | 1,222 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 12,183 |
Reserve to non-impaired loans |  | $ | 64,634 |  |  | $ | 14,859 |  |  | $ | 81,137 |  |  | $ | 10,481 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 171,139 |
Reserve for off-balance sheet credit commitments |  | $ | 837 |  |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 1,362 |

An analysis of the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended 2012, 2011, and 2010 is as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
Allowance for Loan Losses |  | (In thousands) |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 206,280 |  |  | $ | 245,231 |  |  | $ | 211,889 |
(Reversal)/provision for credit losses |  |  | (9,000 | ) |  |  | 27,000 |  |  |  | 156,900 |
Transfers from reserve for off-balance sheet credit commitments |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 2,870 |
Loans charged off |  |  | (32,791 | ) |  |  | (77,626 | ) |  |  | (138,755 | )
Recoveries of charged off loans |  |  | 18,127 |  |  |  | 11,407 |  |  |  | 12,327 |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 183,322 |  |  | $ | 206,280 |  |  | $ | 245,231 |
Reserve for Off-balance Sheet Credit Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 2,069 |  |  | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 5,207 |
Provision for credit losses/transfers |  |  | (706 | ) |  |  | (268 | ) |  |  | (2,870 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 1,363 |  |  | $ | 2,069 |  |  | $ | 2,337 |

F-27

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
6. Other Real Estate Owned
At December 31, 2012, the net carrying value of other real estate owned decreased $46.3 million, or 50.0%, to $46.4 million from $92.7 million at December 31, 2011. OREO located in California was $12.2 million and was comprised primarily of six parcels of land zoned for residential purpose of $9.1 million, three office and commercial use buildings of $1.7 million, one commercial building construction projects of $740,000, one residential construction project of $530,000, and one single family residential properties of $179,000. OREO located in Texas was $29.6 million and was comprised of four office and commercial use buildings of $14.4 million, four parcels of land zoned for residential purposes of $12.6 million, two commercial building construction projects of $1.3 million, one parcel of land zoned for non-residential purposes of $1.1 million, and one single family residential properties of $169,000. OREO located in the state of Washington was $1.6 million and was comprised one parcels of land zoned for residential purpose of $733,000 and one commercial construction project of $870,000. OREO located in the state of New York was a retail store of $1.2 million. OREO located in the state of Nevada was $1.1 million and was comprised of a commercial use building. OREO in all other states was $752,000 and was comprised of a commercial use property and a retail store.
For 2011, OREO located in California was $32.3 million and was comprised primarily of five parcels of land zoned for residential purpose of $9.9 million, four parcels of land zoned for commercial purpose properties of $4.8 million, two commercial building construction projects of $3.5 million, one residential construction project of $588,000, twelve office and commercial use buildings of $13.2 million, two single family residential properties of $395,000. OREO located in Texas was $48.6 million and was comprised of eight commercial use buildings of $33.5 million, three parcels of land zoned for residential purpose of $11.7 million, three commercial building construction projects of $2.4 million, and three single family residential properties of $959,000. OREO located in the state of Washington was $3.9 million and was comprised of two retail stores $1.6 million, three parcels of land zoned for residential purpose of $1.2 million, one commercial construction project of $658,000, and three single family residential properties of $531,000. OREO located in the state of Nevada was $4.8 million and was comprised of a parcel of land zoned for residential purpose of $3.5 million and one commercial use building of $1.3 million. OREO in all other states was $3.0 million and was comprised of three commercial use properties of $2.1 million and four single family residential properties of $878,000.
An analysis of the activity in the valuation allowance for other real estate losses for the years ended on December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 is as follows:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 26,422 |  |  | $ | 25,310 |  |  | $ | 22,743 |
Provision for losses |  |  | 10,668 |  |  |  | 10,385 |  |  |  | 20,139 |
OREO disposal |  |  | (17,534 | ) |  |  | (9,273 | ) |  |  | (17,572 | )
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 19,556 |  |  | $ | 26,422 |  |  | $ | 25,310 |

The following table presents the components of other real estate owned expense for the year ended:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Operating expense |  | $ | 4,817 |  |  | $ | 5,441 |  |  | $ | 5,849 |
Provision for losses |  |  | 10,668 |  |  |  | 10,385 |  |  |  | 20,139 |
Net gain on transfer and disposal |  |  | (369 | ) |  |  | (5,243 | ) |  |  | (9,977 | )
Total other real estate owned expense |  | $ | 15,116 |  |  | $ | 10,583 |  |  | $ | 16,011 |

F-28

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
7. Investments in Affordable Housing
The Company has invested in certain limited partnerships that were formed to develop and operate housing for lower-income tenants throughout the United States. The Company’s investments in these partnerships were $85.0 million at December 31, 2012, and $78.4 million at December 31, 2011. At December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, six of the limited partnerships in which the Company has an equity interest were determined to be variable interest entities for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The consolidation of these limited partnerships in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements increased total assets and liabilities by $22.9 million at December 31, 2012, and by $22.8 million at December 31, 2011. Other borrowings for affordable housing limited partnerships were $18.7 million at December 31, 2012, and $18.9 million at December 31, 2011; recourse is limited to the assets of the limited partnerships. Unfunded commitments for affordable housing limited partnerships of $10.6 million as of December 31, 2012, and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2011, were recorded under other liabilities.
Each of the partnerships must meet regulatory requirements for affordable housing for a minimum 15-year compliance period to fully utilize the tax credits. If the partnerships cease to qualify during the compliance period, the credits may be denied for any period in which the projects are not in compliance and a portion of the credits previously taken is subject to recapture with interest. The remaining tax credits to be utilized over a multiple-year period are $45.3 million for Federal and $1.7 million for state at December 31, 2012. The Company’s usage of tax credits approximated $9.2 million in 2012, $9.5 million in 2011, and $10.5 million in 2010. For the year ended December 31, operations of investments in affordable housing resulted in pretax losses of $6.3 million for 2012, $8.2 million for 2011, and $7.6 million for 2010. Losses in excess of the Bank’s investment in two limited partnerships have not been recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements because the Company had fully satisfied all capital commitments required under the respective limited partnership agreements.
8. Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment consisted of the following at December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Land and land improvements |  | $ | 33,429 |  |  | $ | 33,429 |
Building and building improvements |  |  | 73,723 |  |  |  | 72,608 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment |  |  | 39,701 |  |  |  | 37,445 |
Leasehold improvement |  |  | 12,391 |  |  |  | 12,494 |
Construction in process |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 1,314 |
|  |  | 159,282 |  |  |  | 157,290 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation/amortization |  |  | 56,669 |  |  |  | 51,329 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | $ | 102,613 |  |  | $ | 105,961 |

The amount of depreciation/amortization included in operating expense was $5.9 million in 2012, $6.1 million in 2011, and $4.6 million in 2010.
F-29

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
9. Deposits
The following table displays deposit balances as of December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Demand |  | $ | 1,269,455 |  |  | $ | 1,074,718 |
NOW accounts |  |  | 593,133 |  |  |  | 451,541 |
Money market accounts |  |  | 1,186,771 |  |  |  | 951,516 |
Saving accounts |  |  | 473,805 |  |  |  | 420,030 |
Time deposits under $100,000 |  |  | 644,191 |  |  |  | 832,997 |
Time deposits of $100,000 or more |  |  | 3,215,870 |  |  |  | 3,498,329 |
Total |  | $ | 7,383,225 |  |  | $ | 7,229,131 |

Time deposits outstanding as of December 31, 2012, mature as follows.

|  | Expected Maturity Date at December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Thereafter |  |  | Total |
|  | (In thousands) |
Time deposits, $100,000 and over |  | $ | 2,895,712 |  |  | $ | 238,836 |  |  | $ | 60,309 |  |  | $ | 1,344 |  |  | $ | 19,669 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,215,870 |
Other time deposits |  |  | 610,364 |  |  |  | 25,011 |  |  |  | 7,426 |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 1,232 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 644,191 |
|  | $ | 3,506,076 |  |  | $ | 263,847 |  |  | $ | 67,735 |  |  | $ | 1,499 |  |  | $ | 20,901 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3,860,061 |

Accrued interest payable on customer deposits was $2.1 million at December 31, 2012, $4.2 million at December 31, 2011, and $5.2 million at December 31, 2010. The following table summarizes the interest expense on deposits by account type for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Interest bearing demand |  | $ | 792 |  |  | $ | 756 |  |  | $ | 927 |
Money market accounts |  |  | 5,938 |  |  |  | 7,351 |  |  |  | 8,733 |
Saving accounts |  |  | 365 |  |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | 694 |
Time deposits |  |  | 40,278 |  |  |  | 53,625 |  |  |  | 73,808 |
Total |  | $ | 47,373 |  |  | $ | 62,214 |  |  | $ | 84,162 |

10. Borrowed Funds
Federal Funds Purchased. There were no Federal funds purchased at any time during 2010 or 2012. The average amount of Federal funds purchased during 2011 was $27,000 with a weighted average interest rate of 1.29%.
F-30

