Share-Based Compensation

In 2015, the Company established the 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 2015 Plan) for employees and non-employee directors that allows for the issuance of share-based compensation in various forms including stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance awards, incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, deferred stock units, restricted stock units and cash incentive awards. The 2015 Plan superseded the Company’s 2011 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan (the 2011 Plan). The 2015 Plan became effective on May 4, 2015, which was the date approval by the Company’s stockholders was obtained. Subsequent to May 4, 2015, the Company can only issue awards under the 2015 Plan. Awards previously issued under the 2011 Plan (or any other prior equity plan) will remain outstanding under their terms. Under the 2015 Plan, 1.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock were authorized for issuance. The pool of shares authorized for issuance is intended to be fungible. As a result, the number of shares available under the 2015 Plan is reduced by the number of shares underlying any stock appreciation right or stock option granted, and awards other than a stock option or stock appreciation right will reduce the number of shares available under the 2015 Plan by two shares. As of December 31, 2016, there are approximately 1.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock available for grant. The Company had two employee stock purchase plans, which provided for the purchase of up to 0.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Due to the low number of shares available for employee purchase, coupled with the Company’s low stock price, both employee stock purchase plans terminated in October 2015. On the Plan Effective Date, equity holders' interests will be canceled and all unrecognized share-based compensation expense will be charged to reorganization items, net.

Share-Based Compensation Expense and Cash Flows

The Company’s share-based compensation expense is recorded in “Selling and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations. Cash received by the Company upon the exercise of stock options and when employees purchase stock under the employee stock purchase plans is reflected as a financing activity in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Share-based compensation expense and cash flow amounts were as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
	(Dollars in millions)
Share-based compensation expense - equity classified awards	$	11.3	$	26.2	$	46.1
Share-based compensation expense - liability classified awards	1.5		2.0		0.7
Total share-based compensation expense	12.8		28.2		46.8
Tax benefit	—		—		17.3
Share-based compensation expense, net of tax benefit	$	12.8	$	28.2	$	29.5

Cash received upon the exercise of stock options and from employee stock purchases	—		3.4		5.5
Write-off tax benefits related to share-based compensation	—		—		(8.3		)

As of December 31, 2016, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested awards was $4.9 million, net of taxes, which is expected to be recognized over one year with a weighted-average period of 0.5 years.

Deferred Stock Units

In 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company granted deferred stock units to each of its non-employee directors. The fair value of these units is equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. These deferred stock units generally vest after one year and are settled in common stock on the specified distribution date elected by each non-employee director. Non-employee directors are also given the option to receive their total annual cash retainer in the form of additional deferred stock units (based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant). The additional grant of deferred stock units is subject to the same grant timing, vesting and distribution date elections as the annual equity compensation grant.

Restricted Stock Awards

Prior to 2016, the primary share-based compensation tool used by the Company for its employees was awards of restricted stock. The majority of restricted stock awards are granted in January of each year, with a lesser portion granted in the first month of the subsequent three quarters. Awards generally cliff vest after three years of service and only contain a service condition, with compensation cost recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, net of estimated forfeitures. For awards with service and performance conditions, the Company recognizes compensation cost using the graded-vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures. The fair value of restricted stock is equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant.

A summary of restricted stock award activity is as follows:



	Year Ended December 31, 2016		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2015	306,931		$	184.09
Granted	7,847		7.75
Vested	(76,663	)	277.28
Forfeited	(30,076	)	167.68
Canceled	(11,295	)	82.49
Nonvested at December 31, 2016	196,744		$	151.72

The total fair value at grant date of restricted stock awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2016 was less than $0.1 million. The total fair value at grant date of restricted stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $26.0 million and $25.5 million, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, was $21.3 million, $35.7 million and $24.5 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

The Company grants restricted stock units to certain senior management and non-senior management employees. The Company grants restricted stock units to non-senior management employees who either met the Company's retirement eligibility guidelines or would meet the guidelines during the vesting period of the award. For units granted to both senior and non-senior management employees containing only service conditions, the fair value of the award is equal to the market price of the Company's common stock at the date of grant. Units granted to non-senior management retirement-eligible employees vest quarterly. Units granted to senior management employees vest at various times (none of which exceed five years) in accordance with the underlying award agreement. Compensation cost for both senior and non-senior management employees is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The payouts for active grants awarded in 2016 and 2014 will be settled in the Company's common stock. All awards granted in 2015 will be settled in the Company's common stock with the exception of a grant awarded in 2015 to a member of senior management which will be settled in cash instead of the Company's common stock.

