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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 1-10702
Terex Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 34-1531521
(State of Incorporation) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

301 Merritt 7, 4th Floor, Norwalk, Connecticut 06851
(Address of principal executive offices)
(203) 222-7170
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
_______________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($0.01 par value) | TEX | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |
Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
Number of outstanding shares of common stock: 65.6 million as of April 29, 2025.

The Exhibit Index begins on page 43.

GENERAL
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by Terex Corporation generally speaks as of March 31, 2025 unless specifically noted otherwise. Unless otherwise indicated, Terex Corporation, together with its consolidated subsidiaries, is hereinafter referred to as “Terex,” the “Registrant,” “us,” “we,” “our” or the “Company.”
Forward-Looking Information
Certain information in this Quarterly Report includes forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) regarding future events or our future financial performance that involve certain contingencies and uncertainties, including those discussed below in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Contingencies and Uncertainties.” In addition, when included in this Quarterly Report or in documents incorporated herein by reference, the words “may,” “expects,” “should,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “plans,” “projects,” “estimates,” “will” and the negatives thereof and analogous or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. However, the absence of these words does not mean that the statement is not forward-looking. We have based these forward-looking statements on current expectations and projections about future events. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. Such statements are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in such forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, include, among others:
•the imposition of new, postponed or increased international tariffs;
•our business is sensitive to general economic conditions, government spending priorities and the cyclical nature of markets we serve;
•we have a significant amount of debt outstanding and need to comply with covenants contained in our debt agreements;
•our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to service our debt obligations and operate our business;
•our ability to access the capital markets to raise funds and provide liquidity;
•our consolidated financial results are reported in United States (“U.S.”) dollars while certain assets and other reported items are denominated in the currencies of other countries, creating currency exchange and translation risk;
•the financial condition of customers and their continued access to capital;
•exposure from providing credit support for some of our customers;
•we may experience losses in excess of recorded reserves;
•we may be unable to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including the Environmental Solutions Group business;
•we may not realize expected benefits for any acquired businesses within the timeframe anticipated or at all;
•our ability to successfully implement our strategy and the actual results derived from such strategy;
•our industry is highly competitive and subject to pricing pressure;
•our operations are subject to a number of potential risks that arise from operating a multinational business, including political and economic instability and compliance with changing regulatory environments;
•changes in the availability and price of certain materials and components, which may result in supply chain disruptions;
•consolidation within our customer base and suppliers;
•our business may suffer if our equipment fails to perform as expected;
•a material disruption to one of our significant facilities;
•increased cybersecurity threats and more sophisticated computer crime;
•issues related to the development, deployment and use of artificial intelligence technologies in our business operations, information systems, products and services;
•increased regulatory focus on privacy and data security issues and expanding laws;
•litigation, product liability claims and other liabilities;
•our compliance with environmental regulations and failure to meet sustainability requirements or expectations;
•our compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-corruption laws;
•our ability to comply with an injunction and related obligations imposed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”);
•our ability to attract, develop, engage and retain qualified team members;
•possible work stoppages and other labor matters; and
•other factors.
Actual events or our actual future results may differ materially from any forward-looking statement due to these and other risks, uncertainties and material factors. The forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report and the forward-looking statements contained in documents incorporated herein by reference speak only as of the date of the respective documents. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Index to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2025

|  | PAGE
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 4
Item 1 | Financial Statements | 4
Item 2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 27
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 38
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 39
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 40
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 40
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 42
Item 3 | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 42
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 42
Item 5 | Other Information | 42
Item 6 | Exhibits | 43
SIGNATURES | 44

3

PART I.FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(unaudited)
(in millions, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 1,292 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | (999) |  |  | (995) |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 230 |  |  | 297 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (161) |  |  | (139) |  |  |  |  |
Operating profit | 69 |  |  | 158 |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (43) |  |  | (15) |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) – net | (2) |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 26 |  |  | 137 |  |  |  |  |
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes | (5) |  |  | (28) |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding in per share calculation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 66.3 |  |  | 67.0 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | 66.9 |  |  | 67.9 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(unaudited)
(in millions, except par value)

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 388 |
Receivables (net of allowance of $10 and $9 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | 783 |  |  | 643 |
Inventories | 1,204 |  |  | 1,147 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 151 |  |  | 142 |
Total current assets | 2,436 |  |  | 2,320 |
Non-current assets |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment – net | 720 |  |  | 714 |
Goodwill | 1,086 |  |  | 1,093 |
Intangible assets – net | 1,088 |  |  | 1,107 |
Other assets | 510 |  |  | 496 |
Total assets | $ | 5,840 |  |  | $ | 5,730 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Trade accounts payable | 668 |  |  | 580 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 117 |  |  | 117 |
Other current liabilities | 364 |  |  | 372 |
Total current liabilities | 1,153 |  |  | 1,073 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |
Long-term debt, less current portion | 2,582 |  |  | 2,580 |
Other non-current liabilities | 261 |  |  | 245 |
Total liabilities | 3,996 |  |  | 3,898 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value – authorized 300.0 shares; issued 85.5 and 85.1 shares at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 919 |  |  | 921 |
Retained earnings | 1,974 |  |  | 1,964 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (350) |  |  | (382) |
Less cost of shares of common stock in treasury – 20.0 and 19.4 shares at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | (700) |  |  | (672) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 1,844 |  |  | 1,832 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 5,840 |  |  | $ | 5,730 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(unaudited)
(in millions)

| Outstanding Shares |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Common Stock in Treasury |  |  |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 65.7 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 921 |  |  | $ | 1,964 |  |  | $ | (382) |  |  | $ | (672) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,832 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 21 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 32 |
Issuance of common stock related to compensation | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 22 |
Compensation under stock-based plans – net | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | (19) |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11) |
Acquisition of treasury stock | (0.8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |  |  |  |  | (33) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2025 | 65.5 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 919 |  |  | $ | 1,974 |  |  | $ | (350) |  |  | $ | (700) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,844 |

| Outstanding Shares |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Common Stock in Treasury |  |  |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 66.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 906 |  |  | $ | 1,675 |  |  | $ | (287) |  |  | $ | (623) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,672 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 109 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (29) |
Issuance of common stock related to compensation | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 24 |
Compensation under stock-based plans – net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | (30) |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11) |
Acquisition of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  | (3) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 66.6 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 900 |  |  | $ | 1,772 |  |  | $ | (316) |  |  | $ | (625) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,732 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(in millions)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Operating Activities |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 109 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 39 |  |  | 15 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Inventory and other non-cash charges | 2 |  |  | 18 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures): |  |  |
Receivables | (134) |  |  | (145) |
Inventories | (43) |  |  | (55) |
Trade accounts payable | 102 |  |  | 19 |
Other assets and liabilities | (19) |  |  | (4) |
Foreign exchange and other operating activities, net | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | (21) |  |  | (34) |
Investing Activities |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (36) |  |  | (35) |
Proceeds from sale of capital assets | 2 |  |  | — |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and investments | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Other investing activities, net | 10 |  |  | 1 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (26) |  |  | (36) |
Financing Activities |  |  |
Repayments of debt | (61) |  |  | (28) |
Proceeds from issuance of debt | 61 |  |  | 127 |
Share repurchases | (32) |  |  | (3) |
Dividends paid | (11) |  |  | (11) |
Other financing activities, net | (7) |  |  | (14) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (50) |  |  | 71 |
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents | 7 |  |  | (7) |
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents | (90) |  |  | (6) |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period | 388 |  |  | 371 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 365 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

TEREX CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
NOTE A – BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Terex Corporation and subsidiaries as of March 31, 2025 and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP to be included in full-year financial statements. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements as of that date, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2024.
The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include accounts of Terex Corporation, its majority-owned subsidiaries and other controlled subsidiaries (“Terex” or the “Company”). The Company consolidates all majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries, applies equity method of accounting for investments in which the Company is able to exercise significant influence and applies the cost method for investments which do not have readily determinable fair values. All intercompany balances, transactions and profits have been eliminated. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the 2025 presentation.
In the opinion of management, adjustments considered necessary for the fair statement of these interim financial statements have been made. Except as otherwise disclosed, all such adjustments consist only of those of a normal recurring nature. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025.
Accounting Standards to be Implemented. In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure in the rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and provide more details about the reconciliation items in some categories if the items meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance also requires disclosure of income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal (national), state and foreign taxes for annual periods and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its disclosures to the consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (Subtopic 220-40), which requires more detailed disclosures about specified categories of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, intangible asset amortization, and depreciation) included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement (such as cost of sales and SG&A expenses). The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its disclosures to the consolidated financial statements.
Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Receivables include $700 million and $560 million of trade accounts receivable at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s estimate of current expected credit losses on its existing accounts receivable and determined based on historical customer assessments, current financial conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when the Company determines the receivable will not be recovered. There can be no assurance that the Company’s estimate of accounts receivable collection will be indicative of future results.
8

The following table summarizes changes in the consolidated allowance for doubtful accounts (in millions):

Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | 9 |
Provision for credit losses | 1 |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $ | 10 |

Revenue Recognition. The Company estimated that $30 million and $20 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, in revenue is expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) at the end of the reporting period. Remaining consideration pertains to contracts with multiple performance obligations and multi-year service agreements which are typically recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied. We expect to recognize approximately 56% of the Company’s unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) performance obligations as revenue through 2026, 20% in 2027, and 15% in 2028, with the remaining balance to be recognized in 2029 and thereafter. The Company applied the standard’s practical expedient that permits the omission of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed.
Contract liabilities relate to advance consideration received from customers or advance billings for which revenue has not been recognized. Current contract liabilities are recorded in Other current liabilities and non-current contract liabilities are recorded in Other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Contract liabilities are reduced when the associated revenue from the contract is recognized. The Company had no contract assets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Contract liabilities - current | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 20 |
Contract liabilities - non-current | 19 |  |  | 16 |

Supplier Finance. The Company has supplier finance programs to pay third-party banks the stated amount of confirmed invoices from its designated suppliers on the original maturity dates of the invoices. Terex or the bank may terminate the agreement upon 30 days’ notice. The supplier invoices that have been confirmed as valid under the program require payment in full within 60-90 days of invoice date. Confirmed obligation amounts outstanding were $36 million and $25 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Confirmed obligation amounts outstanding were included in Trade accounts payable in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Guarantees. The Company issues guarantees to financial institutions related to financing of equipment purchases by customers. The expectation of losses or non-performance is evaluated based on consideration of historical customer assessments, current financial conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, equipment collateral value and other factors. Reserves are recorded for expected loss over the contractual period of risk exposure. See Note K – “Litigation and Contingencies” for additional information regarding guarantees issued to financial institutions.
Accrued Warranties. The Company records accruals for potential warranty claims based on its claim experience. The Company’s products are typically sold with a standard warranty covering defects that arise during a fixed period. Each business provides a warranty specific to products it offers. The specific warranty offered by a business is a function of customer expectations and competitive forces. Warranty length is generally a fixed period of time, a fixed number of operating hours or both.
A liability for estimated warranty claims is accrued at the time of sale. The current portion of the product warranty liability is included in Other current liabilities and the non-current portion is included in Other non-current liabilities in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The liability is established using historical warranty claims experience for each product sold. Historical claims experience may be adjusted for known design improvements or for the impact of unusual product quality issues. Assumptions are updated for known events that may affect the potential warranty liability.
9