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase were $1.3 billion with a weighted average rate of 3.84% at December 31, 2012, compared to $1.4 billion with a weighted average rate of 4.14% at December 31, 2011. In May 2011, the Company prepaid a security sold under an agreement to repurchase of $50 million with a rate of 4.83% and incurred a prepayment penalty of $1.7 million. In 2012, the Company modified $200.0 million of securities sold under agreements to repurchase by extending the term by an additional four years on average, reducing the rate of these agreements by an average of 168 basis points and removing the callable feature of these borrowings. In 2012, the Company prepaid three securities sold under an agreement to repurchase for the total of $150 million with a weighted average rate of 4.43% and incurred prepayment penalties of $9.4 million. Seven floating-to-fixed rate agreements totaling $400.0 million have initial floating rates for a period of time ranging from six months to one year, with floating rates ranging from the three-month LIBOR minus 200 basis points to three-month LIBOR minus 340 basis points. Thereafter, the rates are fixed for the remainder of the term, with interest rates ranging from 4.52% to 5.07%. After the initial floating rate term, the counter parties have the right to terminate the transaction at par at the fixed rate reset date and quarterly thereafter. Thirteen fixed-to-floating rate agreements totaling $650.0 million have initial fixed rates ranging from 1.00% to 3.50% with initial fixed rate terms ranging from six months to 18 months. For the remainder of the seven year term, the rates float at 8% minus the three-month LIBOR rate with a maximum rate ranging from 3.25% to 3.79% and minimum rate of 0.0%. After the initial fixed rate term, the counter parties have the right to terminate the transaction at par at the floating rate reset date and quarterly thereafter. The table below provides summary data for the $1.05 billion of callable securities sold under agreements to repurchase as of December 31, 2012:

(Dollars in millions) |  | Fixed-to-floating |  |  | Floating-to-fixed |  |  | Total |
Rate type |  | Float Rate |  |  | Fixed Rate |  |  |  |
Rate index |  | 8% minus 3 month LIBOR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maximum rate |  |  | 3.79 | % |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Minimum rate |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
No. of agreements |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 20 |
Amount |  | $ | 150.0 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 200.0 |  |  | $ | 150.0 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 200.0 |  |  | $ | 200.0 |  |  | $ | 1,050.0 |
Weighted average rate |  |  | 3.78 | % |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 4.69 | % |  |  | 5.00 | % |  |  | 4.04 | %
Final maturity |  |  | 2014 |  |  |  | 2014 |  |  |  | 2014 |  |  |  | 2015 |  |  |  | 2015 |  |  |  | 2015 |  |  |  | 2014 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  |  |

The table below provides summary data for non-callable fixed rate securities sold under agreements to repurchase as of December 31, 2012:

Maturity |  | No. of Agreements |  |  | Amount (In thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |
3 years to 5 years |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  |  | 2.71 | %
Over 5 years |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 2.86 | %
Total |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  |  | 2.78 | %

These transactions are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and recorded at the amount at which the securities were sold. We may have to provide additional collateral for the repurchase agreements, as necessary. The underlying collateral pledged for the repurchase agreements consists of U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency security debt, and mortgage-backed securities with a fair value of $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2012, and $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2011.
F-31

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The table below provides comparative data for securities sold under agreements to repurchase for the years indicated:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Average amount outstanding during the year (1) |  | $ | 1,361,475 |  |  | $ | 1,448,363 |  |  | $ | 1,560,215 |
Maximum amount outstanding at month-end (2) |  |  | 1,400,000 |  |  |  | 1,559,000 |  |  |  | 1,566,000 |
Balance, December 31 |  |  | 1,250,000 |  |  |  | 1,400,000 |  |  |  | 1,561,000 |
Rate, December 31 |  |  | 3.84 | % |  |  | 4.14 | % |  |  | 4.18 | %
Weighted average interest rate for the year |  |  | 4.09 | % |  |  | 4.19 | % |  |  | 4.24 | %

(1) | Average balances were computed using daily averages.

(2) | Highest month-end balances were January 2012, January 2011, and September 2010.

Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank. Total advances from the FHLB were $146.2 million with weighted average rate of 0.44% at December 31, 2012, compared to $225.0 million with weighted average rate of 2.08% at December 31, 2011. The Company prepaid advances from the FHLB totaling $100.0 million at a rate of 4.60% and incurred prepayment penalties of $2.8 million in 2012 and prepaid advances totaling $450.0 million with a weighted rate of 4.39% and incurred prepayment penalties of $18.5 million in 2011.
The following relates to the outstanding advances at December 31, 2012, and 2011:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
Maturity |  | Amount (In thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  |  | Amount (In thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |
Within 90 days |  | $ | 125,000 |  |  |  | 0.28 | % |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
91 days through 365 days |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  | 2.08 | %
4 - 5 years |  |  | 21,200 |  |  |  | 1.38 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  | $ | 146,200 |  |  |  | 0.44 | % |  | $ | 225,000 |  |  |  | 2.08 | %

Other borrowings from financial institutions. At December 31, 2012, there were no other borrowings from financial institutions. At December 31, 2011, other borrowings from a financial institution were $880,000 with a weighted average rate of 0.55%.
Other Liabilities. On November 23, 2004, the Company entered into an agreement with its Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) pursuant to which the CEO agreed to defer any bonus amounts in excess of $225,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005, until January 1 of the first year following such time as the CEO separates from the Company. Accordingly, an amount equal to $610,000 was deferred in 2004 and was accrued in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company agreed to accrue interest on the deferred portion of the bonus at 7.0% per annum compounded quarterly. The deferred amount will be increased each quarter by the amount of interest computed for that quarter. Beginning on the tenth anniversary of the agreement, the interest rate will equal 275 basis points above the prevailing interest rate on the ten-year Treasury Note. Interest of $71,000 during 2012, $67,000 during 2011, and $62,000 during 2010 was accrued on this deferred bonus. The balance was $1.1 million at December 31, 2012, and $995,000 at December 31, 2011.
11. Capital Resources
In 2010, the Company sold $132.3 million of new common stock consisting of 15,028,409 shares at an average price of $8.80 per share. Net of issuance costs and fees, this issuance added $124.9 million to common stockholders’ equity. The Company did not sell any common stock in 2012 and in 2011.
F-32

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The Company has participated in the U.S. Treasury’s Troubled Asset Relief Program Capital Purchase Program under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Upon the approval of participation, the U.S. Treasury purchased the Company’s senior preferred stock on December 5, 2008, in the amount of $258.0 million. The senior preferred stock pays cumulative compounding dividends at a rate of 5% per year for the first five years, and thereafter at a rate of 9% per year. The shares are non-voting, other than class voting rights on matters that could adversely affect the shares. They are callable at par after three years. Prior to the end of three years, the shares may only be redeemed with the proceeds from one or more qualified equity offerings. In conjunction with the purchase of senior preferred shares, the U.S. Treasury received warrants to purchase 1,846,374 shares of common stock at the exercise price of $20.96 with an aggregate market price equal to $38.7 million, 15% of the senior preferred stock amount that U.S. Treasury invested.
On September 29, 2006, the Bank issued $50.0 million in subordinated debt in a private placement transaction. The debt had an original maturity term of 10 years, was unsecured and bore interest at a rate of three-month LIBOR plus 110 basis points, payable on a quarterly basis. In March 2011, the Company extended the debt for an additional year. As part of the extension agreement, the rate was increased from LIBOR plus 110 basis points to LIBOR plus 330 basis points for 2012 and 2011, after which time it reverts back to LIBOR plus 110 basis points. At December 31, 2012, the per annum interest rate on the subordinated debt was 3.61% compared to 3.88% at December 31, 2011. The subordinated debt was issued through the Bank and qualifies as Tier 2 capital for regulatory reporting purposes and is included in long-term debt in the accompanying condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Bancorp established three special purpose trusts in 2003 and two in 2007 for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities to outside investors (“Capital Securities”). The trusts exist for the purpose of issuing the Capital Securities and investing the proceeds thereof, together with proceeds from the purchase of the common securities of the trusts by the Bancorp, in Junior Subordinated Notes issued by the Bancorp. Subject to some limitations, payment of distributions out of the monies held by the trusts and payments on liquidation of the trusts or the redemption of the Capital Securities are guaranteed by the Bancorp to the extent the trusts have funds on hand at such time. The obligations of the Bancorp under the guarantees and the Junior Subordinated Notes are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all indebtedness of the Bancorp and will be structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of the Bancorp’s subsidiaries. The Bancorp has the right to defer payments of interest on the Junior Subordinated Notes at any time or from time to time for a period of up to twenty consecutive quarterly periods with respect to each deferral period. Under the terms of the Junior Subordinated Notes, the Bancorp may not, with certain exceptions, declare or pay any dividends or distributions on its capital stock or purchase or acquire any of its capital stock if the Bancorp has deferred payment of interest on the Junior Subordinated Notes.
The five special purpose trusts are considered variable interest entities under FIN 46R. Because the Bancorp is not the primary beneficiary of the trusts, the financial statements of the trusts are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company.
The Junior Subordinated Notes are currently included in the Tier 1 capital of the Bancorp for regulatory capital purposes. On March 1, 2005, the Federal Reserve adopted a final rule that retains trust preferred securities in the Tier I capital of bank holding companies, which after a five-year transition period, limited the aggregate amount of trust preferred securities and certain other capital elements to 25% of Tier 1 capital elements, net of goodwill, less any associated deferred tax liability. The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit could be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. This rule did not have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s capital positions.
Interest expense on the Junior Subordinated Notes was $3.2 million for 2012, $3.0 million for 2011, and $3.1 million for 2010.
F-33

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The table below summarizes the outstanding Junior Subordinated Notes issued by the Company to each trust as of December 31, 2012:

Trust Name |  | Issuance Date |  | Principal Balance of Notes |  |  | Not Redeemable Until |  |  | Stated Maturity |  |  | Annualized Coupon Rate |  |  | Current Interest Rate |  |  | Date of Rate Change |  | Payable/ Distribution Date
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Cathay Capital Trust I |  | June 26, 2003 |  | $ | 20,619 |  |  | June 30, 2008 |  |  | June 30, 2033 |  |  | 3-month LIBOR + 3.15% |  |  |  | 3.46 | % |  | December 30, 2012 |  | March 30 June 30 September 30 December 30
Cathay Statutory Trust I |  | September 17, 2003 |  |  | 20,619 |  |  | September 17, 2008 |  |  | September 17, 2033 |  |  | 3-month LIBOR + 3.00% |  |  |  | 3.31 | % |  | December 17, 2012 |  | March 17 June 17 September 17 December 17
Cathay Capital Trust II |  | December 30, 2003 |  |  | 12,887 |  |  | March 30, 2009 |  |  | March 30, 2034 |  |  | 3-month LIBOR + 2.90% |  |  |  | 3.21 | % |  | December 30, 2012 |  | March 30 June 30 September 30 December 30
Cathay Capital Trust III |  | March 28, 2007 |  |  | 46,392 |  |  | June 15, 2012 |  |  | June 15, 2037 |  |  | 3-month LIBOR + 1.48% |  |  |  | 1.79 | % |  | December 17, 2012 |  | March 15 June 15 September 15 December 15
Cathay Capital Trust IV |  | May 31, 2007 |  |  | 20,619 |  |  | September 6, 2012 |  |  | September 6, 2037 |  |  | 3-month LIBOR 1.40% |  |  |  | 1.71 | % |  | December 6, 2012 |  | March 6 June 6 September 6 December 6
Total Junior Subordinated Notes |  | $ | 121,136 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

12. Income Taxes
For the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010, the current and deferred amounts of the income tax expense are summarized as follows:
F-34

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 44,263 |  |  | $ | 26,548 |  |  | $ | 16,496 |
State |  |  | 17,081 |  |  |  | 10,905 |  |  |  | 7,379 |
|  | $ | 61,344 |  |  | $ | 37,453 |  |  | $ | 23,875 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | 3,755 |  |  |  | 10,133 |  |  |  | (28,600 | )
State |  |  | 1,029 |  |  |  | 3,675 |  |  |  | (9,904 | )
|  | $ | 4,784 |  |  | $ | 13,808 |  |  | $ | (38,504 | )
Total income tax expense/(benefit |  | $ | 66,128 |  |  | $ | 51,261 |  |  | $ | (14,629 | )

Temporary differences between the amounts reported in the financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities give rise to deferred taxes. Net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2012, and at December 31, 2011, are included in other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and are as follows:

Deferred Tax Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan loss allowance, due to differences in computation of bad debts |  | $ | 100,774 |  |  | $ | 109,686 |
Write-down on equity securities |  |  | 3,374 |  |  |  | 3,609 |
Stock option compensation expense |  |  | 16,120 |  |  |  | 16,048 |
State tax |  |  | 4,479 |  |  |  | 3,744 |
Non-accrual interest |  |  | 3,208 |  |  |  | 2,048 |
Write-down on other real estate owned |  |  | 10,302 |  |  |  | 14,148 |
Accrual for litigation |  |  | 2,415 |  |  |  | - |
Unrealized loss on interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,097 |
Unrealized loss on securities available-for-sale, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,311 |
Other, net |  |  | 3,544 |  |  |  | 3,536 |
Gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 144,216 |  |  |  | 160,227 |
Deferred Tax Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles |  |  | (1,632 | ) |  |  | (3,919 | )
Investment in aircraft financing trust and venture capital partnerships |  |  | (19,684 | ) |  |  | (21,628 | )
Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale, net |  |  | (338 | ) |  |  | - |
Dividends on Federal Home Loan Bank common stock |  |  | (3,071 | ) |  |  | (2,788 | )
Other, net |  |  | (5,084 | ) |  |  | (5,646 | )
Gross deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (29,809 | ) |  |  | (33,981 | )
Valuation allowance |  |  | (2,125 | ) |  |  | (2,533 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 112,282 |  |  | $ | 123,713 |

Amounts for the current year are based upon estimates and assumptions and could vary from amounts shown on the tax returns as filed.
In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not the Company will realize all benefits related to these deductible temporary differences except for $2.1 million of state deferred taxes for a portion of the capital losses related to the Company’s former investments in the preferred stock of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
F-35

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
As of December 31, 2012, the Company had income tax refunds receivable of $12.4 million. As of December 31, 2011, the Company had income tax receivables of approximately $39.3 million, of which $11.2 million relates to the carryback of the Company’s net operating loss for 2009 to the 2007 tax year and $9.1 million relates to the carryback of the Company’s low income housing tax credits for 2009 to the 2008 tax year. These income tax receivables are included in other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
At December 31, 2012, the Company had Federal net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $1.6 million which expire through 2022. The Federal net operating loss carry-forwards were acquired in connection with the Company’s acquisition of United Heritage Bank.
At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits was none and $508,000, respectively. During 2012, the Company reversed its unrecognized tax benefits during the filing of the Company’s 2011 tax returns, During 2011, the Company paid $0.1 million of state taxes previously recorded in unrecognized tax benefits. The Company had accrued interest and penalties of less than $0.1 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011.
The Company’s tax returns are open for audits by the Internal Revenue Service back to 2010 and by the FTB of the State of California back to 2003. The Company is under audit by the California Franchise Tax Board for the years 2003 to 2007. As the Company is presently under audit by a number of tax authorities, it is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits could change significantly over the next twelve months. The Company does not expect that any such changes would have a material impact on its annual effective tax rate.
Income tax expense results in effective tax rates that differ from the statutory Federal income tax rate for the years indicated as follows:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Tax provision at Federal statutory rate |  | $ | 64,248 |  |  |  | 35.0 | % |  | $ | 52,994 |  |  |  | 35.0 | % |  | $ | (1,072 | ) |  |  | 35.0 | %
State income taxes, net of Federal income tax benefit |  |  | 11,772 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 9,477 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | (1,641 | ) |  |  | 53.5 |
Interest on obligations of state and political subdivisions, which are exempt from Federal taxation |  |  | (1,456 | ) |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  |  | (1,476 | ) |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  |  | (299 | ) |  |  | 9.8 |
Low income housing and other tax credits |  |  | (9,353 | ) |  |  | (5.1 | ) |  |  | (10,087 | ) |  |  | (6.6 | ) |  |  | (11,220 | ) |  |  | 366.2 |
Other, net |  |  | 917 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | (397 | ) |  |  | 13.0 |
Total income tax expense/(benefit) |  | $ | 66,128 |  |  |  | 36.0 | % |  | $ | 51,261 |  |  |  | 33.9 | % |  | $ | (14,629 | ) |  |  | 477.5 | %

13. Stockholders’ Equity and Earnings per Share
As a bank holding company, the Bancorp’s ability to pay dividends will depend upon the dividends it receives from the Bank and on the income it may generate from any other activities in which it may engage, either directly or through other subsidiaries.
F-36

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Under California banking law, the Bank may not, without regulatory approval, pay a cash dividend that exceeds the lesser of the Bank’s retained earnings or its net income for the last three fiscal years, less any cash distributions made during that period. Under this regulation, the amount of retained earnings available for cash dividends to the Company immediately after December 31, 2012, is restricted to approximately $80.8 million.
During 2003, the Bank formed Cathay Real Estate Investment Trust (“Trust”) to provide the Bank flexibility in raising capital. In 2003 and 2004, the Trust sold to accredited investors $8.6 million of its 7.0% Series A Non-Cumulative preferred stock which pays dividends, if declared, at the end of each quarter. This preferred stock qualifies as Tier 1 capital under current regulatory guidelines. The Company paid dividends of $605,000 in 2012, $605,000 in 2011, and $611,000 in 2010. For the years ended and as of December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, the net income and assets of the Trust were eliminated in consolidation.
The Board of Directors of the Bancorp is authorized to issue preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the voting powers, designations, preferences or other rights of the shares of each such class or series and the qualifications, limitations, and restrictions thereon. Any preferred stock issued by the Bancorp may rank prior to the Bancorp common stock as to dividend rights, liquidation preferences, or both, may have full or limited voting rights, and may be convertible into shares of the Bancorp common stock.
On November 16, 2000, the Bancorp’s Board of Directors adopted a Rights Agreement between the Bancorp and American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, as Rights Agent, and declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right for each outstanding share of the Bancorp common stock. The dividend was payable on January 19, 2001, to stockholders of record at the close of business on the record date, December 20, 2000. Each preferred share purchase right entitles the registered holder to purchase from the Bancorp one one-thousandth of a share of the Bancorp’s Series A junior participating preferred stock at a price of $200, subject to adjustment. In general, the rights become exercisable if, after December 20, 2000, a person or group acquires 15% or more of the Bancorp’s common stock or announces a tender offer for 15% or more of the common stock. The Board of Directors is entitled to redeem the rights at one cent per right at any time before any such person acquires 15% or more of the outstanding common stock. The Rights Agreement expired at the close of business on November 16, 2010, and was not renewed.
Pursuant to the U.S. Treasury’s Troubled Asset Relief Program Capital Purchase Program under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, on December 5, 2008, the U.S. Treasury purchased 258,000 shares of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock in the amount of $258.0 million. The Series B Preferred Stock pays cumulative compounding dividends at a rate of 5% per year for the first five years, and thereafter at a rate of 9% per year. In conjunction with the purchase of senior preferred shares, the U.S. Treasury received warrants to purchase 1,846,374 shares of common stock at the exercise price of $20.96 per share with an aggregate market price equal to $38.7 million, or 15%, of the senior preferred stock amount that the U.S. Treasury invested. The exercise price of $20.96 on warrants was calculated based on the average of closing prices of the Company’s common stock on the 20 trading days ending on the last trading day prior to November 17, 2008, the date that the Company received the preliminary approval of the purchase from the U.S. Treasury.
F-37