A summary of restricted stock unit activity is as follows:



	Year Ended December 31, 2016		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2015	48,780		$	170.42
Granted	342,627		7.75
Vested	(23,220	)	149.84
Forfeited	(59,629	)	22.41
Nonvested at December 31, 2016	308,558		$	16.98

The total fair value at grant date of restricted stock units granted during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $2.7 million, $5.5 million and $4.2 million, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock units vested was $3.5 million and $2.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The total fair value was less than $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2014.

Stock Options

The Company’s stock option awards have been primarily limited to senior management personnel. All stock options are granted at an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. Stock options generally vest in one-third increments over a period of three years or cliff vest after three years, and expire after 10 years from the date of grant. Expense is recognized ratably over the service period, net of estimated forfeitures. Option grants are typically made in January of each year or upon hire for eligible plan participants. There were no stock options granted in 2016. All awards granted in 2015 will be settled in the Company's common stock with the exception of a grant awarded in 2015 to a certain senior management employee which will be settled in cash instead of the Company's common stock. All awards granted in 2014 will be settled in the Company's common stock.

The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The Company utilized U.S. Treasury yields as of the grant date for its risk-free interest rate assumption, matching the U.S. Treasury yield terms to the expected life of the option. The Company utilized historical company data to develop its dividend yield, expected volatility and expected option life assumptions.

A summary of outstanding option activity under the plans is as follows:



	Year Ended December 31, 2016		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Options Outstanding at December 31, 2015	240,428		$	388.16	6.28	$	—
Forfeited	(22,182	)	419.40
Options Outstanding at December 31, 2016	218,246		$	379.17	5.56	$	—
Vested and Exercisable	162,402		$	451.88	4.86	$	—

There were no stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the total intrinsic value of options exercised, defined as the excess fair value of the underlying stock over the exercise price of the options, was $0.4 million. The weighted-average fair values of the Company’s stock options and the assumptions used in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model were as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2014
Weighted-average fair value	$	43.66		$	110.70
Risk-free interest rate	1.7		%	1.7		%
Expected option life	5 years			5 years
Expected volatility	45.2		%	48.4		%
Dividend yield	2.4		%	1.7		%

Performance Units

Performance units are typically granted annually in January and vest over a three-year measurement period and are primarily limited to senior management personnel. The performance units are usually subject to the achievement of goals based on the following conditions or any combination thereof: three-year stock price performance compared to both an industry peer group and a S&P index (market condition) and/or three-year return on capital or mining asset targets (performance condition). Generally, three performance unit grants are outstanding for any given year. There were no performance units granted in 2016. Awards granted in 2015 to certain senior management employees will be settled in cash. All other awards granted in 2015 will be settled in the Company's common stock. All awards granted in 2014 will be settled in the Company's common stock with the exception of a grant awarded in 2014 to a certain senior management employee, which was later modified to be settled in cash instead of the Company's common stock. At the date of the modification, the Company reclassified the award from an equity award to a liability award. There was no incremental cost recognized since the fair value of the modified liability award at the modification date was less than the grant-date fair value of the original equity award. To the extent that the fair value of the modified liability award may exceed the recognized compensation cost associated with the grant-date fair value of the original equity award in the future, changes in the liability award's fair value will be recognized as compensation cost prospectively.

A summary of performance unit activity is as follows:



	Year Ended December 31, 2016		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life
Nonvested at December 31, 2015	81,812		1.7
Forfeited	(5,916	)
Vested	(24,474	)
Nonvested at December 31, 2016	51,422		1.0

As of December 31, 2016, there were 24,474 performance units vested. As a result of the Chapter 11 Cases, these units will not be paid out.

The performance condition awards were valued utilizing the grant date fair values of the Company’s stock adjusted for dividends foregone during the vesting period. The market condition awards were valued utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation model which incorporates the total stockholder return hurdles set for each grant. The assumptions used in the valuations for grants were as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2015		2014
Risk-free interest rate	1.1	%	0.8	%
Expected volatility	45.0	%	45.3	%
Dividend yield	2.4	%	1.7	%

Employee Stock Purchase Plans

Prior to October 2015, the Company’s eligible full-time and part-time employees were able to contribute up to 15% of their base compensation into the employee stock purchase plans, subject to an annual limit of $25,000 per person. Employees were able to purchase Company common stock at a 15% discount to the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the initial or final trading dates of each six-month offering period. Offering periods began on January 1 and July 1 of each year. The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of employee stock purchase plan share-based payments. The fair value of the six-month “look-back” option in the Company’s employee stock purchase plans was estimated by adding the fair value of 0.15 of one share of stock to the fair value of 0.85 of an option on one share of stock. The Company utilized U.S. Treasury yields as of the grant date for its risk-free interest rate assumption, matching the Treasury yield terms to the six-month offering period. The Company utilized historical company data to develop its dividend yield and expected volatility assumptions. The plans were terminated in October 2015.

Shares purchased under the plans were less than 0.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.