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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 1-10702
Terex Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 34-1531521
(State of Incorporation) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

301 Merritt 7, 4th Floor, Norwalk, Connecticut 06851
(Address of principal executive offices)
(203) 222-7170
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
_______________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($0.01 par value) | TEX | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |
Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
Number of outstanding shares of common stock: 66.8 million as of October 24, 2024.

The Exhibit Index begins on page 43.

GENERAL
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by Terex Corporation generally speaks as of September 30, 2024 unless specifically noted otherwise. Unless otherwise indicated, Terex Corporation, together with its consolidated subsidiaries, is hereinafter referred to as “Terex,” the “Registrant,” “us,” “we,” “our” or the “Company.”
Forward-Looking Information
Certain information in this Quarterly Report includes forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) regarding future events or our future financial performance that involve certain contingencies and uncertainties, including those discussed below in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Contingencies and Uncertainties.” In addition, when included in this Quarterly Report or in documents incorporated herein by reference, the words “may,” “expects,” “should,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “plans,” “projects,” “estimates,” “will” and the negatives thereof and analogous or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. However, the absence of these words does not mean that the statement is not forward-looking. We have based these forward-looking statements on current expectations and projections about future events. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. Such statements are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in such forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, include, among others:
•we may be unable to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including the Environmental Solutions Group business;
•we may not realize expected benefits for any acquired businesses within the timeframe anticipated or at all;
•our operations are subject to a number of potential risks that arise from operating a multinational business, including political and economic instability and compliance with changing regulatory environments;
•changes in the availability and price of certain materials and components, which may result in supply chain disruptions;
•consolidation within our customer base and suppliers;
•our business may suffer if our equipment fails to perform as expected;
•a material disruption to one of our significant facilities;
•our business is sensitive to general economic conditions, government spending priorities and the cyclical nature of markets we serve;
•our consolidated financial results are reported in United States (“U.S.”) dollars while certain assets and other reported items are denominated in the currencies of other countries, creating currency exchange and translation risk;
•we have a significant amount of debt outstanding and need to comply with restrictive covenants contained in our debt agreements;
•our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to service our debt obligations and operate our business;
•our ability to access the capital markets to raise funds and provide liquidity;
•the financial condition of customers and their continued access to capital;
•exposure from providing credit support for some of our customers;
•we may experience losses in excess of recorded reserves;
•our industry is highly competitive and subject to pricing pressure;
•our ability to successfully implement our strategy and the actual results derived from such strategy;
•increased cybersecurity threats and more sophisticated computer crime;
•increased regulatory focus on privacy and data security issues and expanding laws;
•our ability to attract, develop, engage and retain team members;
•possible work stoppages and other labor matters;
•litigation, product liability claims and other liabilities;
•changes in import/export regulatory regimes, imposition of tariffs, escalation of global trade conflicts and unfairly traded imports, particularly from China, could continue to negatively impact our business;
•compliance with environmental regulations could be costly and failure to meet sustainability expectations or standards or achieve our sustainability goals could adversely impact our business;
•our compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-corruption laws;
•our ability to comply with an injunction and related obligations imposed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; and
•other factors.
Actual events or our actual future results may differ materially from any forward-looking statement due to these and other risks, uncertainties and material factors. The forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report and the forward-looking statements contained in documents incorporated herein by reference speak only as of the date of the respective documents. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Index to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2024

|  | PAGE
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 4
Item 1 | Financial Statements | 4
Item 2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 25
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 38
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 39
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 40
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 40
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 42
Item 3 | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 42
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 42
Item 5 | Other Information | 42
Item 6 | Exhibits | 43
SIGNATURES | 44

3

PART I.FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(unaudited)
(in millions, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net sales | $ | 1,212 |  |  | $ | 1,290 |  |  | $ | 3,886 |  |  | $ | 3,929 |
Cost of goods sold | (967) |  |  | (998) |  |  | (3,015) |  |  | (3,015) |
Gross profit | 245 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 871 |  |  | 914 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (123) |  |  | (129) |  |  | (398) |  |  | (393) |
Income (loss) from operations | 122 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 521 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5 |
Interest expense | (13) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (44) |  |  | (47) |
Other income (expense) – net | (13) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (28) |  |  | (5) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 99 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 410 |  |  | 474 |
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes | (11) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (73) |  |  | (85) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations | 88 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 337 |  |  | 389 |
Gain (loss) on disposition of discontinued operations – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 391 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 1.32 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 5.03 |  |  | $ | 5.75 |
Gain (loss) on disposition of discontinued operations – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.04 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 1.32 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 5.03 |  |  | $ | 5.79 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |  |  | $ | 5.69 |
Gain (loss) on disposition of discontinued operations – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.03 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |  |  | $ | 5.72 |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding in per share calculation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 66.9 |  |  | 67.4 |  |  | 67.0 |  |  | 67.6 |
Diluted | 67.4 |  |  | 68.2 |  |  | 67.7 |  |  | 68.4 |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 375 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(unaudited)
(in millions, except par value)

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 371 |
Receivables (net of allowance of $10 and $8 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively) | 670 |  |  | 548 |
Inventories | 1,222 |  |  | 1,186 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 137 |  |  | 140 |
Total current assets | 2,381 |  |  | 2,245 |
Non-current assets |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment – net | 602 |  |  | 570 |
Goodwill | 301 |  |  | 295 |
Intangible assets – net | 14 |  |  | 16 |
Other assets | 483 |  |  | 489 |
Total assets | $ | 3,781 |  |  | $ | 3,615 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Trade accounts payable | 593 |  |  | 703 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 109 |  |  | 135 |
Other current liabilities | 290 |  |  | 278 |
Total current liabilities | 996 |  |  | 1,119 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |
Long-term debt, less current portion | 624 |  |  | 620 |
Other non-current liabilities | 204 |  |  | 204 |
Total liabilities | 1,824 |  |  | 1,943 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value – authorized 300.0 shares; issued 85.1 and 84.6 shares at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 914 |  |  | 906 |
Retained earnings | 1,977 |  |  | 1,675 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (279) |  |  | (287) |
Less cost of shares of common stock in treasury – 19.1 and 18.5 shares at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | (656) |  |  | (623) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 1,957 |  |  | 1,672 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 3,781 |  |  | $ | 3,615 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(unaudited)
(in millions)

| Outstanding Shares |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Common Stock in Treasury |  |  |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 66.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 906 |  |  | $ | 1,675 |  |  | $ | (287) |  |  | $ | (623) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,672 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 109 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (29) |
Issuance of common stock related to compensation | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 24 |
Compensation under stock-based plans – net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | (30) |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11) |
Acquisition of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  | (3) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 66.6 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 900 |  |  | $ | 1,772 |  |  | $ | (316) |  |  | $ | (625) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,732 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 141 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (27) |
Issuance of common stock related to compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Compensation under stock-based plans – net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 8 |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (12) |
Acquisition of treasury stock | (0.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |  |  |  |  | (19) |
Balance at June 30, 2024 | 66.3 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 909 |  |  | $ | 1,901 |  |  | $ | (343) |  |  | $ | (644) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,824 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 88 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 64 |
Issuance of common stock related to compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Compensation under stock-based plans – net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4 |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11) |
Acquisition of treasury stock | (0.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  |  |  | (12) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | 66.0 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 914 |  |  | $ | 1,977 |  |  | $ | (279) |  |  | $ | (656) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,957 |

| Outstanding Shares |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Common Stock in Treasury |  |  |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 66.8 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 881 |  |  | $ | 1,201 |  |  | $ | (342) |  |  | $ | (560) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,181 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 113 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 26 |
Issuance of common stock related to compensation | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10 |
Compensation under stock-based plans – net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | (21) |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (10) |
Acquisition of treasury stock | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | (4) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | 67.3 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 869 |  |  | $ | 1,303 |  |  | $ | (315) |  |  | $ | (563) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,295 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 159 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10 |
Compensation under stock-based plans – net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10 |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (10) |
Acquisition of treasury stock | (0.6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32) |  |  |  |  | (32) |
Balance at June 30, 2023 | 66.7 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 879 |  |  | $ | 1,452 |  |  | $ | (305) |  |  | $ | (595) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,432 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 119 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (52) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (52) |
Compensation under stock-based plans – net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 9 |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (12) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | 66.7 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 888 |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | (357) |  |  | $ | (595) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,496 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(in millions)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Operating Activities |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 391 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 45 |  |  | 37 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 23 |  |  | 26 |
Inventory and other non-cash charges | 23 |  |  | 12 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures): |  |  |
Receivables | (122) |  |  | (102) |
Inventories | (45) |  |  | (168) |
Trade accounts payable | (109) |  |  | 60 |
Other assets and liabilities | (15) |  |  | 22 |
Foreign exchange and other operating activities, net | 12 |  |  | (9) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 149 |  |  | 269 |
Investing Activities |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (88) |  |  | (72) |
Proceeds from sale of capital assets | — |  |  | 34 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and investments | (2) |  |  | (16) |
Other investing activities, net | 10 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (80) |  |  | (54) |
Financing Activities |  |  |
Repayments of debt | (135) |  |  | (258) |
Proceeds from issuance of debt | 135 |  |  | 188 |
Share repurchases | (34) |  |  | (36) |
Dividends paid | (34) |  |  | (32) |
Other financing activities, net | (20) |  |  | (23) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (88) |  |  | (161) |
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents | — |  |  | (6) |
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents | (19) |  |  | 48 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period | 371 |  |  | 304 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 352 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
NOTE A – BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Terex Corporation and subsidiaries as of September 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP to be included in full-year financial statements. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements as of that date, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2023.
The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include accounts of Terex Corporation, its majority-owned subsidiaries and other controlled subsidiaries (“Terex” or the “Company”). The Company consolidates all majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries, applies equity method of accounting for investments in which the Company is able to exercise significant influence and applies the cost method for investments which do not have readily determinable fair values. All intercompany balances, transactions and profits have been eliminated. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the 2024 presentation.
In the opinion of management, adjustments considered necessary for the fair statement of these interim financial statements have been made. Except as otherwise disclosed, all such adjustments consist only of those of a normal recurring nature. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.
Accounting Standards to be Implemented. In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires additional segment reporting disclosures, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 requires that companies disclose, at the reportable segment level, the significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), as well as the amount and composition of other segment items. The ASU also requires companies to disclose the title and position of the CODM and how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss when assessing performance and deciding how to allocate resources. Additionally, the ASU mandates that all segment disclosures currently required annually by Topic 280, including the enhancements outlined in the ASU, be disclosed on an interim basis. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. While adoption will result in additional disclosure, the Company does not expect adoption to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure in the rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and provide more details about the reconciliation items in some categories if the items meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance also requires disclosure of income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal (national), state and foreign taxes for annual periods and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its disclosures to consolidated financial statements.
Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Receivables include $577 million and $494 million of trade accounts receivable at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s estimate of current expected credit losses on its existing accounts receivable and determined based on historical customer assessments, current financial conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when the Company determines the receivable will not be recovered. There can be no assurance that the Company’s estimate of accounts receivable collection will be indicative of future results.
8

The following table summarizes changes in the consolidated allowance for doubtful accounts (in millions):

Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 8 |
Provision for credit losses | 3 |
Other (1) | (1) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 | $ | 10 |
(1) Includes utilization of established reserves, net of recoveries and the impact of foreign exchange rate changes.