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The following is the reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted earnings per share computations for the years as indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | Income (Numerator) |  |  | Shares (Denominator) |  |  | Per Share Amount |  |  | Income (Numerator) |  |  | Shares (Denominator) |  |  | Per Share Amount |  |  | Income (Numerator) |  |  | Shares (Denominator) |  |  | Per Share Amount |
|  | (In thousands, except shares and per share data) |
Net income |  | $ | 117,438 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 100,150 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,565 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  | (16,488 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16,437 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16,388 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic EPS, income/(loss) |  | $ | 100,950 |  |  |  | 78,719,133 |  |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 83,713 |  |  |  | 78,633,317 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (4,823 | ) |  |  | 77,073,954 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | )
Effect of dilutive stock options |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,164 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,335 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |
Diluted EPS, income/(loss) |  | $ | 100,950 |  |  |  | 78,723,297 |  |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 83,713 |  |  |  | 78,640,652 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (4,823 | ) |  |  | 77,073,954 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | )

Options to purchase an additional 4.0 million shares, and warrants to purchase an additional 1.8 million shares at December 31, 2012, were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have had an anti-dilutive effect. Options to purchase an additional 4.4 million shares, restricted stock units for an additional 103,000 shares, and warrants to purchase an additional 1.8 million shares at December 31, 2011, were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have had an anti-dilutive effect.
14. Commitments and Contingencies
Litigation. The Company is involved in various litigation concerning transactions entered into during the normal course of business. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, does not believe that the resolution of such litigation will have a material effect upon its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity taken as a whole.
Lending. In the normal course of business, the Company becomes a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit in the form of loans or through commercial or standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. Those instruments represent varying degrees of exposure to risk in excess of the amounts included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The contractual or notional amount of these instruments indicates a level of activity associated with a particular class of financial instrument and is not a reflection of the level of expected losses, if any.
The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Unless noted otherwise, the Company does not require collateral or other security to support financial instruments with credit risk.
Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent the amount of credit risk include the following:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 1,740,463 |  |  | $ | 1,626,523 |
Standby letters of credit |  |  | 44,672 |  |  |  | 62,076 |
Commercial letters of credit |  |  | 71,073 |  |  |  | 64,233 |
Bill of lading guarantees |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 187 |
Total |  | $ | 1,856,285 |  |  | $ | 1,753,019 |

F-38

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer provided there is no violation of any condition established in the commitment agreement. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates and are expected to expire without being drawn upon. The total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit is based on management’s credit evaluation of the borrowers.
As of December 31, 2012, the Company does not have fixed-rate or variable-rate commitments with characteristics similar to options, which provide the holder, for a premium paid at inception to the Company, the benefits of favorable movements in the price of an underlying asset or index with limited or no exposure to losses from unfavorable price movements.
As of December 31, 2012, commitments to extend credit of $1.7 billion include commitments to fund fixed rate loans of $115.4 million and adjustable rate loans of $1.6 billion.
Commercial letters of credit and bill of lading guarantees are issued to facilitate domestic and foreign trade transactions while standby letters of credit are issued to make payments on behalf of customers if certain specified future events occur. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit and bill of lading guarantees is essentially the same as that involved in making loans to customers.
Leases. The Company is obligated under a number of operating leases for premises and equipment with terms ranging from one to 50 years, many of which provide for periodic adjustment of rentals based on changes in various economic indicators. Rental expense was $7.4 million for 2012, $6.7 million for 2011, and $6.6 million for 2010. The following table shows future minimum payments under operating leases with terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2012.

Year Ending December 31, |  | Commitments |
|  | (In thousands) |
2013 |  | $ | 6,084 |
2014 |  |  | 4,939 |
2015 |  |  | 3,009 |
2016 |  |  | 2,028 |
2017 |  |  | 617 |
Thereafter |  |  | 661 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 17,338 |

Rental income was $0.3 million for 2012, $0.2 million for 2011, and $0.3 million for 2010. The following table shows future rental payments to be received under operating leases with terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2012:

Year Ending December 31, |  | Commitments |
|  | (In thousands) |
2013 |  | $ | 108 |
2014 |  |  | 60 |
2015 |  |  | 11 |
Thereafter |  |  | - |
Total minimum lease payments to be received |  | $ | 179 |

F-39

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
15. Financial Derivatives
It is the policy of the Company not to speculate on the future direction of interest rates. However, the Company enters into financial derivatives in order to seek mitigation of exposure to interest rate risks related to its interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Management believes that these transactions, when properly structured and managed, may provide a hedge against inherent interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities and against risk in specific transactions. In such instances, the Company may protect its position through the purchase or sale of interest rate futures contracts for a specific cash or interest rate risk position. Other hedge transactions may be implemented using interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, floors, financial futures, forward rate agreements, and options on futures or bonds. Prior to considering any hedging activities, we seek to analyze the costs and benefits of the hedge in comparison to other viable alternative strategies. All hedges will require an assessment of basis risk and must be approved by the Bank’s Investment Committee.
The Company follows ASC Topic 815 which established accounting and reporting standards for financial derivatives, including certain financial derivatives embedded in other contracts, and hedging activities. It requires the recognition of all financial derivatives as assets or liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and measurement of those financial derivatives at fair value. The accounting treatment of changes in fair value is dependent upon whether or not a financial derivative is designated as a hedge and if so, the type of hedge.
As of December 31, 2011, we had five interest rate swap agreements with two major financial institutions in the notional amount of $300.0 million for a period of three years. These interest rate swaps were not structured to hedge against inherent interest rate risks related to our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. These five interest rate swap agreements all matured in the third quarter of 2012. The net amount accrued on these interest rate swaps and the changes in the market value of these interest rate swaps were recorded as a reduction to other non-interest income in the amount of $288,000 in 2012 compared to $4.9 million in the same period a year ago.
The Company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts with various counter parties to mitigate the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates for foreign exchange certificates of deposit, foreign exchange contracts, or foreign currency option contracts entered into with our clients. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and are recorded at fair value in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of these contracts as well as the related foreign exchange certificates of deposit, foreign exchange contracts or foreign currency option contracts are recognized immediately in net income as a component of non-interest income. Period end gross positive fair values are recorded in other assets and gross negative fair values are recorded in other liabilities. At December 31, 2012, the notional amount of option contracts totaled $209,000 with a net negative fair value of $2,000. Spot and forward contracts in the total notional amount of $188.1 million had a positive fair value of $2.9 million at December 31, 2012. Spot and forward contracts in the total notional amount of $133.7 million had a negative fair value of $1.6 million at December 31, 2012. At December 31, 2011, the notional amount of option contracts totaled $4.3 million with a net positive fair value of $29,000. Spot and forward contracts in the total notional amount of $238.6 million had a positive fair value, in the amount of $2.2 million, at December 31, 2011. Spot and forward contracts in the total notional amount of $128.2 million had a negative fair value, in the amount of $486,000, at December 31, 2011.
16. Fair Value Measurements
The Company adopted ASC Topic 820 on January 1, 2008, and determined the fair values of our financial instruments based on the following:

| · | Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

| · | Level 2 – Observable prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; directly observable market inputs for substantially the full term of the asset and liability; market inputs that are not directly observable but are derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

F-40

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

| · | Level 3 – Unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own judgments about the assumptions that a market participant would use.

The Company uses the following methodologies to measure the fair value of its financial assets and liabilities on a recurring basis:
Securities Available for Sale. For certain actively traded agency preferred stocks, mutual funds, and U.S. Treasury securities, the Company measures the fair value based on quoted market prices in active exchange markets at the reporting date, a Level 1 measurement. The Company also measures securities by using quoted market prices for similar securities or dealer quotes, a Level 2 measurement. This category generally includes U.S. Government agency securities, state and municipal securities, mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), commercial MBS, collateralized mortgage obligations, asset-backed securities, corporate bonds and trust preferred securities.
Trading Securities. The Company measures the fair value of trading securities based on quoted market prices in active exchange markets at the reporting date, a Level 1 measurement. The Company also measures the fair value for other trading securities based on quoted market prices for similar securities or dealer quotes, a Level 2 measurement.
Warrants. The Company measures the fair value of warrants based on unobservable inputs based on assumption and management judgment, a Level 3 measurement.
Currency Option Contracts and Foreign Exchange Contracts. The Company measures the fair value of currency option and foreign exchange contracts based on dealer quotes on a recurring basis, a Level 2 measurement.
Interest Rate Swaps. Fair value of interest rate swaps was derived from observable market prices for similar assets on a recurring basis, a Level 2 measurement.
The valuation techniques for the assets and liabilities valued on a nonrecurring basis are as follows:
Impaired Loans. The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, nonrecurring fair value adjustments to collateral dependent impaired loans are recorded based on either the current appraised value of the collateral, a Level 2 measurement, or management’s judgment and estimation of value reported on old appraisals which are then adjusted based on recent market trends, a Level 3 measurement.
Loans Held for sale. The Company records loans held for sale at fair value based on quoted prices from third party sale analysis, existing sale agreements, or appraisal reports adjusted by sales commission assumption, a Level 3 measurement.
Goodwill. The Company completes “step one” of the impairment test by comparing the fair value of each reporting unit (as determined based on the discussion below) with the recorded book value (or “carrying amount”) of its net assets, with goodwill included in the computation of the carrying amount. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired, and “step two” of the impairment test is not necessary. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, step two of the impairment test is performed to determine the amount of impairment. Step two of the impairment test compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill to the “implied fair value” of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is computed by assuming all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit would be adjusted to the current fair value, with the offset as an adjustment to goodwill. This adjusted goodwill balance is the implied fair value used in step two. An impairment charge is then recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. In connection with the determination of fair value, certain data and information was utilized, including earnings forecast at the reporting unit level for the next four years. Other key assumptions include terminal values based on future growth rates and discount rates for valuing the cash flows, which have inputs for the risk-free rate, market risk premium and adjustments to reflect inherent risk and required market returns. Because of the significance of unobservable inputs in the valuation of goodwill impairment, goodwill subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustments is classified as Level 3 measurement.
F-41