The following table summarizes changes in the consolidated product warranty liability (in millions):

Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | 54 |
Accruals for warranties issued during the period | 12 |
Changes in estimates | 3 |
Settlements during the period | (14) |
Foreign exchange effect/other | 1 |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $ | 56 |

Fair Value Measurements. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis under the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure” (“ASC 820”) include commodity swaps, cross currency swaps and foreign exchange contracts discussed in Note I – “Derivative Financial Instruments” and debt discussed in Note J – “Long-Term Obligations”. These instruments are valued using observable market data for similar assets and liabilities or the present value of future cash payments and receipts. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for those instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s assumptions (unobservable inputs). The hierarchy consists of three levels:
Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e. supported by little or no market activity).
Determining which category an asset or liability falls within this hierarchy requires judgment. The Company evaluates its hierarchy disclosures each quarter.
NOTE B – BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION
Terex is a global industrial equipment manufacturer of materials processing machinery, waste and recycling solutions, mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs), and equipment for the electric utility industry. The Company designs, builds, and supports products used in maintenance, manufacturing, energy, waste and recycling, minerals and materials management, construction, and the entertainment industry. Terex provides lifecycle support to its customers through its global parts and services organization, and offers complementary digital solutions, designed to help customers maximize their return on their investment. Certain Terex products and solutions enable customers to reduce their impact on the environment including electric and hybrid offerings that deliver quiet and emission-free performance, products that support renewable energy, and products that aid in the recovery of useful materials from various types of waste. The Company’s products are manufactured in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific and sold worldwide. Terex engages with customers through all stages of the product life cycle, from initial specification to parts and service support.
The Company identifies its operating segments according to how business activities are managed and evaluated. Effective January 1, 2025, the Company reports its business in the following reportable segments: (i) Materials Processing (“MP”), (ii) Aerials and (iii) Environmental Solutions (“ES”). The Company’s Environmental Solutions Group (“ESG”) and Utilities operating segments share similar economic characteristics and are aggregated into one reportable segment, ES.
MP designs, manufactures, services and markets materials processing and specialty equipment, including crushers, washing systems, screens, trommels, apron feeders, material handlers, pick and carry cranes, rough terrain cranes, tower cranes, wood processing, biomass and recycling equipment, concrete mixer trucks and concrete pavers, conveyors, and their related components and replacement parts. Customers use these products in construction, infrastructure and recycling projects, in various quarrying and mining applications, as well as in landscaping and biomass production industries, material handling applications, maintenance applications to lift equipment or material, moving materials and equipment on rugged or uneven terrain, lifting construction material and placing material at point of use.
Aerials designs, manufactures, services and markets aerial work platform equipment and telehandlers as well as their related components and replacement parts. Customers use these products to construct and maintain industrial, commercial, institutional and residential buildings and facilities, for purposes within the entertainment industry, and for other commercial operations, as well as in a wide range of infrastructure projects.
10

ES designs, manufactures, services and markets waste, recycling and utility equipment and solutions, including refuse collection bodies, hydraulic cart lifters, automated carry cans, compaction, balers, recycling equipment, digger derricks, insulated aerial devices, self-propelled articulating insulated booms, and cameras with integrated smart technology, as well as related components and replacement parts, and waste hauler software solutions. Customers use these products in the solid waste and recycling industry, and for construction and maintenance of transmission and distribution lines, tree trimming, and foundation drilling applications.
The Company assists customers in their rental, leasing and acquisition of its products through Terex Financial Services (“TFS”). TFS uses its equipment financing experience to facilitate financial products and services to assist customers in the acquisition of the Company’s equipment. TFS is included in Corporate and Other.
Corporate and Other also includes eliminations among the three reportable segments, as well as general and corporate items.
Business segment information is presented below (in millions):

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |
| MP |  | Aerials |  | ES |  | Total |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  |  |  |
Reconciliation of net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,229 |  |  |  |  |
Less: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | 301 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 1,002 |  |  |  |  |
Compensation expense | 25 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 20 |  | 68 |  |  |  |  |
Other segment items (2) | 20 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 12 |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |
Segment operating profit | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  |  |  |
Reconciliation of operating profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  |  |  |  |  |  | (25) |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated operating profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. Intersegment expenses are included within the amounts shown.
(2) Other segment items includes corporate management charges, professional services, travel & entertainment, depreciation & amortization, property & utilities, selling & marketing, research & development and communication & software expenses. Individually, each of these categories represents an insignificant amount.
11

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
| MP |  | Aerials |  | ES |  | Total
Net sales | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 1,294 |
Reconciliation of net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |
Consolidated net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,292 |
Less: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | 398 |  |  | 479 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 999
Compensation expense | 28 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 59
Other segment items (2) | 22 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 57
Segment operating profit | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 179 |
Reconciliation of operating profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  |  |  |  |  |  | (21) |
Consolidated operating profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 158 |

(1) Significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. Intersegment expenses are included within the amounts shown.
(2) Other segment items includes corporate management charges, professional services, travel & entertainment, depreciation & amortization, property & utilities, selling & marketing, research & development and communication & software expenses. Individually, each of these categories represents an insignificant amount.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |
MP |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Aerials |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
ES |  |  | 24 |  |  | 2 |
Corporate |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |
Total |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 15 |
Capital expenditures |  |  |  |  |
MP |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 13 |
Aerials |  |  | 23 |  |  | 19 |
ES |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1 |
Corporate |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 35 |

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Identifiable assets |  |  |
MP | $ | 1,943 |  |  | $ | 1,885 |
Aerials | 1,767 |  |  | 1,660 |
ES | 2,823 |  |  | 2,806 |
Corporate and Other / Eliminations | (693) |  |  | (621) |
Total | $ | 5,840 |  |  | $ | 5,730 |

12

Sales between segments are generally priced to recover costs plus a reasonable markup for profit, which is eliminated in consolidation.
Geographic net sales information is presented below (in millions):

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |
|  |  | MP |  | Aerials |  | ES |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales by region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Western Europe |  |  | 95 |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 162 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia-Pacific |  |  | 76 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rest of World (1) |  |  | 40 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 2 |  | (2) |  |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total (2) |  |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes intercompany sales and eliminations.
(2) Total sales for all segments in the aggregate include $817 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 attributable to the U.S., the Company’s country of domicile.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
|  | MP |  | Aerials |  | ES |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales by region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 408 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 794 |
Western Europe |  | 136 |  |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 262 |
Asia-Pacific |  | 103 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |
Rest of World (1) |  | 45 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 89 |
Total (2) |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 1,292 |

(1) Includes intercompany sales and eliminations.
(2) Total sales for all segments in the aggregate include $733 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 attributable to the U.S., the Company’s country of domicile.

The Company attributes sales to unaffiliated customers in different geographical areas based on the location of the customer.
Product type net sales information is presented below (in millions):

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |
|  |  | MP |  | Aerials |  | ES |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales by product type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aerial Work Platforms |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 386 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Materials Processing Equipment |  |  | 237 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 237 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specialty Equipment |  |  | 145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 145 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Utility Equipment |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ESG Equipment |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 243 |  |  | — |  |  | 243 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 86 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes other product types, intercompany sales and eliminations.
13

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
|  | MP |  | Aerials |  | ES |  | Corporate and Other / Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales by product type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aerial Work Platforms |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 542 |
Materials Processing Equipment |  | 357 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 357 |
Specialty Equipment |  | 163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 163 |
Utility Equipment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |
ESG Equipment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other (1) |  | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 79 |
Total |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 1,292 |

(1) Includes other product types, intercompany sales and eliminations.

14

NOTE C – INCOME TAXES
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized income tax expense of $5 million on income of $26 million, an effective tax rate of 20.3%, as compared to income tax expense of $28 million on income of $137 million, an effective tax rate of 20.5%, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The lower effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025 when compared with the three months ended March 31, 2024 is primarily due to lower tax related to geographic distribution of income.
NOTE D – ACQUISITIONS
Environmental Solutions Group Acquisition
On October 8, 2024 (“Closing Date”), in accordance with the Transaction Agreement, dated as of July 21, 2024, as amended by the First Amendment to the Transaction Agreement, dated as of October 8, 2024 (and as may be further amended, the “TA”), by and between the Company and Dover Corporation (“Dover”), the Company completed its acquisition of the subsidiaries and assets that constitute ESG from Dover for a purchase price of $2,010 million in cash, subject to customary closing adjustments to be finalized after the Closing Date (the “Acquisition”). The Company financed the purchase price and related fees and expenses using the net proceeds from the 6.25% Senior Notes, new term loan borrowings under the New Term Facility and cash on hand. See Note J – “Long-Term Obligations” for definition of the New Term Facility and additional details on financing transactions.
ESG designs and manufactures refuse collection bodies, waste compaction equipment, and associated parts and digital solutions. ESG's product brands include Heil, Marathon, Curotto-Can, Bayne Thinline, and Parts Central as well as digital solutions offerings 3rd Eye and Soft-Pak. ESG's products and services across equipment, digital, and aftermarket offerings are complementary to Terex's businesses, and will allow Terex to expand its customer base, providing customers with a broader suite of environmental equipment solutions, and realizing economies of scale. ESG will also complement and strengthen Terex’s portfolio with synergies in the fast-growing waste and recycling end market.
Net Assets Acquired
The Company has applied purchase accounting to ESG and the results of the operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements following the Closing Date. The application of purchase accounting under ASC 805 requires the recognition and measurement of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The net assets and liabilities of ESG were recorded at their estimated fair value using Level 3 inputs. In valuing acquired assets and liabilities, fair value estimates are based on, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, market rate assumptions for contractual obligations, future revenue growth, profitability, appropriate discount rates, attrition rates, royalty rates, growth rates and economic lives. The Company believes that such information provides a reasonable basis for estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed; however, certain tax positions require further analysis and were not yet final as of March 31, 2025. Accordingly, these preliminary estimates are subject to adjustments during the measurement period, not to exceed one year from the acquisition date, based upon new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the date of closing the acquisition. The finalization of these items could impact the purchase price allocation.
The transaction was recorded as a business combination using the acquisition method which requires measurement of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Goodwill was calculated as the excess of the aggregate of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets recognized. Accordingly, the aggregate value of the consideration paid by Terex to complete the Acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Acquisition based upon their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date.
The following table summarizes the preliminary estimated fair values of the ESG assets acquired and liabilities assumed and related deferred income taxes as of the Closing Date (in millions).
15

| October 8, 2024 |  |  |
Cash acquired | $ | 11 |  |  |  |
Receivables, net | 131 |  |  |  |
Inventory, net | 106 |  |  |  |
Prepaid and other current assets | 2 |  |  |  |
Property, plant & equipment | 85 |  |  |  |
Goodwill | 792 |  |  |  |
Identified intangibles subject to amortization | 1,114 |  |  |  |
Other assets | 7 |  |  |  |
Total assets acquired | $ | 2,248 |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable | 118 |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities | 82 |  |  |  |
Other non-current liabilities | 48 |  |  |  |
Total liabilities assumed | $ | 248 |  |  |  |
Net assets acquired | $ | 2,000 |  |  |  |