Supplier Finance. The Company has a supplier finance program to pay a third-party bank the stated amount of confirmed invoices from its designated suppliers on the original maturity dates of the invoices. Terex or the bank may terminate the agreement upon 30 days’ notice. The supplier invoices that have been confirmed as valid under the program require payment in full within 60-90 days of invoice date. Confirmed obligation amounts outstanding were $2 million at September 30, 2024. There were no confirmed obligations outstanding at December 31, 2023.
Guarantees. The Company issues guarantees to financial institutions related to financing of equipment purchases by customers. The expectation of losses or non-performance is evaluated based on consideration of historical customer assessments, current financial conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, equipment collateral value and other factors. Reserves are recorded for expected loss over the contractual period of risk exposure. See Note L – “Litigation and Contingencies” for additional information regarding guarantees issued to financial institutions.
Accrued Warranties. The Company records accruals for potential warranty claims based on its claim experience. The Company’s products are typically sold with a standard warranty covering defects that arise during a fixed period. Each business provides a warranty specific to products it offers. The specific warranty offered by a business is a function of customer expectations and competitive forces. Warranty length is generally a fixed period of time, a fixed number of operating hours or both.
A liability for estimated warranty claims is accrued at the time of sale. The current portion of the product warranty liability is included in Other current liabilities and the non-current portion is included in Other non-current liabilities in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The liability is established using historical warranty claims experience for each product sold. Historical claims experience may be adjusted for known design improvements or for the impact of unusual product quality issues. Assumptions are updated for known events that may affect the potential warranty liability.
The following table summarizes changes in the consolidated product warranty liability (in millions):

Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 48 |
Accruals for warranties issued during the period | 28 |
Changes in estimates | 4 |
Settlements during the period | (35) |
Foreign exchange effect/other | 1 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 | $ | 46 |

Fair Value Measurements. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis under the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure” (“ASC 820”) include commodity swaps, cross currency swaps and foreign exchange contracts discussed in Note I – “Derivative Financial Instruments” and debt discussed in Note J – “Long-Term Obligations”. These instruments are valued using observable market data for similar assets and liabilities or the present value of future cash payments and receipts. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for those instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s assumptions (unobservable inputs). The hierarchy consists of three levels:
Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e. supported by little or no market activity).
Determining which category an asset or liability falls within this hierarchy requires judgment. The Company evaluates its hierarchy disclosures each quarter.
9

NOTE B – BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION
Terex is a global industrial equipment manufacturer of materials processing machinery, waste and recycling solutions, mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs), and equipment for the electric utility industry. The Company designs, builds, and supports products used in maintenance, manufacturing, energy, minerals and materials management, construction, waste and recycling, and the entertainment industry. Terex provides lifecycle support to our customers through its global parts and services organization, and offer complementary digital solutions, designed to help customers maximize their return on their investment. Certain Terex products and solutions enable customers to reduce their impact on the environment including electric and hybrid offerings that deliver quiet and emission-free performance, products that support renewable energy, and products that aid in the recovery of useful materials from various types of waste. The Company’s products are manufactured in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific and sold worldwide. Terex engages with customers through all stages of the product life cycle, from initial specification to parts and service support.
The Company identifies its operating segments according to how business activities are managed and evaluated, and has identified three operating segments: Materials Processing (“MP”), Aerials and Utilities. As Aerials and Utilities operating segments share similar economic characteristics, these operating segments are aggregated into one reportable segment, Aerial Work Platforms (“AWP”). The Company operates in two reportable segments: (i) MP and (ii) AWP.
MP designs, manufactures, services and markets materials processing and specialty equipment, including crushers, washing systems, screens, trommels, apron feeders, material handlers, pick and carry cranes, rough terrain cranes, tower cranes, wood processing, biomass and recycling equipment, concrete mixer trucks and concrete pavers, conveyors, and their related components and replacement parts. Customers use these products in construction, infrastructure and recycling projects, in various quarrying and mining applications, as well as in landscaping and biomass production industries, material handling applications, maintenance applications to lift equipment or material, moving materials and equipment on rugged or uneven terrain, lifting construction material and placing material at point of use.
AWP designs, manufactures, services and markets aerial work platform equipment, utility equipment and telehandlers as well as their related components and replacement parts. Customers use these products to construct and maintain industrial, commercial, institutional and residential buildings and facilities, for purposes within the entertainment industry, for construction and maintenance of transmission and distribution lines, tree trimming, certain construction and foundation drilling applications, and for other commercial operations, as well as in a wide range of infrastructure projects.
The Company assists customers in their rental, leasing and acquisition of its products through Terex Financial Services (“TFS”). TFS uses its equipment financing experience to facilitate financial products and services to assist customers in the acquisition of the Company’s equipment. TFS is included in Corporate and Other.
10

Corporate and Other also includes eliminations among the two reportable segments, as well as general and corporate items.
Business segment information is presented below (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MP | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | 1,463 |  |  | $ | 1,672 |
AWP | 769 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 2,423 |  |  | 2,262 |
Corporate and Other / Eliminations | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
Total | $ | 1,212 |  |  | $ | 1,290 |  |  | $ | 3,886 |  |  | $ | 3,929 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MP | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 275 |
AWP | 83 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 310 |
Corporate and Other / Eliminations | (17) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (56) |  |  | (64) |
Total | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 521 |

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Identifiable assets |  |  |
MP | $ | 2,039 |  |  | $ | 2,091 |
AWP | 2,350 |  |  | 2,216 |
Corporate and Other / Eliminations | (608) |  |  | (692) |
Total | $ | 3,781 |  |  | $ | 3,615 |

Sales between segments are generally priced to recover costs plus a reasonable markup for profit, which is eliminated in consolidation.
Geographic net sales information is presented below (in millions):

|  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
|  |  | MP |  | AWP |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total |  |  |  | MP |  | AWP |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales by region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 809 |  |  |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 533 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 780 |
Western Europe |  |  | 108 |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |  |  |  |  | 143 |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 246 |
Asia-Pacific |  |  | 87 |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  |  |  | 105 |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |
Rest of World (1) |  |  | 45 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 82 |  |  |  |  | 50 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 95 |
Total (2) |  |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 769 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 1,212 |  |  |  |  | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | 751 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 1,290 |

(1) Includes intercompany sales and eliminations.
(2) Total sales include $748 million and $717 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, attributable to the U.S., the Company’s country of domicile.
11

|  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
|  |  | MP |  | AWP |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total |  |  |  | MP |  | AWP |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales by region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  |  | $ | 682 |  |  | $ | 1,809 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 2,497 |  |  |  |  | $ | 752 |  |  | $ | 1,551 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 2,314 |
Western Europe |  |  | 360 |  |  | 340 |  |  | — |  |  | 700 |  |  |  |  | 458 |  |  | 367 |  |  | — |  |  | 825 |
Asia-Pacific |  |  | 278 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 418 |  |  |  |  | 306 |  |  | 176 |  |  | — |  |  | 482 |
Rest of World (1) |  |  | 143 |  |  | 135 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 271 |  |  |  |  | 156 |  |  | 168 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 308 |
Total (2) |  |  | $ | 1,463 |  |  | $ | 2,423 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,886 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,672 |  |  | $ | 2,262 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 3,929 |

(1) Includes intercompany sales and eliminations.
(2) Total sales include $2.3 billion and $2.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, attributable to the U.S., the Company’s country of domicile.
The Company attributes sales to unaffiliated customers in different geographical areas based on the location of the customer.
Product type net sales information is presented below (in millions):

|  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
|  |  | MP |  | AWP |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total |  |  |  | MP |  | AWP |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales by product type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aerial Work Platforms |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 529 |
Materials Processing Equipment |  |  | 273 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 273 |  |  |  |  | 372 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 372 |
Specialty Equipment |  |  | 171 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 171 |  |  |  |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |
Utility Equipment |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 143 |  |  | — |  |  | 143 |
Other (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 113 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 77 |
Total |  |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 769 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 1,212 |  |  |  |  | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | 751 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 1,290 |

(1) Includes other product types, intercompany sales and eliminations.

|  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | MP |  | AWP |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total |  |  |  | MP |  | AWP |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total |  |  |  |
Net sales by product type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aerial Work Platforms |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,673 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,674 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,597 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |  |  |  |  |
Materials Processing Equipment |  |  |  |  | 961 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 961 |  |  |  |  | 1,043 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,043 |  |  |  |  |
Specialty Equipment |  |  |  |  | 502 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 502 |  |  |  |  | 625 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 626 |  |  |  |  |
Utility Equipment |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 429 |  |  | — |  |  | 429 |  |  |  |  |
Other (1) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 299 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 236 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 232 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,463 |  |  | $ | 2,423 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,886 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,672 |  |  | $ | 2,262 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 3,929 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes other product types, intercompany sales and eliminations.
12

NOTE C – INCOME TAXES
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized income tax expense of $11 million on income of $99 million, an effective tax rate of 11.1%, as compared to income tax expense of $30 million on income of $149 million, an effective tax rate of 20.0%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The lower effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 when compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily due to an increase in favorable discrete items, partially offset by higher tax related to geographic distribution of income.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized income tax expense of $73 million on income of $410 million, an effective tax rate of 17.8%, as compared to income tax expense of $85 million on income of $474 million, an effective tax rate of 18.0%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The lower effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 when compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily due to an increase in favorable discrete items.
On December 15, 2022, the European Union (“EU”) Member States formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, which generally provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15% for large corporations, as established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar Two Framework. A number of countries in which we operate have adopted legislation, many of which are effective in 2024 subject to the OECD transitional safe harbor rules, while other countries are still in the process of introducing legislation. In addition, the OECD continues to issue guidance on this matter. The Company has determined the impact of enacted Pillar Two legislation on its financial statements is not material. The Company will continue to evaluate the financial statement impacts as additional Pillar Two rules are enacted and OECD guidance is issued.
NOTE D – ACQUISITIONS
On October 8, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), in accordance with the Transaction Agreement, dated as of July 21, 2024, as amended by the First Amendment to the Transaction Agreement, dated as of October 8, 2024 (and as may be further amended, the “TA”), by and between the Company and Dover Corporation (“Dover”), the Company completed its acquisition of the subsidiaries and assets that constitute ESG from Dover for a purchase price of $2 billion in cash, subject to customary closing adjustments to be finalized after the Closing Date. The Company financed the purchase price and related fees and expenses using the net proceeds from the 6.25% Senior Notes, new term loan borrowings under the New Term Facility and cash on hand. See Note J – “Long-Term Obligations” for additional details on financing transactions. The transaction will be recorded as a business combination using the acquisition method which requires measurement of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Goodwill will be calculated as the excess of the aggregate of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets recognized. The initial accounting for the transaction is not complete due to the proximity of the Closing Date of the acquisition to the date of this filing. The Company is therefore unable to disclose certain information including the provisional fair value estimates of the identifiable net assets acquired and goodwill at this time. Additionally, the Company did not present the supplemental pro forma information for this transaction since it is impracticable to prepare such financial statements considering the timing of the transaction. The Company will provide a preliminary purchase price allocation and pro forma financial information within its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized transaction costs of $7 million and $10 million, respectively, which are recorded within Other income (expense) – net, in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
ESG designs and manufactures refuse collection vehicles, waste compaction equipment, and associated parts and digital solutions. ESG's industry leading product brands include Heil, Marathon, Curotto-Can, Bayne Thinline, and Parts Central as well as digital solutions offerings 3rd Eye and Soft-Pak. ESG's turnkey products and services across equipment, digital, and aftermarket offerings are complementary to Terex's businesses, and will allow Terex to expand its customer base, providing customers with a broader suite of environmental equipment solutions, and realizing economies of scale. ESG will also complement and strengthen Terex’s portfolio with synergies in the fast-growing waste and recycling end market.
On April 1, 2023, the Company acquired assets and liabilities of Continental Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of bulk material handling conveyors based in Missouri, and real estate from Continental Real Estate LLC (collectively “MARCO”), to expand manufacturing capacity for mobile conveying equipment in North America and the Company’s product offerings that complement the existing portfolio. Total cash consideration was approximately $6 million. The transaction was recorded as a business combination using the acquisition method which requires measurement of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Goodwill was calculated as the excess of the aggregate of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets recognized. Goodwill recognized as a result of this acquisition was immaterial. The results of operations associated with the business are consolidated within the MP segment in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of acquisition.
13