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Core Deposit Intangibles. Core deposit intangibles is initially recorded at fair value based on a valuation of the core deposits acquired and is amortized over its estimated useful life to its residual value in proportion to the economic benefits consumed. The Company assesses the recoverability of this intangible asset on a nonrecurring basis using the core deposits remaining at the assessment date and the fair value of cash flows expected to be generated from the core deposits, a Level 3 measurement.
Other Real Estate Owned. Real estate acquired in the settlement of loans is initially recorded at fair value based on the appraised value of the property on the date of transfer, less estimated costs to sell, a Level 2 measurement. From time to time, nonrecurring fair value adjustments are made to other real estate owned based on the current updated appraised value of the property, also a Level 2 measurement, or management’s judgment and estimation of value reported on old appraisals which are then adjusted based on recent market trends, a Level 3 measurement.
Investments in Venture Capital. The Company periodically reviews for OTTI on a nonrecurring basis. Investments in venture capital were written down to their fair value based on available financial reports from venture capital partnerships and management’s judgment and estimation, a Level 3 measurement.
The following table presents the Company’s hierarchy for its assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2012, and at December 31, 2011:
F-42

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

As of December 31, 2012 |  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  |  | Total at |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (In thousands) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 509,971 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 509,971 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 416,694 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 416,694 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,168 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,168 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 141 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 335,977 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 335,977 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 6,079 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,079 |
Preferred stock of government sponsored entities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,335 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,335 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | 10,115 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,115 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  |  | 526,165 |  |  |  | 765,315 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,291,480 |
Trading securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,703 |
Warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 104 |
Option contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,924 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,924 |
Total assets |  | $ | 16,194 |  |  | $ | 1,282,913 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 1,299,211 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Option contracts |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,586 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,586 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,588 |

As of December 31, 2011 |  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  |  | Total at |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (In thousands) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 501,226 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 501,226 |
State and municipal securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,928 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,928 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337,631 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337,631 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,486 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,486 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 166 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 380,429 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 380,429 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 6,035 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,035 |
Preferred stock of government sponsored entities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,654 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,654 |
Trust preferred securities |  |  | 45,963 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45,963 |
Other equity securities |  |  | 2,960 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,960 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  |  | 54,958 |  |  |  | 1,239,520 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,294,478 |
Trading securities |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4,540 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,542 |
Warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | 218 |
Option contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,151 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,151 |
Total assets |  | $ | 54,960 |  |  | $ | 1,246,245 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 1,301,423 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,634 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,634 |
Option contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 486 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,125 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,125 |

F-43

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The Company measured the fair value of its warrants on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs. The fair value of warrants was $104,000 at December 31, 2012, compared to $218,000 at December 31, 2011. The fair value adjustment of warrants was included in other operating income of 2012.
For financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis that were still reflected in the balance sheet at December 31, 2012, the following table provides the level of valuation assumptions used to determine each adjustment and the carrying value of the related individual assets at December 31, 2012, and at December 31, 2011, and the total losses for the periods indicated:

|  | As of December 31, 2012 |  |  | Total Losses |
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  |  | Total at |  |  | For the Twelve Months Ended |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | December 31, 2012 |  |  | December 31, 2011 |
Assets |  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans by type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,492 |  |  | $ | 3,492 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 877 |
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,295 |  |  |  | 11,295 |  |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | - |
Construction- residential |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Construction- other |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 46,153 |  |  |  | 46,153 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | - |
Residential mortgage and equity lines |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,206 |  |  |  | 11,206 |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 820 |
Land loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 46 |
Total impaired loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 72,943 |  |  |  | 72,943 |  |  |  | 1,272 |  |  |  | 1,743 |
Other real estate owned (1 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 27,149 |  |  |  | 4,841 |  |  |  | 31,990 |  |  |  | 10,904 |  |  |  | 7,003 |
Investments in venture capital |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,001 |  |  |  | 9,001 |  |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 379 |
Equity investments |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 200 |
Total assets |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 27,149 |  |  | $ | 86,785 |  |  | $ | 114,076 |  |  | $ | 12,666 |  |  | $ | 9,325 |

(1) Other real estate owned balance of $46.4 million in the consolidated balance sheet is net of estimated disposal costs.

| As of December 31, 2011 |  |  | Total Losses |
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  |  | Total at |  |  | For the Twelve Months Ended |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | December 31, 2011 |  |  | December 31, 2010 |
Assets |  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans by type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,251 |  |  | $ | 4,251 |  |  | $ | 877 |  |  | $ | 3,411 |
Construction- residential |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,295 |
Real estate loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35,576 |  |  |  | 35,576 |  |  |  | 820 |  |  |  | 1,407 |
Land loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 611 |  |  |  | 611 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 1,003 |
Total impaired loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 40,438 |  |  |  | 40,438 |  |  |  | 1,743 |  |  |  | 7,116 |
Loans held-for-sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,160 |
Other real estate owned (1 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 79,029 |  |  |  | 1,093 |  |  |  | 80,122 |  |  |  | 7,003 |  |  |  | 20,139 |
Investments in venture capital |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,693 |  |  |  | 8,693 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 760 |
Equity investments |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 304 |
Total assets |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 79,029 |  |  | $ | 50,984 |  |  | $ | 130,336 |  |  | $ | 9,325 |  |  | $ | 31,479 |

(1) Other real estate owned balance of $71.0 million in the consolidated balance sheet is net of estimated disposal costs. |

F-44

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans was primarily based on the appraised value of collateral adjusted by estimated sales cost and commissions. The Company generally obtains new appraisal reports every six months. As the Company’s primary objective in the event of default would be to monetize the collateral to settle the outstanding balance of the loan, less marketable collateral would receive a larger discount. During the reported periods, collateral discounts ranged from 45% in the case of accounts receivable collateral to 65% in the case of inventory collateral.
The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of loans held for sale was primarily based on the quoted price or sale price adjusted by estimated sales cost and commissions. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of other real estate owned (“OREO”) was primarily based on the appraised value of OREO adjusted by estimated sales cost and commissions.
The Company applies estimated sales cost and commission ranging from 3% to 6% to collateral value of impaired loans, quoted price or loan sale price of loans held for sale, and appraised value of OREOs.
The significant unobservable inputs in the Black-Scholes option pricing model for the fair value of warrants are the expected life of warrant ranging from 1 to 4 years, risk-free interest rate from 0.25% to 0.54%, and stock volatility of the Company from 13.7% to 18.6%.
17. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. For cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount was assumed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value, a Level 1 measurement.
Short-term Investments. For short-term investments, the carrying amount was assumed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value, a Level 1 measurement.
Securities Purchased under Agreements to Resell. The fair value of securities purchased under agreements to resell is based on dealer quotes, a Level 2 measurement.
Securities. For securities, including securities held-to-maturity, available-for-sale and for trading, fair values were based on quoted market prices at the reporting date. If a quoted market price was not available, fair value was estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities or dealer quotes. For certain actively traded agency preferred stocks and U.S. Treasury securities, the Company measures the fair value based on quoted market prices in active exchange markets at the reporting date, a Level 1 measurement. The Company also measures securities by using quoted market prices for similar securities or dealer quotes, a Level 2 measurement. This category generally includes U.S. Government agency securities, state and municipal securities, mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), commercial MBS, collateralized mortgage obligations, asset-backed securities, and corporate bonds.
Loans Held for Sale. The Company records loans held for sale at fair value based on quoted prices from third party sources, or appraisal reports adjusted by sales commission assumptions, a Level 3 measurement.
Loans. Fair values were estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Each loan category was further segmented into fixed and adjustable rate interest terms and by performing and non-performing categories.
F-45