During the first quarter of 2025, additional adjustments to fair value of inventory and intangibles were recorded. These adjustments do not have a material effect on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Terex anticipates that the net assets acquired may differ from the preliminary assessment outlined above upon completion of the fair value assessment. Any changes to the initial estimates of fair value of the assets and liabilities will be recorded as adjustments to those assets and liabilities and residual amounts will be allocated to goodwill.
In April 2025, the purchase price was finalized following a post-closing adjustment agreed upon with Dover, resulting in a $10 million reduction in both the purchase price and goodwill.
Goodwill of $792 million resulting from the acquisition was assigned to the ES segment. Goodwill consists of intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition which includes assembled workforce and expected synergies from the business combinations.
The following table summarizes the identifiable definite-lived intangible assets acquired (in millions):

| Weighted Average Life (in years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount
Definite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |
Trade names | 15 |  | $ | 141 |
Customer relationships | 14 |  | 824 |
Technology | 12 |  | 149 |
Total definite-lived intangible assets |  |  | $ | 1,114 |

Unaudited Pro Forma Information
The following unaudited pro forma information has been presented as if the ESG Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2023. This information is based on historical results of operations, adjusted for acquisition accounting adjustments, and is not necessarily indicative of what the results would have been had the Company operated the business since January 1, 2023, nor does it intend to be a projection of future results.
16

(in millions, except per share data) | Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2024 |  |
Net sales | $ | 1,502 |  |  |
Net income | $ | 99 |  |  |
Basic earnings per share net income | $ | 1.47 |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share net income | $ | 1.45 |  |  |

NOTE E – EARNINGS PER SHARE

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| (in millions, except per share data) |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  |  |  |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding | 66.3 |  |  | 67.0 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings (loss) per share | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 66.3 |  |  | 67.0 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of dilutive restricted stock | 0.6 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 66.9 |  |  | 67.9 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings (loss) per share | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |  |  |  |  |

Non-vested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units (“Restricted Stock”) granted by the Company are treated as potential common shares outstanding in computing diluted earnings per share using the treasury stock method. Weighted average Restricted Stock of approximately 0.5 million and 0.3 million were outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted shares as the effect would be anti-dilutive or performance targets were not expected to be achieved for awards contingent upon performance.
NOTE F – INVENTORIES
Inventories consist of the following (in millions):

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Finished equipment | $ | 456 |  |  | $ | 406 |
Replacement parts | 188 |  |  | 168 |
Work-in-process | 126 |  |  | 121 |
Raw materials and supplies | 434 |  |  | 452 |
Inventories | $ | 1,204 |  |  | $ | 1,147 |

Inventory reserves were $82 million and $79 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
17

NOTE G – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment – net consist of the following (in millions):

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Property | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 76 |
Plant | 355 |  |  | 348 |
Equipment | 612 |  |  | 587 |
Leasehold improvements | 62 |  |  | 60 |
Construction in progress | 100 |  |  | 111 |
Property, plant and equipment – gross | 1,207 |  |  | 1,182 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (487) |  |  | (468) |
Property, plant and equipment – net | $ | 720 |  |  | $ | 714 |

NOTE H – GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
An analysis of changes in the Company’s goodwill by business segment is as follows (in millions):

| MP |  | Aerials |  | ES |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2024, gross | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | 803 |  |  | $ | 1,155 |
Accumulated impairment | (23) |  |  | (39) |  |  | — |  |  | (62) |
Balance at December 31, 2024, net | 191 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 803 |  |  | $ | 1,093 |
Foreign exchange effect and other | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (7) |
Balance at March 31, 2025, gross | 217 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 792 |  |  | 1,148 |
Accumulated impairment | (23) |  |  | (39) |  |  | — |  |  | (62) |
Balance at March 31, 2025, net | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 792 |  |  | $ | 1,086 |

Intangible assets, net were comprised of the following (in millions):

|  |  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Weighted Average Life (in years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Definite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology | 12 |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | 147 |
Customer relationships | 15 |  | 859 |  |  | (58) |  |  | 801 |  |  | 858 |  |  | (44) |  |  | 814 |
Trade names | 14 |  | 152 |  |  | (13) |  |  | 139 |  |  | 152 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 142 |
Land use rights | 80 |  | 4 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |
Other | 10 |  | 18 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 1 |
Total definite-lived intangible assets |  |  | $ | 1,192 |  |  | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | $ | 1,191 |  |  | $ | (84) |  |  | $ | 1,107 |

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Aggregate Amortization Expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 1 |

Estimated aggregate intangible asset amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows (in millions):

2025 | $ | 82 |
2026 | 81 |
2027 | 81 |
2028 | 81 |
2029 | 80 |

18

NOTE I – DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The Company operates internationally, with manufacturing and sales facilities in various locations around the world. In the normal course of business, the Company uses derivatives to manage commodity, currency and interest rate exposures. For a derivative to qualify for hedge accounting treatment at inception and throughout the hedge period, the Company formally documents the nature and relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objectives and strategies for undertaking various hedge transactions, and methods of assessing hedge effectiveness. Additionally, for hedges of forecasted transactions, significant characteristics and expected terms of a forecasted transaction must be specifically identified and it must be probable that each forecasted transaction will occur. If it is deemed probable the forecasted transaction will not occur, then the gain or loss would be recognized in current earnings. Financial instruments qualifying for hedge accounting must maintain a specified level of effectiveness between the hedging instrument and the item being hedged. The Company does not engage in trading or other speculative use of financial instruments. The Company records all derivative contracts at fair value on a recurring basis.
Commodity Swaps
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments include commodity swaps with outstanding notional value of $5 million and $9 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Commodity swaps outstanding at March 31, 2025 mature on or before August 31, 2025. The Company uses commodity swaps to mitigate price risk for hot rolled coil steel. Fair value of commodity swaps are based on observable market data for similar assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of commodity swaps are deferred in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”). Gains or losses on commodity swaps are reclassified to Cost of goods sold (“COGS”) in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when the hedged transaction affects earnings.
Cross Currency Swaps
Derivatives designated as net investment hedging instruments include cross currency swaps with outstanding notional value of $480 million and $466 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company uses these cross currency swaps to mitigate its exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates related to a net investment in a Euro-denominated functional currency subsidiary. Fair values of cross currency swaps are based on the present value of future cash payments and receipts. Changes in the fair value of cross currency swaps are deferred in AOCI. Gains or losses on cross currency swaps are reclassified to Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when the net investment is liquidated.
Foreign Exchange Contracts
The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts to manage variability of future cash flows associated with changing currency exchange rates. Foreign currency exchange contracts, whether designated or not designated as cash flow hedges, are used to mitigate exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates on recognized assets and liabilities or forecasted transactions. Fair values of these contracts are derived using quoted forward foreign exchange prices to interpolate values of outstanding trades at the reporting date based on their maturities. Foreign exchange contracts outstanding at March 31, 2025 mature on or before May 30, 2025.
The Company had $205 million and $314 million notional value of foreign exchange contracts outstanding that were not designated as cash flow hedging instruments at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The majority of gains and losses recognized from foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments are offset by changes in the underlying exposures the contracts are intended to mitigate, resulting in no material net impact on earnings. Changes in the fair value of these derivative financial instruments are recognized as gains or losses in COGS and Other income (expense) – net in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The Company had no foreign exchange contracts outstanding that were designated as cash flow hedging instruments at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
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The following table provides the location and fair value amounts of derivative instruments designated and not designated as hedging instruments that are reported in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (in millions):

|  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Instrument (1) | Balance Sheet Account | Derivatives designated as hedges | Derivatives not designated as hedges |  | Derivatives designated as hedges | Derivatives not designated as hedges
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | Other current assets | 4 |  | — |  |  | 7 |  | — |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | Other non-current assets | — |  | — |  |  | 7 |  | — |
Commodity swaps | Other current liabilities | — |  | — |  |  | (1) |  | — |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | Other non-current liabilities | (19) |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Net derivative asset (liability) | $ | (15) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 13 |  | $ | — |

(1) Categorized as Level 2 under the ASC 820 Fair Value Hierarchy.
The following tables provide the effect of derivative instruments that are designated as hedges in AOCI (in millions):

| Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives in OCI, net of tax |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Loss)
Instrument | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | Income Statement Account | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Commodity swaps | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (1) |  | Cost of goods sold | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | (14) |  |  | 5 |  | Selling, general and administrative expenses | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 4 |  | Total | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |

The following tables provide the effect of derivative instruments that are designated as hedges in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions):

| Classification and amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income (Loss)
| Cost of goods sold |  | Interest expense
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Income Statement Accounts in which effects of cash flow hedges are recorded | $ | (999) |  | $ | (995) |  |  | $ | (43) |  | $ | (15) |
Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into Income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Commodity swaps | (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in Income (loss) based on amortization approach:
Cross currency swaps - net investment hedge | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Total | $ | (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |

20

Derivatives not designated as hedges are used to offset foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from the underlying exposures of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. The following table provides the effect of non-designated derivatives in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions):

|  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income (Loss)
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
Instrument | Income Statement Account | 2025 | 2024 |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | Cost of goods sold | $ | 1 |  | $ | (1) |  |  |  |
| Total | $ | 1 |  | $ | (1) |  |  |  |

In the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss), the Company records hedging activity related to commodity swaps, cross currency swaps and foreign exchange contracts in the accounts for which the hedged items are recorded. On the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, the Company presents cash flows from hedging activities in the same manner as it records the underlying item being hedged.
Counterparties to the Company’s derivative financial instruments are major financial institutions and commodity trading companies with credit ratings of investment grade or better and no collateral is required. There are no significant risk concentrations. Management continues to monitor counterparty risk and believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is unlikely and any losses would be immaterial.