NOTE E – EARNINGS PER SHARE

(in millions, except per share data) | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 389 |
Gain (loss) on disposition of discontinued operations – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 391 |
Basic shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding | 66.9 |  |  | 67.4 |  |  | 67.0 |  |  | 67.6 |
Earnings (loss) per share – basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 1.32 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 5.03 |  |  | $ | 5.75 |
Gain (loss) on disposition of discontinued operations – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.04 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 1.32 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 5.03 |  |  | $ | 5.79 |
Diluted shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic | 66.9 |  |  | 67.4 |  |  | 67.0 |  |  | 67.6 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock | 0.5 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.8 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 67.4 |  |  | 68.2 |  |  | 67.7 |  |  | 68.4 |
Earnings (loss) per share – diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |  |  | $ | 5.69 |
Gain (loss) on disposition of discontinued operations – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.03 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |  |  | $ | 5.72 |

Non-vested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units (“Restricted Stock”) granted by the Company are treated as potential common shares outstanding in computing diluted earnings per share using the treasury stock method. Weighted average Restricted Stock of approximately 0.1 million were outstanding during the three months ended September 30, 2024, but were not included in the computation of diluted shares as the effect would be anti-dilutive or performance targets were not expected to be achieved for awards contingent upon performance. There were no weighted average Restricted Stock Awards outstanding during the three months ended September 30, 2023 that would have an anti-dilutive effect. Weighted average Restricted Stock of approximately 0.1 million and 0.3 million were outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted shares as the effect would be anti-dilutive or performance targets were not expected to be achieved for awards contingent upon performance.
NOTE F – INVENTORIES
Inventories consist of the following (in millions):

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Finished equipment | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | 468 |
Replacement parts | 180 |  |  | 186 |
Work-in-process | 117 |  |  | 131 |
Raw materials and supplies | 427 |  |  | 401 |
Inventories | $ | 1,222 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |

Inventory reserves were $76 million and $71 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
14

NOTE G – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment – net consist of the following (in millions):

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Property | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 75 |
Plant | 329 |  |  | 303 |
Equipment | 537 |  |  | 492 |
Leasehold improvements | 57 |  |  | 52 |
Construction in progress | 69 |  |  | 73 |
Property, plant and equipment – gross | 1,068 |  |  | 995 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (466) |  |  | (425) |
Property, plant and equipment – net | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | 570 |

NOTE H – GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
An analysis of changes in the Company’s goodwill by business segment is as follows (in millions):

| MP |  | AWP |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2023, gross | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 357 |
Accumulated impairment | (23) |  |  | (39) |  |  | (62) |
Balance at December 31, 2023, net | 195 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 295 |
Foreign exchange effect and other | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Balance at September 30, 2024, gross | 224 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 363 |
Accumulated impairment | (23) |  |  | (39) |  |  | (62) |
Balance at September 30, 2024, net | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 301 |

Intangible assets, net were comprised of the following (in millions):

|  |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Weighted Average Life (in years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Definite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology | 8 |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | — |
Customer Relationships | 17 |  | 36 |  |  | (30) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 36 |  |  | (29) |  |  | 7 |
Land Use Rights | 79 |  | 4 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |
Other | 9 |  | 30 |  |  | (25) |  |  | 5 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (24) |  |  | 6 |
Total definite-lived intangible assets |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | (66) |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | (64) |  |  | $ | 16 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Aggregate Amortization Expense | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |

Estimated aggregate intangible asset amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows (in millions):

2024 | $ | 2 |
2025 | 2 |
2026 | 2 |
2027 | 2 |
2028 | 1 |

15

NOTE I – DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The Company operates internationally, with manufacturing and sales facilities in various locations around the world. In the normal course of business, the Company uses derivatives to manage commodity, currency and interest rate exposures. For a derivative to qualify for hedge accounting treatment at inception and throughout the hedge period, the Company formally documents the nature and relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objectives and strategies for undertaking various hedge transactions, and methods of assessing hedge effectiveness. Additionally, for hedges of forecasted transactions, significant characteristics and expected terms of a forecasted transaction must be specifically identified, and it must be probable that each forecasted transaction will occur. If it is deemed probable the forecasted transaction will not occur, then the gain or loss would be recognized in current earnings. Financial instruments qualifying for hedge accounting must maintain a specified level of effectiveness between the hedging instrument and the item being hedged. The Company does not engage in trading or other speculative use of financial instruments. The Company records all derivative contracts at fair value on a recurring basis.
Commodity Swaps
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments include commodity swaps with outstanding notional value of $11 million and $22 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Commodity swaps outstanding at September 30, 2024 mature on or before August 31, 2025. The Company uses commodity swaps to mitigate price risk for hot rolled coil steel. Fair value of commodity swaps are based on observable market data for similar assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of commodity swaps are deferred in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”). Gains or losses on commodity swaps are reclassified to Cost of goods sold (“COGS”) in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when the hedged transaction affects earnings.
Cross Currency Swaps
Derivatives designated as net investment hedging instruments include cross currency swaps with outstanding notional value of $280 million and $250 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company uses these cross currency swaps to mitigate its exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates related to a net investment in a Euro-denominated functional currency subsidiary. Fair values of cross currency swaps are based on the present value of future cash payments and receipts. Changes in the fair value of cross currency swaps are deferred in AOCI. Gains or losses on cross currency swaps are reclassified to Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when the net investment is liquidated.
Foreign Exchange Contracts
The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts to manage variability of future cash flows associated with changing currency exchange rates. Foreign currency exchange contracts, whether designated or not designated as cash flow hedges, are used to mitigate exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates on recognized assets and liabilities or forecasted transactions. Fair values of these contracts are derived using quoted forward foreign exchange prices to interpolate values of outstanding trades at the reporting date based on their maturities. Foreign exchange contracts outstanding at September 30, 2024 mature on or before December 31, 2024.
The Company had no foreign exchange contracts outstanding that were designated as cash flow hedging instruments at September 30, 2024. The Company had $5 million notional value of foreign exchange contracts outstanding that were designated as cash flow hedging instruments at December 31, 2023. For effective hedging instruments, changes in the fair value of foreign exchange contracts are deferred in AOCI until the hedged transactions affect earnings. Gains or losses on foreign exchange contracts are reclassified to COGS in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
The Company had $357 million and $300 million notional value of foreign exchange contracts outstanding that were not designated as cash flow hedging instruments at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The majority of gains and losses recognized from foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments are offset by changes in the underlying exposures the contracts are intended to mitigate, resulting in no material net impact on earnings. Changes in the fair value of these derivative financial instruments are recognized as gains or losses in COGS and Other income (expense) – net in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
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The following table provides the location and fair value amounts of derivative instruments designated and not designated as hedging instruments that are reported in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (in millions):

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Instrument (1) | Balance Sheet Account | Derivatives designated as hedges | Derivatives not designated as hedges |  | Derivatives designated as hedges | Derivatives not designated as hedges
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2 |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | Other current assets | 1 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Commodity swaps | Other current assets | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current liabilities | — |  | (1) |  |  | — |  | (1) |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | Other current liabilities | (6) |  | — |  |  | (5) |  | — |
Commodity swaps | Other current liabilities | (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | Other non-current liabilities | (8) |  | — |  |  | (5) |  | — |
Net derivative asset (liability) | $ | (14) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8) |  | $ | 1 |

(1) Categorized as Level 2 under the ASC 820 Fair Value Hierarchy.
The following tables provide the effect of derivative instruments that are designated as hedges in AOCI (in millions):

| Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives in OCI, net of tax |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Loss)
Instrument | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Income Statement Account | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Commodity swaps | (1) |  |  | (4) |  | Cost of goods sold | — |  |  | 1 |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | (8) |  |  | (1) |  | Selling, general and administrative expenses | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (5) |  | Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |

| Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives in OCI, net of tax |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Loss)
Instrument | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Income Statement Account | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |
Foreign exchange contracts | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | Cost of goods sold | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |
Commodity swaps | (1) |  | 4 |  |  | Cost of goods sold | — |  | (3) |  |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | 7 |  | 5 |  |  | Selling, general and administrative expenses | — |  | — |  |
Total | $ | 7 |  | $ | 9 |  |  | Total | $ | — |  | $ | (3) |  |

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The following tables provide the effect of derivative instruments that are designated as hedges in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions):

| Classification and amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income (Loss)
| Cost of goods sold |  | Interest expense
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Income Statement Accounts in which effects of cash flow hedges are recorded | $ | (967) |  | $ | (3,015) |  |  | $ | (13) |  | $ | (44) |
Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into Income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Commodity swaps | — |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in Income (loss) based on amortization approach:
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 3 |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 3 |

| Classification and amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income (Loss)
| Cost of goods sold |  | Interest expense
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Income Statement Accounts in which effects of cash flow hedges are recorded | $ | (998) |  | $ | (3,015) |  |  | $ | (17) |  | $ | (47) |
Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into Income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Commodity swaps | — |  | (3) |  |  | — |  | — |
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in Income (loss) based on amortization approach:
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 2 |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 2 |

Derivatives not designated as hedges are used to offset foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from the underlying exposures of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. The following table provides the effect of non-designated derivatives in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions):

|  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income (Loss)
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Instrument | Income Statement Account | 2024 | 2023 |  | 2024 | 2023
Foreign exchange contracts | Cost of goods sold | $ | 2 |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | (10) |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other income (expense) – net | — |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |  | (3) |
| Total | $ | 2 |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (13) |

In the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss), the Company records hedging activity related to commodity swaps, cross currency swaps and foreign exchange contracts in the accounts for which the hedged items are recorded. On the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, the Company presents cash flows from hedging activities in the same manner as it records the underlying item being hedged.
Counterparties to the Company’s derivative financial instruments are major financial institutions and commodity trading companies with credit ratings of investment grade or better and no collateral is required. There are no significant risk concentrations. Management continues to monitor counterparty risk and believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is unlikely and any losses would be immaterial.