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
The fair value of performing loans was calculated by discounting scheduled cash flows through the estimated maturity using estimated market discount rates that reflect the credit and interest rate risk inherent in the loan, a Level 3 measurement.
The fair value of impaired loans was calculated based on the net realizable fair value of the collateral or the observable market price of the most recent sale or quoted price from loans held for sale. The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments to collateral dependent impaired loans are recorded based on the current appraised value of the collateral, a Level 2 measurement.
Deposit Liabilities. The fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts, and certain money market deposits was assumed to be the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of fixed-maturity certificates of deposit was estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits with similar remaining maturities, a Level 3 measurement.
Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase. The fair value of securities sold under agreements to repurchase is based on dealer quotes, a Level 2 measurement.
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank. The fair value of the advances is based on quotes from the FHLB to settle the advances, a Level 2 measurement.
Other Borrowings. This category includes borrowings from other financial institutions. The fair value of other borrowings is calculated by discounting scheduled cash flows through the estimated maturity using estimated market discount rates that reflect the credit and interest rate risk, a Level 3 measurement.
Long-term Debt. The fair value of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices or dealer quotes, a Level 2 measurement.
Currency Option and Foreign Exchange Contracts. The Company measures the fair value of currency option and foreign exchange contracts based on dealer quotes, a Level 2 measurement.
Interest Rate Swaps. Fair value of interest rate swaps was derived from observable market prices for similar assets, a Level 2 measurement.
Off-Balance-Sheet Financial Instruments. The fair value of commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written were estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counter parties. The fair value of guarantees and letters of credit was based on fees currently charged for similar agreements or on the estimated cost to terminate them or otherwise settle the obligations with the counter parties at the reporting date. Off-balance-sheet financial instruments were fair valued based on the assumptions that a market participant would use, a Level 3 measurement.
Fair value was estimated in accordance with ASC Topic 825, formerly SFAS 107. Fair value estimates were made at specific points in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Bank’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Bank’s financial instruments, fair value estimates were based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates were subjective in nature and involved uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
F-46

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Fair Value of Financial Instruments

|  | As of December 31, 2012 |  |  | As of December 31, 2011 |
|  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (In thousands) |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 144,909 |  |  | $ | 144,909 |  |  | $ | 117,888 |  |  | $ | 117,888 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 411,983 |  |  |  | 411,983 |  |  |  | 294,956 |  |  |  | 294,956 |
Securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 773,768 |  |  |  | 823,906 |  |  |  | 1,153,504 |  |  |  | 1,203,977 |
Securities available-for-sale |  |  | 1,291,480 |  |  |  | 1,291,480 |  |  |  | 1,294,478 |  |  |  | 1,294,478 |
Trading securities |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  | 4,542 |  |  |  | 4,542 |
Loans held-for-sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | 760 |
Loans, net |  |  | 7,235,587 |  |  |  | 7,169,732 |  |  |  | 6,844,483 |  |  |  | 6,825,571 |
Investment in Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 41,272 |  |  |  | 41,272 |  |  |  | 52,989 |  |  |  | 52,989 |
Warrants |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | 218 |

|  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
Option contracts |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,026 |  |  | $ | 34 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | 188,145 |  |  |  | 2,924 |  |  |  | 238,581 |  |  |  | 2,151 |

Financial Liabilities |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
Deposits |  | $ | 7,383,225 |  |  | $ | 7,389,015 |  |  | $ | 7,229,131 |  |  | $ | 7,240,857 |
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase |  |  | 1,250,000 |  |  |  | 1,361,585 |  |  |  | 1,400,000 |  |  |  | 1,547,900 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 146,200 |  |  |  | 146,789 |  |  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  | 227,825 |
Other borrowings |  |  | 18,713 |  |  |  | 14,573 |  |  |  | 19,800 |  |  |  | 19,801 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 98,392 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 98,676 |

|  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
Option contracts |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,282 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | 2,634 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | 133,669 |  |  |  | 1,586 |  |  |  | 128,215 |  |  |  | 486 |

|  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 1,740,463 |  |  | $ | (1,875 | ) |  | $ | 1,626,523 |  |  | $ | (1,253 | )
Standby letters of credit |  |  | 44,672 |  |  |  | (204 | ) |  |  | 62,076 |  |  |  | (367 | )
Other letters of credit |  |  | 71,073 |  |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | 64,233 |  |  |  | (38 | )
Bill of lading guarantees |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | - |

The following table presents the level in the fair value hierarchy for the estimated fair values of only financial instruments that are not already on the Consolidated balance sheets at fair value at December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011.
F-47

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

|  | As of December 31, 2012 |
|  | Estimated Fair Value Measurements |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 144,909 |  |  | $ | 144,909 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Short-term investments |  |  | 411,983 |  |  |  | 411,983 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 823,906 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 823,906 |  |  |  | - |
Securities available-for-sale |  |  | 1,291,480 |  |  |  | 526,165 |  |  |  | 765,315 |  |  |  | - |
Trading securities |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,703 |  |  |  | - |
Loans, net |  |  | 7,169,732 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,169,732 |
Investment in Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 41,272 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41,272 |  |  |  | - |
Warrants |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 104 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 7,389,015 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,389,015 |
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase |  |  | 1,361,585 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,361,585 |  |  |  | - |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 146,789 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 146,789 |  |  |  | - |
Other borrowings |  |  | 14,573 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,573 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 98,392 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 98,392 |  |  |  | - |

|  | As of December 31, 2011 |
|  | Estimated Fair Value Measurements |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 117,888 |  |  | $ | 117,888 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Short-term investments |  |  | 294,956 |  |  |  | 294,956 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 1,203,977 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,203,977 |  |  |  | - |
Securities available-for-sale |  |  | 1,294,478 |  |  |  | 54,958 |  |  |  | 1,239,520 |  |  |  | - |
Trading securities |  |  | 4,542 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4,540 |  |  |  | - |
Loans held-for-sale |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | . |
Loans, net |  |  | 6,825,571 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,825,571 |
Investment in Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 52,989 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 52,989 |  |  |  | - |
Warrants |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 218 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 7,240,857 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,240,857 |
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase |  |  | 1,547,900 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,547,900 |  |  |  | - |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 227,825 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 227,825 |  |  |  | - |
Other borrowings |  |  | 19,801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19,801 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 98,676 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 98,676 |  |  |  | - |

18. Employee Benefit Plans
Employee Stock Ownership Plan. Under the Company’s Amended and Restated Cathay Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”), the Company can make annual contributions to a trust in the form of either cash or common stock of the Bancorp for the benefit of eligible employees. Employees are eligible to participate in the ESOP after completing two years of service for salaried full-time employees or 1,000 hours for each of two consecutive years for salaried part-time employees. The amount of the annual contribution is discretionary except that it must be sufficient to enable the trust to meet its current obligations. The Company also pays for the administration of this plan and of the trust. The Company has not made contributions to the trust since 2004 and does not expect to make any contributions in the future. Effective June 17, 2004, the ESOP was amended to provide the participants the election either to reinvest the dividends on the Company stock allocated to their accounts or to have these dividends distributed to the participant. The ESOP trust purchased 2,814 shares in 2012, 3,437 shares in 2011, and 4,881 shares in 2010, of the Bancorp’s common stock at an aggregate cost of $47,000 in 2012, $47,000 in 2011, and $51,000 in 2010. All purchases after 2006 were through the Dividend Reinvestment Plan. The distribution of benefits to participants totaled 116,124 shares in 2012, 83,020 shares in 2011, and 171,689 shares in 2010. As of December 31, 2012, the ESOP owned 1,188,741 shares, or 1.5%, of the Company’s outstanding common stock.
F-48

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
401(k) Plan. In 1997, the Board approved the Company’s 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan, which began on March 1, 1997. Salaried employees who have completed three months of service and have attained the age of 21 are eligible to participate. Enrollment dates are on January 1st, April 1st, July 1st, and October 1st of each year. Participants may contribute up to 75% of their eligible compensation for the year but not to exceed the dollar limit set by the Internal Revenue Code. Participants may change their contribution election on the enrollment dates. Prior to April 1, 2010, the Company matched 100% on the first 5% of eligible compensation contributed per pay period by the participant, after one year of service. The vesting schedule for the matching contribution is 0% for less than two years of service, 25% after two years of service and from then on, at an increment of 25% each year until 100% is vested after five years of service. In February 2010, the Board revised and reduced the contribution match for the Company’s 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan. Effective on April 1, 2010, the Company matches 100% on the first 2.5% of eligible compensation contributed per pay period by the participant, after one year of service. The Company’s contribution amounted to $1.0 million in 2012, $0.9 million in 2011, and $0.9 million in 2010. The Plan allows participants to withdraw all or part of their vested amount in the Plan due to certain financial hardship as set forth in the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury Regulations. Participants may also borrow up to 50% of the vested amount, with a maximum of $50,000. The minimum loan amount is $1,000.
19. Equity Incentive Plans
In 1998, the Board adopted the Cathay Bancorp, Inc. Equity Incentive Plan. Under the Equity Incentive Plan, as amended in September, 2003, directors and eligible employees may be granted incentive or non-statutory stock options and/or restricted stock units, or awarded non-vested stock, for up to 7,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock on a split adjusted basis. In May 2005, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2005 Incentive Plan which provides that 3,131,854 shares of the Company’s common stock may be granted as incentive or non-statutory stock options, or as restricted stock, or as restricted stock units. In conjunction with the approval of the 2005 Incentive Plan, the Bancorp agreed to cease granting awards under the Equity Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2012, the only options granted by the Company under the 2005 Incentive Plan were non-statutory stock options to selected bank officers and non-employee directors at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Such options have a maximum ten-year term and vest in 20% annual increments (subject to early termination in certain events) except certain options granted to the Chief Executive Officer of the Company in 2005 and 2008. If such options expire or terminate without having been exercised, any shares not purchased will again be available for future grants or awards. Stock options are typically granted in the first quarter of the year. There were no options granted in 2012, in 2011, or in 2010. The Company expects to issue new shares to satisfy stock option exercises and the vesting of restricted stock units.
Cash received from exercises of stock options totaled $764,000 for 50,024 shares in 2012 compared to $1.3 million for 86,860 shares in 2011. The fair value of stock options vested in 2012 was $745,000 compared to $2.6 million in 2011. Aggregate intrinsic value for options exercised was $103,000 in 2012 compared to $172,000 in 2011.
A summary of stock option activity for 2012, 2011, and 2010 follows:
F-49