See Note L - “Stockholders’ Equity” for unrealized net gains (losses), net of tax, included in AOCI. Within unrealized net gains (losses) included in AOCI as of March 31, 2025, it is estimated that approximately $3 million of gains are expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next twelve months.
NOTE J – LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS
Credit Agreement
On January 31, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement with the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch (“CSAG”), as administrative agent and collateral agent, to provide the Company with a multi-currency revolving line of credit and senior secured term loans. This was subsequently amended to include (i) a $600 million revolving line of credit (the “Revolver”) and (ii) senior secured term loans totaling $600 million with a maturity date of January 31, 2024. On April 1, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment and restatement of the credit agreement (as amended and restated, the “Credit Agreement”) which included the following principal changes to the original credit agreement: (i) extension of the term of the Revolver to expire on April 1, 2026, (ii) reinstatement of financial covenants that were waived in 2020, (iii) decrease in the interest rate on the drawn Revolver by 25 basis points and (iv) certain other technical changes, including additional language regarding the potential cessation of LIBOR as a benchmark rate. In 2022, the Company completed the prepayment in full of the senior secured term loans.
On January 31, 2017, the Company entered into a Guarantee and Collateral Agreement with CSAG, as collateral agent for the lenders, granting security and guarantees to the lenders for amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, Terex is required to (a) pledge as collateral the capital stock of the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the capital stock of certain of the Company’s material foreign subsidiaries and (b) provide a first priority security interest in substantially all of the Company’s domestic assets. On December 29, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Guarantee and Collateral Agreement which included the following principal changes to the original agreement: (i) enabling a subsidiary to enter into hedging derivatives with external counterparties and (ii) inclusion of Terex subsidiary entities’ cash management services provided by lending banks to be secured under the Guarantee and Collateral Agreement.
On May 8, 2023, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an Amendment No. 1 (“Amendment No. 1”) to the Credit Agreement, with the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and CSAG. The principal changes contained in the Amendment No. 1 relate to the replacement of the adjusted LIBOR with term Secured Overnight Financing Rate. The Credit Agreement contemplated uncommitted incremental amounts in excess of $300 million that may be extended by the lenders, at their option, as long as the Company satisfies the maximum permitted level of senior secured leverage as defined in the Credit Agreement.
21

On October 8, 2024, the Company entered into an Incremental Assumption Agreement, Borrowing Subsidiary Agreement and Amendment No. 2 (the “Amendment No. 2”) to the Credit Agreement dated as of April 1, 2021 (the “Amended Credit Agreement”), with certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and UBS AG as successor administrative agent and successor collateral agent.
The Amendment No. 2 (i) increased the size of the Company’s existing revolving credit facilities to $800 million and extended the maturity of the Company’s existing revolving credit facilities to expire on October 8, 2029 (the “New Revolving Credit Facilities”) and (ii) provided for a new seven-year term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $1,250 million with a maturity date of October 8, 2031 (the “New Term Facility”, together with the New Revolving Credit Facilities, the “New Credit Facilities”). In addition, the Amended Credit Agreement increased the size of the letter of credit facility. The Amended Credit Agreement provides for the issuance of letters of credit (the “L/C Facility”) of up to $500 million (the utilization of which would decrease availability under the New Revolving Credit Facilities) and permits the Company to have additional secured facilities for the issuance of letters of credit outside of the Amended Credit Agreement (the “Additional L/C Facility”) of up to $400 million (the utilization of which would not decrease availability under the New Revolving Credit Facilities). The aggregate amount of letters of credit which the Company may issue under the L/C Facility and the Additional L/C Facility may not at any time exceed $500 million, of which up to $400 million may be issued under the Additional L/C Facility. Borrowings under the New Term Facility initially bear interest at a per annum rate equal to Term SOFR, plus 2.00% subject to a stepdown of 0.25% based on achieving and maintaining a first lien net leverage ratio equal to or less than 0.50x.
The Amended Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, negative and affirmative covenants and default provisions. The covenants limit, in certain circumstances, the Company’s ability to take a variety of actions, including, but not limited to: incurring or guaranteeing additional indebtedness or issuing preferred equity; creating or maintaining liens; making investments; paying dividends or making other restricted payments; consolidating or merging or transferring all or substantially all of the Company’s assets and the assets of the Company’s subsidiaries; transferring or selling assets, including stock of the Company’s subsidiaries; and redeeming debt. In particular, the New Revolving Credit Facilities requires the Company to maintain a first lien net leverage ratio of not more than 3.00x, which will be tested only if more than 30% of the total revolving credit commitments extended under the New Revolving Credit Facilities are utilized as of the last day of any fiscal quarter, subject to certain exclusions. The New Term Facility does not have the benefit of, or have any rights with respect to, the financial maintenance covenant. The Amended Credit Agreement provides for customary events of default which include, among other things, (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods) defaults based on (i) the failure to make payments under the Indenture when due, (ii) breach of covenants, (iii) the occurrence of a default under other material indebtedness, (iv) a change of control, (v) bankruptcy events and (vi) material judgments. The Company was in compliance with all covenants contained in the Amended Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2025.
The Company had no Revolver amounts outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The Company obtains letters of credit that generally serve as collateral for certain liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and guaranteeing the Company’s performance under contracts. Letters of credit can be issued under two facilities provided in the Amended Credit Agreement and via bilateral arrangements outside the Amended Credit Agreement.
The Company also has bilateral arrangements to issue letters of credit with various other financial institutions (the “Bilateral Arrangements”). The Bilateral Arrangements are not secured under the Amended Credit Agreement and do not decrease availability under the Revolver.
Letters of credit outstanding (in millions):

|  |  |  |  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
$500 Million Facility |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
$400 Million Facility |  |  |  |  | 56 |  |  | 47 |  |  |  |  |
Bilateral Arrangements |  |  |  |  | 48 |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  |  |  |

5% Senior Notes
In April 2021, the Company sold and issued $600 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes Due 2029 (“5% Notes”) at par in a private offering. The proceeds from the 5% Notes, together with cash on hand, was used: (i) to fund redemption and discharge of 5-5/8% Senior Notes and (ii) to pay related premiums, fees, discounts and expenses. The 5% Notes are jointly and
22

severally guaranteed by certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries. The proceeds from the offering are presented in long term debt in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company may redeem the 5% Notes in whole or in part, on or after May 15, 2024, at the redemption prices set forth in an indenture dated as of April 1, 2021.
6.25% Senior Notes
On October 8, 2024, the Company sold and issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes Due 2032 (“6.25% Notes”) at par in a private offering. The proceeds from the 6.25% Notes, together with new term loan borrowings under the New Term Facility and cash on hand, were used to consummate the Company’s acquisition of ESG, and to pay the related fees, costs, and expenses. The 6.25% Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed by certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries. The proceeds from the offering are presented in long term debt in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
The Company may redeem the 6.25% Notes in whole or in part, on or after October 15, 2027, at the redemption prices set forth in an indenture dated as of October 8, 2024 (the “Indenture”). Prior to October 15, 2027, the Company may redeem the 6.25% Notes, in whole or in part, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof plus a “make-whole” premium set forth in the Indenture. In addition, prior to October 15, 2027, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the 6.25% Notes with an amount equal to the proceeds of certain equity offerings.
Secured Borrowings
In October 2023, the Company entered into a Framework Agreement to transfer value added tax (“VAT”) receivables to a financial institution in exchange for cash in advance. This arrangement was accounted for as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral for the cash proceeds received, as the transfer does not meet the criteria for sale accounting. As a result, the VAT receivables pledged as collateral remain in receivables and a liability of $19 million and $18 million are presented in long term debt in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The long term debt classification is based on estimated timing of VAT refund from the Italian government which is expected to be greater than 12 months.
Fair Value of Debt
The Company estimates the fair value of its debt set forth below as of March 31, 2025, as follows (in millions, except for quotes):

| Book Value |  | Quote |  | Fair Value
5% Notes | $ | 600 |  |  | 0.95375 |  |  | $ | 572 |
6.25% Notes | 750 |  |  | 0.97000 |  |  | 728 |
New Term Facility (net of discount) | 1,244 |  |  | 1.00000 |  |  | 1,244 |

The fair value of debt reported in the table above is based on adjusted price quotations on the debt instruments in an inactive market. The Company believes that the carrying value of its other borrowings, including amounts outstanding, if any, for the revolving credit line under the Credit Agreement, approximate fair market value based on maturities for debt of similar terms. Fair values of debt reported in the table above are categorized under Level 2 of the ASC 820 hierarchy. See Note A – “Basis of Presentation” for an explanation of ASC 820 hierarchy.
23

NOTE K – LITIGATION AND CONTINGENCIES
General
The Company is involved in various legal proceedings, including product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation liability, employment, commercial, intellectual property and tax litigation, which have arisen in the normal course of operations. The Company is insured for product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, property damage and other insurable risks required by law or contract, with retained liability or deductibles. The Company records and maintains an estimated liability in the amount of management’s estimate of the Company’s aggregate exposure for such retained liabilities and deductibles. For such retained liabilities and deductibles, the Company determines its exposure based on probable loss estimations, which requires such losses to be both probable and the amount or range of probable loss to be estimable. The Company believes it has made appropriate and adequate reserves and accruals for its current contingencies and the likelihood of a material loss beyond amounts accrued is remote. The Company believes the outcome of such matters, individually and in aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements. However, outcomes of lawsuits cannot be predicted and, if determined adversely, could ultimately result in the Company incurring significant liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations.
Other
The Company is involved in various other legal proceedings which have arisen in the normal course of its operations. The Company has recorded provisions for estimated losses in circumstances where a loss is probable and the amount or range of possible amounts of the loss is estimable.
Credit Guarantees
The Company may assist customers in their rental, leasing and acquisition of its products by facilitating financing transactions directly between (i) end-user customers, distributors and rental companies and (ii) third-party financial institutions, providing recourse in certain circumstances. The current amount of the maximum liability is generally limited to our customer’s remaining payments due to the third-party financial institutions at the time of default; however, it cannot be reasonably estimated due to limited availability of the unique facts and circumstances of each arrangement, such as whether changes have been made to the structure of the contractual obligation between the funder and customer.
For credit guarantees outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the maximum exposure determined was $69 million and $72 million, respectively. Terms of these guarantees coincide with the financing arranged by the customer and generally do not exceed five years. The allowance for credit losses on credit guarantees was $7 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
There can be no assurance that historical experience in used equipment markets will be indicative of future results. The Company’s ability to recover losses experienced from its guarantees may be affected by economic conditions in used equipment markets at the time of loss.
24

NOTE L – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The table below presents changes in AOCI by component for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. All amounts are net of tax (in millions).