See Note M - “Stockholders’ Equity” for unrealized net gains (losses), net of tax, included in AOCI. Within unrealized net gains (losses) included in AOCI as of September 30, 2024, it is estimated that approximately $4 million of losses are expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next twelve months.
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NOTE J – LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS
Credit Agreement
On January 31, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement with the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch (“CSAG”), as administrative agent and collateral agent, to provide the Company with a multi-currency revolving line of credit and senior secured term loans. This was subsequently amended to include (i) a $600 million revolving line of credit (the “Revolver”) and (ii) senior secured term loans totaling $600 million with a maturity date of January 31, 2024. On April 1, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment and restatement of the credit agreement (as amended and restated, the “Credit Agreement”) which included the following principal changes to the original credit agreement: (i) extension of the term of the Revolver to expire on April 1, 2026, (ii) reinstatement of financial covenants that were waived in 2020, (iii) decrease in the interest rate on the drawn Revolver by 25 basis points and (iv) certain other technical changes, including additional language regarding the potential cessation of LIBOR as a benchmark rate. In 2022, the Company completed the prepayment in full of the senior secured term loans.
On January 31, 2017, the Company entered into a Guarantee and Collateral Agreement with CSAG, as collateral agent for the lenders, granting security and guarantees to the lenders for amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, Terex is required to (a) pledge as collateral the capital stock of the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the capital stock of certain of the Company’s material foreign subsidiaries and (b) provide a first priority security interest in substantially all of the Company’s domestic assets. On December 29, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Guarantee and Collateral Agreement which included the following principal changes to the original agreement: (i) enabling a subsidiary to enter into hedging derivatives with external counterparties and (ii) inclusion of Terex subsidiary entities’ cash management services provided by lending banks to be secured under the Guarantee and Collateral Agreement.
On May 8, 2023, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an Amendment No. 1 (“Amendment No. 1”) to the Credit Agreement, with the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and CSAG. The principal changes contained in the Amendment No. 1 relate to the replacement of the adjusted LIBOR with term Secured Overnight Financing Rate. The Credit Agreement contemplates uncommitted incremental amounts in excess of $300 million that may be extended by the lenders, at their option, as long as the Company satisfies the maximum permitted level of senior secured leverage as defined in the Credit Agreement.
As of September 30, 2024, the Credit Agreement required the Company to comply with a number of covenants which limited, in certain circumstances, the Company’s ability to take a variety of actions, including but not limited to: incur indebtedness; create or maintain liens on its property or assets; make investments, loans and advances; repurchase shares of its common stock; engage in acquisitions, mergers, consolidations and asset sales; redeem debt; and pay dividends and distributions. If the Company’s borrowings under the Revolver were greater than 30% of the total revolving credit commitments, the Credit Agreement required the Company to comply with the following financial tests: (i) minimum required level of the interest coverage ratio of 2.5 to 1.0 and (ii) maximum permitted level of the senior secured leverage ratio of 2.75 to 1.0. The Credit Agreement also contained customary default provisions. The Company was in compliance with all covenants contained in the Credit Agreement as of September 30, 2024.
The Company had no Revolver amounts outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The Company obtains letters of credit that generally serve as collateral for certain liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and guaranteeing the Company’s performance under contracts. Letters of credit can be issued under two facilities provided in the Credit Agreement and via bilateral arrangements outside the Credit Agreement.
As of September 30, 2024, the Credit Agreement incorporated secured facilities for issuance of letters of credit up to $400 million (the “$400 Million Facility”). Letters of credit issued under the $400 Million Facility decrease availability under the Revolver. The Credit Agreement also permitted the Company to have additional secured facilities for the issuance of letters of credit up to $300 million (the “$300 Million Facility”). Letters of credit issued under the $300 Million Facility do not decrease availability under the Revolver.
The Company also has bilateral arrangements to issue letters of credit with various other financial institutions (the “Bilateral Arrangements”). The Bilateral Arrangements are not secured under the Credit Agreement and do not decrease availability under the Revolver.
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Letters of credit outstanding (in millions):

|  |  |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
$400 Million Facility |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
$300 Million Facility |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 72 |
Bilateral Arrangements |  |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48 |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 120 |

On July 21, 2024, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an Incremental Assumption and Amendment Agreement and Amendment with UBS AG, Stamford Branch ("UBS AG") (the “Incremental Agreement”) relating to the Credit Agreement among the Company, certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and CSAG, as administrative agent and collateral agent. The Incremental Agreement, among other things, established delayed draw term loan commitments in the amount of $455 million to be provided by UBS AG as the initial delayed draw term lender. The Incremental Agreement also amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, establish the delayed draw term loan commitments and provide for the Company’s acquisition of ESG to be considered a limited condition acquisition pursuant to the Credit Agreement.
On October 8, 2024, the Company entered into an Incremental Assumption Agreement, Borrowing Subsidiary Agreement and Amendment No. 2 (the “Amendment No. 2”) to the Credit Agreement dated as of April 1, 2021 (as amended from time to time including by the Amendment No. 2, the “Amended Credit Agreement”), with certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and UBS AG as successor administrative agent and successor collateral agent.
The Amendment No. 2 (i) increased the size of the Company’s existing revolving credit facilities to $800 million and extended the maturity of the Company’s existing revolving credit facilities to expire on October 8, 2029 (the “New Revolving Credit Facilities”) and (ii) provided for a new seven-year term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $1,250 million with a maturity date of October 8, 2031 (the “New Term Facility” and, together with the New Revolving Credit Facilities, the “New Credit Facilities”). In addition, the Amended Credit Agreement increased the size of the letter of credit facility. The Amended Credit Agreement provides for the issuance of letters of credit (the “L/C Facility”) of up to $500 million (the utilization of which would decrease availability under the New Revolving Credit Facilities) and permits the Company to have additional secured facilities for the issuance of letters of credit outside of the Amended Credit Agreement (the “Additional L/C Facility”) of up to $400 million (the utilization of which would not decrease availability under the New Revolving Credit Facilities). The aggregate amount of letters of credit which the Company may issue under the L/C Facility and the Additional L/C Facility may not at any time exceed $500 million, of which up to $400 million may be issued under the Additional L/C Facility.
The Amended Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, negative and affirmative covenants and default provisions. The covenants limit, in certain circumstances, the Company’s ability to take a variety of actions, including, but not limited to: incurring or guaranteeing additional indebtedness or issuing preferred equity; creating or maintaining liens; making investments; pay dividends or make other restricted payments; consolidating or merging or transferring all or substantially all of the Company’s assets and the assets of the Company’s subsidiaries; transferring or selling assets, including stock of the Company’s subsidiaries; and redeeming debt. In particular, the New Revolving Credit Facilities requires the Company to maintain a first lien net leverage ratio of not more than 3.00x, which will be tested only if more than 30% of the total revolving credit commitments extended under the New Revolving Credit Facilities are utilized as of the last day of any fiscal quarter, subject to certain exclusions. The New Term Facility does not have the benefit of, or have any rights with respect to, the financial maintenance covenant. The Amended Credit Agreement provides for customary events of default which include, among other things, (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods) defaults based on (i) the failure to make payments under the Indenture when due, (ii) breach of covenants, (iii) the occurrence of a default under other material indebtedness, (iv) a change of control, (v) bankruptcy events and (vi) material judgments.
5% Senior Notes
In Apri1 2021, the Company sold and issued $600 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes Due 2029 (“5% Notes”) at par in a private offering. The proceeds from the 5% Notes, together with cash on hand, was used: (i) to fund redemption and discharge of 5-5/8% Senior Notes and (ii) to pay related premiums, fees, discounts and expenses. The 5% Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed by certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries. The Company may redeem the 5% Notes in whole or in part, on or after May 15, 2024, at the redemption prices set forth in an indenture dated as of April 1, 2021.
6.25% Senior Notes
20

On October 8, 2024, the Company sold and issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes Due 2032 (“6.25% Notes”) at par in a private offering. The proceeds from the 6.25% Notes, together with new term loan borrowings under the New Term Facility and cash on hand, were used to consummate the Company’s acquisition of ESG, and to pay the related fees, costs, and expenses. The 6.25% Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed by certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries. The proceeds from the offering will be included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The Company may redeem the 6.25% Notes in whole or in part, on or after October 15, 2027, at the redemption prices set forth in an indenture dated as of October 8, 2024 (the “Indenture”). Prior to October 15, 2027, the Company may redeem the 6.25% Notes, in whole or in part, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof plus a “make-whole” premium set forth in the Indenture. In addition, prior to October 15, 2027, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the 6.25% Notes with an amount equal to the proceeds of certain equity offerings.
Secured Borrowings
In October 2023, the Company entered into a Framework Agreement to transfer value added tax (“VAT”) receivables to a financial institution in exchange for cash in advance. This arrangement was accounted for as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral as the transfer does not meet the criteria for sale accounting. As a result, the VAT receivables pledged as collateral remain in receivables and the liability associated with the cash proceeds of $19 million are presented in long term debt in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The long term debt classification is based on estimated timing of VAT refund from the Italian government which is expected to be greater than 12 months.
Fair Value of Debt
The Company estimates the fair value of its debt set forth below as of September 30, 2024, as follows (in millions, except for quotes):

| Book Value |  | Quote |  | Fair Value
5% Notes | $ | 600 |  |  | 0.97375 |  |  | $ | 584 |

The fair value of debt reported in the table above is based on adjusted price quotations on the debt instruments in an inactive market. The Company believes that the carrying value of its other borrowings, including amounts outstanding, if any, for the revolving credit line under the Credit Agreement, approximate fair market value based on maturities for debt of similar terms. Fair values of debt reported in the table above are categorized under Level 2 of the ASC 820 hierarchy. See Note A – “Basis of Presentation” for an explanation of ASC 820 hierarchy.
NOTE K – RETIREMENT PLANS AND OTHER BENEFITS
The Company maintains defined benefit plans in France, Germany, India, Switzerland and the United Kingdom for some of its subsidiaries, as well as a nonqualified Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan in the U.S. (“U.S. SERP”). In Italy and Mexico, there are mandatory termination indemnity plans providing a benefit that is payable upon termination of employment in substantially all cases of termination. The Company has several non-pension post-retirement benefit programs, including health and life insurance benefits to certain former salaried and hourly employees. Information regarding the Company’s plans, including the U.S. SERP, is as follows (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| U.S. Pension |  | Non-U.S. Pension |  |  |  | U.S. Pension |  | Non-U.S. Pension |  |  |  | U.S. Pension |  | Non-U.S. Pension |  |  |  | U.S. Pension |  | Non-U.S. Pension |  |
Components of net periodic cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Interest cost | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Expected return on plan assets | — |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  |
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Net periodic cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  |

21

Components of Net periodic cost other than the Service cost component are included in Other income (expense) - net in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The Service cost component is included in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by pertinent employees during the period.
NOTE L – LITIGATION AND CONTINGENCIES
General
The Company is involved in various legal proceedings, including product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation liability, employment, commercial, intellectual property and tax litigation, which have arisen in the normal course of operations. The Company is insured for product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, property damage and other insurable risks required by law or contract, with retained liability or deductibles. The Company records and maintains an estimated liability in the amount of management’s estimate of the Company’s aggregate exposure for such retained liabilities and deductibles. For such retained liabilities and deductibles, the Company determines its exposure based on probable loss estimations, which requires such losses to be both probable and the amount or range of probable loss to be estimable. The Company believes it has made appropriate and adequate reserves and accruals for its current contingencies and the likelihood of a material loss beyond amounts accrued is remote. The Company believes the outcome of such matters, individually and in aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements. However, outcomes of lawsuits cannot be predicted and, if determined adversely, could ultimately result in the Company incurring significant liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations.
Terex Latin América Equipamentos Ltda ICMS Proceedings
Terex Latin America Equipamentos Ltda (“TLA”) imports Terex products into Brazil through the state of Espirito Santo to its facility in Sao Paulo. For the 2004 through March 2009 period, TLA used a third-party trading company, SAB, as an agent to process the importation of Terex products. TLA properly paid the Espirito Santo ICMS tax (Brazilian state value-added tax) to SAB for payment to Espirito Santo, which would produce an ICMS credit to be used against imposition of Sao Paolo ICMS tax. SAB went into bankruptcy and may not have actually remitted to Espirito Santo the ICMS tax amounts paid to it by TLA. The Brazilian state of Sao Paulo challenged the credit against Sao Paolo ICMS that TLA claimed. This matter was settled for an immaterial amount in April 2024.
Other
The Company is involved in various other legal proceedings which have arisen in the normal course of its operations. The Company has recorded provisions for estimated losses in circumstances where a loss is probable and the amount or range of possible amounts of the loss is estimable.
Credit Guarantees
The Company may assist customers in their rental, leasing and acquisition of its products by facilitating financing transactions directly between (i) end-user customers, distributors and rental companies and (ii) third-party financial institutions, providing recourse in certain circumstances. The current amount of the maximum liability is generally limited to our customer’s remaining payments due to the third-party financial institutions at the time of default; however, it cannot be reasonably estimated due to limited availability of the unique facts and circumstances of each arrangement, such as whether changes have been made to the structure of the contractual obligation between the funder and customer.
For credit guarantees outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the maximum exposure determined was $81 million and $89 million, respectively. Terms of these guarantees coincide with the financing arranged by the customer and generally do not exceed five years. The allowance for credit losses on credit guarantees was $7 million and $5 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
There can be no assurance that historical experience in used equipment markets will be indicative of future results. The Company’s ability to recover losses experienced from its guarantees may be affected by economic conditions in used equipment markets at the time of loss.
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NOTE M – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The table below presents changes in AOCI by component for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. All amounts are net of tax (in millions).