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) |
Balance, December 31, 2009 |  |  | 5,169,653 |  |  | $ | 27.71 |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | $ | - |
Forfeited |  |  | (222,305 | ) |  |  | 23.23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2010 |  |  | 4,947,348 |  |  |  | 27.93 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 334 |
Exercised |  |  | (86,860 | ) |  | $ | 15.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (503,503 | ) |  |  | 22.72 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2011 |  |  | 4,356,985 |  |  |  | 28.86 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Exercised |  |  | (50,024 | ) |  | $ | 15.27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (310,331 | ) |  |  | 23.75 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2012 |  |  | 3,996,630 |  |  |  | 29.45 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | $ | - |
Exercisable, December 31, 2012 |  |  | 3,889,514 |  |  | $ | 29.61 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | $ | - |

At December 31, 2012, 2,364,947 shares were available under the 2005 Incentive Plan for future grants. The following table shows stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2012, the corresponding exercise prices, and the weighted-average contractual life remaining:

|  |  | Outstanding |
Exercise Price |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years) |  |  | Exercisable Shares |
$ | 19.93 |  |  |  | 319,240 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 319,240 |
| 23.37 |  |  |  | 637,680 |  |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 530,564 |
| 24.80 |  |  |  | 811,956 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 811,956 |
| 28.70 |  |  |  | 453,000 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 453,000 |
| 32.26 |  |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 10,000 |
| 32.47 |  |  |  | 245,060 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 245,060 |
| 33.54 |  |  |  | 264,694 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 264,694 |
| 37.00 |  |  |  | 582,650 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 582,650 |
| 38.38 |  |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  | 15,000 |
| 36.90 |  |  |  | 231,120 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 231,120 |
| 36.24 |  |  |  | 414,230 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 414,230 |
| 38.26 |  |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 12,000 |
|  |  |  |  | 3,996,630 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 3,889,514 |

In addition to stock options, the Company also grants restricted stock units to eligible employees. On February 21, 2008, restricted stock units for 82,291 shares were granted. Upon vesting of restricted stock units, the Company issued 15,006 shares of common stock at the closing price of $9.64 per share on February 21, 2010, and 12,633 shares of common stock at the closing price of $18.79 per share on February 21, 2011. Restricted stock units granted in 2008 have a maximum term of five years and vest in approximately 20% annual increments subject to continued employment with the Company.
The Company granted restricted stock units for 125,133 shares at an average closing price of $18.24 per share in 2012 and for 147,661 shares at an average closing price of $14.78 in 2011. The restricted stock units granted in 2012 and 2011 are scheduled to vest two years from grant date.
The following table presents restricted stock unit activity for 2012, 2011, and 2010:
F-50

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

|  | Units |
Balance at December 31, 2009 |  |  | 60,021 |
Vested |  |  | (15,006 | )
Cancelled or forfeited |  |  | (6,055 | )
Balance at December 31, 2010 |  |  | 38,960 |
Granted |  |  | 147,661 |
Vested |  |  | (12,633 | )
Cancelled or forfeited |  |  | (2,578 | )
Balance at December 31, 2011 |  |  | 171,410 |
Granted |  |  | 125,133 |
Vested |  |  | (11,814 | )
Cancelled or forfeited |  |  | (28,113 | )
Balance at December 31, 2012 |  |  | 256,616 |

The compensation expense recorded related to the restricted stock units above was $1.3 million in 2012, $758,000 in 2011, and $327,000 in 2010. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units was $2.7 million at December 31, 2012, and is expected to be recognized over the next 1.5 years.
The following table summarizes the tax benefit from options exercised:

|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
(Short-fall)/benefit of tax deductions in excess of grant-date fair value |  | $ | (620 | ) |  | $ | (290 | ) |  | $ | (539 | )
Benefit of tax deductions on grant-date fair value |  |  | 747 |  |  |  | 362 |  |  |  | 539 |
Total benefit of tax deductions |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | - |

In 2012, 45,937 shares of the Company’s common stock at the average price of $17.16 per share were issued to six executive officers and recorded as compensation expense.
F-51

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
20. Condensed Financial Information of Cathay General Bancorp
The condensed financial information of the Bancorp as of December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, and for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 is as follows:
Balance Sheets

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | (In thousands, except share and per share data) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 809 |
Short-term certificates of deposit |  |  | 161,300 |  |  |  | 19,000 |
Investment in bank subsidiaries |  |  | 1,569,902 |  |  |  | 1,593,831 |
Investment in non-bank subsidiaries |  |  | 2,598 |  |  |  | 2,615 |
Other assets |  |  | 9,936 |  |  |  | 14,189 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,744,375 |  |  | $ | 1,630,444 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Junior subordinated debt |  | $ | 121,136 |  |  | $ | 121,136 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 2,182 |  |  |  | 2,122 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 123,318 |  |  |  | 123,258 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, 10,000,000 shares authorized, 258,000 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011 |  |  | 254,580 |  |  |  | 250,992 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 82,985,853 issued and 78,778,288 outstanding at December 31, 2012, and 82,860,122 issued and 78,652,557 outstanding at December 31, 2011 |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 829 |
Additional paid-in-capital |  |  | 768,925 |  |  |  | 765,641 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | (8,732 | )
Retained earnings |  |  | 721,993 |  |  |  | 624,192 |
Treasury stock, at cost (4,207,565 shares at December 31, 2012, and at December 31, 2011) |  |  | (125,736 | ) |  |  | (125,736 | )
Total stockholders' equity |  |  | 1,621,057 |  |  |  | 1,507,186 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 1,744,375 |  |  | $ | 1,630,444 |

Statements of Operations

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Cash dividends from Cathay Bank |  | $ | 154,700 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Interest income |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 259 |  |  |  | 227 |
Interest expense |  |  | 3,228 |  |  |  | 3,038 |  |  |  | 3,075 |
Non-interest income/(loss) |  |  | 3,718 |  |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | (782 | )
Non-interest expense |  |  | 2,064 |  |  |  | 1,548 |  |  |  | 1,308 |
Income/(loss) before income tax benefit |  |  | 153,322 |  |  |  | (4,041 | ) |  |  | (4,938 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | (579 | ) |  |  | (1,699 | ) |  |  | (2,076 | )
Loss before undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | 153,901 |  |  |  | (2,342 | ) |  |  | (2,862 | )
Undistributed (loss)/earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | (36,463 | ) |  |  | 102,492 |  |  |  | 14,427 |
Net income |  | $ | 117,438 |  |  | $ | 100,150 |  |  | $ | 11,565 |

F-52

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Statements of Cash Flows

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Cash flows from Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income/(loss) |  | $ | 117,438 |  |  | $ | 100,150 |  |  | $ | 11,565 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends in excess of earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | 36,463 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | - |  |  |  | (102,492 | ) |  |  | (14,427 | )
Gains on sale of securities |  |  | (3,380 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Increase in accrued expense |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 3 |
Write-downs on venture capital and other investments |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 321 |  |  |  | 521 |
Write-downs on impaired securities |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 492 |
Loss/(gains) in fair value of warrants |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | (215 | ) |  |  | 29 |
Excess tax short-fall from stock options |  |  | 620 |  |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 539 |
(Decrease)/increase in other assets |  |  | 1,820 |  |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | 1,040 |
Increase/(decrease) in other liabilities |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | (221 | ) |  |  | (607 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | 153,589 |  |  |  | (2,064 | ) |  |  | (845 | )
Cash flows from Investment Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Additional investment in subsidiary |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (94,000 | )
Decrease/(increase) in short-term investment |  |  | (142,300 | ) |  |  | 17,500 |  |  |  | (12,000 | )
Proceeds from sale/(purchase) of available-for-sale securities |  |  | 4,849 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (418 | )
Venture capital investments |  |  | (694 | ) |  |  | (671 | ) |  |  | (1,056 | )
Net cash provided by/(used in) investment activities |  |  | (138,145 | ) |  |  | 16,829 |  |  |  | (107,474 | )
Cash flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends |  |  | (16,049 | ) |  |  | (16,046 | ) |  |  | (16,041 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 124,928 |
Proceeds from shares issued under the Dividend Reinvestment Plan |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 310 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | 1,306 |  |  |  | - |
Excess tax short-fall from share-based payment arrangements |  |  | (620 | ) |  |  | (290 | ) |  |  | (539 | )
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities |  |  | (15,614 | ) |  |  | (14,743 | ) |  |  | 108,658 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (170 | ) |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 339 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | 787 |  |  |  | 448 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 809 |  |  | $ | 787 |

21. Dividend Reinvestment Plan
The Company has a Dividend Reinvestment Plan which allows for participants’ reinvestment of cash dividends and certain optional additional investments in the Company’s common stock. Shares issued under the plan and the consideration received were 17,956 shares for $291,000 in 2012, 21,281 shares for $287,000 in 2011, and 28,778 shares for $310,000 in 2010.
F-53