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
| CTA | Derivative Hedging Adj. | Debt & Equity Securities Adj. | Pension Liability Adj. | Total |  | CTA | Derivative Hedging Adj. | Debt & Equity Securities Adj. | Pension Liability Adj. | Total
Beginning balance | $ | (338) |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (48) |  | $ | (382) |  |  | $ | (228) |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (51) |  | $ | (287) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 46 |  | (14) |  | 1 |  | (3) |  | 30 |  |  | (34) |  | 4 |  | — |  | 1 |  | (29) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) | 46 |  | (13) |  | 1 |  | (2) |  | 32 |  |  | (34) |  | 4 |  | — |  | 1 |  | (29) |
Ending balance | $ | (292) |  | $ | (6) |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | (50) |  | $ | (350) |  |  | $ | (262) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (50) |  | $ | (316) |

Stock-Based Compensation
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company awarded 0.9 million shares of Restricted Stock to its employees with a weighted average fair value of $40.96 per share. Approximately 62% of these awards are time-based and vest ratably on each of the first three anniversary dates of the grants. Approximately 26% cliff vest at the end of a three-year period and are subject to performance targets that may or may not be met and for which the performance period has not yet been completed. Approximately 12% cliff vest and are based on performance targets containing a market condition determined over a three-year period.
Fair value of time-based awards is based on the market price of our common stock at the date of grant approval. The fair value of performance-based awards, except for awards based on a market condition, is based on the market price of our common stock at the date of grant approval, except fair values are multiplied by the probability of achievement as of the period-end date. For awards based on a market condition, fair value is based on the Monte Carlo method at grant date. The Monte Carlo method is a statistical simulation technique used to provide the grant date fair value of an award. The Company used the Monte Carlo method to determine grant date fair value of $42.06 per share for awards with a market condition granted on March 15, 2025.
The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used in the valuations:

| Grant date
| March 15, 2025
Dividend yields | 1.69 | %
Expected volatility | 41.56 | %
Risk free interest rate | 3.96 | %
Expected life (in years) | 3

25

Share Repurchases
In July 2018, Terex’s Board of Directors (“Board”) authorized the repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock. In December 2022, Terex’s Board authorized the additional repurchase of up to $150 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock. The table below presents shares repurchased, inclusive of transactions executed but not settled, by the Company under these programs.

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  | Total Number of Shares Repurchased | Amount of Shares Repurchased (in millions)
| 2025 |  | 798,723 | $33
| 2024 |  | 46,337 | $3

Dividends
The table below presents dividends declared by Terex’s Board and paid to the Company’s stockholders:

Year | First Quarter |  |  |  |  |
2025 | $ | 0.17 |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 | $ | 0.17 |  |  |  |  |  |

26

ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
Terex is a global industrial equipment manufacturer of materials processing machinery, waste and recycling solutions, mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs), and equipment for the electric utility industry. We design, build, and support products used in maintenance, manufacturing, energy, waste and recycling, minerals and materials management, construction, and the entertainment industry. We provide lifecycle support to our customers through our global parts and services organization, and offer complementary digital solutions, designed to help our customers maximize their return on their investment. Certain Terex products and solutions enable customers to reduce their impact on the environment including electric and hybrid offerings that deliver quiet and emission-free performance, products that support renewable energy, and products that aid in the recovery of useful materials from various types of waste. Our products are manufactured in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific and sold worldwide. We engage with customers through all stages of the product life cycle, from initial specification to parts and service support. We report our business in the following segments: (i) Materials Processing (“MP”), (ii) Aerials and (iii) Environmental Solutions (“ES”).
Further information about our reportable segments appears below and in Note B – “Business Segment Information” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-GAAP Measures
In this document, we refer to various GAAP (U.S. generally accepted accounting principles) and non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures being disclosed by other companies. Management believes that presenting these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with additional analytical tools which are useful in evaluating our operating results and the ongoing performance of our underlying businesses because they (i) provide meaningful supplemental information regarding financial performance by excluding impact of one-time items and other items affecting comparability between periods, (ii) permit investors to view performance using the same tools that management uses to budget, make operating and strategic decisions, and evaluate our core operating performance across periods, and (iii) otherwise provide supplemental information that may be useful to investors in evaluating our financial results. We do not, nor do we suggest that investors consider, such non-GAAP financial measures in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Non-GAAP measures also include translation effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on net sales, gross profit, selling, general & administrative (“SG&A”) expenses and operating profit.
As changes in foreign currency exchange rates have a non-operating impact on our financial results, we believe excluding effects of these changes assists in assessment of our business results between periods. We calculate the translation effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes by translating current period results using rates that the comparable prior periods were translated at to isolate the foreign exchange component of fluctuation from the operational component.
We calculate a non-GAAP measure of free cash flow. We define free cash flow as Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less Capital expenditures, net of proceeds from sale of capital assets. We believe this measure of free cash flow provides management and investors further useful information on cash generation or use in our primary operations.
We discuss forward-looking information related to expected earnings per share (“EPS”) excluding the impact of potential future acquisitions, divestitures, restructuring, tariffs, trade policies and other unusual items. Our 2025 outlook for EPS is a non-GAAP financial measure because it excludes unusual items. The Company is not able to reconcile these forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable forward-looking GAAP financial measures without unreasonable efforts because the Company is unable to predict with a reasonable degree of certainty the exact timing and impact of such items. The unavailable information could have a significant impact on the Company’s full-year 2025 GAAP financial results. This forward-looking information provides guidance to investors about our EPS expectations excluding these unusual items that we do not believe are reflective of our ongoing operations.
Working capital is calculated using the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet amounts for Receivables (net of allowance) plus Inventories, less Trade accounts payable, Customer advances and Short-term unearned revenue. We view excessive working capital as an inefficient use of resources, and seek to minimize the level of investment without adversely impacting ongoing operations of the business. Trailing three months annualized net sales is calculated using net sales for the most recent quarter
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end multiplied by four. The ratio calculated by dividing working capital by trailing three months annualized net sales is a non-GAAP measure we believe measures our resource use efficiency.
Non-GAAP measures also include Net Operating Profit After Tax (“NOPAT”) as adjusted, operating profit as adjusted, annualized effective tax rate as adjusted and stockholders’ equity as adjusted, which are used in the calculation of our after tax return on invested capital (“ROIC”) (collectively the “Non-GAAP Measures”), which are discussed in detail below.
Overview
Safety is a top priority, not only for our team members, but also our customers. All Terex team members contribute to our effort of continuing to provide products and services for our customers, while maintaining a safe working environment.
We continue to implement our updated Execute, Innovate and Grow strategy. We are evaluating our global footprint, focusing on opportunities to reduce fixed costs while improving operational performance, efficiency and flexibility. We have a new product development pipeline focused on maximizing return on investment for our customers and we are expanding our suite of digital solutions. We also continue to invest in robotics, automation, and digitizing workstreams to make our operations more efficient and flexible. Completing the ESG acquisition last year was a significant step forward. We expect organic growth in that business to continue, driven by demographics, product technology adoption, share gains, and further penetration of our digital solutions. Integrating ESG into Terex is on track, and we continue to expect to deliver at least $25 million in operational run-rate synergies by the end of 2026.
Our overall financial results in the first quarter exceeded our expectations due to strong execution by ESG. Net sales of $1.2 billion were 4.9% lower than the first quarter of 2024, as a 25% decline in organic business sales was partially offset by the addition of ESG. The organic business sales decline was in line with our expectation driven by continued channel adjustment coupled with timing of our backlog conversion. As we expected, our operating margins were impacted by the production cuts in Aerials and MP in the past two quarters that exceeded the revenue decline in the period. Those actions were necessary to manage inventory and rebalance supply with demand. Our current backlog of $2.6 billion is supportive of our outlook.
MP first quarter 2025 sales of $382 million was in line with our 2025 planning. We continue to see high fleet utilization rates in the United States. Quotation activity across our dealer network is positive with dealer stock levels declining albeit slowly. However, macro uncertainty and higher interest rates remain a headwind for rent to own conversions and the European market remains weak in particular for Aggregates and Cranes. Our Concrete business, led by Advance, delivered a solid first quarter with improved margins driven by new customers. MP’s backlog increased 33% sequentially and is in line with pre-covid norms. MP has returned to its traditional book-to-bill cadence supported by reliable lead times with backlog coverage of approximately three months.
Aerials first quarter 2025 sales of $450 million was consistent with our expectations. Approximately half of the revenue was generated in March, as our rental customers began to ramp up their deliveries heading into the seasonally higher construction period. That pattern is continuing into the second quarter. We continued to see strong Aerials book to bill in the quarter as our rental customers are executing their capex plans focused largely on fleet replacement.
Our ES segment had a strong quarter, generating approximately $400 million in sales which represented a third of our total Terex revenue in the first quarter. We produced and delivered more refuse collection vehicles in the first quarter than in any previous quarter in Heil’s history. ES backlog of $1.1 billion continues to demonstrate strong demand in both ESG and Terex Utilities.
In the first quarter of 2025, our largest market remained North America, which represented approximately 73% of our global sales. As compared to the prior year, sales were up in North America, driven by the ESG acquisition, and down in all other major geographies. Adding ESG made Terex a more US-centric company, which we believe is advantageous in the current geopolitical environment. Based on 2025 outlook, approximately 75% of our US machine sales is generated by products that we produce in our 11 manufacturing locations in the United States.
We continued to execute our capital allocation strategy as we made strategic investments in our businesses and we returned capital to shareholders. We continued to maintain ample liquidity and as of March 31, 2025, we had $1.1 billion in available liquidity, with no near-term debt maturities. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a detailed description of liquidity and working capital levels, including the primary factors affecting such levels, as well as a reconciliation of net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to free cash flow.
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We are closely following the administration’s approach to international trade policy and the responses from countries around the world. The majority of the products we sell in the United States, we make in the United States which largely limits our exposure. Moreover, we initiated mitigation actions last year and in the first quarter of 2025 in anticipation of additional tariffs, leveraging our global capabilities to manage the impact. Like other industrial companies, we have a global supply base and are exposed to tariffs on imported material. A key element of our tariff mitigation plan was working closely with our global suppliers to absorb the added cost and forward-place inventory in the United States to buffer the impact of the new tariffs. In addition, we are leveraging the global sourcing capabilities we developed during the first Trump administration and the post-Covid supply chain crisis, to re-balance supply to more favorable sources, among other actions. As a global company with a significant footprint in the United States and around the world, we have optionality and are ready to take additional actions if needed. See Part II, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors” for a detailed description of the risks resulting from the imposition of new, postponed or increased international tariffs.
We continue to expect growth in 2025, anticipating net sales of $5.3 to $5.5 billion, as a result of the ESG acquisition more than offsetting year-over-year declines in organic sales. We are maintaining our full-year earnings per share outlook of $4.70 and $5.10 on lower organic operating profit, partially offset by ESG accretion. Our outlook assumes easing of recently announced tariffs. It is important to realize we are operating in a complex environment with many macroeconomic variables and geopolitical uncertainties, so results could change, negatively or positively.
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ROIC
ROIC and other Non-GAAP Measures (as calculated below) assist in showing how effectively we utilize capital invested in our operations. ROIC is determined by dividing the sum of NOPAT for each of the previous four quarters by the average of Debt less Cash and cash equivalents plus Stockholders’ equity for the previous five quarters. NOPAT for each quarter is calculated by multiplying Operating profit by one minus the annualized effective tax rate, as adjusted. Debt is calculated using amounts for Current portion of long-term debt plus Long-term debt, less current portion. We calculate ROIC using the last four quarters’ NOPAT as this represents the most recent 12-month period at any given point of determination. In order for the denominator of the ROIC ratio to properly match the operational period reflected in the numerator, we include the average of five quarters’ ending balance sheet amounts so that the denominator includes the average of the opening through ending balances (on a quarterly basis) thereby providing, over the same time period as the numerator, four quarters of average invested capital.
In the calculation of ROIC, we adjust operating profit, annualized effective tax rate, and stockholders’ equity to remove the effects of the impact of certain transactions in order to create a measure that is more useful to understanding our operating results and the ongoing performance of our underlying business excluding the impact of unusual items as shown in the tables below. Our management and Board of Directors (“Board”) use ROIC as one measure to assess operational performance, which is also included in certain compensation programs. We use ROIC as a metric because we believe it measures how effectively we invest our capital and provides a better measure to compare ourselves to peer companies to assist in assessing how we drive operational improvement. We believe ROIC measures return on the amount of capital invested in our businesses and is an accurate and descriptive measure of our performance. We also believe adding Debt less Cash and cash equivalents to Stockholders’ equity provides a better comparison across similar businesses regarding total capitalization, and ROIC highlights the level of value creation as a percentage of capital invested. As the tables below show, our ROIC at March 31, 2025 was 15.0%.
Amounts described below are reported in millions of U.S. dollars, except for the annualized effective tax rate as adjusted. Amounts are as of and for the three months ended for the periods referenced in the tables below.