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
| CTA | Derivative Hedging Adj. | Debt & Equity Securities Adj. | Pension Liability Adj. | Total |  | CTA | Derivative Hedging Adj. | Debt & Equity Securities Adj. | Pension Liability Adj. | Total
Beginning balance | $ | (290) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (49) |  | $ | (343) |  |  | $ | (250) |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (48) |  | $ | (305) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 75 |  | (9) |  | 1 |  | (4) |  | 63 |  |  | (61) |  | 7 |  | (1) |  | 2 |  | (53) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) | 75 |  | (9) |  | 1 |  | (3) |  | 64 |  |  | (61) |  | 7 |  | (1) |  | 3 |  | (52) |
Ending balance | $ | (215) |  | $ | (10) |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | (52) |  | $ | (279) |  |  | $ | (311) |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (45) |  | $ | (357) |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |
| CTA | Derivative Hedging Adj. | Debt & Equity Securities Adj. | Pension Liability Adj. | Total |  | CTA | Derivative Hedging Adj. | Debt & Equity Securities Adj. | Pension Liability Adj. | Total |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | (228) |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (51) |  | $ | (287) |  |  | $ | (286) |  | $ | (6) |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (46) |  | $ | (342) |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 13 |  | (4) |  | 1 |  | (3) |  | 7 |  |  | (25) |  | 6 |  | — |  | (1) |  | (20) |  |  |  |  |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | — |  | (1) |  | — |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | 3 |  | — |  | 2 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) | 13 |  | (5) |  | 1 |  | (1) |  | 8 |  |  | (25) |  | 9 |  | — |  | 1 |  | (15) |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ | (215) |  | $ | (10) |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | (52) |  | $ | (279) |  |  | $ | (311) |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (45) |  | $ | (357) |  |  |  |  |

Stock-Based Compensation
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company awarded 0.5 million shares of Restricted Stock to its employees with a weighted average fair value of $60.13 per share. Approximately 62% of these awards are time-based and vest ratably on each of the first three anniversary dates of the grants. Approximately 26% cliff vest at the end of a three-year period and are subject to performance targets that may or may not be met and for which the performance period has not yet been completed. Approximately 12% cliff vest and are based on performance targets containing a market condition determined over a three-year period.
Fair value of time-based awards is based on the market price of our common stock at the date of grant approval. The fair value of performance-based awards, except for awards based on a market condition, is based on the market price of our common stock at the date of grant approval, except fair values are multiplied by the probability of achievement as of the period-end date. For awards based on a market condition, fair value is based on the Monte Carlo method at grant date. The Monte Carlo method is a statistical simulation technique used to provide the grant date fair value of an award. The Company used the Monte Carlo method to determine grant date fair value of $67.70 per share for awards with a market condition granted on March 15, 2024.
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The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used in the valuations:

| Grant date
| March 15, 2024
Dividend yields | 1.15 | %
Expected volatility | 42.65 | %
Risk free interest rate | 4.50 | %
Expected life (in years) | 3

Share Repurchases
In July 2018, Terex’s Board of Directors (“Board”) authorized the repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock. In December 2022, Terex’s Board authorized the repurchase of up to $150 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock. The table below presents shares repurchased, inclusive of transactions executed but not settled, by the Company under these programs.

| Nine Months Ended September 30 |  | Total Number of Shares Repurchased | Amount of Shares Repurchased (in millions)
| 2024 |  | 567,108 | $32
| 2023 |  | 736,644 | $34

Dividends
The table below presents dividends declared by Terex’s Board and paid to the Company’s shareholders:

Year | First Quarter | Second Quarter | Third Quarter |  |  |
2024 | $ | 0.17 |  | $ | 0.17 |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  |  |
2023 | $ | 0.15 |  | $ | 0.15 |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  |  |

In October 2024, Terex’s Board declared a dividend of $0.17 per share, which will be paid on December 19, 2024 to the Company’s shareholders of record as of November 8, 2024.
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ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
Terex is a global industrial equipment manufacturer of materials processing machinery, waste and recycling solutions, mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs), and equipment for the electric utility industry. We design, build, and support products used in maintenance, manufacturing, energy, minerals and materials management, construction, waste and recycling, and the entertainment industry. We provide lifecycle support to our customers through our global parts and services organization, and offer complementary digital solutions, designed to help our customers maximize their return on their investment. Certain Terex products and solutions enable customers to reduce their impact on the environment including electric and hybrid offerings that deliver quiet and emission-free performance, products that support renewable energy, and products that aid in the recovery of useful materials from various types of waste. Our products are manufactured in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific and sold worldwide. We engage with customers through all stages of the product life cycle, from initial specification to parts and service support. We report our business in the following segments: (i) Materials Processing (“MP”) and (ii) Aerial Work Platforms (“AWP”).
Further information about our reportable segments appears below and in Note B – “Business Segment Information” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-GAAP Measures
In this document, we refer to various GAAP (U.S. generally accepted accounting principles) and non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures being disclosed by other companies. Management believes that presenting these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with additional analytical tools which are useful in evaluating our operating results and the ongoing performance of our underlying businesses because they (i) provide meaningful supplemental information regarding financial performance by excluding impact of one-time items and other items affecting comparability between periods, (ii) permit investors to view performance using the same tools that management uses to budget, make operating and strategic decisions, and evaluate our core operating performance across periods, and (iii) otherwise provide supplemental information that may be useful to investors in evaluating our financial results. We do not, nor do we suggest that investors consider, such non-GAAP financial measures in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Non-GAAP measures also include translation effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on net sales, gross profit, selling, general & administrative (“SG&A”) expenses and operating profit.
As changes in foreign currency exchange rates have a non-operating impact on our financial results, we believe excluding effects of these changes assists in assessment of our business results between periods. We calculate the translation effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes by translating current period results using rates that the comparable prior periods were translated at to isolate the foreign exchange component of fluctuation from the operational component.
We calculate a non-GAAP measure of free cash flow. We define free cash flow as Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less Capital expenditures, net of proceeds from sale of capital assets. We believe this measure of free cash flow provides management and investors further useful information on cash generation or use in our primary operations.
We discuss forward-looking information related to expected earnings per share (“EPS”) excluding the impact of potential future acquisitions (other than ESG), divestitures, restructuring and other unusual items. Our 2024 outlook for EPS is a non-GAAP financial measure because it excludes unusual items. The Company is not able to reconcile these forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable forward-looking GAAP financial measures without unreasonable efforts because the Company is unable to predict with a reasonable degree of certainty the exact timing and impact of such items. The unavailable information could have a significant impact on the Company’s full-year 2024 GAAP financial results. This forward-looking information provides guidance to investors about our EPS expectations excluding these unusual items that we do not believe are reflective of our ongoing operations.
Working capital is calculated using the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet amounts for Receivables (net of allowance) plus Inventories, less Trade accounts payable and Customer advances. We view excessive working capital as an inefficient use of resources, and seek to minimize the level of investment without adversely impacting ongoing operations of the business. Trailing three months annualized net sales is calculated using net sales for the most recent quarter end multiplied by four. The
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ratio calculated by dividing working capital by trailing three months annualized net sales is a non-GAAP measure we believe measures our resource use efficiency.
Non-GAAP measures also include Net Operating Profit After Tax (“NOPAT”) and annualized effective tax rate as adjusted, which are used in the calculation of our after tax return on invested capital (“ROIC”) (collectively the “Non-GAAP Measures”), which are discussed in detail below.
Overview
Safety is a top priority, not only for our team members, but also our customers. All Terex team members contribute to our effort of continuing to provide products and services for our customers, while maintaining a safe working environment.
We remain focused on executing our multi-year growth plan and continue to invest in new technologies and products across our businesses. Our strategic operational priorities of execution, innovation and growth continue to strengthen our operations and allow us to capitalize on the demand in our end-markets. The recently completed acquisition of Environmental Solutions Group ("ESG") strengthens our portfolio. ESG adds a non-cyclical, financially accretive, and market-leading business to our portfolio with tangible synergies in the fast-growing waste and recycling end market. Our operations teams adapted quickly to changing market conditions and continued to execute at a high level throughout the third quarter. Fixed cost management is an area where we have made improvements, for example shifting higher cost production to our Monterrey, Mexico facility. We will continue to focus on reducing fixed costs by leveraging technology, improving efficiency, and re-thinking operating norms where better approaches are available. We also continue to leverage technology internally, making investments in robotics, automation, and digitizing workstreams to make us more efficient and more flexible. This represents an important part of our roadmap to continuously become more competitive and more resilient regardless of market dynamics.
We adapted quickly to in-quarter channel adjustments and executed at a high level throughout the third quarter. We saw more challenging macro dynamics as the trajectory of future interest rate cuts and the upcoming U.S. election are casting a shadow of uncertainty leading to more cautious decision-making. Although U.S. construction continues to grow, the rate of growth has slowed, and we are seeing local projects being deferred until investors have more clarity on the macro environment. Another important factor, particularly in aerials, is that lead times for new equipment have come down, largely back to pre-pandemic levels. This allows our rental customers to align their equipment delivery schedules more precisely with their requirements. In MP, we continue to see dealers re-balance inventory levels as more of their customers are renting their machines longer. When the machine is on rent it remains on the dealer’s balance sheet and limits their ability to order new machines. Our backlog of $1.6 billion remains above historical levels. Bookings reflect a return to more normal seasonality and we expect our backlog to normalize to pre-pandemic levels as our lead times have reduced due to global supply chain improvements.
MP executed well in the quarter despite a challenging macro environment. For the third quarter, MP sales declined by 18% to $444 million compared to the third quarter of 2023, driven by channel adjustments and lower end-market demand in certain areas. MP delivered an operating margin of 12.6% for the quarter, down 440 basis points as compared to the prior year, which was driven by lower sales volume and unfavorable geographic and product mix. MP is continuing to take actions, including factory and other layoffs, reduced work schedules and other cost reduction initiatives.
AWP’s third quarter 2024 net sales were up 2% compared to the prior year, however that was lower than we had previously anticipated due to delivery adjustments from our U.S. rental customers as our customers adjusted delivery schedules to align with fleet productivity and shorter equipment lead times. Our Utilities business benefits from grid modernization and hardening efforts across the U.S. AWP delivered operating margins of 10.8% for the quarter, down 160 basis points compared to the prior year, driven by unfavorable mix and higher freight costs.
In the third quarter of 2024, our largest market remained North America, which represented approximately 67% of our global sales. As compared to the prior year, sales were up in North America and down in all other major geographies.
We continued to execute our capital allocation strategy in the third quarter of 2024 as we made strategic investments in our businesses and we returned capital to shareholders. We continued to invest in our businesses with $29 million deployed for capital expenditures in the third quarter of 2024 to support business growth. We generated $88 million of free cash flow in the third quarter of 2024. Through September 30, 2024, we have returned $66 million to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends. We continued to maintain ample liquidity and as of September 30, 2024, we had $952 million in available liquidity, with no near-term debt maturities. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a detailed description of liquidity and working capital levels, including the primary factors affecting such levels, as well as a reconciliation of net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to free cash flow.
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In connection with the ESG acquisition, we up-sized and extended our revolver and obtained $2 billion of proceeds from long-term financing. See Note J – “Long-Term Obligations” for a detailed description of our financing terms.
As a result of the changing market conditions and the recent ESG acquisition, we anticipate achieving an adjusted EPS for 2024 of $5.85 to $6.25 on sales of $5.0 to $5.2 billion. Our sales outlook incorporates the latest dialogue with our customers and our suppliers and our current supply chain expectations. It is important to realize we are operating in a challenging macroeconomic environment with many variables and geopolitical uncertainties, so results could change, negatively or positively.
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ROIC
ROIC and other Non-GAAP Measures (as calculated below) assist in showing how effectively we utilize capital invested in our operations. ROIC is determined by dividing the sum of NOPAT for each of the previous four quarters by the average of Debt less Cash and cash equivalents plus Stockholders’ equity for the previous five quarters. NOPAT for each quarter is calculated by multiplying Income (loss) from operations by one minus the annualized effective tax rate, as adjusted. Debt is calculated using amounts for Current portion of long-term debt plus Long-term debt, less current portion. We calculate ROIC using the last four quarters’ NOPAT as this represents the most recent 12-month period at any given point of determination. In order for the denominator of the ROIC ratio to properly match the operational period reflected in the numerator, we include the average of five quarters’ ending balance sheet amounts so that the denominator includes the average of the opening through ending balances (on a quarterly basis) thereby providing, over the same time period as the numerator, four quarters of average invested capital.
In the calculation of ROIC, we adjust the annualized effective tax rate to reflect management’s expectation of the full-year effective tax rate and amortize the one-time tax benefit derived from recording of a deferred tax asset in relation to our Swiss operations in 2023 to create a measure that is more useful to understanding our operating results and the ongoing performance of our underlying business as shown in the tables below. Our management and Board of Directors (“Board”) use ROIC as one measure to assess operational performance, including in connection with certain compensation programs. We use ROIC as a metric because we believe it measures how effectively we invest our capital and provides a better measure to compare ourselves to peer companies to assist in assessing how we drive operational improvement. We believe ROIC measures return on the amount of capital invested in our businesses and is an accurate and descriptive measure of our performance. We also believe adding Debt less Cash and cash equivalents to Stockholders’ equity provides a better comparison across similar businesses regarding total capitalization, and ROIC highlights the level of value creation as a percentage of capital invested. As the tables below show, our ROIC at September 30, 2024 was 23.7%.
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Amounts described below are reported in millions of U.S. dollars, except for the annualized effective tax rate as adjusted. Amounts are as of and for the three months ended for the periods referenced in the tables below.