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
22. Regulatory Matters
The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Bank’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. See Note 11 for discussion of possible future disallowance of Capital Securities as Tier 1 capital.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has established five capital ratio categories: “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” and “critically undercapitalized.” A well capitalized institution must have a Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6%, a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10%, and a leverage ratio of at least 5%. At December 31, 2011 and 2009, the Bank qualified as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.
The Bancorp’s and the Bank’s capital and leverage ratios as of December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, are presented in the tables below:

|  | As of December 31, 2012 |  |  | As of December 31, 2011 |
|  | Company |  |  | Bank |  |  | Company |  |  | Bank |
|  | Balance |  |  | Percentage |  |  | Balance |  |  | Percentage |  |  | Balance |  |  | Percentage |  |  | Balance |  |  | Percentage |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Tier I Capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  | $ | 1,426,566 |  |  |  | 17.36 | % |  | $ | 1,259,005 |  |  |  | 15.33 | % |  | $ | 1,318,948 |  |  |  | 15.97 | % |  | $ | 1,289,747 |  |  |  | 15.64 | %
Tier I Capital minimum requirement |  |  | 328,713 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 328,440 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 330,355 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 329,928 |  |  |  | 4.00 |
Excess |  | $ | 1,097,853 |  |  |  | 13.36 | % |  | $ | 930,565 |  |  |  | 11.33 | % |  | $ | 988,593 |  |  |  | 11.97 | % |  | $ | 959,819 |  |  |  | 11.64 | %
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  | $ | 1,571,060 |  |  |  | 19.12 | % |  | $ | 1,402,691 |  |  |  | 17.08 | % |  | $ | 1,474,496 |  |  |  | 17.85 | % |  | $ | 1,444,165 |  |  |  | 17.51 | %
Total Capital minimum requirement |  |  | 657,426 |  |  |  | 8.00 |  |  |  | 656,880 |  |  |  | 8.00 |  |  |  | 660,710 |  |  |  | 8.00 |  |  |  | 659,855 |  |  |  | 8.00 |
Excess |  | $ | 913,634 |  |  |  | 11.12 | % |  | $ | 745,811 |  |  |  | 9.08 | % |  | $ | 813,786 |  |  |  | 9.85 | % |  | $ | 784,310 |  |  |  | 9.51 | %
Tier I Capital (to average assets)Leverage ratio |  | $ | 1,426,566 |  |  |  | 13.82 | % |  | $ | 1,259,005 |  |  |  | 12.22 | % |  | $ | 1,318,948 |  |  |  | 12.93 | % |  | $ | 1,289,747 |  |  |  | 12.66 | %
Minimum leverage requirement |  |  | 412,844 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 412,272 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 408,146 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 407,643 |  |  |  | 4.00 |
Excess |  | $ | 1,013,722 |  |  |  | 9.82 | % |  | $ | 846,733 |  |  |  | 8.22 | % |  | $ | 910,802 |  |  |  | 8.93 | % |  | $ | 882,104 |  |  |  | 8.66 | %
Total average assets (1) |  | $ | 10,321,104 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,306,790 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,203,647 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,191,078 |  |  |  |  |
Risk-weighted assets |  | $ | 8,217,821 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,211,004 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,258,878 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,248,190 |  |  |  |  |

| (1) | Average assets represent average balances for the fourth quarter of each year presented.

On December 17, 2009, the Bancorp entered into a memorandum of understanding with Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (the “FRB SF”) under which it agreed that it will not, without the FRB SF’s prior written approval, (i) receive any dividends or any other form of payment or distribution representing a reduction of capital from the Bank, or (ii) declare or pay any dividends, make any payments on trust preferred securities, or make any other capital distributions. Under the memorandum, the Bancorp agreed to submit to the FRB SF for review and approval a plan to maintain sufficient capital at the Bancorp on a consolidated basis and at the Bank, a dividend policy for the Bancorp, a plan to improve management of its liquidity position and funds management practices, and a liquidity policy and contingency funding plan for the Bancorp. As part of its compliance with the memorandum, on January 22, 2010, the Bancorp submitted to the FRB SF a Three-Year Capital and Strategic Plan that updates a previously submitted plan and establishes, among other things, targets for its Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, total risk-based capital ratio, Tier 1 leverage capital ratio and tangible common risk-based ratio, each of which, where applicable, are above the minimum requirements for a well-capitalized institution. In addition, the Bancorp agreed to notify the FRB SF prior to effecting certain changes to its senior executive officers and board of directors and it is limited and/or prohibited, in certain circumstances, in its ability to enter into contracts to pay and to make golden parachute severance and indemnification payments. The Bancorp also agreed in the memorandum that we will not, without the prior written approval of the FRB SF, directly or indirectly, (i) incur, renew, increase or guaranty any debt, (ii) issue any additional trust preferred securities, or (iii) purchase, redeem, or otherwise acquire any stock.
F-54

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)
Until it was terminated as of November 7, 2012, the Bank was subject to a memorandum of understanding with the California Department of Financial Institutions (“DFI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC’) that was entered into on March 1, 2010, by which the Bank agreed to undertake certain steps to strengthen its operations. The Bank was required to develop and implement, within specified time periods, plans satisfactory to the DFI and the FDIC to reduce commercial real estate concentrations, to enhance and to improve the quality of our stress testing of the Bank’s loan portfolio, and to revise our loan policy in connection therewith; to develop and adopt a strategic plan addressing improved profitability and capital ratios and to reduce the Bank’s overall risk profile; to develop and adopt a capital plan; to develop and implement a plan to improve asset quality, including the methodology for calculating the loss reserve allocation and evaluating its adequacy; and to develop and implement a plan to reduce dependence on wholesale funding. In addition, we were required to report our progress to the DFI and FDIC on a quarterly basis. As part of our compliance with the Bank memorandum, on April 30, 2010, we submitted to the DFI and the FDIC a Three-Year Capital Plan that updated the Three-Year Capital and Strategic Plan previously submitted to the FRB SF on January 22, 2010, and established, among other things, targets for our Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and total risk-based capital ratio, each of which are above the minimum requirements for a well-capitalized institution and effective June 30, 2010, a target Tier 1 to total tangible assets ratio. We were in compliance with the applicable target ratios through the date of termination of the memorandum.
23. Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)
The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly financial data:
F-55

CATHAY GENERAL BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS–(Continued)

|  | Summary of Operations |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
|  | Fourth Quarter |  |  | Third Quarter |  |  | Second Quarter |  |  | First Quarter |  |  | Fourth Quarter |  |  | Third Quarter |  |  | Second Quarter |  |  | First Quarter |
|  | (In thousands, except per share data) |
Interest income |  | $ | 105,281 |  |  | $ | 106,747 |  |  | $ | 107,581 |  |  | $ | 110,135 |  |  | $ | 111,076 |  |  | $ | 114,379 |  |  | $ | 114,339 |  |  | $ | 113,777 |
Interest expense |  |  | 24,216 |  |  |  | 26,330 |  |  |  | 28,461 |  |  |  | 29,484 |  |  |  | 31,759 |  |  |  | 33,426 |  |  |  | 36,024 |  |  |  | 38,672 |
Net interest income |  |  | 81,065 |  |  |  | 80,417 |  |  |  | 79,120 |  |  |  | 80,651 |  |  |  | 79,317 |  |  |  | 80,953 |  |  |  | 78,315 |  |  |  | 75,105 |
(Reversal)/provision for credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,000 | ) |  |  | (4,000 | ) |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 9,000 |  |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | 6,000 |
Net-interest income after provision for loan losses |  |  | 81,065 |  |  |  | 80,417 |  |  |  | 84,120 |  |  |  | 84,651 |  |  |  | 77,317 |  |  |  | 71,953 |  |  |  | 68,315 |  |  |  | 69,105 |
Non-interest income |  |  | 12,202 |  |  |  | 15,622 |  |  |  | 9,852 |  |  |  | 8,831 |  |  |  | 8,986 |  |  |  | 16,827 |  |  |  | 12,453 |  |  |  | 12,626 |
Non-interest expense |  |  | 49,532 |  |  |  | 47,844 |  |  |  | 47,342 |  |  |  | 47,871 |  |  |  | 43,990 |  |  |  | 48,383 |  |  |  | 45,410 |  |  |  | 47,783 |
Income before income tax expense |  |  | 43,735 |  |  |  | 48,195 |  |  |  | 46,630 |  |  |  | 45,611 |  |  |  | 42,313 |  |  |  | 40,397 |  |  |  | 35,358 |  |  |  | 33,948 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 15,276 |  |  |  | 17,686 |  |  |  | 16,619 |  |  |  | 16,547 |  |  |  | 14,459 |  |  |  | 14,162 |  |  |  | 10,906 |  |  |  | 11,734 |
Net income |  |  | 28,459 |  |  |  | 30,509 |  |  |  | 30,011 |  |  |  | 29,064 |  |  |  | 27,854 |  |  |  | 26,235 |  |  |  | 24,452 |  |  |  | 22,214 |
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 151 |
Net income attributable to Cathay General Bancorp |  |  | 28,306 |  |  |  | 30,358 |  |  |  | 29,861 |  |  |  | 28,913 |  |  |  | 27,701 |  |  |  | 26,084 |  |  |  | 24,302 |  |  |  | 22,063 |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  | (4,127 | ) |  |  | (4,123 | ) |  |  | (4,121 | ) |  |  | (4,117 | ) |  |  | (4,114 | ) |  |  | (4,111 | ) |  |  | (4,107 | ) |  |  | (4,105 | )
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 24,179 |  |  | $ | 26,235 |  |  | $ | 25,740 |  |  | $ | 24,796 |  |  | $ | 23,587 |  |  | $ | 21,973 |  |  | $ | 20,195 |  |  | $ | 17,958 |
Basic net income attributable to common stockholders per common share |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |
Diluted net income attributable to commonstockholders per common share |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |

F-56