| Mar '25 | Dec '24 | Sep '24 | Jun '24 | Mar '24
Annualized effective tax rate as adjusted(1) | 17.5 | % | 15.6 | % | 15.6 | % | 15.6 | % |
Operating profit as adjusted | $ | 111 |  | $ | 97 |  | $ | 127 |  | $ | 196 |  |
Multiplied by: 1 minus annualized effective tax rate as adjusted | 82.5 | % | 84.4 | % | 84.4 | % | 84.4 | % |
Net operating income (loss) after tax as adjusted | $ | 92 |  | $ | 82 |  | $ | 107 |  | $ | 165 |  |
Debt | $ | 2,586 |  | $ | 2,584 |  | $ | 628 |  | $ | 666 |  | $ | 724 |
Less: Cash and cash equivalents | (298) |  | (388) |  | (352) |  | (319) |  | (365) |
Debt less Cash and cash equivalents | 2,288 |  | 2,196 |  | 276 |  | 347 |  | 359 |
Stockholders’ equity as adjusted | 1,957 |  | 1,908 |  | 1,984 |  | 1,839 |  | 1,742 |
Debt less Cash and cash equivalents plus Stockholders’ equity as adjusted | $ | 4,245 |  | $ | 4,104 |  | $ | 2,260 |  | $ | 2,186 |  | $ | 2,101 |

(1) The annualized effective tax rate as adjusted for each 2024 period represents the adjusted full-year 2024 effective tax rate.

March 31, 2025 ROIC | 15.0 | %
NOPAT as adjusted (last 4 quarters) | $ | 446 |
Average Debt less Cash and cash equivalents plus Stockholders’ equity as adjusted (5 quarters) | $ | 2,979 |

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| Three months ended 3/31/2025 | Three months ended 12/31/2024 | Three months ended 9/30/2024 | Three months ended 6/30/2024 |
Reconciliation of operating profit: |  |  |  |  |
Operating profit as reported | $ | 69 |  | $ | 53 |  | $ | 122 |  | $ | 193 |  |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
Accelerated vesting / severance | 5 |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |
Purchase price accounting | 21 |  | 38 |  | — |  | — |  |
Deal related | 5 |  | 2 |  | — |  | — |  |
Litigation related | 10 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |
Tariff related | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |
Operating profit as adjusted | $ | 111 |  | $ | 97 |  | $ | 127 |  | $ | 196 |  |
| As of 3/31/2025 | As of 12/31/2024 | As of 9/30/2024 | As of 6/30/2024 | As of 3/31/2024
Reconciliation of Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity as reported | $ | 1,844 |  | $ | 1,832 |  | $ | 1,957 |  | $ | 1,824 |  | $ | 1,732 |
Effects of adjustments, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Accelerated vesting / severance | 19 |  | 14 |  | 11 |  | 6 |  | 4 |
Purchase price accounting | 50 |  | 32 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Deal related | 21 |  | 16 |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | — |
Litigation related | 8 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Mark-to-market | 15 |  | 14 |  | 14 |  | 7 |  | 6 |
Stockholders’ equity as adjusted | $ | 1,957 |  | $ | 1,908 |  | $ | 1,984 |  | $ | 1,839 |  | $ | 1,742 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | Income (loss) before income taxes | (Provision for) benefit from income taxes | Income tax rate |
Reconciliation of annualized effective tax rate: |  |  |  |
As reported | $ | 26 |  | $ | (5) |  | 20.3 | % |
Effect of adjustments: |  |  |  |
Accelerated vesting / severance | 5 |  | (1) |  |  |
Purchase price accounting | 21 |  | (5) |  |  |
Deal related | 6 |  | (1) |  |  |
Mark-to-Market | 1 |  | (1) |  |  |
Litigation related | 10 |  | (2) |  |  |
Tariff related | 1 |  | — |  |  |
Tax related to full-year effective tax rate expectation | — |  | 1 |  |  |
Tax related to Swiss deferred tax asset | — |  | 2 |  |  |
As adjusted | $ | 70 |  | $ | (12) |  | 17.5 | % |

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared with Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Consolidated

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 1,229 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1,292 |  |  | — |  |  | (4.9) | %
Gross profit | 230 |  |  | 18.7 | % |  | 297 |  |  | 23.0 | % |  | (22.6) | %
SG&A expenses | 161 |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | 139 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 15.8 | %
Operating profit | 69 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 158 |  |  | 12.2 | % |  | (56.3) | %

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $63 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to lower end-market demand across most geographies within MP and Aerials, partially offset by sales generated from the recently acquired ESG business.
Gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $67 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to the impact of lower sales volume and unfavorable absorption due to lower production volumes and mix within MP, partially offset by strong performance in our ESG business.
SG&A expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased $22 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to a one-time litigation related charge, additional compensation cost related to the recently acquired ESG business and higher severance costs, partially offset by lower compensation cost within MP and Aerials.
Operating profit for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $89 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to the impact of lower sales volume, production adjustment, unfavorable mix within MP and higher severance costs, partially offset by strong performance in our ESG business and cost reduction actions within MP and Aerials.
Materials Processing

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 382 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | — |  |  | (26.5) | %
Operating profit | 36 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | 72 |  |  | 13.9 | % |  | (50.0) | %

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $138 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to lower channel requirements and end-market demand across most product lines and geographies.
Operating profit for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $36 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to lower sales volume, unfavorable mix and higher severance costs, partially offset by cost reduction actions.
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Aerials

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | — |  |  | (27.8) | %
Operating profit | 2 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 92 |  |  | 14.8 | % |  | (97.8) | %

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $173 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to a return to a more customary seasonal delivery pattern and the timing of our customers' expected equipment replacement schedule.
Operating profit for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $90 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to lower sales volume, unfavorable absorption due to lower production volumes, and a one-time litigation related charge, partially offset by cost reduction actions.
Environmental Solutions

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | 399 |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |  |  | — |  |  | 164.2 | %
Operating profit | 56 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | 15 |  |  | 10.1 | % |  | 273.3 | %

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased $248 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to sales generated by the recently acquired ESG business. See Note D - “Acquisitions and Dispositions” in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding acquisition of ESG.
Operating profit for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased $41 million when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to operating profit generated by the recently acquired ESG business. See Note D - “Acquisitions and Dispositions” in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding acquisition of ESG.
Corporate and Other / Eliminations

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
|  |  | % of Sales |  |  |  | % of Sales |  | % Change In Reported Amounts
| ($ amounts in millions) |  |
Net sales | $ | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Operating profit (loss) | (25) |  |  | * |  | (21) |  |  | * |  | (19.0) | %

* Not a meaningful percentage
Operating loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased $4 million when compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in operating loss is primarily due to lower sales before intercompany elimination.
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Interest Expense, Net of Interest Income
Interest expense, net of interest income, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $41 million and $11 million, respectively. The increase in expense is primarily due to the issuance of additional debt in the fourth quarter of 2024 to finance the ESG acquisition.
Other Income (Expense) – Net
Other income (expense) – net was an expense of $2 million and $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in expense is primarily due to lower mark-to-market losses recorded on equity investments, and the favorable impact of changes in foreign exchange rates.
Income Taxes
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recognized income tax expense of $5 million on income of $26 million, an effective tax rate of 20.3%, as compared to income tax expense of $28 million on income of $137 million, an effective tax rate of 20.5%, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The lower effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025 when compared with the three months ended March 31, 2024 is primarily due to lower tax related to geographic distribution of income.
On December 15, 2022, the European Union (“EU”) Member States formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, which generally provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15% for large corporations, as established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar Two Framework. A number of countries in which we operate have adopted legislation, many of which were effective in 2024 subject to the OECD transitional safe harbor rules, while other countries are still in the process of introducing legislation. In addition, the OECD continues to issue guidance on this matter including the technical documents released on January 15, 2025. Among this release, the OECD issued Administrative Guidance on the application of the Global Anti-Base Erosion (GloBE) Model Rules. While the Company has determined the impact of enacted Pillar Two legislation on its financial statements is not material, the Company will continue to evaluate the financial statement impacts as additional Pillar Two rules are enacted and OECD guidance is issued, including the documents recently released.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We are focused on generating cash and maintaining liquidity (cash and availability under our revolving line of credit) for the efficient operation of our business. At March 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $298 million and undrawn availability under our revolving line of credit of $800 million, giving us total liquidity of approximately $1,098 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, our liquidity decreased by approximately $90 million from December 31, 2024 primarily due to cash used in capital expenditures, share repurchases, dividends and operating activities.
Our main sources of funding are cash generated from operations, including cash generated from the sale of receivables, loans from our bank credit facilities and funds raised in capital markets. We have no significant debt maturities until 2029. Our actions to maintain liquidity include disciplined management of costs and working capital. We believe these measures will provide us with adequate liquidity to comply with our financial covenants under our bank credit facility, continue to support internal operating initiatives and meet our operating and debt service requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of this quarterly report. See Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 and Part II Item 1A – “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report for a detailed description of the risks resulting from our debt and our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to operate our business.
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Our ability to generate cash from operations is subject to numerous factors, including the following:
•The duration and depth of the global economic volatility resulting from tariffs, trade war, geopolitical uncertainty, inflationary pressures, foreign exchange rate volatility and high interest rates.
•As our sales change, the amount of working capital needed to support our business may change.
•Many of our customers fund their purchases through third-party finance companies that extend credit based on the creditworthiness of customers and expected residual value of our equipment. Changes either in customers’ credit profile or used equipment values may affect the ability of customers to purchase equipment. There can be no assurance that third-party finance companies will continue to extend credit to our customers as they have in the past.
•Our suppliers extend payment terms to us primarily based on our overall credit rating. Deterioration in our credit rating may influence suppliers’ willingness to extend terms and in turn accelerate cash requirements of our business.
•Sales of our products are subject to general economic conditions, tariffs, weather, competition, translation effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes, and other factors that in many cases are outside our direct control. For example, during periods of economic uncertainty, our customers have delayed purchasing decisions, which in turn reduces cash generated from operations.
•Availability and utilization of other sources of liquidity such as trade account receivables sales programs.
Typically, we have invested our cash in a combination of highly rated, liquid money market funds and in short-term bank deposits with large, highly rated banks. Our investment objective is to preserve capital and liquidity while earning a market rate of interest.
We seek to use cash held by our foreign subsidiaries to support our operations and continued growth plans through funding of capital expenditures, operating expenses or other similar cash needs of worldwide operations. Most of this cash could be used in the U.S., if necessary, without additional tax expense. Incremental cash repatriated to the U.S. would not be expected to result in material foreign income and withholding, U.S. federal or state income tax cost. We will continue to seek opportunities to tax-efficiently mobilize and redeploy funds.
We had free cash flow use of $55 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The following table reconciles net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to free cash flow (in millions):