| Sep '24 | Jun '24 | Mar '24 | Dec '23 | Sep '23
Annualized effective tax rate as adjusted(1) | 17.3 | % | 17.3 | % | 17.3 | % | 18.2 | % |
Income (loss) from operations | $ | 122 |  | $ | 193 |  | $ | 158 |  | $ | 116 |  |
Multiplied by: 1 minus annualized effective tax rate | 82.7 | % | 82.7 | % | 82.7 | % | 81.8 | % |
Net operating income (loss) after tax | $ | 101 |  | $ | 160 |  | $ | 131 |  | $ | 95 |  |
Debt | $ | 628 |  | $ | 666 |  | $ | 724 |  | $ | 623 |  | $ | 709 |
Less: Cash and cash equivalents | (352) |  | (319) |  | (365) |  | (371) |  | (352) |
Debt less Cash and cash equivalents | 276 |  | 347 |  | 359 |  | 252 |  | 357 |
Stockholders’ equity | 1,957 |  | 1,824 |  | 1,732 |  | 1,672 |  | 1,496 |
Debt less Cash and cash equivalents plus Stockholders’ equity | $ | 2,233 |  | $ | 2,171 |  | $ | 2,091 |  | $ | 1,924 |  | $ | 1,853 |

(1) The annualized effective tax rate for Dec ’23 period represents the adjusted full-year 2023 effective tax rate.

September 30, 2024 ROIC | 23.7 | %
NOPAT as adjusted (last 4 quarters) | $ | 487 |
Average Debt less Cash and cash equivalents plus Stockholders’ equity (5 quarters) | $ | 2,054 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | (Provision for) benefit from income taxes | Income tax rate |
Reconciliation of annualized effective tax rate: |  |  |  |
As reported | $ | 410 |  | $ | (73) |  | 17.8 | % |
Effect of adjustments: |  |  |  |
Tax related to full-year effective tax rate expectation | — |  | (5) |  |  |
Tax related to Swiss deferred tax asset | — |  | 7 |  |  |
As adjusted | $ | 410 |  | $ | (71) |  | 17.3 | % |

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Consolidated

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 1,212 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1,290 |  |  | — |  |  | (6.0) | %
Gross profit | 245 |  |  | 20.2 | % |  | 292 |  |  | 22.6 | % |  | (16.1) | %
SG&A expenses | 123 |  |  | 10.1 | % |  | 129 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | (4.7) | %
Income from operations | 122 |  |  | 10.1 | % |  | 163 |  |  | 12.6 | % |  | (25.2) | %

Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $78 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to lower end-market demand across most geographies, partially offset by healthy demand for telehandlers and utility products in North America.
Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $47 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to the impact of lower sales volume and unfavorable mix as well as higher freight and severance costs.
SG&A expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $6 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to lower compensation cost.
Income from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $41 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to the impact of lower sales volume and unfavorable geographic and product mix as well as higher freight and severance costs, partially offset by lower SG&A expenses.
Materials Processing

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 444 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 541 |  |  | — |  |  | (17.9) | %
Income from operations | 56 |  |  | 12.6 | % |  | 92 |  |  | 17.0 | % |  | (39.1) | %

Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $97 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to channel adjustments and lower end-market demand across certain product lines and geographies.
Income from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $36 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to lower sales volume and unfavorable product and geographic mix as well as higher severance costs.
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Aerial Work Platforms

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 769 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 751 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.4 | %
Income from operations | 83 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 93 |  |  | 12.4 | % |  | (10.8) | %

Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $18 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to increased demand for telehandlers and utility products in North America, partially offset by lower demand for aerial work platforms as customers adjusted delivery schedules to align with fleet productivity and shorter equipment lead times.
Income from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $10 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to unfavorable mix as well as higher freight and severance costs.
Corporate and Other / Eliminations

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | *
Loss from operations | (17) |  |  | * |  | (22) |  |  | * |  | 22.7 | %

* Not a meaningful percentage
Loss from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $5 million when compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease in operating loss is primarily due to lower compensation cost.
Interest Expense, Net of Interest Income
Interest expense, net of interest income, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $10 million and $15 million, respectively. The decrease in expense is primarily due to lower average borrowings, lower receivable sales and higher interest income.
Other Income (Expense) – Net
Other income (expense) – net was an expense of $13 million and income of $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in expense is primarily due to transaction costs related to ESG acquisition, higher mark-to-market losses recorded on equity investment, and the negative impact of changes in foreign exchange rates.
Income Taxes
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized income tax expense of $11 million on income of $99 million, an effective tax rate of 11.1%, as compared to income tax expense of $30 million on income of $149 million, an effective tax rate of 20.0%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The lower effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 when compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily due to an increase in favorable discrete items, partially offset by higher tax related to geographic distribution of income.
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Consolidated

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 3,886 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 3,929 |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1) | %
Gross profit | 871 |  |  | 22.4 | % |  | 914 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | (4.7) | %
SG&A expenses | 398 |  |  | 10.2 | % |  | 393 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | 1.3 | %
Income from operations | 473 |  |  | 12.2 | % |  | 521 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | (9.2) | %

Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $43 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to lower end-market demand across most geographies, partially offset by increased demand for aerial work platforms, telehandlers and utility products in North America.
Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $43 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to the impact of lower sales volume and unfavorable mix as well as higher severance costs, partially offset by cost reductions and improved manufacturing throughput.
SG&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $5 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to higher severance costs, technology expenses and a prior year facility sale gain, partially offset by lower compensation cost.
Income from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $48 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to the impact of lower sales volume, unfavorable mix, higher severance costs and increased SG&A expenses, partially offset by cost reduction and improved throughput.
Materials Processing

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 1,463 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1,672 |  |  | — |  |  | (12.5) | %
Income from operations | 205 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | 275 |  |  | 16.4 | % |  | (25.5) | %

Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $209 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to channel adjustments and lower end-market demand across certain product lines and geographies.
Income from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $70 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to lower sales volume and unfavorable product mix and geographic mix as well as higher severance costs, partially offset by cost reductions.
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Aerial Work Platforms

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 2,423 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2,262 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.1 | %
Income from operations | 324 |  |  | 13.4 | % |  | 310 |  |  | 13.7 | % |  | 4.5 | %

Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $161 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to increased demand for aerial work platforms, telehandlers and utility products in North America.
Income from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $14 million when compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to incremental profit achieved on higher sales volume and improved manufacturing throughput, partially offset by unfavorable mix, Monterrey start-up inefficiencies, higher severance costs and a prior year facility sale gain.
Corporate and Other / Eliminations

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | 100.0 | %
Loss from operations | (56) |  |  | * |  | (64) |  |  | * |  | 12.5 | %

* Not a meaningful percentage
Loss from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $8 million when compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease in operating loss is primarily due to lower compensation cost and the negative impact of changes in foreign exchange rates in the prior year, partially offset by higher severance costs.
Interest Expense, Net of Interest Income
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our interest expense, net of interest income, was $35 million, or $7 million lower when compared to the same period in 2023, due primarily to lower average borrowings, higher interest income and lower receivable sales, partially offset by receivable sales at higher interest rates.
Other Income (Expense) – Net
Other income (expense) – net for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was an expense of $28 million and $5 million, respectively. The increase in expense is primarily due to transaction costs related to ESG acquisition, higher mark-to-market losses recorded on equity investments, and the negative impact of changes in foreign exchange rates.
Income Taxes
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized income tax expense of $73 million on income of $410 million, an effective tax rate of 17.8%, as compared to income tax expense of $85 million on income of $474 million, an effective tax rate of 18.0%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The lower effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 when compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily due to an increase in favorable discrete items.
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Gain (Loss) on Disposition of Discontinued Operations - net of taxes
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the gain (loss) on disposition of discontinued operations - net of tax, primarily relates to post-closing adjustments related to the sales of our former MHPS and mobile cranes businesses.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We are focused on generating cash and maintaining liquidity (cash and availability under our revolving line of credit) for the efficient operation of our business. At September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $352 million and undrawn availability under our revolving line of credit of $600 million, giving us total liquidity of approximately $952 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our liquidity decreased by approximately $19 million from December 31, 2023 primarily due to cash used in capital expenditures, dividends and share repurchases, partially offset by cash generated from operations.
Our main sources of funding are cash generated from operations, including cash generated from the sale of receivables, loans from our bank credit facilities and funds raised in capital markets. We have no significant debt maturities until 2029. Our actions to maintain liquidity include disciplined management of costs and working capital. Additionally on October 8, 2024, our existing revolving line of credit was increased from $600 million to $800 million and the maturity was extended from April 1, 2026 to October 8, 2029. See Note J – “Long-Term Obligations” for additional details on financing transaction. We believe these measures will provide us with adequate liquidity to comply with our financial covenants under our bank credit facility, continue to support internal operating initiatives and meet our operating and debt service requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of this quarterly report. See Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and Part II Item 1A – “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report for a detailed description of the risks resulting from our debt and our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to operate our business.
Our ability to generate cash from operations is subject to numerous factors, including the following:
•The duration and depth of the global economic volatility resulting from inflationary pressures, foreign exchange rate volatility, geopolitical uncertainty and high interest rates.
•As our sales change, the amount of working capital needed to support our business may change.
•Many of our customers fund their purchases through third-party finance companies that extend credit based on the creditworthiness of customers and expected residual value of our equipment. Changes either in customers’ credit profile or used equipment values may affect the ability of customers to purchase equipment. There can be no assurance that third-party finance companies will continue to extend credit to our customers as they have in the past.
•Our suppliers extend payment terms to us primarily based on our overall credit rating. Deterioration in our credit rating may influence suppliers’ willingness to extend terms and in turn accelerate cash requirements of our business.
•Sales of our products are subject to general economic conditions, weather, competition, translation effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes, and other factors that in many cases are outside our direct control. For example, during periods of economic uncertainty, our customers have delayed purchasing decisions, which in turn reduces cash generated from operations.
•Availability and utilization of other sources of liquidity such as trade account receivables sales programs.
Typically, we have invested our cash in a combination of highly rated, liquid money market funds and in short-term bank deposits with large, highly rated banks. Our investment objective is to preserve capital and liquidity while earning a market rate of interest.
We seek to use cash held by our foreign subsidiaries to support our operations and continued growth plans through funding of capital expenditures, operating expenses or other similar cash needs of worldwide operations. Most of this cash could be used in the U.S., if necessary, without additional tax expense. Incremental cash repatriated to the U.S. would not be expected to result in material foreign income and withholding, U.S. federal or state income tax cost. We will continue to seek opportunities to tax-efficiently mobilize and redeploy funds.
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We had free cash flow of $88 million and $61 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The following table reconciles net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to free cash flow (in millions):

|  | Three Months Ended 9/30/2024 |  | Nine Months Ended 9/30/2024 |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures, net of proceeds from sale of capital assets |  | (29) |  |  | (88) |  |  |  |  |
Free cash flow (use) |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  |  |  |