|  | Three Months Ended 3/31/2025 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | (21) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures, net of proceeds from sale of capital assets |  | (34) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Free cash flow (use) |  | $ | (55) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Pursuant to terms of our trade accounts receivable factoring arrangements, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, we sold, without material recourse, approximately $132 million of trade accounts receivable to enhance liquidity.
Working capital as a percent of trailing three month annualized net sales was 26.0% at March 31, 2025. The following tables show the calculation of our working capital and trailing three months annualized sales as of March 31, 2025 (in millions):

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |
Net sales | $ | 1,229 |  |  |
x | 4 |  |  |
Trailing three month annualized net sales | $ | 4,916 |  |  |

| As of March 31, 2025 |  |
Inventories | $ | 1,204 |  |  |
Receivables | 783 |  |  |
Trade accounts payable | (668) |  |  |
Customer advances and Short-term unearned revenue | (39) |  |  |
Working capital | $ | 1,280 |  |  |

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We remain focused on the use of Terex Financial Services to drive incremental sales by facilitating customer financing solutions in key markets.
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we repurchased 758,843 shares of common stock for $32 million leaving approximately $54 million available for repurchase under our share repurchase programs. Our Board declared a dividend of $0.17 per share in the first quarter of 2025, which was paid to our stockholders.
Our ability to access capital markets to raise funds, through sale of equity or debt securities, is subject to various factors, some specific to us and others related to general economic and/or financial market conditions. These include results of operations, projected operating results for future periods and debt to equity leverage. Our ability to access capital markets is also subject to our timely filing of periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, terms of our bank credit facilities and senior notes contain restrictions on our ability to make further borrowings and to sell substantial portions of our assets.
Cash Flows
Cash used in operations was $21 million and $34 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in cash used in operations was primarily driven by changes in working capital, partially offset by lower operating profitability.
Cash used in investing activities was $26 million and $36 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in cash used in investing activities relates primarily to proceeds from settlement of net investment hedges.
Cash used in financing activities was $50 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to cash provided by financing activities of $71 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in cash used in financing activities was primarily due to lower borrowings and higher share repurchases.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
Guarantees
We may assist customers in their rental, leasing and acquisition of our products by facilitating financing transactions directly between (i) end-user customers, distributors and rental companies and (ii) third-party financial institutions, providing recourse in certain circumstances. The expectation of losses or non-performance is evaluated based on consideration of historical customer assessments, current financial conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, equipment collateral value and other factors. Many of these factors, including the assessment of a customer’s ability to pay, are influenced by economic and market factors that cannot be predicted with certainty. Our maximum liability is generally limited to our customer’s remaining payments due to the third-party financial institutions at the time of default. In the event of a customer default, we are generally able to recover and dispose of the equipment at a minimum loss, if any, to us. Reserves are recorded for expected loss over the contractual period of risk exposure.
There can be no assurance that our historical experience in used equipment markets will be indicative of future results. Our ability to recover losses experienced from our guarantees may be affected by economic conditions in used equipment markets at the time of loss.
See Note K – “Litigation and Contingencies” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our guarantees.
CONTINGENCIES AND UNCERTAINTIES
Foreign Exchange and Interest Rate Risk
Our products are sold in over 100 countries around the world and, accordingly, our revenues are generated in foreign currencies, while costs associated with those revenues are only partly incurred in the same currencies. Primary currencies to which we are exposed are the Euro, British Pound, Chinese Yuan, Indian Rupee, Australian Dollar and Mexican Peso. We purchase hedging instruments to manage variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities due to changing currency exchange rates.
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We manage our exposure to interest rate risk by establishing a mix of indebtedness bearing interest at both floating and fixed rates at inception and maintain a ratio of floating and fixed rates on this mix of indebtedness using interest rate derivatives when necessary.
See Note I – “Derivative Financial Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our derivatives and Item 3 “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for a discussion of the impact changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates may have on our financial performance.
Other
We are subject to a number of contingencies and uncertainties including, without limitation, product liability claims, workers’ compensation liability, intellectual property litigation, self-insurance obligations, tax examinations, guarantees, class action lawsuits and other matters. See Note K – “Litigation and Contingencies” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding contingencies and uncertainties. We are insured for product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, property damage, intellectual property and other insurable risks required by law or contract with retained liability to us or deductibles. Many of the exposures are unasserted or proceedings are at a preliminary stage, and it is not presently possible to estimate the amount or timing of any liability. However, we do not believe these contingencies and uncertainties will, individually or in aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our operations. For contingencies and uncertainties other than income taxes, when it is probable a loss will be incurred and possible to make reasonable estimates of our liability with respect to such matters, a provision is recorded for the amount of such estimate or for the minimum amount of a range of estimates when it is not possible to estimate the amount within the range that is most likely to occur.
We generate hazardous and non-hazardous wastes in the normal course of our manufacturing operations. As a result, we are subject to a wide range of environmental laws and regulations. All of our employees are required to obey all applicable health, safety and environmental laws and regulations and must observe the proper safety rules and environmental practices in work situations. These laws and regulations govern actions that may have adverse environmental effects, such as discharges to air and water, and require compliance with certain practices when handling and disposing of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. These laws and regulations would also impose liability for the costs of, and damages resulting from, cleaning up sites, past spills, disposals and other releases of hazardous substances, should any such events occur. We are committed to complying with these standards and monitoring our workplaces to determine if equipment, machinery and facilities meet specified safety standards. Each of our manufacturing facilities is subject to an environmental audit at least once every five years to monitor compliance. Also, no incidents have occurred which required us to pay material amounts to comply with such laws and regulations. We are dedicated to ensuring that safety and health hazards are adequately addressed through appropriate work practices, training and procedures. We are committed to reducing injuries and working towards a world-class level of safety practices in our industry.
RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Please refer to Note A – “Basis of Presentation” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of recently issued accounting standards.
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ITEM 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to certain market risks that exist as part of our ongoing business operations and we use derivative financial instruments, where appropriate, to manage these risks. As a matter of policy, we do not engage in trading or speculative transactions. For further information on accounting related to derivative financial instruments, refer to Note I – “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Our products are sold in over 100 countries around the world. The reporting currency for our consolidated financial statements is the U.S. dollar. Certain of our assets, liabilities, expenses, revenues and earnings are denominated in other countries’ currencies, including the Euro, British Pound, Chinese Yuan, Indian Rupee, Australian Dollar and Mexican Peso. Those assets, liabilities, expenses, revenues and earnings are translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable foreign exchange rates to prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, increases or decreases in foreign exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and those other currencies affect the value of those items as reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements, even if their value remains unchanged in their original currency. Due to continued volatility of foreign exchange rates to the U.S. dollar, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates may have an impact on the accuracy of our financial guidance. Such fluctuations in foreign exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar may cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated and have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations. We assess foreign currency risk based on transactional cash flows, identify naturally offsetting positions and purchase hedging instruments to partially offset anticipated exposures.
At March 31, 2025, we performed a sensitivity analysis on the impact that aggregate changes in the translation effect of foreign exchange rate changes would have on our operating income. Based on this sensitivity analysis, we have determined that a strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies by 10% to amounts already incorporated in the financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2025 would have had approximately a $4 million impact on the translation effect of foreign exchange rate changes already included in our reported operating income for the period ended March 31, 2025.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate volatility with regard to future issuances of fixed rate debt and existing issuances of variable rate debt. Primary exposure includes movements in benchmark rates. We manage our exposure to interest rate risk by establishing a mix of indebtedness bearing interest at both floating and fixed rates at inception and maintain a ratio of floating and fixed rates on this mix of indebtedness using interest rate derivatives when necessary. At March 31, 2025, 48% of our debt was floating rate debt and the weighted average interest rate of our total debt was 5.59%.
At March 31, 2025, we performed a sensitivity analysis for our financial instruments that have interest rate risk. We calculated the pretax earnings effect on our interest sensitive instruments. Based on this sensitivity analysis, we have determined that an increase of 10% in our average floating interest rates at March 31, 2025 would not have materially increased interest expense during the period.
Commodities Risk
In the absence of labor strikes or other unusual circumstances, substantially all materials and components are normally available from multiple suppliers. However, certain of our businesses receive materials and components from a single source supplier, although alternative suppliers of such materials may be generally available. Delays in our suppliers’ abilities, especially any sole suppliers for a particular business, to provide us with necessary materials and components may delay production at a number of our manufacturing locations, or may require us to seek alternative supply sources. Delays in obtaining supplies may result from a number of factors affecting our suppliers, including capacity constraints, regulatory changes, freight and container availability, labor disputes, suppliers’ impaired financial condition, suppliers’ allocations to other purchasers, weather emergencies, pandemics or acts of war or terrorism. Any delay in receiving supplies could impair our ability to deliver products to our customers and, accordingly, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Current and potential suppliers are evaluated regularly on their ability to meet our requirements and standards. We actively manage our material sourcing, and employ various methods to limit risk associated with commodity cost fluctuations and availability. The overall continuity of material supply into our manufacturing operations has been stable in the first quarter of 2025. We have designed and implemented plans to mitigate the impact of these risks by using alternate suppliers, expanding our supply base globally, leveraging our overall purchasing volumes to obtain favorable pricing and
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quantities, developing a closer working relationship with key suppliers and purchasing hedging instruments to partially offset anticipated exposures.
Principal materials and components used in our various manufacturing processes include steel, castings, engines, tires, hydraulics, cylinders, drive trains, cab chassis, electric controls and motors, semiconductors, and a variety of other commodities and fabricated or manufactured items. Inflationary pressure on certain purchased components have continued while the cost of U.S. steel has increased throughout the first quarter of 2025 driven by restocking demand and the announced reset of Section 232 tariffs on steel. Additionally, import of certain purchased components and parts may be impacted by the implications of sanctions preventing the use of iron and steel from Russia in such components and parts. The U.S. government has imposed tariffs on certain foreign goods from a variety of countries and regions that it perceives as engaging in unfair trade practices. Tariffs on certain foreign origin goods continue to put pressure on input costs. We have been able to mitigate some effects of tariffs through the U.S. government’s duty draw-back mechanism, tariff exclusion process, footprint utilization, and prudent sourcing. If we become unable to recover a substantial portion of any increased tariff related costs from our customers, suppliers, duty draw-back, or other available avenues, the imposition of the new or increased international tariffs could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We will continue to monitor international trade policy and will make adjustments to our supply base where possible to mitigate the impact on our costs. For more information on commodities risk, see Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and Part II Item 1A – “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report.

ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure information required to be disclosed in reports we file under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure. In connection with the preparation of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we carried out an evaluation, under supervision and with participation of our management, including the CEO and CFO, as of March 31, 2025, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2025.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Effectiveness of any system of controls and procedures is subject to certain limitations, and, as a result, there can be no assurance our controls and procedures will detect all errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that objectives of the control system will be attained.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

We are involved in various legal proceedings, including product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation liability, employment, commercial, intellectual property and tax litigation, which have arisen in the normal course of operations. We are insured for product liability, general liability, workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, property damage and other insurable risks required by law or contract with retained liability to us or deductibles. We believe the outcome of such matters, individually and in aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements. However, outcomes of lawsuits cannot be predicted and, if determined adversely, could ultimately result in us incurring significant liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
For information regarding litigation and other contingencies and uncertainties, see Note K - “Litigation and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

The risk factor entitled “The imposition of new, postponed or increased international tariffs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.” updates and replaces the prior risk factor entitled “The imposition of new or increased international tariffs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.” We have also updated the risk factors entitled “Our business is sensitive to general economic conditions, government spending priorities and the cyclical nature of markets we serve.” and “We are exposed to political, economic and other risks that arise from operating a multinational business.” There have been no other material changes in our risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The imposition of new, postponed or increased international tariffs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Rising international tariffs could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. The U.S. government has continued to impose more tariffs on certain foreign goods from an increasing number of countries and regions that it perceives as engaging in unfair trade practices. Foreign governments have imposed, and may continue to impose, retaliatory tariffs on goods that their countries import from the U.S. Such changes can make it difficult or costly for us to do business in, or import our products from, such countries. For example, tariffs on certain Chinese origin goods impact the cost of material and machines we import directly from our manufacturing operations in China, as well as the cost of material and components imported on our behalf by suppliers. The indirect impact of inflationary pressure on costs throughout the supply chain and the direct impact, for example, on costs for machines we import outside of the U.S., leads to higher input costs and potentially lower margins on certain products we sell. In addition, increasing tariffs imposed by the Chinese government on U.S. imports, and the potential imposition of tariffs by other countries on U.S. imports, have made the cost of some of our products more expensive for our non-U.S. customers and such costs could further increase.
We have been able to mitigate some effects of tariffs through the U.S. government’s duty draw-back mechanism, tariff exclusion process, footprint utilization, and prudent sourcing. However, the end of certain tariff exclusions, and the increasing amount of new and proposed tariffs, could further destabilize global trade and economic conditions in many of the regions where we do business. Modifying our business operations to continuously adapt to or comply with rapidly evolving tariffs may be time-consuming and costly. If we become unable to recover a substantial portion of any tariff related costs from our customers, suppliers, duty draw-back, or other available avenues, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is sensitive to general economic conditions, government spending priorities and the cyclical nature of markets we serve.
Demand for our products is affected by the general strength of the economies in which we sell our products, customers’ perceptions concerning the timing of economic cycles, customers’ replacement or repair cycles, prevailing interest rates, residential and non-residential construction spending, government spending priorities, capital expenditure allocations of our customers, the timing of regulatory standard changes, oil and gas related activity and other factors. The last several years have been marked by geopolitical instability, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine as well as Israel and Hamas, social concerns, supply chain and freight constraints, a pandemic, labor shortages and wage increases, high inflation, high interest rates, foreign currency exchange volatility, recessions, tariffs and potential international trade wars, all of which have increased ongoing economic uncertainty and instability in the global markets. This instability can make it extremely difficult for our
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customers, our suppliers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. Some of our customers also depend substantially on government funding of highway construction, maintenance and other infrastructure projects. Policies of governments attempting to address local deficit or structural economic issues could have a material impact on our customers and markets. There is an expectation of significant infrastructure and government spending, including in relation to the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the Inflation Reduction Act and the CHIPS and Science Act. Any decrease or delay in government funding of highway construction and maintenance, other infrastructure projects and overall government spending could cause our revenues and profits to decrease.
Recent channel adjustments reflect macro uncertainty, high interest rates, geopolitical uncertainties, and shorter delivery lead times. We cannot provide any assurance that there will not be continued, increased global economic weakness and recessions based on the above uncertainties or other factors. Additionally, changes in trade agreements, the continued imposition of tariffs by the United States, retaliatory tariffs by other countries and any resulting escalation of trade tensions, including a trade war, could have a significant adverse effect on world trade and the world economy. If economic conditions in the U.S., Europe and other key markets weaken, we may experience further negative impacts to our net sales, financial condition, profitability and cash flows, which could result in the need for us to record impairments.
We are exposed to political, economic and other risks that arise from operating a multinational business.
Our operations are subject to a number of potential risks. Such risks principally include:
•uncertainties and instability in global and regional economic conditions, including changes related to market conditions caused by heightened inflation, economic recessions, and significant interest rate fluctuations;
•ongoing political instability and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict between Israel and Hamas, the relationship between China and the U.S. and other actual or anticipated military or political conflicts;
•domestic and foreign customs and tariffs;
•export duties and quotas;
•trade protection measures and currency exchange controls;
•changes in tax laws or interpretations, tax rates and tax legislation;
•current and changing regulatory environments;
•terrorist activities and the U.S. and international response thereto;
•wage inflation, labor shortages and labor unrest;
•difficulties protecting our intellectual property;
•transportation delays and interruptions;
•costs and difficulties in integrating, staffing and managing international operations, especially in developing markets;
•difficulty in obtaining distribution support;
•health epidemics or new pandemics; and
•natural disasters.
In addition, many of the nations in which we operate have developing legal and economic systems adding greater uncertainty to our operations in those countries than would be expected in North America, Western Europe and certain Asia Pacific markets. These factors may have an adverse effect on our international operations in the future. Efforts to improve operations in developing markets also requires us to hire, train and retain qualified personnel in countries where language, cultural or regulatory barriers may exist, and may require a greater level of management’s attention. Expansion into developing markets may also require modification of products to meet local requirements or preferences. Modification to the design of our products to meet local requirements and preferences may take longer or be more costly than we anticipate and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve international sales growth.
As a global manufacturer, quotas, duties, tariffs and the possibility of an escalation or further developments of current trade conflicts could continue to negatively impact global trade and economic conditions in many of the regions where we do business. See the Risk Factor entitled “The imposition of new, proposed or increased international tariffs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations” for additional details.
The Coalition of American Manufacturers of Mobile Access Equipment, an alliance of mobile access equipment producers in the U.S. of which we are a member, pursued anti-dumping and countervailing cases against unfairly traded Chinese imports of mobile access equipment. The U.S. Department of Commerce has issued countervailing and anti-dumping duty rates on mobile access equipment from China. If these duties are not enough to offset the subsidies provided by the Chinese government to Chinese mobile access equipment manufacturers and/or if the duties are modified as a result of any appeal process, we may continue to operate at a disadvantage to Chinese manufacturers. This could result in reduced demand for our products in the U.S. and have an adverse effect on our business or results of operations. Similarly, following an official complaint by several of our EU competitors, the European Commission recently concluded an anti-dumping investigation into mobile access equipment imported from China and is currently conducting a parallel anti-subsidy investigation that is expected to conclude
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later this year. As a result of the anti-dumping investigation, the European Commission imposed a range of anti-dumping duties on manufacturers who produce equipment in China, with most of the highest duties assigned to Chinese owned competitors. If anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties are not enough to offset any subsidies provided by the Chinese government to Chinese manufacturers and/or if their duties are modified as a result of any appeal process, it could result in reduced demand for our products in the E.U. and have an adverse effect on our business or results of operation.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about our purchases during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 of our common stock that is registered by us pursuant to the Exchange Act.

|  | Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands) (2)
January 1, 2025 - January 31, 2025 |  | 150,825 |  | $44.91 |  | 149,821 |  | $78,986
February 1, 2025 - February 28, 2025 |  | 206,293 |  | $43.84 |  | 205,023 |  | $69,998
March 1, 2025 - March 31, 2025 |  | 408,057 |  | $39.58 |  | 403,999 |  | $54,010
Total |  | 765,175 |  | $41.78 |  | 758,843 |  | $54,010

(1)Amount includes shares of common stock purchased to satisfy requirements under the Company’s deferred compensation obligations to employees.
(2)In December 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase up to $150 million of our outstanding shares of common stock.

Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. | Other Information

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted, modified or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as such terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. | Exhibits

The exhibits set forth below are filed as part of this Form 10-Q.

Exhibit No. | Exhibit |
10.1 | Employment Letter from Terex Corporation signed by Jennifer Kong-Picarello on November 18, 2024. *, *** |
31.1 | Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a). * |
31.2 | Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a). * |
32 | Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002. ** |
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. * |
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. * |
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. * |
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. * |
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. * |
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |
* | Exhibit filed with this document. |
** | Exhibit furnished with this document. |
*** | Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
TEREX CORPORATION
(Registrant)

Date: | May 2, 2025 | /s/ Jennifer Kong-Picarello
|  | Jennifer Kong-Picarello
|  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: | May 2, 2025 | /s/ Stephen A. Johnston
|  | Stephen A. Johnston
|  | Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller
|  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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