Pursuant to terms of our trade accounts receivable factoring arrangements, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we sold, without material recourse, approximately $523 million of trade accounts receivable to enhance liquidity.
Working capital as a percent of trailing three month annualized net sales was 26.3% at September 30, 2024. The following tables show the calculation of our working capital and trailing three months annualized sales as of September 30, 2024 (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |
Net sales | $ | 1,212 |  |  |
x | 4 |  |  |
Trailing three month annualized net sales | $ | 4,848 |  |  |

| As of September 30, 2024 |  |
Inventories | $ | 1,222 |  |  |
Receivables | 670 |  |  |
Trade accounts payable | (593) |  |  |
Customer advances | (24) |  |  |
Working capital | $ | 1,275 |  |  |

We had no revolving line of credit (the “Revolver”) borrowings at September 30, 2024. For information regarding debt, see Note J – “Long-Term Obligations” in Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
We remain focused on the use of Terex Financial Services to drive incremental sales by facilitating customer financing solutions in key markets.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased 562,371 shares of common stock for $31 million leaving approximately $101 million available for repurchase under our share repurchase programs. Our Board declared a dividend of $0.17 per share in each of the first, second and third quarters of 2024, which were paid to our shareholders. In October 2024, our Board declared a dividend of $0.17 per share, which will be paid on December 19, 2024 to our shareholders of record as of November 8, 2024.
Our ability to access capital markets to raise funds, through sale of equity or debt securities, is subject to various factors, some specific to us and others related to general economic and/or financial market conditions. These include results of operations, projected operating results for future periods and debt to equity leverage. Our ability to access capital markets is also subject to our timely filing of periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, terms of our bank credit facilities and senior notes contain restrictions on our ability to make further borrowings and to sell substantial portions of our assets.
Cash Flows
Cash provided by operations was $149 million and $269 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in cash provided by operations was primarily driven by lower operating profitability and higher working capital.
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Cash used in investing activities was $80 million and $54 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in cash used in investing activities relates primarily to lower proceeds from the sale of capital assets and higher capital expenditures, partially offset by lower acquisition and investment activity and proceeds from sale of marketable securities.
Cash used in financing activities was $88 million and $161 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in cash used in financing activities was primarily due to debt repayments in 2023.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
Guarantees
We may assist customers in their rental, leasing and acquisition of our products by facilitating financing transactions directly between (i) end-user customers, distributors and rental companies and (ii) third-party financial institutions, providing recourse in certain circumstances. The expectation of losses or non-performance is evaluated based on consideration of historical customer assessments, current financial conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, equipment collateral value and other factors. Many of these factors, including the assessment of a customer’s ability to pay, are influenced by economic and market factors that cannot be predicted with certainty. Our maximum liability is generally limited to our customer’s remaining payments due to the third-party financial institutions at the time of default. In the event of a customer default, we are generally able to recover and dispose of the equipment at a minimum loss, if any, to us. Reserves are recorded for expected loss over the contractual period of risk exposure.
There can be no assurance that our historical experience in used equipment markets will be indicative of future results. Our ability to recover losses experienced from our guarantees may be affected by economic conditions in used equipment markets at the time of loss.
See Note L – “Litigation and Contingencies” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our guarantees.
CONTINGENCIES AND UNCERTAINTIES
Foreign Exchange and Interest Rate Risk
Our products are sold in over 100 countries around the world and, accordingly, our revenues are generated in foreign currencies, while costs associated with those revenues are only partly incurred in the same currencies. Primary currencies to which we are exposed are the Euro, British Pound, Chinese Yuan, Indian Rupee, Australian Dollar and Mexican Peso. We purchase hedging instruments to manage variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities due to changing currency exchange rates.
We manage our exposure to interest rate risk by establishing a mix of indebtedness bearing interest at both floating and fixed rates at inception and maintain a ratio of floating and fixed rates on this mix of indebtedness using interest rate derivatives when necessary.
See Note I – “Derivative Financial Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our derivatives and Item 3 “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for a discussion of the impact changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates may have on our financial performance.
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Other
We are subject to a number of contingencies and uncertainties including, without limitation, product liability claims, workers’ compensation liability, intellectual property litigation, self-insurance obligations, tax examinations, guarantees, class action lawsuits and other matters. See Note L – “Litigation and Contingencies” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding contingencies and uncertainties. We are insured for product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, property damage, intellectual property and other insurable risks required by law or contract with retained liability to us or deductibles. Many of the exposures are unasserted or proceedings are at a preliminary stage, and it is not presently possible to estimate the amount or timing of any liability. However, we do not believe these contingencies and uncertainties will, individually or in aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our operations. For contingencies and uncertainties other than income taxes, when it is probable a loss will be incurred and possible to make reasonable estimates of our liability with respect to such matters, a provision is recorded for the amount of such estimate or for the minimum amount of a range of estimates when it is not possible to estimate the amount within the range that is most likely to occur.
We generate hazardous and non-hazardous wastes in the normal course of our manufacturing operations. As a result, we are subject to a wide range of environmental laws and regulations. All of our employees are required to obey all applicable health, safety and environmental laws and regulations and must observe the proper safety rules and environmental practices in work situations. These laws and regulations govern actions that may have adverse environmental effects, such as discharges to air and water, and require compliance with certain practices when handling and disposing of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. These laws and regulations would also impose liability for the costs of, and damages resulting from, cleaning up sites, past spills, disposals and other releases of hazardous substances, should any such events occur. We are committed to complying with these standards and monitoring our workplaces to determine if equipment, machinery and facilities meet specified safety standards. Each of our manufacturing facilities is subject to an environmental audit at least once every five years to monitor compliance. Also, no incidents have occurred which required us to pay material amounts to comply with such laws and regulations. We are dedicated to ensuring that safety and health hazards are adequately addressed through appropriate work practices, training and procedures. We are committed to reducing injuries and working towards a world-class level of safety practices in our industry.
RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Please refer to Note A – “Basis of Presentation” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of recently issued accounting standards.
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ITEM 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to certain market risks that exist as part of our ongoing business operations and we use derivative financial instruments, where appropriate, to manage these risks. As a matter of policy, we do not engage in trading or speculative transactions. For further information on accounting related to derivative financial instruments, refer to Note I – “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Our products are sold in over 100 countries around the world. The reporting currency for our consolidated financial statements is the U.S. dollar. Certain of our assets, liabilities, expenses, revenues and earnings are denominated in other countries’ currencies, including the Euro, British Pound, Chinese Yuan, Indian Rupee, Australian Dollar and Mexican Peso. Those assets, liabilities, expenses, revenues and earnings are translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable foreign exchange rates to prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, increases or decreases in foreign exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and those other currencies affect the value of those items as reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements, even if their value remains unchanged in their original currency. Due to continued volatility of foreign exchange rates to the U.S. dollar, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates may have an impact on the accuracy of our financial guidance. Such fluctuations in foreign exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar may cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated and have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations. We assess foreign currency risk based on transactional cash flows, identify naturally offsetting positions and purchase hedging instruments to partially offset anticipated exposures.
At September 30, 2024, we performed a sensitivity analysis on the impact that aggregate changes in the translation effect of foreign exchange rate changes would have on our operating income. Based on this sensitivity analysis, we have determined that a strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies by 10% to amounts already incorporated in the financial statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 would have had approximately a $24 million impact on the translation effect of foreign exchange rate changes already included in our reported operating income for the period ended September 30, 2024.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate volatility with regard to future issuances of fixed rate debt and existing issuances of variable rate debt. Primary exposure includes movements in benchmark rates. We manage our exposure to interest rate risk by establishing a mix of indebtedness bearing interest at both floating and fixed rates at inception and maintain a ratio of floating and fixed rates on this mix of indebtedness using interest rate derivatives when necessary. At September 30, 2024, less than 1% of our debt was floating rate debt and the weighted average interest rate of our total debt was 4.06%.
At September 30, 2024, we performed a sensitivity analysis for our financial instruments that have interest rate risk. We calculated the pretax earnings effect on our interest sensitive instruments. Based on this sensitivity analysis, we have determined that an increase of 10% in our average floating interest rates at September 30, 2024 would not have materially increased interest expense during the period.
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Commodities Risk
In the absence of labor strikes or other unusual circumstances, substantially all materials and components are normally available from multiple suppliers. However, certain of our businesses receive materials and components from a single source supplier, although alternative suppliers of such materials may be generally available. Delays in our suppliers’ abilities, especially any sole suppliers for a particular business, to provide us with necessary materials and components may delay production at a number of our manufacturing locations, or may require us to seek alternative supply sources. Delays in obtaining supplies may result from a number of factors affecting our suppliers, including capacity constraints, regulatory changes, freight and container availability, labor disputes, suppliers’ impaired financial condition, suppliers’ allocations to other purchasers, weather emergencies, pandemics or acts of war or terrorism. Any delay in receiving supplies could impair our ability to deliver products to our customers and, accordingly, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Current and potential suppliers are evaluated regularly on their ability to meet our requirements and standards. We actively manage our material sourcing, and employ various methods to limit risk associated with commodity cost fluctuations and availability. The overall continuity of material supply into our manufacturing operations has improved from the prior year. We have designed and implemented plans to mitigate the impact of risks by using alternate suppliers, expanding our supply base globally, leveraging our overall purchasing volumes to obtain favorable pricing and quantities, developing a closer working relationship with key suppliers and purchasing hedging instruments to partially offset anticipated exposures.
Principal materials and components used in our various manufacturing processes include steel, castings, engines, tires, hydraulics, cylinders, drive trains, cab chassis, electric controls and motors, semiconductors, and a variety of other commodities and fabricated or manufactured items. Inflationary pressure on certain purchased components have continued while the cost of U.S. steel has declined throughout 2024. Additionally, import of certain purchased components and parts may be impacted by the implications of sanctions preventing the use of iron and steel from Russia in such components and parts. Tariffs on certain Chinese origin goods continue to put pressure on input costs, which we have been able to partially mitigate through the U.S. Government’s exclusion process, extended through May 31, 2025, and duty draw back. We also continue to explore other mechanisms to mitigate impacts of tariffs. If we are unable to recover a substantial portion of increased costs from our customers and suppliers or through duty draw back, our business or results of operations could be adversely affected. We will continue to monitor international trade policy and will make adjustments to our supply base where possible to mitigate the impact on our costs. For more information on commodities risk, see Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure information required to be disclosed in reports we file under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure. In connection with the preparation of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our management carried out an evaluation, under supervision and with participation of our management, including the CEO and CFO, as of September 30, 2024, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2024.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Effectiveness of any system of controls and procedures is subject to certain limitations, and, as a result, there can be no assurance our controls and procedures will detect all errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that objectives of the control system will be attained.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

We are involved in various legal proceedings, including product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation liability, employment, commercial, intellectual property and tax litigation, which have arisen in the normal course of operations. We are insured for product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, property damage and other insurable risks required by law or contract with retained liability to us or deductibles. We believe the outcome of such matters, individually and in aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements. However, outcomes of lawsuits cannot be predicted and, if determined adversely, could ultimately result in us incurring significant liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
For information regarding litigation and other contingencies and uncertainties, see Note L - “Litigation and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

The risk factors entitled “We may be unable to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including Dover Corporation’s Environmental Solutions Group (“ESG”). We may not realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions, including the acquisition of ESG. Our results of operations going forward may differ materially from any pro forma financial data provided.” updates and replaces the prior risk factors entitled “We may face limitations on our ability to integrate acquired businesses.” We have also updated the risk factors entitled “Our business is sensitive to general economic conditions, government spending priorities and the cyclical nature of markets we serve.” and “We have a significant amount of debt outstanding and must comply with restrictive covenants in our debt agreements.” There have been no other material changes in our risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We may be unable to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including Dover Corporation’s Environmental Solutions Group (“ESG”). We may not realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions, including the acquisition of ESG. Our results of operations going forward may differ materially from any pro forma financial data provided.
From time to time, we engage in strategic transactions involving risks, including the possible failure to successfully integrate and realize the expected benefits of such transactions. We have consummated many acquisitions in the past and anticipate making additional acquisitions in the future. On October 8, 2024, we acquired ESG for $2 billion. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, including the expected tax benefits and synergies, will depend, to a large extent, on our ability to integrate the businesses of both companies.
The management of both companies will be required to devote significant attention and resources to the integration process, which may disrupt the business of either or both of the companies and, if implemented ineffectively, could preclude realization of the full benefits we expect. The risks associated with the ESG acquisition and our other past or future acquisitions include:
•the business culture of the acquired business may not match well with our culture;
•we may acquire or assume unexpected liabilities;
•faulty assumptions may be made regarding the integration process;
•unforeseen difficulties may arise in integrating operations and systems;
•we may fail to retain, motivate and integrate key management and other employees of the acquired business;
•higher than expected finance costs may arise due to unforeseen changes in tax, trade, environmental, labor, safety, payroll or pension policies in any jurisdiction in which the acquired business conducts its operations;
•we may experience problems in retaining customers and integrating customer bases; and
•a large acquisition could stretch our resources and divert management’s attention from existing operations.
The successful integration of any previously acquired or newly acquired business also requires us to implement effective internal control processes in these acquired businesses. While we believe we have successfully integrated acquisitions to date, we cannot ensure that previously acquired or newly acquired companies, including ESG, will operate profitably, that the intended beneficial effect from these acquisitions will be realized and that we will not encounter difficulties in implementing effective internal control processes in these acquired businesses, particularly when the acquired business operates in foreign jurisdictions and/or was privately owned. See the risk factor disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 entitled “We must comply with an injunction and related obligations resulting from the settlement of an SEC investigation” for additional consequences if we were to commit a violation of the reporting and internal control provisions of the federal securities laws. While our evaluation of any potential transaction includes business, legal, compliance and financial due diligence with the goal of identifying and evaluating the material risks involved, these due diligence reviews may not identify all of the issues necessary to accurately estimate the cost and potential risks of a particular acquisition or costs associated with any quality issues with an acquisition target's products or services. In
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addition, to the extent that we seek or make acquisitions in machinery and industrial businesses that are significantly different from our existing operations, there will be added risks and challenges for managing and integrating these businesses. Further, we may need to consolidate or restructure our acquired or existing facilities, which may require expenditures related to reductions in workforce and other charges resulting from the consolidations or restructurings, such as the write-down of inventory and lease termination costs. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Many of these factors will be outside our control and any one of them could result in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues and diversion of management’s time and energy. If we are unable to close or fail to successfully integrate acquired businesses, this could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We also may not realize the expected benefits of any newly acquired business, including expected synergies. For instance, if we are unable to realize expected synergies from the ESG acquisition, or the cost to achieve these synergies is greater than expected, then the anticipated benefits of the acquisition may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected. Further, we may be unable to achieve or maintain our long-term net leverage targets which could result in an event of default under our outstanding debt obligations. See Risk Factor entitled, “We have a significant amount of debt outstanding and must comply with restrictive covenants in our debt agreements.”
Additionally, in connection with the ESG acquisition, any unaudited pro forma financial data that may be provided is not necessarily indicative of what our actual financial position or results of operations may be. Any unaudited pro forma financial data will be derived from our audited and unaudited financial statements and ESG’s audited and unaudited financial statements, and will reflect certain assumptions and adjustments. The assumptions used in preparing unaudited pro forma financial data may not prove to be accurate, and other factors may adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Our business is sensitive to general economic conditions, government spending priorities and the cyclical nature of markets we serve.
Demand for our products is affected by the general strength of the economies in which we sell our products, customers’ perceptions concerning the timing of economic cycles, customers’ replacement or repair cycles, prevailing interest rates, residential and non-residential construction spending, government spending priorities, capital expenditure allocations of our customers, the timing of regulatory standard changes, oil and gas related activity and other factors. The last several years have been marked by geopolitical instability, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine as well as Israel and Hamas, social concerns, supply chain and freight constraints, pandemic, labor shortages and wage increases, high inflation, high interest rates, foreign currency exchange volatility, and continuing concerns of recessions, all of which have increased ongoing economic uncertainty and instability in the global markets. This instability can make it extremely difficult for our customers, our suppliers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. Some of our customers also depend substantially on government funding of highway construction, maintenance and other infrastructure projects. Policies of governments attempting to address local deficit or structural economic issues could have a material impact on our customers and markets. There is an expectation of significant infrastructure and government spending, including in relation to the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the Inflation Reduction Act and the CHIPS and Science Act. Any decrease or delay in government funding of highway construction and maintenance, other infrastructure projects and overall government spending could cause our revenues and profits to decrease.
Recent channel adjustments reflect macro uncertainty, high interest rates, election and geopolitical uncertainties, and shorter delivery lead times. We cannot provide any assurance that there will not be continued, increased global economic weakness and recessions based on the above uncertainties or other factors. If economic conditions in the U.S., Europe and other key markets weaken, we may experience further negative impacts to our net sales, financial condition, profitability and cash flows, which could result in the need for us to record impairments.
We have a significant amount of debt outstanding and must comply with restrictive covenants in our debt agreements.
On October 8, 2024, we entered into an Incremental Assumption, Borrowing Subsidiary Agreement and Amendment No. 2 to our credit agreement which (i) increased the size of our existing revolving credit facilities to $800 million and extended the maturity of our existing revolving credit facilities to expire on October 8, 2029, and (ii) provided for a new seven-year term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $1,250 million with a maturity date of October 8, 2031. We also issued an additional $750 million of senior unsecured notes on October 8, 2024, which will mature in 2032.
Our total long-term debt at September 30, 2024 was $624 million; following the acquisition of ESG our debt levels have now increased significantly. Our ability to make required payments of principal and interest on our increased debt levels will depend on future performance of our combined businesses, which, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive and other factors that are beyond our control. In addition, our credit agreement contains financial and restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to, among other things, borrow additional funds or take advantage of business
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opportunities. While we are currently in compliance with the financial covenants, increases in our debt or decreases in our earnings could cause us to fail to comply with these financial covenants. Our failure to comply with such covenants could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all our indebtedness or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operation and debt service capability.
Our increased level of debt and the financial and restrictive covenants contained in our credit agreement could have important consequences on our financial position and results of operations, including increasing our vulnerability to increases in interest rates because debt under our credit agreement bears interest at variable rates.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about our purchases during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 of our common stock that is registered by us pursuant to the Exchange Act.

|  | Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands) (2)
July 1, 2024 - July 31, 2024 |  | 146,281 |  | $55.42 |  | 145,244 |  | $104,931
Aug 1, 2024 - Aug 31, 2024 |  | 41,310 |  | $56.12 |  | 40,488 |  | $102,663
Sep 1, 2024 - Sep 30, 2024 |  | 43,959 |  | $51.03 |  | 40,547 |  | $100,603
Total |  | 231,550 |  | $54.71 |  | 226,279 |  | $100,603

(1)Amount includes shares of common stock purchased to satisfy requirements under the Company’s deferred compensation obligations to employees.
(2)In December 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase up to $150 million of our outstanding shares of common stock.

Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. | Other Information

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted, modified or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as such terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. | Exhibits

The exhibits set forth below are filed as part of this Form 10-Q.

Exhibit No. | Exhibit |
2.1 | Transaction Agreement, dated as of July 21, 2024, by and between Terex Corporation and Dover Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Form 8-K Current Report, Commission File No. 1-10702, dated October 8, 2024 and filed with the Commission October 9, 2024). |
2.2 | First Amendment to Transaction Agreement, dated as of October 8, 2024, by and between Terex Corporation and Dover Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Form 8-K Current Report, Commission File No. 1-10702, dated October 8, 2024 and filed with the Commission October 9, 2024). |
4.1 | Indenture, dated as of October 8, 2024, among Terex Corporation, the subsidiary guarantors named therein and the Trustee (including the Form of 6.250% Senior Notes due 2032 included therein) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Form 8-K Current Report, Commission File No. 1-10702, dated October 8, 2024 and filed with the Commission October 9, 2024). |
10.1 | Incremental Assumption and Amendment Agreement and Amendment, dated as of July 21, 2024, among Terex Corporation, certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto, and UBS AG relating to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 1, 2021, among Terex Corporation, certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, as administrative agent and collateral agent.* |
10.2 | Amended and Restated Commitment Letter, dated August 2, 2024, among Terex Corporation, UBS Securities LLC, UBS AG, Stamford Branch, Bank of America, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc., Barclays Bank PLC, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., BNP PARIBAS, BNP Paribas Securities Corp., HSBC Bank USA, National Association, HSBC Securities (USA) Inc., HSBC UK Bank PLC, Mizhuho Bank, Ltd. and Santander Bank, N.A., related to the Commitment Letter dated July 21, 2024, among Terex Corporation, UBS Securities LLC and UBS AG, Stamford Branch.* |
10.3 | Incremental Assumption Agreement, Borrowing Subsidiary Agreement and Amendment No. 2, dated as of October 8, 2024, among Terex Corporation, certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto, UBS AG Cayman Islands Branch, as existing administrative agent, and UBS AG, Stamford Branch, as successor administrative agent, relating to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2021, among Terex Corporation, certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, as administrative agent and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K Current Report, Commission File No. 1-10702, dated October 8, 2024 and filed with the Commission October 9, 2024). |
31.1 | Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a). * |
31.2 | Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a). * |
32 | Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002. ** |
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. * |
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. * |
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. * |
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. * |
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. * |
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |
* | Exhibit filed with this document. |
** | Exhibit furnished with this document. |

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
TEREX CORPORATION
(Registrant)

Date: | October 30, 2024 | /s/ Julie A. Beck
|  | Julie A. Beck
|  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: | October 30, 2024 | /s/ Stephen A. Johnston
|  | Stephen A. Johnston
|  | Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller
|  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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